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357:. Beneath this hood, padding made from cloth or leather was used for extra comfort and protection, while a pointed iron helmet with a nose-guarding bar, called a nasal, was worn over it. A Norman knight's defensive gear included a large, kite-shaped shield that stood almost two-thirds as tall as its bearer. Its considerable size reflected the partial protection provided by the hauberk.
575:, a female warrior is linked to receiving a gift of armor. Here, it is Bow-may who requests a hauberk and helm crafted by Goldmane's father. Iron-face presents her with "a hauberk of ring-mail of his own fashioning", which fills her with immense joy as she can hardly stop marveling at the craftsmanship of the ring-mail.
423:
Early versions of the hauberk existed in various forms, such as the ringed hauberk where metal rings were sewn onto leather or padded material. Other types included the "rustred" hauberk with overlapping rings, the "macled" coat made of metal plates, and the trellised coat reinforced with nail-heads.
514:
and includes detailed descriptions of knights' armaments. The hauberk is frequently mentioned as part of the warriors' gear: "For with my own eyes I saw four hundred thousand armed men, clad in their hauberks and many of them with closed helmets, girded with swords whose pommels were of chased gold,
411:
due to their resemblance to barley grains. The sleeves sometimes only went to the elbow, but often were full arm length, with some covering the hands with a supple glove leather face on the palm of the hand, or even full mail gloves. It was usually thigh or knee length, with a split in the front and
568:
lover presents him with a dwarf-forged, enchanted hauberk for protection. However, Thiodolf soon learns that the armor weakens his leadership and causes him to falter in battle. Realizing its detrimental effect, he abandons the hauberk, choosing to sacrifice his life to save his people. In the end,
303:
By the 10th century, the hauberk was common among well-armored warriors, often paired with a helmet. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the hauberk merged with the mail shirt, forming a single protective garment that reached the knees, offering better defense against weapons. Such armor was quite
266:
Celtic grave, containing a mail hauberk made of butted rings. This type of body armor was widely adopted due to its flexibility and ease of movement compared to other armor types. The Celts are said to have used mail armor, though it was expensive and likely limited to the wealthier members of
332:
soldiers, both cavalry and infantry, wearing a knee-length version of the hauberk, with three-quarter length sleeves and a split from hem to crotch to allow for easier movement, especially while riding, which evolved from the
Carolingian byrnie. Hauberks were likely worn over heavy padded
304:
expensive due to the cost of materials, such as iron wire, and the time and skill required for its manufacture. As a result, common foot soldiers were rarely equipped with it. By the mid-12th century, hauberks had expanded to include longer sleeves and more protection for the legs.
352:
likely did not wear full mail trousers, but the hauberk appears to have incorporated cloth or leather inserts that offered comparable protection. Additionally, it included a mail hood that covered the head, neck, and throat, leaving an opening for the face similar to a modern
287:, includes the term "helmum cum hasbergha", likely referring to a helmet with a neck protector. While "hasbergha" later came to mean a shirt of mail, in the 9th century it likely referred to a neck guard, as suggested by its etymology and historical finds like the
428:
or "korazin", featured overlapping metal plates in an imbricated fashion. Eventually, mail hauberks, made entirely of interlocking iron rings, became common. These hauberks were crafted in either single or double mail, where each ring connected to four others.
337:, which helped prevent bruising from weapon blows. While some figures are shown with additional protection for their forearms and colored bands around the sleeves, most soldiers lack arm and leg armor, though leaders like
1243:
Le Morte
Darthur / by Syr Thomas Malory; the original edition of William Caxton now reprinted and edited with an introduction and glossary by H. Oskar Sommer; with an essay on Malory's prose style by Andrew
299:
for neck protection. Initially made from leather to protect the neck and throat, it gradually evolved into more comprehensive armor, incorporating mail and extending to cover the head, neck, and shoulders.
407:
Hauberks were typically constructed from interlocking metal loops forming a mail shirt. The rings were riveted together piece by piece, forming a complete tissue of iron, and were called
43:("little hauberk") refers to a smaller mail shirt, that was sometimes sleeveless, but the terms are occasionally used interchangeably. Mail armor, likely invented by the
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1477:
1364:
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society, such as chieftains and officers. The armor spread throughout Europe and Asia, becoming a popular form of protection, particularly among the
1298:
945:
771:
A Complete View of the Dress and Habits of the People of
England: From the Establishment of the Saxons in Britain to the Present Time
569:
his people rally to a crushing victory over the Roman forces, ensuring the preservation of their culture and way of life. In Morris'
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began to supplant it. Some knights continued to wear chain hauberks, however, underneath plate armor. It remained in usage until the
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and dating from the 12th century is one of the earliest surviving examples from
Central Europe, and was supposedly owned by
446:'s strength by describing that "he carried on his own shoulders both his own hauberk and that of one of his own followers,
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Ancient Armour and
Weapons in Europe from the Iron Period of the Northern Nations to the End of the Thirteenth Century
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345:. Several Norman horsemen, including William, are depicted with colored rectangles on the breast of their hauberks.
501:'s lair, the poet highlights his coat of mail, emphasizing the importance of armor in their heroic confrontations.
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was also armed with a "coat of mail", weighing five thousand shekels (55 kg (121 lb)), as he confronted
1753:
551:, knights wear hauberks when they go into battle: "Balyn hyt hym thorugh the sheld / and the hauberk perysshed".
564:, Thiodolf, a formidable warrior with divine lineage, rises to defend his people against a Roman invasion. His
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shirt. The term is usually used to describe a shirt reaching at least to mid-thigh and including sleeves. A
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420:"the hauberk was probably worn over, but not attached to, a heavy, quilted undergarment, the haubergeon."
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47:, became widely adopted for its flexibility and spread throughout Europe and Asia, becoming a staple in
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55:. By the 11th century, the hauberk evolved into a knee-length, sleeved mail shirt, as depicted in the
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1077:. Kay Douglas Smith (2nd ed.). North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 64.
716:. Kay Douglas Smith (2nd ed.). North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 64.
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the shiryon, translated "habergeon" or a "coat of mail," is mentioned as part of the armor of
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450:, renowned for his bodily strength and courage, whom he had relieved of this iron burden."
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back to the groin so the wearer could ride a horse. It sometimes incorporated a hood, or
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An
Illustrated History of Arms and Armour: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time
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581:, inspired by medieval literature and history, frequently references hauberks in his
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110:, literally translating to "neck protector". This word breaks down into two parts:
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497:'s lair, the focus is on his byrnie. Similarly, when Beowulf sinks into
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381:. In parts of Central Asia, it continued to be used for a longer time.
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The
Seleucid Army of Antiochus the Great: Weapons, Armour and Tactics
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showing infantry fighting horsemen, with both sides wearing hauberks.
262:. Archaeological evidence supports this, with notable finds like the
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121:
1194:
The Song of Roland: Newly
Translated Into English by Jessie Crosland
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862:, vol. 5, "Weights and Measures," Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1976.
96:, meaning "coat of mail", which originally derived from the earlier
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of Middle-Earth: William Morris's
Influence upon J. R. R. Tolkien
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While lighter than plate armor, a hauberk could be quite heavy.
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he describes: "Gold-hewen helmes, hauberkes, cote-armures".
1018:"Military technology - Personal Armour, Protection, Combat"
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1217:"References to Clothing and Armor in The Canterbury Tales"
774:. Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. p. 56.
231:'s workers, and one of the pieces of armor supplied by
982:. Catholic University of America. pp. 40, 42, 52.
886:
Plessis, Jean Charl Du (2022-04-06). "Celtic Armour".
246:
994:"Hauberk: The Heavy-Duty Part of the Knight's Armor"
947:
A History of the Art of War in the
Sixteenth Century
307:
186:
carries the same meaning. It is also related to the
360:
146:meaning "to hide or protect". Meanwhile, the word
915:"Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century"
860:The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible
1745:
1308:University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice
1358:
274:
134:, meaning "to cover or protect". The root of
1300:The Fellowship of the Ring as a Social Group
1221:Medieval & Renaissance Material Culture
751:. John Henry and James Parker. p. 239.
521:refers to both hauberks and haubergeons in
59:and it remained in use in Europe until the
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216:removing a hauberk, from the 13th-century
23:Italian hauberk from the late 15th century
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515:who accompanied him as far as the sea."
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980:The Art of the Sword in the Middle Ages
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603:are also depicted as wearing hauberks.
154:, meaning "to revolve or move around".
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1374:Components of medieval European armour
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167:, which is connected to the Old Norse
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1197:. London: Chatto and Windus. p.
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682:– a type of mail with embedded plates
465:wearing a hauberk; frontispiece from
1263:Massey, Kelvin Lee (December 2007).
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760:
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424:A larger, more complex version, the
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493:at key moments. When Wiglaf enters
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1275:University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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247:Invention and spread of mail armor
150:traces its origin to the PIE root
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308:Depictions in the Bayeux Tapestry
258:, as having been invented by the
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1191:Crosland, Jessie Raven (1924).
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16:Thigh-length sleeved mail shirt
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479:In the Old English epic poem
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283:, an important figure of the
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1074:Medieval Military Technology
713:Medieval Military Technology
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1121:University of Toronto Press
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10:
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1112:Medieval Warfare: A Reader
892:. Pen and Sword Military.
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591:is gifted a shirt made of
572:The Roots of the Mountains
504:This French epic poem the
393:Detail of hauberk made in
341:wore mail leggings called
275:Development of the hauberk
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1297:Konrádová, Pavla (2018).
817:Collins Online Dictionary
561:The House of the Wolfings
1047:Demmin, Auguste (1894).
812:"Definition of 'byrnie'"
512:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
365:A hauberk stored in the
1240:Malory, Thomas (1889).
978:Smith, Raymond (1992).
587:trilogy. Most notably,
333:undergarments called a
1754:Ancient Celtic warfare
1152:Clark, George (1965).
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404:
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745:Hewitt, John (1855).
680:Mail and plate armour
473:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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444:William the Conqueror
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348:In the 11th century,
339:William the Conqueror
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22:
1339:at Wikimedia Commons
954:. pp. 126–128.
858:Tenney, Merril ed.,
524:The Canterbury Tales
436:, the author of the
196:, meaning "breast".
63:despite the rise of
1057:. pp. 309–310.
434:William of Poitiers
293:Anglo-Saxon helmets
205:Biblical references
140:Proto-Indo-European
1117:Michael Livingston
848:2 Chronicles 26:14
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468:Idylls of the King
448:William FitzOsbern
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322:
285:Carolingian Empire
281:Eberhard of Friuli
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1335:Media related to
1154:"Beowulf's Armor"
1130:978-1-4426-3670-5
1084:978-1-4426-0497-1
961:978-0-598-49757-4
913:Alvarez, Sandra.
899:978-1-3990-9180-0
723:978-1-4426-0497-1
584:Lord of the Rings
549:Sir Thomas Malory
544:Le Morte d’Arthur
531:The Knight's Tale
235:to his soldiers.
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416:. Per historian
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1453:Nasal helmet
1418:Close helmet
1311:. Retrieved
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1026:. 2024-08-15
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1545:Breastplate
1463:Spangenhelm
1408:Cervelliere
1055:George Bell
601:Ringwraiths
463:King Arthur
402: 1350
397:, Germany,
379:Renaissance
375:plate armor
350:men-at-arms
316:Scene from
289:Spangenhelm
233:King Uzziah
142:(PIE) root
118:Old English
100:or similar
84: 1300
65:plate armor
61:Renaissance
1764:Body armor
1748:Categories
1590:Lance rest
1550:Brigandine
1468:Kettle hat
1428:Frog mouth
1423:Great helm
1313:2024-09-11
1306:(Thesis).
1280:2024-09-11
1273:(Thesis).
1226:2024-09-11
1139:1090427215
1030:2024-09-11
1023:Britannica
1003:2024-09-11
924:2024-09-11
823:2024-09-11
797:2021-01-15
791:Etymonline
687:References
495:the dragon
442:, praises
252:Mail armor
88:Old French
41:haubergeon
1697:Schynbald
1641:Rerebrace
1443:Mail coif
1433:Hounskull
1178:0013-8304
1093:782101074
786:"hauberk"
732:782101074
539:Arthurian
395:Nuremberg
355:balaclava
188:Old Irish
157:The term
122:Old Norse
75:The word
71:Etymology
1672:Chausses
1651:Vambrace
1646:Spaulder
1636:Pauldron
1631:Gauntlet
1585:Codpiece
1570:Plackart
1514:Aventail
1403:Burgonet
1398:Bascinet
1109:(2019).
1071:(2012).
944:(1937).
768:(1842).
710:(2012).
674:See also
566:valkyrie
426:jazerant
343:chausses
335:gambeson
328:depicts
264:Ciumești
229:Nehemiah
173:and the
107:halsberg
102:Germanic
98:Frankish
1718:Gousset
1692:Sabaton
1677:Cuisses
1621:Besagew
1616:Ailette
1580:Hauberk
1565:Pauncer
1555:Cuirass
1529:Pizaine
1393:Barbute
1337:Hauberk
607:Gallery
593:mithril
579:Tolkien
519:Chaucer
499:Grendel
491:Beowulf
482:Beowulf
237:Goliath
223:In the
200:History
193:bruinne
184:brunnia
144:bhergh-
93:hauberc
77:hauberk
29:hauberk
1728:Rondel
1711:Pieces
1702:Tasset
1687:Poleyn
1682:Greave
1626:Couter
1524:Gorget
1458:Sallet
1448:Morion
1176:
1137:
1127:
1091:
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958:
896:
730:
720:
599:. The
541:text,
487:Wiglaf
330:Norman
179:brunjō
175:Gothic
170:brynja
159:byrnie
136:bergan
131:bergan
128:, and
124:, and
33:byrnie
1667:Bases
1575:Fauld
1560:Culet
1538:Torso
1519:Bevor
1493:Visor
1388:Armet
1304:(PDF)
1268:Roots
597:Bilbo
295:with
260:Celts
256:Varro
241:David
214:David
190:word
164:byrne
152:kwel-
104:word
90:word
45:Celts
35:is a
1723:Lame
1660:Legs
1609:Arms
1507:Neck
1486:Face
1381:Head
1266:The
1244:Lang
1174:ISSN
1135:OCLC
1125:ISBN
1089:OCLC
1079:ISBN
956:ISBN
894:ISBN
728:OCLC
718:ISBN
489:and
414:coif
324:The
291:and
148:hals
113:hals
51:and
37:mail
1166:doi
1158:ELH
595:by
554:In
547:by
528:in
471:by
31:or
1750::
1289:^
1253:^
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1207:^
1199:25
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695:^
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399:c.
271:.
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120:,
81:c.
67:.
27:A
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
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79:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
