Arch - Knowledge

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stress from thermal change. Unlike the other two kinds of arch, the three-hinged arch is therefore statically determinate. It is most often used for spans of medial length, such as those of roofs of large buildings. Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the reaction of the pinned bases is more predictable than the one for the fixed arch, allowing shallow, bearing-type foundations in spans of medial length. In the three-hinged arch "thermal expansion and contraction of the arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will have no appreciable effect on the bases," which further simplifies foundational design.

1374: 656: 3430: 3585: 2823: 3573: 1613: 1543: 3418: 1292: 3151: 1995: 3175: 1419: 2791: 2409: 3446: 574: 1511: 2382: 1499: 2867: 764: 962: 1746: 3124: 2362: 640: 417: 1337: 3211: 1758: 2803: 8592: 3187: 2779: 3163: 8580: 1894: 2126: 1655:. However, lintels are subject to bending stress, while the flat arches are true arches, composed of irregular voussoir shapes (the keystone is the only one of the symmetric wedge shape), and that efficiently uses the compressive strength of the masonry in the same manner as a curved arch and thus requires a mass of masonry on both sides to absorb the considerable lateral thrust. Used in the Roman architecture to imitate the Greek lintels, Islamic architecture, European 1396: 1307: 590: 1734: 48: 8541: 2759: 2899: 183: 1352: 8568: 6418: 1035: 6242: 799: 2072: 1857:), the springing line is located above the imposts (on "stilts"). Known to Islamic architects by the 8th century, the technique was utilized to vertically align the apexes of arches of different dimensions in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Stilting was useful for semicircular arches, where the ratio of the rise fixed at 323: 3238:

architectural styles borrowing from Roman construction with its semicircular arch. Due to the decline in the construction quality, the walls were thicker, and the arches thus heavier, than their Roman prototypes. Eventually the architects started to use the depth of the arches for decoration, turning

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meeting in the middle of the span, is a true arch in a sense of being able to carry a load, but it is false in a structural sense, as its components are subject to bending stress. The typical profile is not curved, but has triangular shape. Invented prior to the semicircular arch, the corbel arch was

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in the arch, while the inward-directed horizontal reaction from the spandrel/abutment provides a counterbalancing negative moment. As a result, the bending moment in any segment of the arch is much smaller than in a beam with the equivalent load and span. The diagram on the right shows the difference

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The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, yet also at its apex. The additional apical connection allows the three-hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This kind of arch is thus not subject to additional

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When evaluated from the perspective of an amount of material required to support a given load, the best solid structures are compression-only; with the flexible materials, the same is true for tension-only designs. There is a fundamental symmetry in nature between solid compression-only and flexible

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for particular non-uniform distribution of load. The practical free-standing arches are stronger and thus heavier at the bottom, so a weighted catenary curve is utilized for them. The same curve also fits well an application where a bridge consists of an arch with a roadway of packed dirt above it,

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A parabola represents an ideal (all-compression) shape when the load is equally distributed along the span, while the weight of the arch itself is negligible. A catenary is the best solution for the case where an arch with uniform thickness carries just its own weight with no external load. The

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are built either as a fixed arch, a two-hinged arch, or a three-hinged arch. The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridges and tunnels, which have short spans. Because it is subject to additional internal stress from thermal expansion and contraction, this kind of arch is

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In reinforced concrete construction, the principle of the arch is used so as to benefit from the concrete's strength in resisting compressive stress. Where any other form of stress is raised, such as tensile or torsional stress, it has to be resisted by carefully placed

1584: 485:(movable joints) between solid components. For example, voussoirs in a stone arch should not move, so these arches usually have no hinges (are "fixed"). Permitting some movement in a large structure allows to alleviate stresses (caused, for example, by the 126:

construction: with the same amount of material it can have larger span, carry more weight, and can be made from smaller and thus more manageable pieces. Their role in construction was diminished in the middle of the 19th century with introduction of the

1919: 3293:. By the 16th century the new style spread across Europe and, through the influence of empires, to the rest of the world. Arch became a dominant architectural form until the introduction of the new construction materials, like steel and concrete. 1141:

includes only three segments and sometimes has a rounded, not pointed, top. Common in Islamic architecture and Romanesque buildings influenced by it, it later became popular in the decorative motifs of the Late Gothic designs of Northern Europe.

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An arch is held in place by the weight of all of its members, making construction problematic. One answer is to build a frame (historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or

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The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans. This kind of arch has pinned connections at its base. Unlike that of the fixed arch, the pinned base can rotate, thus allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the

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is the exposed (front-facing) part of the arch, sometimes decorated (occasionally also used to designate the intrados). If the sides of voussoir blocks are not straight, but include angles and curves for interlocking, the arch is called

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was novel and became the defining characteristic of Gothic construction. At about 1400 AD, the city-states of Italy, where the pointed arch had never gotten much traction, initiated the revival of the Roman style with its round arches,

472:(stone, brick, concrete, steel) and construction approach. For example, the wedge-shaped voussoirs of a brick arch can be made by cutting the regular bricks ("axed brick" arch) or manufactured in the wedge shape ("gauged brick" arch); 385:

in 1676: "As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch", thus the study (and terminology) of arch shapes is inextricably linked to the study of hanging chains, the corresponding curves or polygons are called

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The popularity of the arches using segments of a circle is due to simplicity of layout and construction, not their structural properties. Consequently, the architects historically used a variety of other curves in their designs:

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Islamic architects adopted the Roman arches, but had quickly shown their resourcefulness: by the 8th century the simple semicircular arch was almost entirely replaced with fancier shapes, few fine examples of the former in the

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plays with the idea while dealing with the slow disintegration of a church building. Saoud explains the proverb by chain-like self-balancing of the horizontal and vertical forces in the arch and its "universal adaptability".

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is used for the case of unequal spans on the sides of the arch (when, for example, an interior opening in the wall is larger than the exterior one), the intrados of a round splayed arch is not cylindrical, but has a

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is not a true arch in a structural sense. Its intrados is formed by two slabs leaning against each other. Brick builders would call triangular any arch with straight inclined sides. The design was common in

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consists of at least two circle segments (for a total of at least four), with the center of an upper circle being outside the extrados. After European appearance in the 13th century on the facade of the

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that changes in outdoor temperature cause. However, this can result in additional stresses, and therefore the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not as much as the fixed arch.

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between a loaded arch and a beam. Elements of the arch are mostly subject to compression (A), while in the beam a bending moment is present, with compression at the top and tension at the bottom (B).

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of this bridge are longer than that of any arch ever built, thus "the simple, unsophisticated stone lintel contains in its structure all the scientific appliances used in the great tubular bridge.

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Romans initially avoided using the arch in the religious buildings and, in Rome, arched temples were quite rare until the recognition of Christianity in 313 AD (with the exceptions provided by the

778: 2206:, but their use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains where the problem of lateral thrust is greatly diminished. An example of the latter would be the 710:

were built as an afterthought to prevent two adjacent supports from imploding due to miscalculation. Frequently they were made very decorative, with one of the best examples provided by the

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ship. Popular in Islamic architecture, it can be also found in Europe, occasionally with a small ogee element at the top, so it is sometimes considered to be a variation of an ogee arch.

678:(often blind or containing) can be used to take off load from some portions of the building (for example, to allow use of thinner exterior walls with larger window openings, or, as in the 1193:

is made of two circle segments with distinct centers; usually the radius used closer to the springing point is smaller with a more pronounced curvature. Common in Islamic architecture (

596: 390:. Just like the shape of a hanging chain will vary depending on the weights attached to it, the shape of an ideal (compression-only) arch will depend on the distribution of the load. 1718: 1488:, where researchers do not agree on classification of the arches or claim the prominence of parabolic arches, while the measurements show that just two of the 23 arches designed by 1402: 5405:

John P. Peters, University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Nippur. II. The Nippur Arch, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.

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and mostly spread alongside the European influence, although it was known and occasionally used much earlier. Many ancient architectures avoided the use of arches, including the

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is the most common form of the pointed arch, with the centers of two circles forming the intrados coinciding with the springing points of the opposite segment. Together with the

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series of usually (with some exceptions) blind and decorative arches. Most likely of Islamic origin, the interlaced arcades were popular in Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

2433: 1425: 2086: 2886: 1012: 736: 2616:, engineers erected arch structures. The first use of arches was for civic structures, like drains and city gates. Later the arches were utilized for major civic buildings 2596:(both cultures apparently adopted the design in the 4th century BC), refined it and were the first builders in Europe to tap its full potential for above ground buildings: 3736:

stresses that the arch carries "a seed of death" for itself and the structure containing it, a statement that can be made upon observation of the Roman ruins. The plot of

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suggested that this choice was based on a relative fragility of a vault: "what would remain of the tombs and temples of Egyptians today, if they had preferred the vault?"

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Gothic Architecture in England: An Analysis of the Origin & Development of English Church Architecture from the Norman Conquest to the Dissolution of the Monasteries

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an open space underneath it. Arches may support the load above them, or they may perform a purely decorative role. As a decorative element, the arch dates back to the

6402: 5476: 1978: 1155: 280: 3135: 2388: 1256: 1223:, and, like the keel arch, usually decorative) uses two (or more) drooping curves that join at the apex. Utilized as a dressing for windows and doors primarily in 1058:") or more circle segments culminating in a point at the top. It originated in the Islamic architecture, arrived in Europe in the second half of the 11th century ( 1000: 655: 163:

is a load-bearing arc with elements held together by compression. In much of the world introduction of the true arch was a result of European influence. The term

985: 6163: 1834:. The raised central part can vary all the way from a flat arch to ogee. The shouldered arches were used to decorate openings in Europe from medieval times to 1228: 3198: 939:) has a rounded shape that includes more than a semicircle, is associated with Islamic architecture and was known in areas of Europe with Islamic influence ( 611: 627: 3472: 3460: 2687: 1074:

and lower horizontal reaction at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, which are typical of Gothic architecture.

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would be required, so it could be combined with the arch support. Arches may fall when the frame is removed if design or construction has been faulty.

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Pointed arches, 1 - equilateral with trefoil treatment, 2 - blunt, 3 - lancet, 4 - ogee, 5 - four-centred, 6 - curtain (inflexed), 7 - pointed horseshoe

1994: 1373: 1358: 718:" (upside-down) while remaining structural. When used across railway cuttings to prevent collapse of the walls, strainer arches may be referred to as 416: 1321: 1276: 3055: 2600:

The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, to fully appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.

1705: 1247: 201:, the top block in an arch. Portion of the arch around the keystone (including the keystone itself), with no precisely defined boundary, is called a 2970: 1569:

practical designs for bridges are somewhere in between, and thus use the curves that represent a compromise that combines both the catenary and the

1900: 2846: 2690:, that made a thorough break with the pagan tradition with arches as one of the main elements of the design, along with the exposed brick walls ( 4238: 3708:, in the 19th century, tried to classify the architectural style, his "primary elements" were roof and supports, with the top-level basic types: 1418: 3572: 2361: 5372: 1878:) is used when the arch needs to turn in the horizontal plane, for example, when a bridge crosses the river at an angle different than 90°. A 639: 152:"False arch" redirects here. For an arch-like construction that uses offsetting of the stones or bricks, "corbelling", to close the span, see 3429: 2866: 1785: 706:

similarly goes in the transverse direction, but carries a section of wall on top. It is used to support or divide sections of the high roof.

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The steady horizontal push of an arch against the abutments gave rise to a saying "the arch never sleeps", attributed to many sources, from

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In the past, when arches were made of masonry pieces, the horizontal forces at the ends of an arch caused the need for heavy abutments (cf.

7172: 3240: 3210: 1336: 4699: 2949:, and underground brick tombs, the known vaults, domes, and archways were built with the support of the earth and were not free-standing. 3445: 3360:

arches. By the 5th century AD voussoir vaults were used structurally in the brick construction. Surviving examples include the temple at

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While the arches used in the mediaeval Europe were borrowed from the Roman and Islamic architecture, the use of pointed arch to form the

2090: 748: 910:) consists of segments of three circles with origins at three different centers (sometimes uses five or seven segments, so can also be 1395: 6226: 2464:, also apparently under the Egyptian influence, adopted the true arch (with a slightly pointed profile) early in the 8th century. In 1133:

arrangement. These primarily decorative arches are common in Islamic architecture and Northern European Late Gothic, can be found in

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The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle, such as in

2294:). Sacred buildings exhibited either lintel design or corbelled arches. Arches were mostly missing in Egypt temples even after the 1659:

and Renaissance architecture. The flat arch is still being used as a decorative pattern, primarily at the top of window openings.

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is built adjacent to another arch to oppose its horizontal action or help to stabilize it, for example, when constructing a

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arrangement, where the horizontal thrust of each arch is counterbalanced by its neighbors, and only the end arches need to

3123: 2802: 489:), so many bridge spans are built with three hinges (one at each support and one at the crown) since the mid-19th century. 330:

A true arch, due to its rise, resolves the vertical loads into horizontal and vertical reactions at the ends, a so called

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Vaults began to be used for roofing large interior spaces such as halls and temples, a function that was also assumed by

2298:, even though Egyptians thought of the arch as a spiritual shape and used it in the rock-cut tombs and portable shrines. 1745: 1542: 589: 573: 6913:

González, Genaro; Samper, Albert; Herrera, Blas (2018). "Classification by Type of the Arches in Gaudí's Palau Güell".

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The three-arched middle Bronze Age gate at Tel Dan - A structural investigation of an extraordinary archaeological site

4419: 1407: 865:, with a rounded shape that is less than a semicircle, is very old (the versions were cut in the rock in Ancient Egypt 836:

arches were commonly used for ancient arches that were constructed of heavy masonry, and were relied heavily on by the

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DeLaine, Janet (1990). "Structural experimentation: The lintel arch, corbel and tie in western Roman architecture".

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

5541: 3535: 1510: 1246:. A similar arch that uses a mixture of curved and straight segments or exhibits sharp turns between segments is a 662: 2790: 6712:. Mathematics and the Built Environment. Vol. 4. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 265–329. 6645: 2438: 2282:, but very few examples survived, since the arches were mostly used in non-durable secular buildings and made of 2094: 1498: 1430: 5834:

The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157

2778: 7527: 6126: 5690: 3716:(arch-based). His next division for the arcuated styles was based on the use of round and pointed arch shapes. 3495:

used only the flat roofs with no arches whatsoever, although some researchers had suggested that both Maya and

3186: 2679: 618: 234:. A portion of the arch between the springing level and the crown (centered around the 45° angle) is called a 5815:, translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 1, 30, 39–40, 3062:, that can be considered a catalogue of Islamic arches, contains also the arches with almost straight sides, 1677: 17: 5771:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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of the span (and thus the geometric circle of at least one segment is below the springing line) is called a

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curves look similar, and match at shallow profiles, so a catenary is often misclassified as a parabola (per

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Bradley, R.A.; Gohnert, M. (2 September 2022). "Parametric study of the catenary dome under gravity load".

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Sturgis' Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture and Building: An Unabridged Reprint of the 1901-2 Edition

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Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",

5920:, translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 175–178, 5672: 1757: 8622: 8617: 8558: 5682: 3322: 2515: 2214: (1859–1925) to even before 4000 BC. Rare exceptions are an arched mudbrick home doorway dated to 1651:) is not curved. Instead, the arch is flat in profile and can be used under the same circumstances as 874: 547:, and Islamic architecture. Alternatively, the opening can be filled with smaller arches, producing a 3880: 1227:

in the Late Gothic and early Renaissance buildings (late 15th to early 16th century), associated with

1086:, thus the name. If the centers of circles are farther apart, the arch becomes a narrower and sharper 458:

for the arches with rounded intrados, by the number of circle segments forming the arch (for example,

362:), not only the arches themselves got lighter, but the horizontal thrust can be further relieved by a 8111: 7485: 3563: 3400: 3341: 2393: 2211: 1091: 951:). Occasionally used in Gothics, it briefly enjoyed popularity as the entrance door treatment in the 403: 5327: 5325: 4150: 3664:

are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height,

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dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by

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system, where, like in the architectures of ancient Greece, China, and Japan (as well as the modern

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construction was still preferred. A variety of pointed and lobed arches was characteristic for the

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most likely were exposed to the Egyptian designs, but used the corbelled technique to build them.

2147: 1835: 915: 849: 687: 7082: 7834: 7397:. Structural Integrity. Vol. 11. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 604–611. 6978: 6777: 6366:

Stamp, Gavin (March 1998). ""At Once Classic and Picturesque...": Alexander Thomson's Holmwood".

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As a pure compression form, the utility of the arch is due to many building materials, including

3554:." Use of arches in bridge construction continued (the Britannia Bridge was rebuilt in 1972 as a 3270: 3059: 2649: 2295: 1283: 1233: 1134: 1022: 845: 544: 227: 198: 167:

has few meanings. It is usually used to designate an arch that has no structural purpose, like a

7456: 7059:. Texts & Documents. Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. pp. 1–54. 7045: 6683:

Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems

5899:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum, pp. 279–280, 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 2267:

contains a parabolic vault which is considered one of the earliest evidences of arches in Iran.

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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is a variant of four-centred arch with haunches almost straight, resembling a section view of a

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Summaries of Five Seasons of Research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan) 1986-1990

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The history of arch in India is very long (some arches were apparently found in excavations of

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The large variety of arch shapes (left) can mostly be classified into three broad categories:

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and Romanesque architecture. Multiple arches can be superimposed with an offset, creating an

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The type of arches (or absence of them) is one of the most prominent characteristics of an

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to compartmentalize (together with longitudinal separating arches) the internal space into

529: 346:). The other way to counteract the forces, and thus allow thinner supports, was to use the 343: 99:

in particular being a continuous arch. Extensive use of arches and vaults characterizes an

92: 88: 7493: 7481: 1484:, "the chain fits its parabola almost perfectly"). González et al. provide an example of 8: 8572: 8433: 8241: 6047: 5511:

The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel

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The smaller arches at the lower level are stilted to match the wider arches on the left (

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depending on a situation, they can have superior structural properties and/or appearance.

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It is quite likely that the appearance of the pointed arch, an essential element of the

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of new materials, relatively long lintels became possible, as was demonstrated by the

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utilized the flexibility of the pointed arch by grouping together arches of different

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Three parabolic-looking curves in particular are of significance to the arch design:

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in theaters used to frame the performance for the spectators, but is also applied to

72:, but structural load-bearing arches became popular only after their adoption by the 69: 7306: 5897:

Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines

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Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2005), "Pleasure tower model", in Richard, Naomi Noble,

3605: 2150:(the internal state is impossible to determine based on the external forces alone). 1174:. The top of an ogee arch sometimes projects beyond the wall, forming the so-called 8596: 8511: 8283: 7998: 7751: 7452: 7398: 7341: 7284: 7041: 6974: 6947: 6922: 6867: 6748: 6713: 6686: 6654: 6375: 6332: 6285: 5711: 5441: 4410: 4243: 3875: 3741: 3649: 3523: 3516: 3365: 3334: 3266: 3254: 2840:

Temple of Hadrian at Ephesus combines a semicircular arch with the lintels (117 AD)

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Quirarte, Jacinto (1989). "The Art and Architecture of Mesoamerica: An Overview".

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had also built probably the oldest still standing stone-arch bridge in the world,

8253: 7994: 7961: 7947: 7861: 7761: 7642: 7402: 7054: 6567: 6553:. Prentice-Hall civil engineering and engineering mechanics series. Prentice-Hall 5314: 5270: 5238: 5194: 4058: 3978: 3774: 3737: 3396: 3381: 3110: 2487: 2483: 2465: 2317: 1816: 1804: 1696: 1570: 1458: 1163: 1079: 1066:. The advantages of a pointed arch over a semicircular one are flexible ratio of 944: 785: 727: 711: 556: 515: 452: 407: 375: 359: 226:

is block at the base of the arch (the voussoir immediately above the impost is a

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influence, the arches became prominent in the Indian architecture, although the

1565:. The arches naturally use the inverted (upside-down) versions of these curves. 1465:

they are still relatively easy to trace with common tools prior to construction;

8545: 8403: 8263: 8084: 7952: 7900: 7866: 7854: 7849: 7720: 7715: 5105:. Technical Notes on Brick Construction. Brick Industry Association. p. 2. 4190: 3629: 3617: 3520: 3404: 3235: 3043: 3004: 2809: 2737: 2660: 2645: 2641: 2621: 2508: 2134: 2004: 1843: 1826:

A central part of an arch can be raised on short vertical supports, creating a

1790: 1018: 932: 926: 862: 856: 815: 703: 682:, to redirect the weight of the upper structures to particular strong points). 679: 675: 567:) is the one that frames the internal side of an opening in the external wall. 335: 73: 7505: 7288: 6926: 6690: 6165:

Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India

5700: 2130: 1485: 844:. It is considered to be the most common arch form, characteristic for Roman, 8606: 8273: 8190: 8130: 8042: 8013: 7685: 7647: 7601: 7513: 7185: 7117:"Islamic Presence in Latin American Architecture. Three Periods - Three Ways" 7013: 6934: 6879: 6344: 6297: 3090: 3042:

Islamic architecture brought to life a large amount of arch forms: the round

2918: 2653: 2535: 2340: 2309: 2279: 1606:): parabolic-looking arches with multiple deck supports distributing the load 1529: 1477: 1238:. When the intrados has multiple concave segments, the arch is also called a 1098:) and became prominent in England in the late 12th and early 13th centuries ( 715: 707: 3380:

arch vault system was later used extensively in Burmese Buddhist temples in

2093:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

8591: 8423: 8293: 8180: 8175: 8145: 8125: 8018: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7957: 7909: 7904: 7799: 7659: 7499: 6246: 6211: 5349: 4647: 3551: 3508: 3452: 3392: 3369: 3274: 3258: 3247:, a sequence of progressively smaller concentric arches, each inset with a 3086: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3000: 2938: 2765: 2729: 2691: 2633: 2617: 2605: 2498:

in the 6th century AD, the largest free-standing vault until modern times.

2473: 2290:, and thus susceptible to a collapse (the oldest arch still standing is at 2175: 1850: 1827: 1820: 1781: 1725: 1618: 1194: 1138: 1049: 1043: 837: 811: 723: 580: 507: 463: 382: 347: 128: 108: 96: 51: 5109: 2686:). Arrival of Christianity prompted creation of the new type of temple, a 2125: 402:

Analogy between an arch and a hanging chain and comparison to the dome of

8516: 8501: 8313: 8150: 8066: 8057: 8037: 8008: 7942: 7613: 7606: 7591: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7548: 5874:

Liu, Xujie (2002), "The Qin and Han dynasties", in Steinhardt, Nancy S.,

5790:

Liu, Xujie (2002), "The Qin and Han dynasties", in Steinhardt, Nancy S.,

4953: 4415:"Series of 16 strainer arches in railway cutting at SD 581 192 (1072648)" 3827: 3769: 3665: 3559: 3436: 3408: 3353: 3345: 3310: 3290: 3262: 3094: 3051: 3032: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2934: 2926: 2749: 2745: 2625: 2352: 2195: 2142: 1595: 1267: 1110: 1087: 1071: 1059: 841: 719: 646: 511: 172: 153: 77: 8579: 7107: 7021: 6643:

Boyd, Thomas D. (1978), "The Arch and the Vault in Greek Architecture",

2476:(essentially a series of arches built together to form a hall) known as 47: 8526: 8496: 8428: 8318: 8231: 8200: 8185: 8135: 8104: 7771: 7756: 7586: 7566: 7556: 7345: 7281:

Decolonizing Arts-Based Methodologies: Researching the African Diaspora

6997: 5453: 5001: 4989: 4965: 4919: 4917: 3547: 3361: 3318: 3058:(where the curved "ogee swell" is interspersed with abrupt bends). The 2741: 2313: 2230: 2001: 1198: 1159: 1103: 976: 870: 807: 539:. Blind arches are frequently decorative, and were extensively used in 536: 459: 355: 279:

The triangular-shaped portion of the wall between the extrados and the

271: 7393:

Vieitez, Fátima Otero (2020). "Past and Present for Arch Executions".

7056:

Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to this Field of Art

6887: 6666: 6387: 5406: 4977: 3566:

mostly replaced the arches as the load-bearing elements in buildings.

322: 8333: 8278: 8216: 8120: 8022: 7932: 7875: 7814: 7787: 7746: 7618: 7500:

Paper about the three-hinged arch of the Galerie des Machines of 1889

7337: 6942:

Gorse, Christopher; Johnston, David; Pritchard, Martin, eds. (2020).

5678: 4292: 4290: 3798: 3709: 3676: 3609: 3531: 3377: 3349: 3309:. However, the continuous history begins with rock-cut arches in the 3285: 3098: 3047: 3024: 2922: 2698:). For a long period, from the late 5th century to the 20th century, 2629: 2593: 2495: 2491: 2368: 2291: 2283: 2264: 2222: 2019: 1911: 1871: 1812: 1632: 1575: 1206: 1146: 1130: 882: 306: 104: 62: 30:

This article is about the architectural construct. For other uses of

6616: 6569:

Masonry Design and Detailing for Architects, Engineers, and Builders

5445: 4914: 4802: 4538: 4536: 4250:

Baustilkunde - Europäische Baukunst von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart

3920: 3918: 3916: 1476:

is not easy to trace, but there are known cases of its use. The non-

506:

perfected this form, as shown, for example, by arched structures of

182: 8491: 8486: 8445: 8408: 8398: 8308: 8115: 8094: 8071: 8047: 8032: 7922: 7778: 7766: 7680: 7635: 7099: 6658: 6379: 6336: 6289: 5612:, 3.2, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 1049, 5163: 4718: 4599: 4355: 4353: 4159: 3759: 3713: 3661: 3657: 3641: 3621: 3357: 3234:

left the church as the only client of major construction; with all

3012: 2977: 2613: 2503: 2486:(247 BC–AD 224). This architectural tradition was continued by the 2448: 2324: 2238: 1558: 1554: 1454: 1210: 1179: 952: 285: 276: 268:(height of the arc, distance from the springing level to the crown) 247: 207: 84: 6969:

Graves, Margaret (2 July 2009). "Arches in Islamic architecture".

5608:

Schlumberger, Daniel (1983), "Parthian Art", in Yarshater, Ehsan,

5432:

Reade, J.E. (1 January 1968). "Tell Taya (1967): Summary Report".

5170: 4326: 4287: 4263: 3515:) into construction changed the role of the arch. Due to the high 2960:. Still in use, it was built between 595 CE and 605 CE during the 2286:

voussoirs that were not wedge-shaped, but simply held in place by

1712:

corbel arches are sometimes called triangular due to their shape.

798: 8347: 8337: 8328: 8323: 8155: 8140: 8099: 8089: 7927: 7885: 7809: 7741: 7710: 7692: 7664: 7596: 6098:

Rao, Shikaripur Ranganatha; Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna (1973).

5633:. Leiden, Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV. 2009. p. 237. Print. 5508:

Israel Finkelstein; Amihay Mazar (2007). Brian B. Schmidt (ed.).

5077: 4867: 4865: 4587: 4575: 4533: 4338: 4302: 4166: 4102: 4066: 3954: 3913: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3302: 3046:

that became a characteristic trait of the Islamic buildings, the

2929:

known from literature and one artistic depiction in stone-carved

2873: 2853: 2733: 2683: 2461: 2344: 2275: 2249: 1884: 1603: 1481: 191: 123: 5669:"Chapter Fifteen: Roman Construction. Arches, Vaults, and Domes" 5278: 4365: 4350: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4022: 3998: 1197:), and, with upper portion flattened almost to straight lines ( 8470: 8342: 8027: 8003: 7976: 7937: 7871: 7829: 7792: 7782: 7705: 7698: 7654: 7581: 7123:. Bloomsbury Handbooks. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 13–24. 5418:

New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I:

5202: 5133: 5095: 5067: 5065: 4838: 4778: 4754: 4611: 4434: 4078: 3539: 3326: 3106: 2930: 2559: 2555: 2482:, which became massive, monumental structures during the later 2260: 2234: 2207: 2203: 2018:

Splayed arch over a window opening in the All Saints Church in

1953: 1672: 1652: 1224: 1102:). If the centers are closer to another, the result is a wider 258: 239: 119: 8567: 5507: 5121: 4862: 4850: 4826: 4742: 4730: 4563: 3986: 3810: 3542:

was originally based on aesthetic criteria, observed that the

3105:

1250) is a result of the Islamic influence, possibly through

2933:. Since the only surviving artefacts of architecture from the 2514:. Proto-true arches can also be found under the stairs of the 1956:. The vertical supports separate the segments of an ogee arch. 1461:. There are two reasons behind the selection of these curves: 522:

of a church from the side aisle, or two adjacent side aisles.

8413: 8381: 8371: 8351: 8226: 8160: 7917: 7844: 7839: 7623: 7540: 7502:

Whitten by Javier Estévez Cimadevila & Isaac López César.

6944:

A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering

5557:, Ancient Egypt, the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean. 4790: 4521: 4275: 4114: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3689: 3648:, in the latter case the wedge-like shape is provided by the 3512: 3385: 3142: 3109:. Saoud also credits to Islamic architects the spread of the 3036: 2609: 1489: 1034: 972: 968: 948: 940: 427: 132: 91:

load. Arches are normally used as supports for many types of

7257:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements History and Meaning

5290: 5214: 5062: 4814: 4766: 3901: 3839: 3671:

Old arches sometimes need reinforcement due to decay of the

8521: 8506: 8465: 8418: 8386: 8361: 8356: 7824: 7804: 7536: 6458: 5591:, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., p. 84, 4034: 3764: 3117:

and subsequently spread around the Spanish-speaking world.

3028: 2667:). Away from the capital, arched temples were more common ( 2478: 2226: 1166:, and other Late Gothic styles. Ogee arch is also known as 742:

Relieving blind arches made of bricks at the Roman Pantheon

691: 519: 7193:

Punmia, B.C.; Jain, Ashok Kumar; Jain, Arun Kumar (2005).

5246: 4929: 3942: 3891: 3889: 2648:, although the best examples are from the imperial times ( 2339:

Vaulted building using a decorative segmented arch at the

2323:

As evidenced by their imitations of the parabolic arches,

27:

Curved structure that spans a space and may support a load

4553: 4551: 2892:

Arches and dome in Sant'Apollinare in Classe (534-536 AD)

2278:

cemetery). Standing arches were known since at least the

1867:

of the span, but was applied to the pointed arches, too.

5636: 3325:

reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from

2925:

system. Arches were little-used, although there are few

1815:, in the 13th-14th centuries their appeared as parts of 1811:). Originally used to support inclined structures, like 498:

A sequence of arches can be grouped together forming an

6773:

A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

6475: 6473: 6253: 5025: 4941: 4178: 3886: 3856: 3854: 2270:

The use of true arches in Egypt also originated in the

528:, with two arches superimposed, were sometimes used in 293:

A (left or right) half-segment of an arch is called an

7121:

The Bloomsbury Handbook of Muslims and Popular Culture

7036:

Lyttleton, Margaret (2003). "Trabeated construction".

6941: 6497: 6368:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

6013: 6011: 6009: 5960:

Chinese Bridges: Living Architecture From China's Past

5836:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 91–92, 4548: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 3833: 3804: 3141:

Pointed arches in the cisterns of the White Mosque in

633:

Large blind arch containing three smaller blind arches

8556: 7447:

Woodman, Francis; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2003). "Arch".

7431:

A treatise on mountain roads, live loads, and bridges

7330:"Three–hinged structures in a historical perspective" 7224:

Latin American Art and Music: A Handbook for Teaching

6912: 6404:

Understanding Buildings: A Multidisciplinary Approach

5501: 5013: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4923: 2447:

1400-1200 BC), an imitation of the parabolic arch by

1842:

from the 14th century, and were later adopted in the

326:

Arch (A) action diagram in comparison with a beam (B)

214:

is formed by multiple concentric layers of voussoirs.

6805:

Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction

6521:

Allen, Edward; Ochsendorf, John; West, Mark (2016).

6470: 6127:"METALS AND METALLURGY IN THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION" 4636:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 58. 4010: 3851: 3329:. Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan 1129:) includes several independent circle segments in a 358:. With new construction materials (steel, concrete, 6743:Clarke, Michael; Clarke, Deborah (1 January 2010). 6520: 6035: 6023: 6006: 5994: 5648: 5369:

MIT.edu Architectonics: The Science of Architecture

4902: 4654: 4503:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4470:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4446: 4409: 4108: 1773:Few transformations can be applied to arch shapes. 139:of these new materials made long lintels possible. 7102:, The Scientific Research Honor Society: 383–389. 6485: 5853:Morton, William Scott; Lewis, Charlton M. (2005), 5335:Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook 3930: 3502: 3499:architects understood the concept of a true arch. 3356:, from the 1st century BC) and decorative pointed 1780:is much higher than another, the arch (frequently 1621:is stronger at the bottom: weighted catenary curve 7053:Mallgrave, Harry Francis (1988). "Introduction". 5857:(Fourth ed.), New York City: McGraw-Hill, p. 56, 5514:. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 177–. 5387: 4090: 3003:appear already at the end of the 7th century AD ( 2402:1500 BC) showing the Mycenaean beehive technique 2198:, were known by a number of civilizations in the 535:An opening of the arch can be filled, creating a 8604: 7490:: a model to build an arch without it collapsing 7114: 4871: 3313:cave (3rd century BC). Vaulted roof of an early 2828:Arches at the "temple of Minerva Medica" in Rome 2189: 83:Arch-like structures can be horizontal, like an 7535: 6829: 6801: 6523:"Structural Intelligence In Flexible Materials" 5150: 5148: 5127: 4856: 2574:Arch at the stadium of Olympia (4th century BC) 877:, utilized in Roman residential construction, 7192: 6680: 6440:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 6318: 6245:from the original on 2 April 2018 – via 4935: 4172: 4127: 3578:Original Britannia bridge (a colored postcard) 2455: 7521: 7008:(2). The Construction History Society: 1–14. 6319:Schwerin, Karl H.; Ekholm, Gordon F. (1966). 6185:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia 5981:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China 5962:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. pp. 122–127. 4252:. Sonderausgabe, Orbis Verlag, München 1988, 3407:, that has pointed arch decorated with small 2542:, end of 8th century BC, photo taken in 1853) 440:There are multiple ways to classify an arch: 7446: 7363:Sturgis, Russell; Davis, Francis A. (2013). 7362: 7173:Notices of the American Mathematical Society 7144: 6742: 6058: 5941:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 108, 5736: 5570:, London & New York: Routledge, p. 128, 5554: 5296: 5284: 5220: 5208: 5176: 5145: 5139: 5115: 5096:Brick Industry Association] (January 1995). 5083: 5071: 4896: 4844: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4542: 4527: 4371: 4359: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4281: 4269: 4209: 4084: 4072: 4040: 4028: 4004: 3992: 3960: 3924: 3907: 3895: 3871: 3869: 3845: 3821: 3023:in Cairo (876-879 AD), Nizamiyya Madrasa at 6707: 5878:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 55, 5794:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 56, 5252: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 3744:, inspired by a collapse of a tower at the 1948:Shouldered arch above the main entrance of 1578:increases with a distance from the center. 256:(an underside of the arch, also known as a 7528: 7514: 7371:. Dover Architecture. Dover Publications. 6979:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2082057 6745:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms 6603:The Design of Prestressed Concrete Bridges 6321:"On the Arch in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica" 6271: 6074:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 5660: 5477:"Oldest arched gate in the world restored" 5338:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 41. 3478:Arches at Buland Darwaza (16th century AD) 3019:). Their variations spread fast and wide: 2945:from no longer existent wooden buildings, 2210:arch, built before 3800 BC, and dated by 873:). Since then it was occasionally used in 179:arches that are not based on compression. 7457:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t003657 7052: 7046:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t085978 7035: 6899:, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, 6894: 6833:Architect's Illustrated Pocket Dictionary 6464: 6274:"The True Arch in Pre-Columbian America?" 6161: 5724: 5666: 5642: 5474: 4488: 3866: 3860: 3530:, 1846-1850). A fervent proponent of the 3129:Semicircular arches at the Umayyad mosque 2554:Vault underneath the temple of Apollo in 2308:utilized only the corbel arches in their 2113:Learn how and when to remove this message 194:arch consists of the following elements: 7220: 7162: 7115:Martinez Nespral, Fernando Luis (2023). 6407:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 12. 6272:Befu, Harumi; Ekholm, Gordon F. (1964). 6259: 6146: 6124: 6070: 5331: 5031: 4947: 4899:, Indian subcontinent and Islamic lands. 4672: 4629: 4133: 3644:can be wedge-shaped or have a form of a 3599: 3550:is more scientifically constructed than 3483: 3265:). In few decades, the practice spread ( 3113:. Mixed-line arch became popular in the 2724:. The utilitarian and mass residential ( 2367:A true arch (catenary) at the Ramesseum 2124: 1819:used to counteract the thrust of Gothic 1033: 797: 784:"Scissors" strainer arch arrangement in 334:. The vertical load produces a positive 321: 181: 46: 7427: 7392: 7327: 7278: 7260:. Oxford, UK: Westview Press. pp. 6857: 6630:. Collections spéciales. B. T. Batsford 6596:"The Design and Construction of Arches" 6503: 6181: 4557: 4494: 4461: 4184: 3948: 3695: 3352:and barrel vaults in rock-cut temples ( 3168:Interlaced arches at the Cordoba Mosque 2702:were a standard staple for the Western 118:Arches had several advantages over the 14: 8605: 7119:. In Rashid, H.; Petersen, K. (eds.). 6995: 6968: 6593: 6479: 6097: 6017: 5019: 3719: 3682: 3491:utilized the corbel arches. The other 3391:With the arrival of Islamic and other 3368:(7th century AD), the latter has both 3337:in 1940 during excavation at Harappa. 3180:Horseshoe arches at the Cordoba Mosque 2137:at mid-span of this three-hinged arch. 2133:) near Bern, Switzerland, showing the 381:tension-only arrangements, noticed by 7509: 7304: 7244: 6565: 6491: 6436:Fundamentals of Building Construction 6431: 6365: 6162:Kenoyer, J.M.; Miller, Heather M..L. 6151:. Prehistory Press. pp. 185–262. 6104:. Asia Publishing House. p. 77. 6041: 6029: 6000: 5431: 5393: 5362: 5043: 4677:. On Demand Publishing. p. 289. 4385:"Rare Victorian Railway Arches Saved" 4016: 3507:The 19th-century introduction of the 3466:Pointed vault at the Mahabodhi temple 3451:Decorative ogee arches (gavaksha) in 2640:. The introduction of the ceremonial 2263:. An Elamite tomb dated 1500 BC from 1751:A triangular arch built using masonry 645:Interlaced arcade of blind arches at 210:(a wedge-like construction block). A 7279:Royster, Paula D. (1 January 2021). 7253: 7080: 6952:10.1093/acref/9780198832485.001.0001 6769: 6753:10.1093/acref/9780199569922.001.0001 6708:Calvo-López, José (2020). "Arches". 6642: 6623: 6400: 6134:Indian Journal of History of Science 6125:Tripathi, Vibha (27 February 2018). 5983:. Cambridge University Press, 1994. 5752:, Taipei: Caves Books, pp. 161–188, 5654: 5375:from the original on 28 October 2012 4908: 4832: 4700:"Structural Systems in Architecture" 4660: 4440: 4229:. Wasmuth, Berlin 1932, p. 293. 3936: 3834:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2020 3805:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2020 3604:A series of parabolic arches on the 3156:Trefoil arches at the Cordoba Mosque 2904:Segmental arches in an Ostian insula 2065: 2026:A wide arch with its rise less than 1936:. The raised portion is a flat arch. 1062:) and later became prominent in the 6594:Benaim, Robert (14 December 2019). 6061:, Western Europe and its influence. 5773:, Taipei: Caves Books, pp. 171–172 5008:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 4996:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 4984:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 4972:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 4960:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 4924:González, Samper & Herrera 2018 3423:The insides of the Lomas Rishi cave 2624:, with the outstanding 1st century 2507:arch appears in the 4th century BC 2000:Skew arch (Sickergill Bridge) with 1925:Shouldered arch around the door of 1344:St Peter's Church, Walpole St Peter 1154:, the arch became a fixture of the 369: 24: 7163:Osserman, Robert (February 2010). 6830:Davies, N.; Jokiniemi, E. (2012). 6802:Davies, N.; Jokiniemi, E. (2008). 6546: 6224: 5631:Ancient building technology vol. 3 5099:Brick Masonry Arches: Introduction 4675:Structural Systems in Architecture 4420:National Heritage List for England 4391:. Historic England. 18 August 2014 4096: 3204:Cusped arhes at the Cordoba Mosque 2976:Anji Bridge: segmental arch, open- 2274:(underground barrel vaults at the 661:Rear arch around three lights at 532:, mostly for decorative purposes. 479: 435: 238:. If the arch resides on top of a 230:). The tops of imposts define the 25: 8634: 7475: 7165:"Mathematics of the Gateway Arch" 7081:Mark, Robert (July–August 1996). 6421:from the original on 2 June 2016. 6101:Lothal and the Indus Civilization 5475:Lefkovits, Etgar (8 April 2008). 5050:. J. Wiley & Son. p. 247 4109:Allen, Ochsendorf & West 2016 3403:, with the monumental example of 3317:burial chamber has been noted at 3225: 3031:, 11th century), Kongo Mosque in 2784:Arches of the aqueduct at Segovia 2744:made of wood, while the concrete 2713:from the 1st century BC onwards. 1178:popular in 14th century England ( 469: 297:, the overall line of an arch is 220:(an external surface of the arch) 142: 8590: 8578: 8566: 8540: 8539: 7496:: interactive applets, tutorials 7305:Saoud, Rabah (17 January 2002). 7249:, vol. 15, pp. 117–139 6425: 6394: 6359: 6312: 6265: 6218: 6175: 6155: 6140: 6118: 6091: 6064: 5973: 5952: 5931: 5910: 5889: 5868: 5847: 5826: 5805: 5784: 5763: 5742: 5730: 5718: 5623: 5602: 5581: 5560: 5528: 5468: 5425: 5412: 5399: 5356: 4697: 3583: 3571: 3471: 3459: 3444: 3428: 3416: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3134: 3122: 2969: 2937:(202 BC – 220 AD) are 2909: 2897: 2885: 2865: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2757: 2567: 2547: 2527: 2426: 2407: 2380: 2360: 2332: 2070: 2055: 2011: 1993: 1977: 1961: 1941: 1918: 1892: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1717: 1611: 1583: 1541: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1417: 1394: 1372: 1350: 1335: 1320: 1305: 1290: 1275: 1255: 1011: 1006:Bridge with a basket handle arch 999: 984: 960: 777: 762: 747: 735: 654: 638: 626: 610: 588: 572: 415: 395: 366:connecting the ends of an arch. 6646:American Journal of Archaeology 6550:Elementary Structural Mechanics 5587:Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005), 5302: 5258: 5226: 5182: 5118:, p. 121, Triangular Arch. 5089: 5047:A Treatise on Civil Engineering 5037: 4691: 4666: 4623: 4403: 4377: 4232: 4215: 4046: 3966: 3595: 3503:Revival of the trabeated system 3192:Ogee arch at the Cordoba Mosque 3082:version of the pointed arch. 2952:China's oldest surviving stone 2579: 2501:An early European example of a 2174:The arch became popular in the 1662: 1379:Curtain arches over windows in 1090:that appeared in France in the 840:builders since the 4th century 493: 301:(this term is also used for an 87:that withstands the horizontal 7149:, Cambridge University Press, 5855:China: Its History and Culture 5365:"Support and Connection Types" 5315:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5271:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5239:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5195:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 4059:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3979:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1984:Stilted pointed arches at the 1329:St Mary the Virgin, Silchester 1170:, occasionally also called an 447:of its intrados (for example, 317: 147: 13: 1: 6872:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116 6532:. Routledge. pp. 39–47. 5568:The Persians: An Introduction 4223:Wasmuths Lexikon der Baukunst 3791: 3257:started experiments with the 3102: 2915:Ancient architecture of China 2877: 2857: 2813: 2769: 2444: 2415: 2399: 2372: 2348: 2253: 2242: 2215: 2190:Bronze Age: ancient Near East 1768: 1704:until the late 11th century ( 1403:Government Palace of Tlaxcala 866: 669: 663:St Matthew's Church, Langford 242:, the impost is formed by an 7403:10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_65 7328:Slivnik, L. (27 June 2013). 7307:"The Arch That Never Sleeps" 7083:"Architecture and Evolution" 6895:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995), 6770:Curl, James Stevens (2006). 5674:Greek and Roman Architecture 5332:Reynolds, Charles E (2008). 4443:, p. 207, counter-arch. 4173:Punmia, Jain & Jain 2005 4128:Punmia, Jain & Jain 2005 3388:in 11th and 12th centuries. 3340:The use of arches until the 2941:defensive walls and towers, 2680:temple of Jupiter at Sbeitla 2669:temple of Hadrian at Ephesus 2472:(550 BC–330 BC) built small 2418:1300-1190 BC): corbel arch, 2095:Knowledge's inclusion policy 1724:Flat arch in the kitchen of 1439: 1426:Escuelas Menores (Salamanca) 881:, and got popular as window 7: 7451:. Oxford University Press. 7334:Structures and Architecture 7040:. Oxford University Press. 6973:. Oxford University Press. 6946:. Oxford University Press. 6747:. Oxford University Press. 6718:10.1007/978-3-030-43218-8_6 6147:Kenoyer, J.M; Dales, G. F. 5939:The Arts of China to AD 900 5485:. Jerusalem. Archived from 5128:Davies & Jokiniemi 2008 4857:Davies & Jokiniemi 2012 3752: 3675:, forming what is known as 3281:but with the same height. 3074:. Mosque of Ibn Tulun adds 2490:(224–651), which built the 2456:Classical Persia and Greece 2194:True arches, as opposed to 1631:Unlike regular arches, the 967:Semi-circular arches using 714:. Strainer arches can be " 619:Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba 444: 422:A complex funicular model ( 10: 8639: 6513: 5683:Cambridge University Press 5538:, retrieved 9 April 2020. 4936:Bradley & Gohnert 2022 4702:. MHHE.com. Archived from 4212:, Ancient Greece and Rome. 3635: 3564:reinforced concrete frames 3261:late in the 11th century ( 3097:five years later) and the 2985: 2665:"temple of Minerva Medica" 2534:Arch at the excavation in 2516:temple of Apollo at Didyma 2312:with triangular openings. 2169: 2059: 1041: 1029: 975:block construction at the 924: 887: 854: 825: 821: 518:were used to separate the 373: 151: 29: 8535: 8479: 8292: 8209: 8056: 7899: 7729: 7673: 7547: 7289:10.1163/9789004446120_004 6927:10.1007/s00004-017-0355-7 6691:10.1201/9781003348443-130 6182:Chihara, Daigorō (1996). 6077:. ABC-CLIO. p. 293. 5958:Knapp, Ronald G. (2008). 5610:Cambridge History of Iran 3536:Alexander "Greek" Thomson 3401:Indo-Islamic architecture 3342:Islamic conquest of India 3239:the deep opening into an 2999:, 706–715 CE). The first 2995:notwithstanding (cf. the 2728:) buildings, as found in 2696:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 2628:examples provided by the 1092:Early Gothic architecture 793: 788:includes an inverted arch 617:Two-tiered arches in the 595:Separating arches in the 8249:Multi-family residential 7428:Wilkins, H.S.C. (1879). 7395:Proceedings of ARCH 2019 7145:O'Connor, Colin (1993), 6996:Heyman, Jacques (2015). 6836:. Taylor & Francis. 6808:. Taylor & Francis. 6530:The Fabric Formwork Book 6059:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5937:Watson, William (2000), 5832:Chang, Chun-shu (2007), 5769:Needham, Joseph (1986), 5748:Needham, Joseph (1986), 5667:Robertson, D.S. (1969). 5555:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5297:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5285:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5221:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5209:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5177:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5140:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5116:Sturgis & Davis 2013 5084:Woodman & Bloom 2003 5072:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4897:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4845:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4821:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4809:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4797:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4785:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4773:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4761:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4749:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4737:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4725:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4673:Hadrovic, Ahmet (2009). 4618:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4606:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4594:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4582:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4570:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4543:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4528:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4372:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4360:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4345:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4333:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4321:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4309:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4297:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4282:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4270:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4210:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4085:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4073:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4041:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4029:Woodman & Bloom 2003 4005:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3993:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3961:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3925:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3908:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3896:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3846:Clarke & Clarke 2010 3822:Woodman & Bloom 2003 3296: 3093:, 1066–1071 AD, and the 2997:Great Mosque of Damascus 2917:(and Japan) used mostly 2148:statically indeterminate 1970:St John's Chapel, London 1836:Late Gothic architecture 1695:Like a corbel arch, the 1626: 1548:Palau Güell: Elliptical 1516:Palau Güell: Hyperbolic 1492:are actually parabolic. 885:during the Renaissance. 690:, are placed across the 688:Carolingian architecture 445:by the geometrical shape 246:or its thicker version, 7482:Physics of Stone Arches 7254:Roth, Leland M (1993). 6778:Oxford University Press 6071:McIntosh, Jane (2008). 5916:Wang, Zhongshu (1982), 5811:Wang, Zhongshu (1982), 5566:Brosius, Maria (2006), 4630:Crossley, Paul (2000). 4495:Ambrose, James (2012). 4462:Ambrose, James (2012). 4221:Günther Wasmuth (ed.): 3881:Encyclopædia Britannica 3590:Britannia bridge (2008) 3538:, whose preference for 3271:Basilica of Saint-Denis 3060:Great Mosque of Cordoba 2876:of Santa Sabina, Rome ( 2796:Arches of the Colosseum 1504:Palau Güell: Parabolic 1284:Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort) 1156:English Decorated style 1135:Romanesque architecture 1023:Great Mosque of Cordoba 424:Church of Colònia Güell 7340:. pp. 1129–1136. 7199:. Laxmi Publications. 6624:Bond, Francis (1905). 6432:Allen, Edward (2009). 6225:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). 4389:historicengland.org.uk 3613: 3218:Palacio de Torre Tagle 2704:Christian architecture 2602: 2306:Mycenaean architecture 2259:), both in modern-day 2138: 1808: 1342:Nodding ogee niche at 1039: 991:Segmental arch of the 803: 404:Saint Peter's Basilica 327: 187: 54: 7196:Building Construction 6915:Nexus Network Journal 6685:. London: CRC Press. 6401:Reid, Esmond (1984). 6228:Buddhist Architecture 5409:, (Jul. – Sep., 1895) 5164:Enciclopedia Treccani 4872:Martinez Nespral 2023 4160:Enciclopedia Treccani 3624:, being strong under 3603: 3493:Mesoamerican cultures 3484:Pre-Columbian America 3364:(5th century AD) and 3216:Mixed line arches at 3017:White Mosque of Ramle 2852:Temple of Jupiter at 2598: 2540:Assyrian architecture 2434:King's Gate (Hattusa) 2128: 1424:Mixed-line arches at 1401:A draped arch at the 1037: 914:, etc.). Was used in 801: 754:Transverse arches in 510:. In the interior of 325: 186:Masonry arch elements 185: 101:arcuated construction 61:is a curved vertical 50: 40:Arch (disambiguation) 7434:. E. & F.N. Spon 7002:Construction History 6325:Current Anthropology 6278:Current Anthropology 5876:Chinese Architecture 5792:Chinese Architecture 5363:Luebkeman, Chris H. 5044:Mahan, D.H. (1873). 4962:, pp. 174, 184. 3746:Chichester Cathedral 3704:. For example, when 3696:Architectural styles 3632:is applied to them. 3344:in the 12th century 3232:Western Roman Empire 3230:The collapse of the 2993:Umayyad architecture 2764:The Jupiter gate at 2682:, Severan temple at 1840:Iranian architecture 1763:Mayan corbelled arch 1684:architecture in the 1676:used already in the 1671:) arch, made of two 1297:Trefoil arch in the 1229:Arnold von Westfalen 1203:Perpendicular Gothic 1109:The intrados of the 1084:equilateral triangle 920:Baroque architecture 879:Islamic architecture 771:San Miniato al Monte 530:Islamic architecture 470:by the material used 344:Roman triumphal arch 122:, especially in the 103:, as opposed to the 89:hydrostatic pressure 7695: / Guest room 6619:on 2 February 2017. 5161:by C. Ewert in the 5010:, p. 183, #19. 4998:, p. 183, #18. 4974:, p. 183, #14. 4633:Gothic Architecture 4499:Building Structures 4466:Building Structures 4175:, pp. 431–432. 3951:, pp. 291–293. 3720:Cultural references 3702:architectural style 3683:Reinforced concrete 3628:, but brittle when 3374:semicircular arches 3348:was sporadic, with 3220:, Lima, Peru (1735) 3021:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 3009:Palace of Ukhaidhir 2740:made of bricks and 2638:aqueduct of Segovia 2389:Kazarma tholos tomb 2237:city gates, one at 2219: 2000 BC 2129:Rossgraben bridge ( 1838:, became common in 1702:Anglo-Saxon England 1600:Newcastle upon Tyne 1592:through arch bridge 1264:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 1168:reversed curve arch 1100:Salisbury Cathedral 1082:point, they form a 1064:Gothic architecture 462:is single-centred, 281:horizontal division 76:in the 4th century 8171:Servants' quarters 7346:10.1201/b15267-153 7091:American Scientist 6566:Beall, C. (1987). 5727:, pp. 429–437 5679:Cambridge, England 5629:Wright, G. R. H., 5482:The Jerusalem Post 5318:. Merriam-Webster. 5274:. Merriam-Webster. 5242:. Merriam-Webster. 5198:. Merriam-Webster. 4986:, p. 182, #9. 4062:. Merriam-Webster. 3982:. Merriam-Webster. 3690:reinforcement rods 3646:rectangular cuboid 3614: 3489:Mayan architecture 3331:Cemetery H culture 2943:ceramic roof tiles 2808:Arch of Augustus, 2736:, mostly used low 2688:Christian basilica 2520:stadium at Olympia 2139: 2062:Hinged arch bridge 2050:basket handle arch 2040:(sometimes also a 1986:Monreale Cathedral 1927:Lorenziberg church 1899:Ramping arches at 1874:(also known as an 1453:curves (including 1314:Layer Marney Tower 1262:Pointed arches of 1201:), in the English 1152:St Mark's Basilica 1052:consists of two (" 1040: 904:three-centred arch 896:basket-handle arch 890:Basket-handle arch 804: 769:Diaphragm arch in 328: 188: 55: 8623:Bridge components 8618:Arches and vaults 8554: 8553: 7972:Janitorial closet 7706:Bedsit / Miniflat 7494:InteractiveTHRUST 7466:978-1-884446-05-4 7449:Oxford Art Online 7412:978-3-030-29226-3 7378:978-0-486-14840-3 7365:"Triangular Arch" 7355:978-0-429-15935-0 7298:978-90-04-44612-0 7271:978-0-06-430158-9 7206:978-81-7008-053-4 7156:978-0-521-39326-3 7130:978-1-350-14541-2 7066:978-0-226-86939-1 6998:"Strainer arches" 6988:978-1-884446-05-4 6971:Oxford Art Online 6961:978-0-19-883248-5 6906:978-88-85066-66-3 6860:World Archaeology 6843:978-1-136-44406-7 6815:978-1-136-41025-3 6787:978-0-19-860678-9 6762:978-0-19-956992-2 6727:978-3-030-43217-1 6700:978-1-003-34844-3 6612:978-0-367-86572-6 6579:978-0-07-004223-0 6467:, pp. 14–15. 6451:978-0-470-07468-8 6414:978-0-262-68054-7 6238:978-0-9844043-0-8 6195:978-90-04-10512-6 6111:978-0-210-22278-2 6084:978-1-57607-907-2 5979:Needham, Joseph. 5968:978-0-8048-3884-9 5521:978-1-58983-277-0 5489:on 14 August 2013 5345:978-0-419-25820-9 5190:"surmounted arch" 4835:, ogee arch p=37. 4684:978-1-4392-5944-3 4643:978-0-300-08799-4 4514:978-0-470-54260-6 4481:978-0-470-54260-6 3785:Suspension bridge 3620:and unreinforced 3556:truss arch bridge 3528:Robert Stephenson 3439:, 1st century AD) 3435:Arches at Karle ( 3307:2nd millennium BC 3039:, 16th century). 2947:stone gate towers 2921:construction and 2722:Ponte San Lorenzo 2590:semicircular arch 2512:Rhodes Footbridge 2470:Achaemenid Empire 2420:cyclopean masonry 2414:Arkadiko Bridge ( 2272:4th millennium BC 2200:ancient Near East 2156:thermal expansion 2123: 2122: 2115: 2052:or a blunt arch. 1817:flying buttresses 1690:2nd millennium BC 1667:The corbel (also 1563:weighted catenary 1534:weighted catenary 1451:hyperbolic cosine 1447:elliptical curves 1381:Hartenfels Castle 1191:four-centred arch 1184:Southwell Minster 1096:Saint-Denis Abbey 828:Semicircular arch 684:Transverse arches 526:Two-tiered arches 516:separating arches 487:thermal expansion 480:by the number of 70:4th millennium BC 16:(Redirected from 8630: 8595: 8594: 8583: 8582: 8571: 8570: 8562: 8543: 8542: 8512:Home improvement 8284:Studio apartment 8076:Kitchen-related 7752:Conversation pit 7539:and spaces of a 7530: 7523: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7470: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7424: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7359: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7275: 7250: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7189: 7169: 7159: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7111: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7049: 7038:Grove Art Online 7032: 7030: 7028: 6992: 6965: 6938: 6909: 6891: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6776:(2nd ed.). 6766: 6739: 6704: 6677: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6620: 6615:. 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Archived from 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5977: 5971: 5956: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5918:Han Civilization 5914: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5872: 5866: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5813:Han Civilization 5809: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5767: 5761: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5712:Internet Archive 5709: 5707: 5677:(2nd ed.). 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5262: 5256: 5253:Calvo-López 2020 5250: 5244: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4875: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4706:on 13 March 2013 4695: 4689: 4688: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4502: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4469: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4411:Historic England 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4131: 4125: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3884: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3742:J. Meade Falkner 3712:(no arches) and 3587: 3575: 3524:Britannia Bridge 3517:tensile strength 3475: 3463: 3448: 3432: 3420: 3366:Mahabodhi temple 3267:Durham Cathedral 3255:Romanesque style 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3138: 3126: 3104: 2973: 2901: 2889: 2879: 2869: 2859: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2748:can be found in 2738:segmental arches 2718:Alconétar Bridge 2711:domed structures 2677: 2650:Arch of Augustus 2571: 2562:(4th century BC) 2551: 2531: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2417: 2411: 2401: 2397: 2384: 2374: 2364: 2350: 2336: 2300:Auguste Mariette 2258: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2220: 2217: 2118: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2015: 1997: 1981: 1965: 1945: 1935: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1794: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1721: 1615: 1587: 1545: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1474:hyperbolic curve 1459:parabolic curves 1434: 1421: 1411: 1398: 1389: 1376: 1367: 1359:Palazzo Guadagni 1354: 1339: 1324: 1309: 1299:Bayeux Cathedral 1294: 1279: 1259: 1237: 1076:Equilateral arch 1055:two-centred arch 1015: 1003: 993:Alconétar Bridge 988: 964: 868: 781: 766: 756:Speyer Cathedral 751: 739: 686:, introduced in 676:relieving arches 658: 642: 630: 614: 605: 592: 576: 466:is two-centred); 419: 399: 370:Funicular shapes 283:above is called 137:tensile strength 21: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8589: 8577: 8565: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8546:Category: Rooms 8531: 8475: 8296: 8288: 8254:Secondary suite 8205: 8080:butler's pantry 8052: 7995:Mechanical room 7948:Electrical room 7907: 7895: 7725: 7669: 7643:Recreation room 7543: 7534: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7437: 7435: 7413: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7356: 7318: 7316: 7314:Muslim Heritage 7309: 7299: 7272: 7238: 7227: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7167: 7157: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7085: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7026: 7024: 6989: 6962: 6907: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6763: 6728: 6701: 6633: 6631: 6613: 6598: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6572:. McGraw-Hill. 6556: 6554: 6547:Au, T. (1960). 6540: 6525: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6430: 6426: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6364: 6360: 6317: 6313: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6239: 6223: 6219: 6205: 6203: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5978: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5936: 5932: 5915: 5911: 5894: 5890: 5873: 5869: 5852: 5848: 5831: 5827: 5810: 5806: 5789: 5785: 5768: 5764: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5705: 5703: 5693: 5685:. p. 231. 5665: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5586: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5542: 5534:Frances, Rosa: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5473: 5469: 5446:10.2307/4199854 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5357: 5346: 5330: 5323: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4811:, Four-centred. 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4460: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4191: 4187:, p. 1089. 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4154: 4149: 4134: 4126: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3887: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3775:Flying buttress 3755: 3738:The Nebuly Coat 3722: 3706:Heinrich Hübsch 3698: 3685: 3638: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3579: 3576: 3505: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3467: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3421: 3397:post and lintel 3299: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3169: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3130: 3127: 3111:transverse arch 3056:mixed-line arch 2988: 2981: 2974: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2881: 2870: 2861: 2850: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2785: 2782: 2773: 2762: 2671: 2604:Throughout the 2582: 2575: 2572: 2563: 2552: 2543: 2532: 2488:Sasanian Empire 2484:Parthian Empire 2458: 2451: 2436: 2431: 2422: 2412: 2403: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2365: 2356: 2337: 2318:Arkadiko Bridge 2256: 2245: 2218: 2212:H. V. Hilprecht 2192: 2172: 2119: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2085:Please help by 2084: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2007: 2005:masonry courses 1998: 1989: 1982: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1946: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1832:shouldered arch 1788: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1739:Triangular arch 1737: 1728: 1722: 1706:St Mary Goslany 1697:triangular arch 1665: 1635:(also known as 1629: 1622: 1616: 1607: 1588: 1571:funicular curve 1549: 1546: 1537: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1478:circumferential 1442: 1435: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1361: 1357:Keel arches at 1355: 1346: 1340: 1331: 1325: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1286: 1282:Cusped arch in 1280: 1271: 1260: 1248:mixed-line arch 1231: 1219:(also known as 1145:Each arc of an 1113:(also known as 1046: 1032: 1025: 1016: 1007: 1004: 995: 989: 980: 965: 945:Southern France 935:(also known as 929: 898:(also known as 892: 859: 830: 824: 802:Types of arches 796: 789: 786:Wells Cathedral 782: 773: 767: 758: 752: 743: 740: 728:flying buttress 712:Wells Cathedral 708:Strainer arches 672: 665: 659: 650: 643: 634: 631: 622: 615: 606: 599: 597:St. Zeno church 593: 584: 577: 549:containing arch 541:Early Christian 496: 438: 436:Classifications 431: 430:, 19th century) 420: 411: 408:Giovanni Poleni 400: 378: 376:Funicular curve 372: 360:engineered wood 320: 232:springing level 190:A typical true 169:proscenium arch 157: 150: 145: 113:posts and beams 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8636: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8600: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8345: 8340: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8166:Servants' hall 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7992: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7955: 7953:Equipment room 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7869: 7867:Secret passage 7864: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7477: 7476:External links 7474: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7444: 7425: 7411: 7390: 7377: 7360: 7354: 7325: 7297: 7276: 7270: 7251: 7242: 7236: 7218: 7205: 7190: 7180:(2): 220–229. 7160: 7155: 7142: 7129: 7112: 7078: 7065: 7050: 7033: 6993: 6987: 6966: 6960: 6939: 6921:(1): 173–186. 6910: 6905: 6897:I ponti romani 6892: 6866:(3): 407–424. 6855: 6842: 6827: 6814: 6799: 6786: 6767: 6761: 6740: 6726: 6705: 6699: 6678: 6659:10.2307/503797 6640: 6621: 6611: 6591: 6578: 6563: 6544: 6538: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6469: 6465:Mallgrave 1988 6457: 6450: 6424: 6413: 6393: 6380:10.2307/991404 6358: 6337:10.1086/200668 6311: 6290:10.1086/200506 6284:(4): 328–329. 6264: 6252: 6237: 6217: 6202:on 2 July 2018 6194: 6174: 6171:. p. 124. 6154: 6139: 6117: 6110: 6090: 6083: 6063: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6005: 5993: 5991:. pp. 145–147. 5972: 5951: 5930: 5909: 5888: 5867: 5846: 5825: 5804: 5783: 5762: 5741: 5729: 5725:Galliazzo 1995 5717: 5691: 5659: 5647: 5643:Galliazzo 1995 5635: 5622: 5601: 5580: 5559: 5540: 5527: 5520: 5500: 5467: 5440:(2): 234–264. 5424: 5411: 5398: 5386: 5355: 5344: 5321: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5257: 5255:, p. 265. 5245: 5234:"splayed arch" 5225: 5213: 5201: 5181: 5169: 5144: 5132: 5130:, p. 305. 5120: 5108: 5088: 5076: 5061: 5036: 5034:, p. 224. 5024: 5022:, p. 501. 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4950:, p. 220. 4940: 4928: 4926:, p. 185. 4913: 4911:, p. 387. 4901: 4876: 4861: 4859:, p. 153. 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4727:, Equilateral. 4717: 4690: 4683: 4665: 4663:, p. 265. 4653: 4642: 4622: 4610: 4608:, Two-centred. 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4560:, p. 417. 4547: 4532: 4520: 4513: 4487: 4480: 4445: 4433: 4402: 4376: 4364: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4260:, p. 447. 4231: 4214: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4132: 4130:, p. 425. 4113: 4101: 4099:, p. 169. 4089: 4077: 4065: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4019:, p. 301. 4009: 3997: 3985: 3974:"rowlock arch" 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3912: 3900: 3885: 3865: 3861:Lyttleton 2003 3850: 3838: 3826: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3780:Order moulding 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3721: 3718: 3697: 3694: 3684: 3681: 3637: 3634: 3630:tensile stress 3612:, Spain (2005) 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3570: 3504: 3501: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3415: 3405:Buland Darwaza 3370:pointed arches 3298: 3295: 3236:pre-Romanesque 3227: 3226:Western Europe 3224: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3121: 3044:horseshoe arch 3005:Al-Aqsa Mosque 3001:pointed arches 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2872:Arches in the 2871: 2864: 2862: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2810:Susa, Piedmont 2807: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2763: 2756: 2752:and palaces. 2646:Roman republic 2644:dates back to 2642:triumphal arch 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2533: 2526: 2466:ancient Persia 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2338: 2331: 2320:, in Greece. 2296:Roman conquest 2257: 1750 BC 2248:), and one at 2246: 1850 BC 2202:including the 2191: 2188: 2171: 2168: 2141:The practical 2121: 2120: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2060:Main article: 2057: 2054: 2042:depressed arch 2024: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1901:Palau Dalmases 1898: 1891: 1844:Ottoman Turkey 1784:) is known as 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1664: 1661: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1589: 1582: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1496: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1312:Tudor arch at 1311: 1304: 1302: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1261: 1254: 1189:Each arc of a 1127:scalloped arch 1123:polylobed arch 1115:multifoil arch 1042:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1019:Horseshoe arch 1017: 1010: 1008: 1005: 998: 996: 990: 983: 981: 966: 959: 933:horseshoe arch 927:Horseshoe arch 925:Main article: 900:depressed arch 888:Main article: 863:segmental arch 857:Segmental arch 855:Main article: 852:architecture. 826:Main article: 823: 820: 795: 792: 791: 790: 783: 776: 774: 768: 761: 759: 753: 746: 744: 741: 734: 704:diaphragm arch 680:Roman Pantheon 674:Structurally, 671: 668: 667: 666: 660: 653: 651: 644: 637: 635: 632: 625: 623: 616: 609: 607: 594: 587: 585: 578: 571: 495: 492: 491: 490: 473: 467: 456: 437: 434: 433: 432: 421: 414: 412: 401: 394: 374:Main article: 371: 368: 348:counter-arches 336:bending moment 319: 316: 291: 290: 274: 269: 263: 251: 221: 215: 205: 149: 146: 144: 143:Basic concepts 141: 74:Ancient Romans 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8635: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8547: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294:Architectural 8291: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8274:Semi-detached 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8191:Swimming pool 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8131:Great chamber 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8043:Wiring closet 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Semi-basement 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674:Private rooms 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7648:billiard room 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7602:dirty kitchen 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7433: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7237:0-86728-012-3 7233: 7226: 7225: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7147:Roman Bridges 7143: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7079: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653:(1): 83–100, 6652: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6605:. CRC Press. 6604: 6597: 6592: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6539:9781315675022 6535: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6506:, p. 62. 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6437: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6262:, p. 47. 6261: 6260:Quirarte 1989 6256: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6167: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5989:0-521-29286-7 5986: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5947:0-300-08284-3 5944: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5926:0-300-02723-0 5923: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5905:0-300-10797-8 5902: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5884:0-300-09559-7 5881: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5863:0-07-141279-4 5860: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5842:0-472-11534-0 5839: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5821:0-300-02723-0 5818: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5800:0-300-09559-7 5797: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5779:0-521-05803-1 5776: 5772: 5766: 5759: 5758:0-521-07060-0 5755: 5751: 5745: 5739:, p. 171 5738: 5737:O'Connor 1993 5733: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5657:, p. 91. 5656: 5651: 5645:, p. 36. 5644: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5618:0-521-20092-X 5615: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5597:1-55786-860-3 5594: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5576:0-415-32089-5 5573: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5396:, p. 117 5395: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5179:, Shouldered. 5178: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5033: 5032:Osserman 2010 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4948:Osserman 2010 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4874:, p. 15. 4873: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4335:, Transverse. 4334: 4329: 4323:, Rear-arch . 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4299:, Containing. 4298: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4272:, Two-tiered. 4271: 4266: 4259: 4258:3-572-05927-5 4255: 4251: 4245: 4240: 4239:Wilfried Koch 4235: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4111:, p. 40. 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3939:, p. 90. 3938: 3933: 3927:, Triangular. 3926: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3437:Great Chaitya 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409:cusped arches 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3115:Mudéjar style 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091:Monte Cassino 3089:, in Europe ( 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:timber-framed 2916: 2910:Ancient China 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2746:lintel arches 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2654:Arch of Titus 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:Dur-Sharrukin 2530: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474:barrel vaults 2471: 2467: 2463: 2450: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2410: 2405: 2395: 2390: 2387:Ruins of the 2383: 2378: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2341:Heb-sed court 2335: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:beehive tombs 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:Third Dynasty 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:corbel arches 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2117: 2114: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079:This section 2077: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2056:Hinged arches 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:surbased arch 2021: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Doge's Palace 1944: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1821:ribbed vaults 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:straight arch 1642: 1638: 1634: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Rankine curve 1528:Palau Güell: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327:Ogee arch at 1323: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1266:(9th century 1265: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:inflexed arch 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:inverted arch 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:polyfoil arch 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1036: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1002: 997: 994: 987: 982: 978: 974: 970: 963: 958: 957: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 875:Greek temples 872: 864: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 829: 819: 817: 813: 809: 800: 787: 780: 775: 772: 765: 760: 757: 750: 745: 738: 733: 732: 731: 729: 725: 721: 720:flying arches 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 664: 657: 652: 648: 641: 636: 629: 624: 620: 613: 608: 603: 598: 591: 586: 582: 575: 570: 569: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 521: 517: 514:, arcades of 513: 512:hall churches 509: 505: 501: 488: 484: 483: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 461: 457: 454: 450: 446: 443: 442: 441: 429: 425: 418: 413: 409: 405: 398: 393: 392: 391: 389: 384: 377: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 337: 333: 324: 315: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 288: 287: 282: 278: 275: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 255: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 196: 195: 193: 184: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 155: 140: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Haunch (arch) 8613:Arch bridges 8573:Architecture 8424:Roof lantern 8303: 8176:Smoking room 8146:Long gallery 8126:Drawing room 8112:Conservatory 8019:Storm cellar 7990:Storage room 7986:Utility room 7982:Laundry room 7958:Furnace room 7549:Shared rooms 7486: 7448: 7436:. Retrieved 7430: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7368: 7333: 7317:. Retrieved 7313: 7280: 7256: 7247:Architectura 7246: 7223: 7210:. Retrieved 7195: 7177: 7171: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7120: 7095: 7089: 7070:. Retrieved 7055: 7037: 7025:. Retrieved 7005: 7001: 6970: 6943: 6918: 6914: 6896: 6863: 6859: 6847:. Retrieved 6832: 6819:. Retrieved 6804: 6791:. Retrieved 6772: 6744: 6709: 6682: 6650: 6644: 6632:. Retrieved 6626: 6617:the original 6602: 6583:. Retrieved 6568: 6555:. Retrieved 6549: 6529: 6504:Royster 2021 6499: 6487: 6482:, p. 1. 6460: 6435: 6427: 6403: 6396: 6374:(1): 46–58. 6371: 6367: 6361: 6331:(1): 89–90. 6328: 6324: 6314: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6255: 6247:Google Books 6231:. Grafikol. 6227: 6220: 6212:Google Books 6210:– via 6204:. Retrieved 6200:the original 6184: 6177: 6164: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6120: 6100: 6093: 6073: 6066: 6044:, p. 4. 6037: 6032:, p. 7. 6025: 6003:, p. 5. 5996: 5980: 5975: 5959: 5954: 5938: 5933: 5917: 5912: 5896: 5891: 5875: 5870: 5854: 5849: 5833: 5828: 5812: 5807: 5791: 5786: 5770: 5765: 5749: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5710:– via 5704:. Retrieved 5673: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5630: 5625: 5609: 5604: 5589:The Persians 5588: 5583: 5567: 5562: 5530: 5510: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5487:the original 5480: 5470: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5389: 5377:. Retrieved 5368: 5358: 5350:Google Books 5348:– via 5334: 5313: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5269: 5260: 5248: 5237: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5193: 5184: 5172: 5162: 5159:(in Italian) 5135: 5123: 5111: 5098: 5091: 5086:, Corbelled. 5079: 5052:. Retrieved 5046: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4904: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708:. Retrieved 4704:the original 4693: 4674: 4668: 4656: 4648:Google Books 4646:– via 4632: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4596:, Horseshoe. 4589: 4584:, Depressed. 4577: 4565: 4558:DeLaine 1990 4545:, Segmental. 4523: 4498: 4490: 4465: 4436: 4424:. Retrieved 4418: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4388: 4379: 4367: 4347:, Diaphragm. 4340: 4328: 4316: 4311:, Interlace. 4304: 4277: 4265: 4249: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4185:Slivnik 2013 4180: 4168: 4158: 4155:(in Italian) 4104: 4092: 4080: 4075:, Archivolt. 4068: 4057: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3977: 3968: 3963:, Structure. 3956: 3949:Wilkins 1879 3944: 3932: 3903: 3879: 3841: 3829: 3800: 3723: 3699: 3686: 3670: 3654: 3639: 3615: 3596:Construction 3560:steel frames 3552:York Minster 3509:wrought iron 3506: 3487: 3453:Ajanta Caves 3393:Western Asia 3390: 3339: 3300: 3283: 3275:Early Gothic 3259:pointed arch 3253: 3245:rebated arch 3244: 3229: 3087:Gothic style 3084: 3076:four-centred 3041: 2989: 2951: 2939:rammed earth 2927:arch bridges 2913: 2766:Falerii Novi 2730:Ostia Antica 2715: 2708: 2692:Santa Sabina 2658: 2634:Pont Du Gard 2606:Roman empire 2603: 2599: 2588:learned the 2584:The ancient 2583: 2580:Ancient Rome 2502: 2500: 2477: 2459: 2322: 2304: 2269: 2193: 2173: 2164: 2152: 2143:arch bridges 2140: 2109: 2103:January 2024 2100: 2087:spinning off 2080: 2048:is either a 2045: 2041: 2037: 2025: 1880:splayed arch 1879: 1876:oblique arch 1875: 1869: 1854: 1851:stilted arch 1848: 1831: 1825: 1801:rampant arch 1800: 1796: 1786:ramping arch 1775: 1772: 1726:Pitti Palace 1694: 1668: 1666: 1663:False arches 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1619:Gateway Arch 1567: 1552: 1471: 1443: 1243: 1239: 1220: 1217:Curtain arch 1216: 1215: 1195:Persian arch 1188: 1176:nodding ogee 1175: 1171: 1167: 1144: 1139:trefoil arch 1137:. A similar 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1053: 1050:pointed arch 1047: 1044:Pointed arch 937:keyhole arch 936: 930: 912:five-centred 911: 907: 903: 899: 893: 860: 834:semicircular 831: 805: 724:counter-arch 698:and support 683: 673: 649:(Romanesque) 581:Pont du Gard 564: 560: 551:, common in 548: 534: 525: 524: 508:Pont du Gard 497: 494:Arrangements 481: 476:structurally 464:pointed arch 449:semicircular 439: 387: 383:Robert Hooke 379: 341: 331: 329: 298: 294: 292: 284: 265: 257: 253: 235: 231: 217: 212:rowlock arch 211: 202: 189: 164: 160: 158: 135:): the high 129:wrought iron 117: 111:technique), 109:steel-framed 100: 97:barrel vault 82: 58: 56: 52:Gateway Arch 44: 35: 31: 8585:Engineering 8517:Home repair 8314:Belt course 8222:Hidden room 8151:Lumber room 8067:Antechamber 8058:Great house 8038:Wine cellar 8009:Root cellar 7962:Boiler room 7943:Crawl space 7614:Living room 7607:kitchenette 7592:Home cinema 7577:Family room 7572:Dining room 7562:Common room 7438:16 December 7384:15 December 7136:20 February 6849:20 February 6634:15 December 6480:Heyman 2015 6018:Graves 2009 5706:31 December 5371:. 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