783:
nest is untidy and is formed of a bulky twig base and a shallow cup lined with roots, grasses and lichens. The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals. The clutch is normally 4–5 eggs. There is considerable variable in the colour and shape of the eggs. They have purple brown and pale grey squiggles on a background that can be buff, grey-green or pale blueish. The average size is 24.1 mm × 17.5 mm (0.95 in × 0.69 in) with a calculated weight of 3.89 g (0.137 oz). The eggs are incubated for 11–13 days by the female. The nestlings are fed by both parents, who regurgitate seeds but also bring mouthfuls of caterpillars. Initially, the male normally passes the food to the female who feeds the chicks, but as they grow bigger both adults feed them directly. The female broods the chicks while they are in the nest. They fledge after 12–14 days and the young birds become independent of their parents around 30 days later. The parents generally only raise a single brood each year.
31:
621:
a wide, strong conical beak with a metallic appearance. It has short pinkish legs with a light hue and it has a short tail. It has brown eyes. The plumage of the female is slightly paler than that of the male. The overall colour is light brown, its head having an orange hue to it. Its eyes have a black circle around them, extending to its beak and surrounding it at its edge. Its throat is also black. The sides of its neck, as well as the back of its neck, are gray. The upper side of its wings are a deep black colour. The wings also have three stripes from approximately the middle till their sides: a white, a brown and a blue stripe. Adults moults between July and
September.
764:
273:
630:
219:
80:
838:
large populations include
Romania (500,000–1,000,000 pairs), Croatia (250,000–500,000 pairs) and Germany (200,000–365,000 pairs). Although the global population appears to be stable, the population within the United Kingdom underwent a 76 percent reduction between 1968 and 2011. In 2013 it was estimated that there were only 500–1000 breeding pairs. The reasons for this decline are not understood. Given the high numbers and huge breeding area, the hawfinch is classified by the
55:
284:
638:
Mediterranean islands. It is however found in southern Europe, such as in Spain and
Bulgaria, as well as in central Europe, including parts of England and southern Sweden. The hawfinch's range has extended further north since the 1950s, and is now found as far north as Northern Norway. In Asia it can be found in the Caucasus, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Siberia, Manchuria and North Korea.
755:
While drinking and eating it is fairly aggressive and dominant, towards both its same species or different ones, even bigger birds. It guards a quite small territory when its chicks are born; however, when not bearing any offspring it is known to guard entire woods. This is interpreted as an evolutionary advantage, given colony rearing is seen as safer against nest predators.
828:
The hawfinch is a partial migrant, with northern flocks migrating towards the South during the winter, as shown by ringing techniques. These same studies showed that those hawfinches inhabiting habitats with a temperate climate would often have sedentary behaviour. A few migrants from northern Europe
810:
The hawfinch feeds primarily on hard seeds from trees, as well as fruit seeds, which it obtains with the help of its strong beak with accompanying jaw muscles. Its jaw muscles exert a force equivalent to a load of approximately 30–48 kg. Thus it can break through the seeds of cherries and plums.
690:
they are regularly seen at
Bookham Common in winter. Formerly, hawfinches were regularly encountered in the Windsor Great Park area in winter, though no sizeable gatherings have been reported since the mid-1990s. The recent (2007–11) BTO Bird Atlas shows no evidence of the hawfinch breeding anywhere
637:
The hawfinch is distributed in the whole of Europe, Eastern Asia (Palearctic including North Japan), and North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and
Algeria). It has also been sighted in Alaska, but this is reported as an accidental presence. It is not found in Iceland, parts of the British Isles, or certain
620:
The hawfinch has an overall length of 18 cm (7.1 in), with a wingspan that ranges from 29 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in). It weighs 46–70 g (1.6–2.5 oz) with the male being on average slightly heavier than the female. It is a robust bird with a thick neck, large round head and
782:
The breeding pairs are usually solitary, but they occasionally breed in loose groups. The nest is normally located high in a tree on a horizontal branch with easy access from the air. The male chooses the site of the nest and builds a layer of dry twigs. After a few days, the female takes over. The
819:
Its flight is quick and its trajectory is straight over short distances. During long flights periodical undulations can be observed in their flight pattern. While on the ground scavenging it hops, and they are quick to fly away at the slightest noise. They are observed to catch insects mid-flight.
754:
The hawfinch is a shy species, and therefore difficult to observe and study. It spends most of the day on top of high branches, above all during breeding season. During the course of the hawfinch's life it can only be seen on the ground while looking for seeds or drinking water, always near trees.
641:
The hawfinch typically inhabits deciduous forests during the spring to have offspring, often in trees that bear fruit, such as oak trees. They also incur into human areas, such as parks and gardens. They can also be found in pine woods, as long as there is a source of water in the vicinity. During
778:
Hawfinches engage in an elaborate series of courtship routines. The two birds stand apart facing one another and reach out to touch their bills. The male displays to the female by standing erect, puffing out the feathers on his head, neck and chest and allowing his wings to droop forward. He then
774:
Hawfinches first breed when they are 1 year old. They are monogamous, with a pair-bond that sometimes persists from one year to the next. Pair-formation takes place before the breakup of the wintering flocks. The date for breeding is dependent on the spring temperature and is earlier in southwest
837:
The
European population of the hawfinch is estimated to be between 7,200,000 and 12,600,000 individuals. Assuming that the European range is between 25 percent and 49 percent of the global range, a tentative figure for the global population size is 14,700,000–50,400,000 individuals. States with
386:
The 16.5–18 cm long hawfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird, which appears very short-tailed in flight. Its head is orange-brown with a black eyestripe and bib, and a massive bill, which is black in summer but paler in winter. The upper parts are dark brown and the underparts orange.
290:
288:
285:
289:
786:
The hawfinch is highly unusual among cardueline finches in that the male bird chooses the nest site and starts the construction. In other species the female performs these roles. The hawfinch is also unusual in that the nest is kept clean by the parents removing the
287:
916:
Historiæ animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine
811:
Other common sources of food include pine seeds, berries, sprouts and the occasional caterpillar and beetle. They can also break through olive seeds. The bird is known to eat in groups, especially during the winter.
650:
In the 18th century, the hawfinch was recorded as only a rare winter visitor in
Britain. The first breeding record was early in the 19th century; by the early 1830s, a well-documented colony was established at
642:
autumn and winter they seek food-providing forests, especially those with cherry and plum trees. As for height, the hawfinch is present in any altitude up to that which is limited by the size of the trees.
1531:
Kirby, Will B.; Bellamy, Paul E.; Stanbury, Andrew J.; Bladon, Andrew J.; Grice, Phil V.; Gillings, Simon (2015). "Breeding season habitat associations and population declines of
British Hawfinches
286:
1063:
679:
379:– is favoured for breeding. The hawfinch builds its nest in a bush or tree, and lays 2–7 eggs. The food is mainly seeds and fruit kernels, especially those of
1680:
4213:
3856:
4770:
4168:
667:
by 1968–1972. Peak numbers were in the period 1983–1990. Subsequently, there has been a significant decline of between 37% and 45% between 1990–1999.
4233:
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1965:
4543:
4509:
5425:
4844:
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4632:
4047:
3876:
4797:
4141:
1855:
839:
699:
5477:
4652:
4405:
2096:
2041:
1821:
5583:
4941:
4591:
4260:
4067:
3887:
3624:
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makes a deep bow. The male will also lower a wing and move it in a semi-circular arc, revealing his wing bars and modified wing feathers.
4121:
2517:
4371:
1263:
938:
988:
Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
5399:
5438:
5203:
1733:
946:
5443:
5608:
932:
1102:
914:
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of East Anglia. In northern
England, hawfinches are regularly found in a small number of locations. Prime sites include
663:. Further expansion of the range continued through the 19th and 20th centuries, with breeding occurring as far north as
30:
5347:
5534:
1631:
1612:
1590:
1249:
1228:
1207:
5603:
5542:
5378:
5482:
5391:
5360:
547:
429:
731:
5464:
5295:
1029:
383:, which it cracks with its powerful bill. This large finch species is usually seen in a pair or small group.
5212:
408:
79:
763:
5272:
726:(Nottinghamshire) near the car-park, and at Clumber Park (Nottinghamshire) near the chapel. In Scotland,
722:
in
Northumberland. Hawfinches can be seen at Cromford (Derbyshire) near the canal and the parish church,
5277:
1690:
775:
Europe and later in the northeast. In Britain, most clutches are laid between late April and late June.
891:
730:
near Perth is the most well-known site in Scotland for hawfinches. Formerly, they also occurred in the
5228:
1703:
272:
5547:
5241:
1726:
1483:"BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407): Hawfinch
5598:
735:
455:
390:
The white wing bars and tail tip are striking in flight. The sexes are similar. The call is a hard
168:
1685:
1674:
5588:
592:
5521:
5593:
5560:
5430:
5259:
5165:
574:
5456:
791:
of the nestlings right up to the time when the chicks fledge. This behaviour is shared by the
734:. In Ireland, they are an annual winter visitor in small numbers: they are most often seen at
5516:
5508:
2470:
2437:
1583:
Handbook of Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic
439:
191:
1133:
Brisson, 1760) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Bulgaria. – Historia naturalis bulgarica, 9: 87–99.
820:
They fly up to a height of 200 m and they are seen to fly in groups, as well as alone.
5529:
5264:
5223:
1719:
1711:
1544:
1078:
742:, where a flock of between 15 and 30 birds occurs each winter. A few birds also turn up in
508:
1697:
971:. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 299–300.
670:
Southeastern England is the stronghold of the hawfinch in Britain. One well-known site is
8:
868:
600:
44:
1548:
1082:
473:
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the hawfinch is closely related to other
1560:
1441:
1341:
792:
252:
74:
5503:
5308:
5300:
1656:
1627:
1608:
1586:
1509:
1482:
1445:
1345:
1245:
1224:
1203:
1094:
1025:
942:
702:. In western England and Wales, two areas in which hawfinches reliably occur are the
671:
629:
459:
338:
1564:
1046:
1011:
1007:
966:
372:
further south in the winter. It is a rare vagrant to the western islands of Alaska.
5613:
4421:
4222:
3739:
3705:
1891:
1552:
1433:
1333:
1086:
1062:
Zuccon, Dario; PrĹ·s-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012).
886:
596:
376:
346:
330:
218:
5365:
5313:
1556:
1428:. In del Hoyo, J; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1328:. In del Hoyo, J; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
986:
5490:
5287:
5139:
5069:
4249:
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2627:
2390:
2379:
1995:
1681:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.1 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
795:, but most finches cease to remove the faecal material after the first few days.
739:
715:
565:
497:
463:
434:
354:
5469:
1090:
5386:
5373:
5118:
5104:
5090:
5076:
4978:
4923:
4860:
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4600:
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4130:
3721:
3530:
3509:
3279:
3145:
3138:
2603:
2586:
2579:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2119:
1981:
1947:
991:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 171.
703:
450:
375:
Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially
369:
568:, 1908 – southern Ukraine, the Caucasus, northeastern Turkey and northern Iran
5577:
5451:
5188:
5097:
5006:
4881:
4731:
4661:
4573:
4552:
4435:
4015:
3987:
3779:
3748:
3558:
3472:
3313:
3187:
3104:
3084:
3077:
2996:
2985:
2964:
2849:
2804:
2399:
2345:
2154:
1926:
1648:
1508:
Fransson, T.; Kolehmainen, T.; Kroon, C.; Jansson, L.; Wenninger, T. (2010).
1144:
1064:"The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)"
982:
877:
843:
723:
664:
652:
604:
583:
577:, 1886 – southern Kazakhstan, eastern Uzbekistan and northeastern Afghanistan
543:
507:
genera are not closely related. The similar bill morphology is the result of
425:
403:
208:
64:
59:
5125:
5041:
4985:
4950:
4909:
4853:
4813:
4724:
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4276:
4242:
3945:
3917:
3673:
3659:
3593:
3440:
3391:
3342:
3295:
3173:
3115:
3049:
3016:
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2924:
2906:
2814:
2790:
2780:
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2721:
2655:
2541:
2507:
2482:
2419:
2140:
2002:
1912:
1437:
1098:
829:
reach Britain in autumn and some are seen on the Northern Isles in spring.
799:
727:
674:, where flocks gather to roost in winter. The species is also found in the
556:
485:
295:
5352:
1660:
1624:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Concise Edition, Volume 2: Passerines
1337:
1048:
The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick
5412:
5197:
5048:
5034:
5027:
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4916:
4902:
4759:
4752:
4703:
4682:
4668:
4641:
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4325:
4090:
4056:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3910:
3896:
3788:
3759:
3694:
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3544:
3426:
3412:
3384:
3370:
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3005:
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2821:
2759:
2745:
2669:
2648:
2491:
2370:
2331:
2324:
2261:
2168:
2126:
2057:
2030:
2023:
1905:
1882:
1844:
1812:
1800:
1785:
1743:
707:
683:
151:
5251:
1200:
The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1875–1900
5555:
5404:
5062:
4992:
4964:
4833:
4786:
4745:
4738:
4532:
4498:
4463:
4449:
4353:
4332:
4318:
4269:
4201:
4110:
4083:
4036:
3980:
3866:
3799:
3714:
3680:
3614:
3565:
3523:
3502:
3488:
3363:
3349:
3302:
3259:
3194:
3159:
3131:
2886:
2828:
2735:
2641:
2572:
2565:
2555:
2359:
2310:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2241:
2192:
2183:
2161:
2105:
2085:
2071:
2009:
1974:
1954:
1940:
1898:
1600:
788:
719:
675:
532:
503:
365:
5495:
698:(southwestern England), the hawfinch is largely confined to the upper
5334:
4930:
4874:
4867:
4779:
4710:
4675:
4477:
4470:
4380:
4339:
4311:
4297:
4283:
4157:
4029:
4022:
3994:
3931:
3832:
3768:
3728:
3687:
3652:
3638:
3579:
3551:
3537:
3495:
3481:
3461:
3454:
3419:
3405:
3398:
3377:
3333:
3239:
3180:
3070:
2978:
2933:
2876:
2856:
2728:
2697:
2662:
2610:
2548:
2534:
2296:
2252:
1988:
1933:
1871:
1779:
798:
The annual survival rate is not known. The maximum age obtained from
711:
659:, and breeding was also recorded in other counties east and south of
491:
313:
131:
91:
5417:
5159:
5339:
5326:
5182:
5132:
5111:
5055:
4999:
4895:
4806:
4717:
4484:
4456:
4304:
4008:
4001:
3952:
3903:
3666:
3600:
3586:
3433:
3228:
2971:
2913:
2797:
2766:
2683:
2617:
2596:
2410:
2317:
2234:
2199:
2147:
2133:
2112:
2064:
1919:
1864:
1837:
1761:
1168:
1166:
608:
527:(Late Pliocene/Middle Villafranchian of Varshets, western Bulgaria)
474:
458:
in 1760. The English name 'hawfinch' was used by the ornithologist
111:
1585:. Vol. 8: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
521:(Late Pliocene/Late Villafranchian of Slivnitsa, western Bulgaria)
5236:
5083:
5020:
4957:
4614:
4491:
4394:
4290:
4150:
4076:
3938:
3924:
3631:
3516:
3447:
3268:
3201:
2842:
2711:
2676:
2634:
2527:
2500:
2338:
2050:
2016:
1830:
1773:
1696:
1242:
The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991
479:
277:
1425:
1321:
1240:
Gibbons, D. W., Reid, J. B., & Chapman, R. A., eds. (1993).
1163:
1061:
323:
family Fringillidae. It is the only species placed in the genus
4387:
4360:
3645:
2957:
2704:
2352:
2303:
2227:
1755:
1507:
1281:
743:
687:
660:
402:
The hawfinch was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist
380:
101:
862:
860:
858:
5321:
5013:
4888:
3572:
3208:
2690:
2426:
2078:
1767:
1223:. British Trust for Ornithology / Irish Wildbird Conservancy
1185:
695:
656:
446:
320:
141:
1741:
855:
586:, 1944 – southeastern Siberia, northeastern China and Korea
316:
121:
1530:
1462:
394:. The song of this unobtrusive bird is quiet and mumbled.
1374:
1362:
368:). It is mainly resident in Europe, but many Asian birds
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
866:
1510:"EURING list of longevity records for European birds"
1405:
802:
data is 12 years and 7 months for a bird in Germany.
710:. In Eastern England, the hawfinch is present in the
682:. The only Sussex stronghold is at Westdean Woods in
3872:
3862:
3852:
3620:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2810:
2786:
2741:
2717:
2623:
2592:
2561:
2523:
2513:
1386:
1261:
1691:
Videos and photos from the Internet Bird Collection
1262:Langston, R.H.W.; Gregory, R.D.; Adams, R. (2002).
550:) – Europe to central Siberia and northern Mongolia
364:
This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia (
1607:. The New Naturalist, Volume 55. London: Collins.
1221:The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland
892:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720681A111132393.en
1423:
920:(in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. pp. 264–265.
5575:
1264:"The status of the Hawfinch in the UK 1975–1999"
1125:
1123:
840:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1727:
1417:
1034:(in Latin). London: John Martyn. p. 178.
1581:Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1994).
1580:
1304:
1120:
934:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1621:
1315:
1313:
1172:
960:
958:
691:in this area; the reasons why are unclear.
678:; a central roost site exists here, at the
624:
2469:
1734:
1720:
1424:Collar, N.; Newton, I.; Bonan, A. (2013).
217:
53:
29:
1647:
1129:Boev, Z. 1998. Late Pliocene Hawfinches (
1044:
1024:
1006:(in French). Paris: Chez C.J.-B. Bauche.
890:
462:in 1676. Haws are the red berries of the
1622:Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998).
1480:
1430:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1330:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1310:
1255:
1213:
1192:
981:
955:
762:
749:
628:
495:genera. Finches with large beaks in the
282:
271:
1319:
1234:
1142:
1001:
964:
930:
445:. The hawfinch was moved to a separate
329:. Its closest living relatives are the
5576:
1599:
1468:
1411:
1399:
1380:
1368:
965:Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968).
912:
511:due to the similar feeding behaviour.
424:means to break or to shatter. In 1758
5164:
5163:
4199:
3830:
3047:
2468:
1798:
1715:
1151:. International Ornithologists' Union
1071:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5392:acee997a-e846-42da-9c92-30be0e771a7f
1143:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.).
937:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
5584:IUCN Red List least concern species
1626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1474:
1136:
1051:. London: John Martyn. p. 244.
878:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1641:
1002:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760).
14:
5625:
1668:
1512:. European Union for Bird Ringing
416:which is derived from the Greek:
3048:
1686:Audio recordings from Xeno-canto
968:Check-list of Birds of the World
645:
412:in 1555. He used the Latin name
78:
1799:
1524:
1501:
1489:. British Trust for Ornithology
1178:
867:BirdLife International (2017).
4200:
1744:finches, sparrows and tanagers
1055:
1038:
1018:
995:
975:
924:
906:
732:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
615:
1:
5561:Coccothraustes-coccothraustes
5229:Coccothraustes_coccothraustes
5204:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
5174:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
3831:
1557:10.1080/00063657.2015.1046368
1533:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
1485:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
1324:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
871:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
849:
768:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
309:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
201:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
823:
428:included the species in the
7:
5609:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1219:Sharrock, J. T. R. (1976).
1149:World Bird List Version 5.2
1091:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002
1045:Willughby, Francis (1778).
758:
397:
10:
5630:
1574:
805:
5172:
4940:
4843:
4823:
4796:
4769:
4651:
4631:
4590:
4542:
4508:
4404:
4370:
4259:
4232:
4212:
4208:
4195:
4167:
4140:
4120:
4100:
4066:
4046:
3886:
3843:
3839:
3826:
3798:
3778:
3758:
3738:
3704:
3471:
3332:
3312:
3278:
3258:
3238:
3218:
3114:
3094:
3060:
3056:
3043:
3015:
2995:
2947:
2923:
2896:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2436:
2409:
2389:
2369:
2251:
2182:
2095:
2040:
1964:
1881:
1854:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1750:
1487:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
931:Jobling, James A (2010).
885:: e.T22720681A111132393.
832:
814:
559:, 1862 – Northwest Africa
531:There are six recognised
519:Coccothraustes balcanicus
258:
251:
225:
216:
197:
190:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1426:"Finches (Fringillidae)"
1305:Cramp & Perrins 1994
1031:Ornithologiae Libri Tres
736:Curraghchase Forest Park
625:Distribution and habitat
525:Coccothraustes simeonovi
456:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
454:by the French zoologist
420:is a seed or kernel and
353:) of North America, and
5604:Birds described in 1758
1704:The American Cyclopædia
1481:Robinson, R.A. (2005).
1458:(subscription required)
1358:(subscription required)
1173:Snow & Perrins 1998
913:Gesner, Conrad (1555).
351:Hesperiphona vespertina
2471:Nine-primaried oscines
2438:Nine-primaried oscines
1438:10.2173/bow.fringi1.01
771:
634:
361:) of Central America.
299:
280:
183:C. coccothraustes
5517:Paleobiology Database
1338:10.2173/bow.hawfin.01
1244:. T & A D Poyser
1202:. T & A D Poyser
1198:Holloway, S. (1996).
1175:, pp. 1610–1613.
766:
750:Behaviour and ecology
632:
359:Hesperiphona abeillei
294:A hawfinch foraging,
293:
275:
5387:Fauna Europaea (new)
1471:, pp. 166, 169.
1320:Clement, P. (2020).
1145:"Finches, euphonias"
1108:on 26 September 2018
680:Blackwater Arboretum
540:C. c. coccothraustes
443:Loxia coccothraustes
345:) of East Asia, the
298:, Netherlands (2011)
261:Loxia coccothraustes
1655:. London: Collins.
1549:2015BirdS..62..348K
1383:, pp. 166–167.
1371:, pp. 167–168.
1307:, pp. 843–844.
1083:2012MolPE..62..581Z
601:Kamchatka Peninsula
409:Historiae animalium
264:Linnaeus, 1758
45:Conservation status
4214:Catamblyrhynchinae
1026:Willughby, Francis
793:Eurasian bullfinch
772:
635:
468:Crataegus monogyna
335:Eophona migratoria
300:
281:
246: Non-breeding
5571:
5570:
5504:Open Tree of Life
5166:Taxon identifiers
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
2943:
2942:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2178:
2177:
1432:. Lynx Edicions.
1332:. Lynx Edicions.
948:978-1-4081-2501-4
718:in Yorkshire and
672:Bedgebury Pinetum
633:A hawfinch's head
460:Francis Willughby
343:Eophona personata
339:Japanese grosbeak
291:
270:
269:
172:
68:
5621:
5564:
5563:
5551:
5550:
5538:
5537:
5525:
5524:
5512:
5511:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5485:
5473:
5472:
5470:NHMSYS0000530302
5460:
5459:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5394:
5382:
5381:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5242:84E1F1149261F19E
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5161:
5160:
4771:Porphyrospizinae
4223:Catamblyrhynchus
4210:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4169:Xanthocephalinae
3874:
3864:
3854:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3740:Rhodinocichlidae
3706:Phaenicophilidae
3622:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2812:
2788:
2743:
2719:
2625:
2594:
2563:
2525:
2515:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1698:"Hawfinch"
1664:
1637:
1618:
1596:
1569:
1568:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1101:. Archived from
1068:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1015:
999:
993:
992:
979:
973:
972:
962:
953:
952:
928:
922:
921:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
894:
864:
347:evening grosbeak
331:Chinese grosbeak
292:
265:
245:
239:
233:
228:C coccothraustes
221:
203:
167:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5599:Birds of Europe
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5533:
5528:
5520:
5515:
5507:
5502:
5494:
5491:Observation.org
5489:
5481:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5403:
5398:
5390:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5364:
5359:
5351:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5168:
5158:
5145:
5140:Wetmorethraupis
5070:Poecilostreptus
4936:
4839:
4819:
4792:
4765:
4647:
4627:
4586:
4538:
4504:
4400:
4366:
4255:
4250:Parkerthraustes
4234:Charitospizinae
4228:
4204:
4183:
4163:
4136:
4116:
4102:Dolichonychinae
4096:
4062:
4042:
3882:
3835:
3814:
3794:
3774:
3754:
3734:
3700:
3467:
3328:
3308:
3274:
3254:
3234:
3214:
3110:
3096:Calyptophilidae
3090:
3052:
3031:
3011:
2991:
2939:
2919:
2892:
2836:Rhynchostruthus
2628:Dysmorodrepanis
2473:
2452:
2432:
2405:
2391:Urocynchramidae
2385:
2365:
2247:
2174:
2091:
2036:
1966:Lagonostictinae
1960:
1877:
1850:
1803:
1790:
1746:
1740:
1695:
1671:
1644:
1642:Further reading
1634:
1615:
1593:
1577:
1572:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1000:
996:
980:
976:
963:
956:
949:
929:
925:
911:
907:
897:
895:
865:
856:
852:
835:
826:
817:
808:
761:
752:
740:County Limerick
716:Fountains Abbey
648:
627:
618:
590:C. c. japonicus
581:C. c. schulpini
563:C. c. nigricans
514:Fossil record:
498:Rhynchostruthus
464:common hawthorn
435:Systema Naturae
400:
355:hooded grosbeak
283:
263:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
212:
205:
199:
186:
166:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
38:Male in winter
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
5627:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Coccothraustes
5586:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5552:
5539:
5526:
5513:
5500:
5487:
5474:
5461:
5448:
5435:
5422:
5409:
5396:
5383:
5374:Fauna Europaea
5370:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5282:
5269:
5256:
5246:
5233:
5220:
5209:
5194:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5105:Stephanophorus
5101:
5094:
5091:Schistochlamys
5087:
5080:
5077:Pseudosaltator
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4979:Chalcothraupis
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4924:Trichothraupis
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4861:Coryphospingus
4857:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4690:Kleinothraupis
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4601:Compsothraupis
4596:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4546:
4544:Hemithraupinae
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4512:
4510:Emberizoidinae
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4178:Xanthocephalus
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3849:
3847:
3845:incertae sedis
3837:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3722:Phaenicophilus
3718:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3531:Artemisiospiza
3527:
3520:
3513:
3510:Amphispizopsis
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3280:Mitrospingidae
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3146:Chlorothraupis
3142:
3139:Caryothraustes
3135:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:Coccothraustes
2600:
2590:
2587:Chrysocorythus
2583:
2580:Chlorodrepanis
2576:
2569:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2221:Onychostruthus
2217:
2214:Montifringilla
2210:
2207:Hypocryptadius
2203:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:Euschistospiza
1978:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1669:External links
1667:
1666:
1665:
1649:Mountfort, Guy
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1543:(3): 348–357.
1523:
1500:
1473:
1461:
1416:
1414:, p. 167.
1404:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1309:
1280:
1254:
1233:
1212:
1191:
1188:. 9 July 2021.
1177:
1162:
1135:
1131:Coccothraustes
1119:
1077:(2): 581–596.
1054:
1037:
1017:
994:
974:
954:
947:
923:
905:
853:
851:
848:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
760:
757:
751:
748:
704:Forest of Dean
647:
644:
626:
623:
617:
614:
613:
612:
587:
578:
569:
560:
551:
529:
528:
522:
451:Coccothraustes
414:Coccothraustes
399:
396:
326:Coccothraustes
268:
267:
256:
255:
249:
248:
242:
240: Resident
236:
234: Breeding
230:
223:
222:
214:
213:
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
178:
174:
173:
163:Coccothraustes
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5626:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Birds of Asia
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5098:Sporathraupis
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:Cnemathraupis
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:Heliothraupis
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4845:Tachyphoninae
4842:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4825:Sporophilinae
4822:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4732:Pseudospingus
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4662:Castanozoster
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4633:Orchesticinae
4630:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:Heterospingus
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:Chrysothlypis
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:Amblycercinae
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:Pseudoleistes
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:Macroagelaius
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3877:Pyelorhamphus
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:Teretistridae
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3749:Rhodinocichla
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:Chlorospingus
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3473:Passerellidae
3470:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:Nesospingidae
3311:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:Periporphyrus
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3105:Calyptophilus
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3085:Rhynchophanes
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:Plectrophenax
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2997:Peucedramidae
2994:
2988:
2987:
2986:Tmetothylacus
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:Dendronanthus
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:Pyrrhoplectes
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:Urocynchramus
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:Pseudonigrita
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2155:Stagonopleura
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:Glaucestrilda
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:Superfamily:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1633:0-19-850188-9
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:0-00-213065-3
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:0-19-854679-3
1588:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1504:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1402:, p. 63.
1401:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1271:British Birds
1265:
1258:
1251:
1250:0-85661-075-5
1247:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1229:0-903793-01-6
1226:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1208:0-85661-094-1
1205:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1186:"Kjernebiter"
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1012:Vol. 3 p. 218
1009:
1008:Vol. 1, p. 36
1005:
998:
990:
989:
984:
978:
970:
969:
961:
959:
950:
944:
940:
936:
935:
927:
919:
918:
909:
893:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
872:
863:
861:
859:
854:
847:
845:
844:least concern
841:
830:
821:
812:
803:
801:
800:ring-recovery
796:
794:
790:
784:
780:
776:
769:
765:
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Rufford Abbey
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:Aberdeenshire
662:
658:
654:
653:Epping Forest
646:British Isles
643:
639:
631:
622:
610:
606:
605:Kuril Islands
602:
599:, 1848 – the
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
534:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
448:
444:
441:
440:binomial name
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:Carl Linnaeus
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
404:Conrad Gesner
395:
393:
388:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
315:
311:
310:
305:
297:
279:
274:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
229:
224:
220:
215:
210:
204:
202:
196:
193:
192:Binomial name
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Passeriformes
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5173:
5138:
5131:
5126:Tephrophilus
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5042:Lophospingus
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4986:Chlorochrysa
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:Anisognathus
4949:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4910:Rhodospingus
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4854:Conothraupis
4852:
4832:
4814:Saltatricula
4812:
4805:
4798:Saltatorinae
4785:
4778:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4725:Poospizopsis
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4697:Microspingus
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4640:
4622:Sericossypha
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4579:
4572:
4567:Hemithraupis
4565:
4560:Chlorophanes
4558:
4551:
4531:
4526:Emberizoides
4524:
4519:Coryphaspiza
4517:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4443:Geospizopsis
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4347:Pinaroloxias
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4277:Camarhynchus
4275:
4268:
4248:
4243:Charitospiza
4241:
4221:
4176:
4156:
4149:
4142:Sturnellinae
4129:
4109:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4055:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3918:Amblyramphus
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3844:
3787:
3767:
3747:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3674:Spizelloides
3672:
3665:
3660:Rhynchospiza
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3594:Oreothraupis
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3441:Protonotaria
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3392:Limnothlypis
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3343:Basileuterus
3341:
3321:
3301:
3296:Mitrospingus
3294:
3287:
3267:
3227:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:Cardinalidae
3103:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3050:Emberizoidea
3017:Emberizoidea
3004:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:Motacillidae
2932:
2925:Fringillinae
2912:
2907:Chlorophonia
2905:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:Rhodacanthis
2813:
2803:
2796:
2791:Psittirostra
2789:
2781:Pseudonestor
2779:
2774:Procarduelis
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2722:Melamprosops
2720:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2656:Hesperiphona
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2554:
2547:
2542:Callacanthis
2540:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2508:Agraphospiza
2506:
2499:
2483:Fringillidae
2425:
2420:Anomalospiza
2418:
2398:
2378:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:Oreostruthus
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2003:Lagonosticta
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1913:Delacourella
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1856:Erythrurinae
1843:
1836:
1829:
1778:Infraorder:
1702:
1653:The Hawfinch
1652:
1623:
1604:
1582:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1484:
1476:
1464:
1449:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1407:
1376:
1364:
1349:. Retrieved
1329:
1323:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1241:
1236:
1220:
1215:
1199:
1194:
1180:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1138:
1130:
1110:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1074:
1070:
1057:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1004:Ornithologie
1003:
997:
987:
983:Linnaeus, C.
977:
967:
933:
926:
915:
908:
896:. Retrieved
882:
876:
870:
842:as being of
836:
827:
818:
809:
797:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
753:
746:most years.
728:Scone Palace
700:Teign Valley
693:
669:
649:
640:
636:
619:
589:
580:
571:
562:
554:C. c. buvryi
553:
539:
530:
524:
518:
513:
502:
496:
490:
486:Hesperiphona
484:
478:
472:
467:
449:
442:
433:
430:10th edition
421:
417:
413:
407:
401:
391:
389:
385:
374:
363:
358:
350:
342:
334:
325:
324:
308:
307:
303:
301:
296:De Cocksdorp
260:
259:
227:
200:
198:
182:
181:
162:
161:
142:Fringillidae
18:
5413:iNaturalist
5198:Wikispecies
5049:Neothraupis
5035:Ixothraupis
5028:Iridosornis
4972:Calochaetes
4917:Tachyphonus
4903:Ramphocelus
4760:Xenospingus
4753:Urothraupis
4704:Nephelornis
4683:Donacospiza
4669:Cnemoscopus
4653:Poospizinae
4642:Orchesticus
4608:Cyanicterus
4581:Iridophanes
4429:Conirostrum
4415:Acanthidops
4406:Diglossinae
4326:Melanospiza
4091:Psarocolius
4057:Amblycercus
3974:Hypopyrrhus
3967:Gymnomystax
3960:Gnorimopsar
3911:Agelasticus
3897:Agelaioides
3809:See below ↓
3789:Teretistris
3760:Spindalidae
3695:Zonotrichia
3608:Passerculus
3545:Calamospiza
3427:Oreothlypis
3413:Myiothlypis
3385:Leiothlypis
3371:Helmitheros
3357:Catharopeza
3323:Nesospingus
3289:Lamprospiza
3249:See below ↓
3220:Emberizidae
3167:Granatellus
3153:Cyanocompsa
3125:Amaurospiza
3062:Calcariidae
3026:See below ↓
3006:Peucedramus
2898:Euphoniinae
2822:Rhodopechys
2760:Paroreomyza
2746:Orthiospiza
2670:Leucosticte
2649:Hemignathus
2492:Carduelinae
2447:See below ↓
2371:Prunellidae
2332:Plocepasser
2325:Philetairus
2262:Amblyospiza
2169:Taeniopygia
2127:Heteromunia
2097:Poephilinae
2058:Lepidopygia
2042:Lonchurinae
2031:Uraeginthus
2024:Spermophaga
1906:Cryptospiza
1883:Estrildinae
1845:Ortygospiza
1822:Amandavinae
1813:Estrildidae
1801:Passeroidea
1786:Passeroidea
1601:Newton, Ian
1469:Newton 1972
1412:Newton 1972
1400:Newton 1972
1381:Newton 1972
1369:Newton 1972
1322:"Hawfinch (
917:continentur
898:12 November
789:faecal sacs
708:Wyre Forest
686:, while in
684:West Sussex
616:Description
584:Johansen, H
572:C. c. humii
509:convergence
152:Carduelinae
148:Subfamily:
5578:Categories
5556:Xeno-canto
5063:Pipraeidea
4993:Chlorornis
4965:Buthraupis
4942:Thraupinae
4834:Sporophila
4787:Rhopospina
4746:Thlypopsis
4739:Sphenopsis
4592:Nemosiinae
4533:Embernagra
4499:Xenodacnis
4464:Melanodera
4450:Haplospiza
4354:Platyspiza
4333:Melopyrrha
4319:Loxipasser
4270:Asemospiza
4261:Coerebinae
4202:Thraupidae
4111:Dolichonyx
4084:Cassiculus
4068:Cassicinae
4037:Xanthopsar
3981:Lampropsar
3888:Agelaiinae
3867:Pandanaris
3800:Thraupidae
3715:Microligea
3681:Torreornis
3625:Pedinorhis
3615:Passerella
3566:Chondestes
3524:Arremonops
3503:Amphispiza
3489:Ammodramus
3364:Geothlypis
3350:Cardellina
3303:Orthogonys
3260:Icteriidae
3195:Pheucticus
3160:Cyanoloxia
3132:Cardinalis
2887:Xestospiza
2867:Vangulifer
2829:Rhodospiza
2736:Oreomystis
2642:Haemorhous
2566:Chloridops
2556:Carpodacus
2360:Sporopipes
2311:Histurgops
2290:Dinemellia
2283:Bubalornis
2276:Brachycope
2269:Anaplectes
2242:Pyrgilauda
2193:Carpospiza
2184:Passeridae
2162:Stizoptera
2106:Aidemosyne
2086:Spermestes
2072:Mayrimunia
2010:Pyrenestes
1975:Clytospiza
1955:Parmoptila
1941:Nesocharis
1899:Coccopygia
1772:Suborder:
1742:Genera of
1537:Bird Study
1277:: 166–173.
850:References
720:Hulne Park
676:New Forest
533:subspecies
504:Rhodospiza
438:under the
366:Palearctic
276:Juvenile,
226:Ranges of
4931:Volatinia
4875:Eucometis
4868:Creurgops
4780:Incaspiza
4711:Piezorina
4676:Cypsnagra
4478:Phrygilus
4471:Nesospiza
4422:Catamenia
4381:Cyanerpes
4340:Phonipara
4312:Loxigilla
4298:Euneornis
4284:Certhidea
4158:Sturnella
4122:Icterinae
4030:Quiscalus
4023:Ptiloxena
3995:Molothrus
3932:Chrysomus
3857:Cremaster
3833:Icteridae
3769:Spindalis
3729:Xenoligea
3688:Xenospiza
3653:Pooecetes
3639:Pezopetes
3580:Melospiza
3552:Centronyx
3538:Atlapetes
3496:Ammospiza
3482:Aimophila
3462:Vermivora
3455:Setophaga
3420:Oporornis
3406:Myioborus
3399:Mniotilta
3378:Leucopeza
3334:Parulidae
3240:Icteridae
3181:Passerina
3071:Calcarius
2979:Motacilla
2934:Fringilla
2877:Viridonia
2857:Telespiza
2729:Mycerobas
2698:Loxioides
2663:Himatione
2611:Crithagra
2549:Carduelis
2535:Bucanetes
2518:Aidemedia
2297:Euplectes
2253:Ploceidae
1989:Granatina
1934:Mandingoa
1892:Brunhilda
1872:Erythrura
1780:Passerida
1754:Kingdom:
1451:31 August
1446:216200247
1346:243653718
824:Migration
712:Breckland
611:and Japan
492:Mycerobas
475:grosbeaks
314:passerine
177:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
24:Hawfinch
5457:22720681
5431:10197212
5301:bob17170
5265:22720681
5260:BirdLife
5249:BioLib:
5183:Wikidata
5133:Thraupis
5112:Stilpnia
5056:Paroaria
5000:Cissopis
4896:Loriotus
4807:Saltator
4718:Poospiza
4485:Rowettia
4457:Idiopsar
4436:Diglossa
4372:Dacninae
4305:Geospiza
4009:Oreopsar
4002:Nesopsar
3953:Euphagus
3904:Agelaius
3667:Spizella
3601:Oriturus
3587:Melozone
3434:Parkesia
3229:Emberiza
2972:Macronyx
2914:Euphonia
2798:Pyrrhula
2767:Pinicola
2753:Palmeria
2684:Linurgus
2618:Drepanis
2597:Ciridops
2501:Acanthis
2411:Viduidae
2380:Prunella
2318:Malimbus
2235:Petronia
2200:Gymnoris
2148:Poephila
2134:Neochmia
2113:Bathilda
2065:Lonchura
1996:Hypargos
1920:Estrilda
1865:Chloebia
1838:Amandava
1762:Chordata
1760:Phylum:
1756:Animalia
1651:(1957).
1603:(1972).
1565:86409072
1099:22023825
1028:(1676).
985:(1758).
759:Breeding
706:and the
609:Sakhalin
597:Schlegel
593:Temminck
566:Buturlin
544:Linnaeus
398:Taxonomy
381:cherries
377:hornbeam
304:hawfinch
253:Synonyms
209:Linnaeus
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
5614:Finches
5509:1083711
5405:2494329
5237:Avibase
5189:Q174088
5119:Tangara
5084:Rauenia
5021:Dubusia
4958:Bangsia
4615:Nemosia
4492:Sicalis
4395:Tersina
4291:Coereba
4151:Leistes
4131:Icterus
4077:Cacicus
3939:Curaeus
3925:Anumara
3632:Peucaea
3517:Arremon
3448:Seiurus
3269:Icteria
3202:Piranga
2843:Serinus
2712:Magumma
2677:Linaria
2635:Eophona
2573:Chloris
2528:Akialoa
2339:Ploceus
2120:Emblema
2051:Euodice
2017:Pytilia
1948:Nigrita
1831:Amadina
1774:Passeri
1766:Class:
1707:. 1879.
1675:Oiseaux
1605:Finches
1575:Sources
1545:Bibcode
1516:18 June
1493:18 June
1112:30 July
1079:Bibcode
806:Feeding
557:Cabanis
480:Eophona
477:in the
432:of his
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3646:Pipilo
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