77:’s 1951 experiment the same figure is used to represent both the hawk and the goose in most hawk/goose experiments. When moving the figure in one direction, it represents a shape resembling a hawk (short neck long tail) while moving the figure in the opposite direction resembles a goose (long neck short tail). The perceived identity influences how the figure is perceived to move, such that the figure is assumed to be a hawk or a goose based on the movement in direction of the head and the protrusion of the wings (short on one end and a long one on the other).
155:
of fear and controlled for learned behavior by maintaining the ducklings in a brooder until they were transported to their laboratory in opaque containers and in 1982, Elizabeth L. Moore and Helmut C. Mueller found that a chick's heart rate was of greater variance in response to the hawk model without prior, pertinent experience, suggesting a greater innate fear response to the hawk over the goose. Obvious behavioral responses to fear were not identified.
48:
57:
response. Later
Tinbergen reported that a single shape that was sort of an abstract composite of the hawk and goose silhouettes could produce the effect if moved in one direction but not the other. A study later confirmed that perception of an object was influenced by the direction of motion because the object in question was considered to be moving forwards in that direction. Initially thought to be an inborn
154:
short neck hypothesis with some as recent as the 1980s such as Helmut C. Mueller and
Patricia G. Parker, in 1980, demonstrated that naive mallard ducklings shows a greater variance in heart rate to the hawk models over the goose models. They concluded that cardiac response is an excellent measurement
56:
As part of their introducing experimentalism into animal behavior research they performed experiments in which they made 2-dimensional silhouettes of various bird-like shapes and moved them across the young birds' line of vision. Goose-like shapes were ignored while hawk-like shapes produced the
31:
refers to a behavior observed in some young birds when another bird flies above them: if the flying bird is a goose, the young birds show no reaction, but if the flying bird is a hawk, the young birds either become more agitated or cower to reduce the danger. The observation that short-necked and
190:
hypothesis could not be replicated in ducklings and in an attempt to replicate
Tinbergen's experiments, Schleit's, in 1961 believed Tinbergen falsified his data. Like the experiments that still support Tinbergan's short neck hypothesis, there are many experiments that do not
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continued to report on what he described as innate behavior and stated that goslings display a fear response when an ambiguous goose-hawk figure was moved in the "hawk" direction, implying that goslings associate a particular shape with a particular direction of motion.
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291:’s predisposition hypothesis and present a fear response to the hawk-shaped object in the hawk/goose model. Schleidt used 5 bronze turkeys that were raised indoors with no windows. Schleidt’s results again, supported the “selective
259:
pointed out that all other species presented alarm responses (fixating, alarm calling and marching off to cover), regardless of the model used and that “slow relative speed” of a flying object can elicit an anti-predator response.
51:
One of the goose/hawk models as reported by
Tinbergen. Moving it from right to left (in the direction of dashed arrow) produced no response, but moving it from left to right (in the direction of solid arrow) elicited the
279:’s experiments using, free-ranging geese, ducks, and turkeys and found that regardless of the shape, these birds presented a fear response that diminished over a number of trials, pointing to the likelihood of
94:
exhibited a greater fear response to a silhouette of a hawk than to a circle, a triangle, or a generalized bird silhouette, but that this varied with both species, and prior experience.
287:’s “slow relative speed” findings. A second experiment was performed by Schleidt in 1961 to determine if turkeys, who have never been exposed to a flying object, would support
1213:
652:
Schleidt, Wolfgang; Shalter, Michael D.; Moura-Neto, Humberto (May 2011). "The hawk/goose story: the classical ethological experiments of Lorenz and
Tinbergen, revisited".
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Most ethologists today believe that the behaviors elicited by the hawk/goose modals are socially reinforced or are more likely to support the
Schleit's “selective
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36:. Friedrich Goethe conducted experiments with silhouettes to examine alarm reactions in 1937 and a more systematic study was conducted in the same year by
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Schleidt, W; Shalter, MD; Moura-Neto, H (2011). "The Hawk/Goose Story:The
Classical Ethological Experiments of Lorenz and Tinbergen, Revisited".
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designed silhouettes that could represent a hawk like figure if moved in one direction, or a goose like figure if moved in the other direction.
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published their original findings separately in 1939. Re-examination of the experiments were invoked due to the differences in results.
102:'s observations in which he stated that domestic chickens are more alarmed by short necked birds, over long necks ones. This provoked
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225:’s hypothesis that domestic chickens showed the greatest amount of fear towards long tailed, short necked birds flying overhead,
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Mueller, Helmut C.; Parker, Patricia G. (1980). "Naive
Ducklings Show Different Cardiac Response To Hawk Than To Goose Models".
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Bernstein, L. J.; Cooper, L. A. (June 1997). "Direction of motion influences perceptual identification of ambiguous figures".
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Carmichael, Leonard (1952-04-18). "The Study of
Instinct. N. Tinbergen. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1951. 228 pp. $ 7.00".
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Carmichael, Leonard (1952-04-18). "The Study of
Instinct. N. Tinbergen. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1951. 228 pp. $ 7.00".
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Carmichael, Leonard (1952-04-18). "The Study of Instinct. N. Tinbergen. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1951. 228 pp. $ 7.00".
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Bernstein, Lori J.; Cooper, Lynn A. (1997). "Direction of motion influences perceptual identification of ambiguous figures".
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Schleidt, W. M. (1961). "Reaktionen von Truthühnern auf fliegende Raubvögel und Versuche zur Analyse ihres AAM's".
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Hirsch, J., Lindley, R. H., & Tolman, E. C. (1955). "An experimental test of an alleged innate sign stimulus".
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Moore, E. L.; Mueller, H. C. (September 1982). "Cardiac response of domestic chickens to hawk and goose models".
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worked on two projects, an experimental analysis of egg-rolling behavior in the greylag goose, supporting the
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hypothesis, and the responses of various young birds to cardboard models of raptors and other flying birds.
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McNiven, M. (1960). ""Social releaser mechanism" in birds–a controlled replication of Tinbergen's study".
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Friedrich Goethe was the first to perform experiments using silhouettes (1937, 1940). He found that naive
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hypothesis,” and not innate behavior. Thus, the short neck hypothesis appears to have been falsified by
383:"The hawk/goose story: The classical ethological experiments of Lorenz and Tinbergen, revisited"
382:
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Goethe, Friedrich (1937). "Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen bei Aufzucht von deutschem Auerwild".
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The hawk/goose story: The classical ethological experiments of Lorenz and Tinbergen, revisited
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Zoologischer Anzeiger, Supplementband
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Zoologischer Anzeiger Supplementband
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noted that the shape of the model did not seem to matter for all species except turkeys.
142:‘short neck’ among others”. Tinbergen published 2 papers in 1948 on the subject. In 1951
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Schleidt, W. M. (1961). "Über die Auslösung der Flucht vor Raubvögeln bei Truthühnern".
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In 1955, Hirsch et al. presented that Tinbergen's hypothesis could not be replicated in
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worked together in 1937 on experiments that were each published separately in 1939.
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moved the models overhead of varies species of birds and recorded their responses.
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arguing that a short neck only elicits a flight response in turkeys, while
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Behavior observed in some young birds when another bird flies above them
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Schleidt, Wolfgang; Shalter, Michael D.; Moura-Neto, Humberto (2011).
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birds, ducks, and geese to a flying bird of prey are released by the
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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Tinbergen, Nikolaas (1939). "Why do birds behave as they do? (II)".
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Social Behaviour in Animals: With Special Reference to Vertebrates
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Schleidt, Wolfgang; Shalter, Michael D.; and Moura-Neto Humberto."
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which is considered one of the classic experiments of ethology.
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Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research
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Lorenz, Konrad (1939). "Vergleichende verhaltensforschung".
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Lorenz, Konrad (1939). "Vergleichende verhaltensforschung".
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long-tailed birds flying overhead caused alarm was noted by
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There have been a number of other studies supporting
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Hawk or goose distinguished by direction of movement
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Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
206:in 1936 at the Leiden Instinct Symposium. In 1937,
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110:'s to design and explore the Hawk/Goose effect.
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126:reported differences in their experiments with
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275:. Schleidt, in 1961 did his best to replicate
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841:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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166:A Brief History Pointing to Learned Behavior
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170:After discrepancies between the results of
86:A Brief History Pointing to Innate Behavior
1342:1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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283:. Schleidt did find evidence to support
178:, Hirsch et al. in 1955, concluded that
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1121:Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins
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1016:Journal of Comparative Psychology
654:Journal of Comparative Psychology
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390:Journal of Comparative Psychology
357:The Psychology of Fear and Stress
186:In 1960, McNiven, concluded that
134:claimed: “The reactions of young
982:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
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800:
1139:Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle
910:10.1126/science.115.2990.438-a
616:10.1126/science.115.2990.438-a
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81:Innate or learned behaviour
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1296:Tinbergen's four questions
553:10.1037/0096-1523.23.3.721
445:10.1037/0096-1523.23.3.721
360:. CUP Archive. p. 7.
354:Jeffrey Alan Gray (1987).
73:Just like what is seen in
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1256:Animal behaviour science
1214:The Herring Gull's World
1018:, 125(2):121–133, 2011.
936:Die Naturwissenschaften
738:10.1163/156853980x00339
1238:The Riddle of the Rook
584:Deutsche Jagd, 6 and 7
53:
1206:The Study of Instinct
758:Behavioural Processes
50:
1291:Supernormal stimulus
1230:Signals for Survival
1067:Fixed action pattern
858:Psychological Record
216:fixed action pattern
1271:History of ethology
1261:Behavioural biology
1089:King Solomon's Ring
948:1961NW.....48..141S
1266:Behavioral ecology
1191:Nikolaas Tinbergen
956:10.1007/BF00631948
870:10.1007/BF03393371
251:’s hypothesis but
204:Nikolaas Tinbergen
176:Nikolaas Tinbergen
116:Nikolaas Tinbergen
108:Nikolaas Tinbergen
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42:Nikolaas Tinbergen
25:cognitive ethology
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1286:Hawk/goose effect
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1113:Behind the Mirror
1072:Hawk/goose effect
904:(2990): 438–439.
610:(2990): 438–439.
509:(2990): 438–439.
367:978-0-521-27098-4
63:natural selection
29:hawk/goose effect
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1368:Ornithology
293:habituation
281:habituation
195:Controversy
188:Tinbergen's
180:Tinbergen's
160:habituation
152:Tinbergen's
1357:Categories
303:References
918:0036-8075
878:149300719
778:0376-6357
726:Behaviour
710:: 69–102.
674:1939-2087
624:0036-8075
561:0096-1523
523:0036-8075
410:1939-2087
337:Bird-Lore
324:: 69–102.
297:Tinbergen
289:Tinbergen
277:Tinbergen
266:Tinbergen
245:Tinbergen
235:Tinbergen
227:Tinbergen
221:Based on
208:Tinbergen
144:Tinbergen
132:Tinbergen
124:Tinbergen
96:Tinbergen
75:Tinbergen
52:behavior.
1363:Ethology
1060:Concepts
829:13252157
794:12357713
786:24923185
682:21341906
488:21341906
418:21341906
343:: 23–30.
249:Heinroth
59:instinct
21:ethology
1305:Related
1249:General
964:9335023
944:Bibcode
898:Science
604:Science
569:9180041
503:Science
453:9180041
106:'s and
1241:(film)
1233:(film)
1225:(book)
1217:(book)
1209:(book)
1124:(1973)
1116:(1973)
1108:(1963)
1100:(1949)
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285:Lorenz
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239:Lorenz
231:Lorenz
212:Lorenz
128:Lorenz
120:Lorenz
27:, the
1081:Works
960:S2CID
874:S2CID
790:S2CID
386:(PDF)
914:ISSN
843:link
825:PMID
782:PMID
774:ISSN
678:PMID
670:ISSN
620:ISSN
565:PMID
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406:ISSN
362:ISBN
264:and
237:and
229:and
210:and
202:met
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1014:."
990:doi
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