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the trip safely. Flight path is another important factor in migration because a bird's route can greatly affect the conditions it encounters during its journey. For example, wind direction and speed can either throw the bird off course or push it in the right direction. Due to the relative variability of air conditions over large bodies of water and the resulting impact on safety, hawks tend to avoid any large bodies of water while migrating by detouring around lakes or flying along coasts.
759:
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Like most birds, hawks migrate in the autumn and the spring. The autumn migration season begins in August and ends mid-December, and different types of hawk choose different times in each season to migrate. Some migration distances are longer than others, and birds traveling longer distances tend to
655:
Past observations have indicated that, while hawks can easily adapt to most environments, they prefer open habitats such as deserts and fields, likely because it is easier to spot prey. As they are able to live anywhere, they can also be found in mountainous plains and tropical, moist areas such as
623:
There are a variety of factors impacting the strategy and success of a hawk's migration. Kerlinger states that a bird has more body fat when it begins its migration than when it arrives at its destination. Thus, the more fat a bird has when it begins its migration, the better its chances of making
997:
Debus writes that the osprey is "a large aquatic hawk, with adaptations for catching fish by plunge-diving into water"; the elanid kites are "small, gull-like, grey-and-white hawks with black forewing patches"; and, of the harriers, that the "hawks in this cosmopolitan genus ('circling hawk') are
574:
with four types of colour receptors in the eye. Unlike some birds, but similar to other diurnal raptors, most hawk species are violet-sensitive but cannot perceive ultraviolet light. Hawks also have relatively high visual acuity – the distance at which they can resolve an image – with
490:
is the type genus of the subfamily
Buteoninae. This subfamily traditionally includes eagles and sea-eagles, but Lerner and Mindell (2005) proposed placing them into separate the subfamilies Aquilinae and Haliaaetinae. This would leave only the buteonine hawks/buzzards in Buteoninae.
208:
in other parts of the world. Generally, buteos have broad wings and sturdy builds. They are relatively larger-winged and shorter-tailed than accipiters, and fly further distances in open areas. Buteos descend or pounce on their prey rather than engaging in fast, horizontal pursuit.
764:
328:): aisalōn (merlin), asterias, hypotriorchēs, kirkos, leios, perkos, phassophonos, phrynologos, pternis, spizias, and triorchēs. Pliny numbered sixteen kinds of hawks, but named only aigithos, epileios, kenchrēïs (kestrel), kybindis, and triorchēs (buzzard).
681:
607:. Hawks additionally have two foveae (depressions in the retina with high photoreceptor density) in each eye, one centrally-placed and the other temporally-placed. Finally, the eyeball is elongated, placing the lens far from the retina and giving a long
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depart in early autumn while those traveling shorter distances start much later. Studies have shown that it is better for a hawk to arrive at its destination as early as possible to have first pick of mates, territory, food, and other resources.
684:
697:
Parents feed young hawks from early in their lives until they leave the nest. Young hawks, while still in the fledgling phase, will leave their nests as early as six weeks old, but they do not hunt until they are older. Like most
520:
682:
743:. Once they reach a certain height, the male dives toward the female before ascending back to that height. The two birds repeat this until the male latches onto the female, and they begin to free-fall towards the ground.
351:.Though they are also known as "True Hawks" With most being called Sparrowhawks or Goshawks with the both being named such because of them hunting small birds (like sparrow) and large water-fowl (like goose) respectively
763:
861:, is used in politics to describe someone perceived as favoring war. The term reportedly originated in the United States during the 1810 debates in Congress over a possible war with Great Britain.
521:
736:
and have one partner their whole lives. The male and female of a mating pair build their nest before mating season then improve it throughout nesting season. They usually do this before mating.
519:
344:
Accipitrine hawks generally hunt other birds as their primary prey and thus are sometimes called "hen-hawks". Similarly, they are sometimes called "wood-hawks" because of their
709:
Hawks fly by flapping their wings rapidly then relying on momentum to glide through the air. Like other birds, they are known to form flocks when migrating, which improves
678:
191:, and others. This subfamily are mainly woodland birds with short broad wings, long tails, and high visual acuity. They hunt by dashing suddenly from a concealed perch.
1481:
702:, hawks kill their prey with their talons. Hawks usually prefer hunting just before nightfall when daylight lessens. Although hawks are known for being violent
1506:
1442:
402:(red- and chestnut-shouldered goshawk) is traditionally included in Accipitridae, but is possibly a convergent genus from an unrelated group (see
278:
The common names of some birds include the term "hawk", reflecting traditional usage rather than taxonomy. For example, some people may call an
522:
1030:
Accipitrinæ ... To chase or hunt game with a trained hawk; to practise falconry. ... Thei hauke, thei hunt, thei card, thei dice. Latimer
1608:
1115:- Dr. Lefebvre's AAAS presentation - Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds (Monday, February 21, 2005)Part of the symposium:
1555:
998:
so-called because of their low harrying flight". But he refers to the "typical or milvine kites" as "large kites", not hawks.
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639:
559:" by measuring their innovation in feeding habits. Based on this scale, hawks were named among the most intelligent birds.
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1397:
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rates over traveling alone. Flocks of birds, especially hawks, are sometimes called "kettles" in the United States.
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630:
is a citizen scientist activity that monitors hawk migration and provides data to the scientific community.
746:
In one year, a female hawk will lay about five eggs. Both the male and the female guard and care for the
73:
1008:
Little, William; Fowler, H. W.; Coulson, Jessie; Onions, C. T.; Friedrichsen, G. W. S. (1973) . "Hawk".
1650:
1450:
1112:
862:
1547:
1272:
512:
1645:
1592:
1413:
35:
1294:
Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Toomey, Matthew B.; Corbo, Joseph C.; Kelber, Almut (2017).
1471:
p 156, "Fighting Words, From War, Rebellions, and Other
Combative Capers by Christine Ammer.:
1387:
1044:
31:
17:
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was once called "hawking", and any bird used for falconry could be referred to as a hawk.
8:
1524:
1134:
822:
733:
1320:
1295:
580:
251:. To confuse things further, some authors use "hawk" generally for any small to medium
188:
169:. They are very widely distributed and are found on all continents except Antarctica.
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394:(chanting goshawk) may be included in the subfamily or given a subfamily of its own.
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Hawks have a striking mating ritual. First, a male and a female fly together in a
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125:
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821:, or any other type of small game that is found on the ground. As an example,
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reported to have 16.8 cycles per degree. This is due to the large number of
486:
group" are also called hawks, with the exception of solitary eagle species.
1561:
1329:
1197:
Hall, M.I.; Ross, C.F. (2007). "Eye shape and activity patterns in birds".
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Lind, Olle; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Kelber, Almut (15 May 2013).
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1525:"Baj: The Hawk and the Sikhs | Harinder Singh | SikhRI Articles"
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830:
661:
482:
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240:
184:
52:
927:. As a result, the Northern Goshawk was made the official state bird of
1414:"Red-tailed Hawk Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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1157:
897:
866:
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538:
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418:
372:
252:
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information, videos, photos and sounds at the
Internet Bird Collection
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group. Proposal (460) to the South
American Classification Committee"
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group are also called hawks, though birds of this group are called
105:
1135:"What Are Hawks Afraid Of? [Which Animals Prey on Hawks?]"
258:
810:
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665:
348:
205:
195:
180:
1585:
1368:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 57–58, 153.
794:
775:
596:
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584:
448:. Members of this group have also been called "hawk-buzzards".
279:
95:
1623:
1482:"Lost in flight: State bird of Punjab missing from the state!"
1158:"Ultraviolet sensitivity and colour vision in raptor foraging"
1010:
The shorter Oxford
English dictionary on historical principles
1120:
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818:
562:
The hawk is very intelligent towards humans and other hawks.
426:
368:
319:
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is sometimes used for the accipitrine hawks in regions where
200:
1601:
1392:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 96–98.
1296:"Specialized photoreceptor composition in the raptor fovea"
1116:
985:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 12, 16, 62.
806:
802:
710:
220:
are used to distinguish between the types in regions where
115:
1007:
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connecting these receptors to the brain, and an indented
971:
Campbell, B., Lack.E (2013) A Dictionary of Birds. p.273
1293:
556:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1155:
1113:
EurekAlert! Public News List:Bird IQ test takes flight
555:
Louis
Lefebvre announced a method of measuring avian "
1612:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 94–95.
1341:
1339:
911:
Mughal
Emperor Aurangzeb holding a hawk in his darbar
1359:
1357:
1350:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 40.
1430:
1336:
693:located, captured and returned with prey at sunset
1354:
1024:Any diurnal bird of prey used in Falconry ... In
884:, use the bird as an emblem. The sports teams of
1637:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1012:(3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
923:community. He is believed to have kept a white
239:, which includes hawks and buzzards as well as
949:"hawk | Types, Diet, & Facts | Britannica"
1372:
983:The birds of prey of Australia: a field guide
603:, which magnifies the central portion of the
1385:
1345:
633:
235:All these groups are members of the family
1253:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
51:
1548:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756551.001.0001
1389:Hawks & Owls in Eastern North America
1363:
1319:
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1028:, restricted to a bird of the subfamily
974:
906:
793:on a variety of smaller animals such as
757:
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142:
896:in 1997 after changing the name from a
869:'s pro-war faction as the "war-hawks".
14:
1638:
1537:
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1132:
1086:
1080:
1049:Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z
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232:is preferred for the buteonine hawks.
1065:
980:
872:Numerous sporting clubs, such as the
640:List of Accipitriformes by population
336:
1366:Flight Strategies of Migrating Hawks
1300:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1001:
750:for about a month until they hatch.
648:is probably the most common hawk in
915:Hawks are strongly associated with
24:
1449:. 11 November 2010. Archived from
1270:
1089:"Revise generic boundaries in the
587:(up to 1,000,000 per square mm in
501:
494:
409:
25:
1662:
1572:
721:Hawks are known for their unique
308:Aristotle listed eleven types of
1626:The New Student's Reference Work
1211:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00227.x
537:Problems playing this file? See
517:
469:would be formed from members of
72:
1579:Hawks and eagles (Accipitridae)
1531:
1517:
1499:
1474:
1465:
1406:
1386:Heintzelman, Donald S. (2004).
1346:Heintzelman, Donald S. (1986).
1287:
1264:
1238:
1217:
1190:
1162:Journal of Experimental Biology
1149:
1133:Morgan, James (23 April 2021).
892:officially became known as the
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546:
1126:
1106:
965:
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780:Mission Peak Regional Preserve
13:
1:
981:Debus, Stephen J. S. (1990).
934:
840:
706:, some are gentle and quiet.
689:Perch Hunting. This perching
1540:"When Sparrows Became Hawks"
1043:Arnott, W. Geoffrey (2007).
865:is said to have referred to
614:
570:Hawks, like most birds, are
7:
1087:Remsen, Van (August 2010).
671:
565:
551:In February 2005, Canadian
10:
1667:
1074:The Encyclopedia Americana
844:
637:
320:
310:
297:
224:applies to both. The term
29:
863:Congressman John Randolph
732:Some species of hawk are
591:, compared to 200,000 in
331:
69:Scientific classification
67:
59:
50:
45:
1538:Dhavan, Purnima (2011).
1364:Kerlinger, Paul (1989).
634:Habitat and distribution
451:The proposed new genera
382:(long-tailed hawk), and
150:, a small member of the
1609:Encyclopædia Britannica
825:eat smaller birds like
753:
1593:Encyclopedia Americana
1348:The Migration of Hawks
912:
786:
694:
506:
275:
255:that is not an eagle.
155:
36:Hawks (disambiguation)
1418:www.allaboutbirds.org
1247:"Family Accipitridae"
910:
845:Further information:
829:as well as bugs like
770:
688:
505:
261:
146:
32:Hawk (disambiguation)
1507:"State Bird is BAAZ"
823:red-shouldered hawks
774:removing fur from a
595:), a high number of
404:red goshawk taxonomy
30:For other uses, see
1453:on January 29, 2010
1447:National Geographic
1251:AnimalDiversity Web
1227:. beautyofbirds.com
388:(Doria's goshawk).
361:contains the genus
270:), a member of the
189:sharp-shinned hawks
1245:Kirschbaum, Kari.
1199:Journal of Zoology
1175:10.1242/jeb.082834
1137:. BirdWatchingBuzz
953:www.britannica.com
913:
787:
778:before eating it,
695:
507:
424:" includes genera
318:, hawks; singular
276:
156:
148:Sharp-shinned hawk
1651:Bird common names
1557:978-0-19-975655-1
1443:"Red-Tailed Hawk"
1312:10.1002/cne.24190
1271:Nathan, Raymond.
1168:(10): 1819–1826.
917:Guru Gobind Singh
768:
686:
529:Scream of a hawk.
524:
376:(Gabar goshawk),
268:Buteo jamaicensis
198:, members of the
141:
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16:(Redirected from
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1513:on 14 July 2014.
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902:Native Americans
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480:Members of the "
399:Erythrotriorchis
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1587:"Hawk"
1562:ResearchGate
1560:– via
1533:
1519:
1511:the original
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1488:. 2017-09-14
1485:
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
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890:Oxford, Ohio
871:
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852:
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831:grasshoppers
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609:focal length
605:visual field
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185:sparrowhawks
177:Accipitrinae
171:
167:Accipitridae
158:
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152:Accipitrinae
136:Accipitridae
40:
27:Bird of prey
662:West Indies
483:Buteogallus
226:"true hawk"
1640:Categories
1492:2021-04-19
1457:18 October
1423:2023-03-30
1257:2010-01-30
1231:2010-01-30
1141:January 4,
1026:Nat. Hist.
958:2022-07-25
935:References
898:pejorative
880:, and the
867:Henry Clay
841:In culture
784:California
734:monogamous
638:See also:
539:media help
466:Pseudastur
439:Geranoetus
373:Micronisus
253:Accipitrid
212:The terms
900:term for
851:The term
815:squirrels
704:predators
615:Migration
433:Parabuteo
420:Buteonine
411:Buteonine
364:Accipiter
356:subfamily
292:duck hawk
284:fish hawk
179:includes
174:subfamily
154:subfamily
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
1330:28199005
1184:23785106
1072:"Hawk".
1045:"Hierax"
894:RedHawks
854:war hawk
847:Falconry
835:crickets
711:survival
672:Behavior
566:Eyesight
460:Rupornis
391:Melierax
346:woodland
316:hierakes
303:Falconry
245:harriers
206:buzzards
181:goshawks
132:Family:
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
1631:. 1914.
1596:. 1920.
1321:6235456
1279:8 April
1225:"Hawks"
1098:22 June
1076:. 1920.
919:in the
811:rabbits
799:lizards
666:Jamaica
583:in the
349:habitat
311:ἱέρακες
298:History
286:" or a
230:buzzard
196:America
122:Order:
112:Class:
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795:snakes
789:Hawks
776:rodent
664:, and
660:, the
597:nerves
593:humans
585:retina
463:, and
369:genera
332:Groups
326:hierax
280:osprey
249:eagles
247:, and
60:Adult
1121:Brain
1091:Buteo
827:doves
819:birds
601:fovea
589:Buteo
488:Buteo
471:Buteo
427:Buteo
422:group
417:The "
413:group
340:group
321:ἱέραξ
274:group
272:Buteo
241:kites
201:Buteo
159:Hawks
46:Hawk
18:Hawks
1552:ISBN
1459:2012
1394:ISBN
1326:PMID
1281:2023
1180:PMID
1143:2022
1117:Mind
1100:2014
1053:ISBN
1014:ISBN
987:ISBN
921:Sikh
859:hawk
833:and
807:mice
803:fish
791:feed
754:Diet
748:eggs
691:hawk
644:The
473:and
354:The
222:hawk
216:and
172:The
161:are
116:Aves
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1316:PMC
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