60:
96:
2203:
2191:
2179:
835:'s concept of "searching for the lost object" is about the anxiety and mounting frustration as the mourner remains lost, frequently sifting through memories of the departed, and perhaps fleeting perceptions of spectral visitations by the lost individual. When the loss involves "being left" or "unrequited love", in addition to the above, this mental searching is accompanied by obsessive thoughts about factors leading to the
2167:
905:
another's speech patterns, movements, and even cardiac and EEG rhythms. Couples can function like a mutual bio-feedback system, stimulating and modulating each other's bio rhythms, responding to one another's pheromones, and be addicted due to the steady trickle of endogenous opiates induced by the relationship.
977:
Physiological and biochemical changes that contribute to higher physical illnesses and heart disease have been found in individuals that have high levels of anxiety and depression. Some individuals who have divorced have compromised immune systems because of inflammatory cytokines followed by a state
948:
In many legends and fictional tales, characters die after suffering a devastating loss; however, even in reality people die from what appears to be a broken heart. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or broken heart syndrome, is commonly described as a physical pain in the chest or heart or stomach area, which
896:
which can be severe enough to leave an emotional imprint on individuals' psychobiological functioning, affecting future choices and responses to rejection, loss, or disconnection. A contributing factor to the trauma-producing event is that 'being left' can trigger primal separation fear – the fear of
904:
Another factor contributing to the traumatic conditions is the stress of losing someone with whom the mourner has come to rely in ways they did not realize. For instance, in time, couples can become external regulators for one another, attuned on many levels: pupils dilated in synchrony, echoing one
920:
There are various predisposing psycho-biological and environmental factors that determine whether one's earlier emotional trauma might lead to the development of a true clinical picture of posttraumatic stress disorder. This would lower their threshold for becoming aroused and make them more likely
883:
In relationship breakups, mourners may turn their anger over the rejection toward themselves. This can deepen their depression and cause narcissistic wounding. The process of self-attack can range from mild self-doubt to scathing self-recrimination which leaves a lasting imprint on an individual's
900:
Mourners may also experience the intense stress of helplessness. If they make repeated attempts to compel their loved one to return and are unsuccessful, they will feel helpless and inadequate to the task. Feeling one's "limited capacity" can produce a fault line in the psyche which renders the
827:
postulates that there are five stages of grief after the loss of a loved-one: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. And while it is recognized that mourners go through initial period of numbness leading to depression and finally to reorganization and recovery, most modern grief
928:
There is also variation in individuals' neurochemical systems that govern the stress regulation. Depending on the severity of the stress response induced in an individual by an event (i.e. a romantic breakup), certain concentrations of stress hormones including CRF, ACTH, and cortisol work to
879:
Although there are overlapping symptoms, uncomplicated grief can be distinguished from a full depressive episode. Major depression tends to be more pervasive and is characterized by significant difficulty in experiencing self-validating and positive feelings. Major depression is composed of a
758:
proposed in 2005 the evolution of common mechanisms for both physical and emotional pain responses and argue that such expressions are "more than just a metaphor". The concept is believed to be universal, with many cultures using the same words to describe both physical pain and the feelings
880:
recognizable and stable cluster of debilitating symptoms, accompanied by a protracted, enduring low mood. It tends to be persistent and associated with poor work and social functioning, pathological immunological function, and other neurobiological changes unless treated.
828:
specialists recognize the variations and fluidity of grief experiences differ considerably in intensity and length among cultural groups, individually from person to person as well as depending on the amount of investment put into the relationship.
952:
Broken heart syndrome mimics symptoms of a heart attack, but it is clinically different from a heart attack because the patients have few risk factors for heart disease and were previously healthy prior to the heart muscles weakening. Some
790:, areas established as being involved in processing of pain, including empathizing with pain experienced by others. The same researchers mention effect of social stressors on the heart, and personality on perception of pain.
929:
intensify the imprinting of an emotional memory of the event, indelibly inscribing its fears and other sensations in the amygdala (to serve as a warning for future events), while the same stress hormones can act to impede.
924:
Another factor is that insecure attachments in childhood have shown to predispose the individuals to difficulties in forming secure attachments in adulthood and to having heightened responses to rejection and loss.
793:
A 2011 study showed that the same regions of the brain that become active in response to painful sensory experiences are activated during intense social rejection or social loss in general. Social psychologist
969:. Magnetic resonance images suggested that the recovery rates for those with broken heart syndrome are faster than those who had heart attacks and complete recovery to the heart is achieved within two months.
1687:
Panksepp J, Nelson E, Bekkedal M (January 1997). "Brain systems for the mediation of social separation-distress and social-reward. Evolutionary antecedents and neuropeptide intermediaries".
2195:
2011:
1048:
961:, of people with the broken heart syndrome, was contracting normally but the middle and upper sides of the heart muscle had weaker contractions due to inverted
823:
For most bereaved individuals, the journey through grief will ultimately culminate in an acceptable level of adjustment to a life without their loved one. The
1643:
Monti-Bloch L, Grosser BI (October 1991). "Effect of putative pheromones on the electrical activity of the human vomeronasal organ and olfactory epithelium".
2031:
1221:
921:
to become anxious when they encounter stresses in life that are reminiscent of childhood separations and fears, hence more prone to becoming posttraumatic.
750:" to encourage humans to maintain their close social relationships by causing pain when those relationships are lost. Psychologists Geoff MacDonald of the
1503:
Schore, Allan. Affect
Regulation and Origin of Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp. 416-422
1808:
802:, who was heavily involved in the study, said, "These results give new meaning to the idea that social rejection hurts". The research implicates the
876:. In one study (death of a spouse), 24% of mourners were depressed at two months, 23% at seven months, 16% at 13 months and 14% at 25 months.
1372:
294:
2230:
1741:. New York: Routledge, 1991; Horney, Karen Horney, K. The neurotic personality of our time. New York: W. W. Norton and Company (1937).
856:
Loss of appetite, overeating, nausea, "hollow stomach", indigestion, intestinal disorders like diarrhea, excessive weight gain or loss
1992:
1436:
1879:
Eisenberger, Naomi; Lieberman, Matthew (2004). "Why
Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System For Physical And Social Pain".
831:
Ruminating, or having intrusive thoughts that are continuous, uncontrollable, and distressing, is often a component of grieving.
686:
1462:
Auster, T; Moutier, C; Lanouette, N (1 October 2008). "Bereavement and depression: implications for diagnosis and treatment".
1933:
1556:
1052:
1956:
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2183:
2015:
1006:
Insults have broken my heart and left me weak, I looked for sympathy but there was none; I found no one to comfort me
884:
self-worth and causes them to doubt their lovability, personality-efficacy, and attachment worthiness going forward.
1580:
Balint, Michael. The Basic Fault: Therapeutic
Aspects of Regression. Evanston: North Western University Press, 1992.
232:
2042:
1232:
2171:
1595:
Robertiello
Richard, Gagnier Terril T (1993). "Sado-masochism as a Defense Against Merging: Six Case Studies".
914:
803:
731:
423:
762:
The neurological process involved in the perception of heartache is not known, but is thought to involve the
631:
387:
378:
31:
892:
In severe cases, the depression of a broken heart can create a sustained type of stress that constitutes an
722:
Failed romantic love or unrequited love can be extremely painful; people with a broken heart may succumb to
2115:
2061:
1591:
The
Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
1571:
Seligman, Martin. Helplessness: On
Depression, Development and Death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975.
1207:
Goleman, Daniel. The
Emotional Brain and Emotional Intelligence: New Insights. North Hampton, Mass, 2011.
1168:
Zisook, S; Shuchter, SR (October 1991). "Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse".
604:
59:
51:
1861:
1095:
679:
574:
247:
187:
95:
17:
783:
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723:
658:
1820:"Why is Bible engagement down in the digital age? Bible Gateway's Rachel Barach shares some insight"
1948:
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may also be involved – the painful feeling of being inherently unacceptable, disposable, unworthy.
779:
751:
584:
182:
1382:
1835:
1425:
Lewis, Helen Block. Shame and Guilt in
Neurosis. Madison: International Universities Press, 1971.
653:
648:
626:
2086:
2038:
1228:
966:
799:
755:
414:
44:
1921:
1407:
Tennov, Dorothy. Love and
Limerence: The Experience of Being in Love, Scarborugh House (1998).
1023:
913:
Research has shown that in extreme cases, some who experience a broken heart go on to develop
1629:
Tiffany Field, "Attachment as
Psychobiological Attunement: Being on the Same Wavelength", in
1100:
672:
192:
719:. The concept is cross-cultural, often cited with reference to unreciprocated or lost love.
2119:
1696:
1043:
893:
743:
638:
496:
353:
165:
2207:
1737:
Ainsworth, Mary D. S. "Attachments and Other Affectional Bonds Across the Life Cycle". In
949:
is due to the emotional stress caused by a traumatic breakup or the death of a loved one.
850:
Exhaustion, muscle tightness or weakness, body pains, fidgety restlessness, lack of energy
824:
8:
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1973:
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1540:
1140:
1038:
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The intense pain of a broken heart is believed to be part of the survival instinct. The "
207:
170:
2123:
1819:
1700:
1440:
1416:
Bowlby, John, Loss: Sadness and Depression; Attachment and Loss, III, Basic Books, 1982.
839:, and possibilities for reuniting with the lost individual. When rejection is involved,
2240:
2142:
2103:
1908:
1720:
1708:
1668:
1612:
1348:
1339:
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for the intense emotional stress or pain one feels at experiencing great loss or deep
2235:
2147:
1952:
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1900:
1865:
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227:
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1672:
1616:
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Headaches, shortness of breath, chest pressure, tightness or heaviness in the throat
2137:
2127:
2032:"Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social And Physical Pain"
1892:
1704:
1652:
1604:
1549:
Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society
1527:
Robertiello, Richard. Hold Them Very Close, Then Let Them Go. New York: Dial, 1975.
1471:
1343:
1335:
1222:"Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain"
1177:
1115:
1057:
553:
526:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
2012:"Grief, Depressive Symptoms, And Physical Health Among Recently Bereaved Spouses"
1475:
1377:
276:
155:
38:
1544:
1896:
1250:
1078:
954:
807:
594:
369:
252:
202:
2225:
2219:
1977:
1144:
1002:
Biblical references to the pain of a broken heart date back to 1015 BC.
901:
person prone to heightened emotional responses within primary relationships.
441:
237:
212:
133:
118:
79:
2132:
1181:
782:
from 2008 showed that rejection is associated with activation of the dorsal
2151:
1904:
1823:
1357:
1074:
643:
339:
263:
217:
138:
68:
2104:"Social Rejection Shares Somatosensory Representations With Physical Pain"
1716:
1664:
1189:
1996:
1922:"Attachment as psychobiological attunement: Being on the same wavelength"
1064:
832:
795:
767:
599:
589:
579:
175:
2202:
2190:
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1298:
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1276:
1274:
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611:
348:
306:
242:
222:
160:
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1286:
1685:
Pert, Candace B. Molecules of Emotion. New York: Scribner, 1997' and
1594:
1163:
1161:
1105:
1090:
747:
396:
299:
257:
197:
143:
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2081:
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1073:
portrays the artist's heartbreak during and after an affair between
473:
869:
770:
causing pain, nausea or muscle tightness in the chest. Research by
712:
1158:
2178:
836:
727:
540:
325:
2102:
Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD (April 2011).
37:"Breaking hearts" redirects here. For the Elton John album, see
2166:
1019:
1011:
962:
716:
503:
464:
432:
405:
2101:
1304:
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987:
840:
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367:
360:
358:
1539:
1764:
1762:
487:
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1055:
dies of a broken heart after the banishment of her son in
897:
being left with no one to take care of one's vital needs.
2060:
1280:
1786:
1759:
1324:"Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know"
766:
of the brain, which during stress may overstimulate the
27:
Intense stress or pain one feels at experiencing longing
2030:
1051:, who dies of a broken heart after betraying a friend.
2196:
Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Broken-heart syndrome
1686:
1461:
1493:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 340.
1878:
1589:
Winnecott, Donald W. "The Capacity to be Alone". In
1389:
1292:
872:
and has been found to precipitate episodes of major
1593:. Madison: International Universities Press, 1965;
1031:
Look at the cloud, how it cries like a grieving man
972:
2083:"Study Illuminates The 'Pain' Of Social Rejection"
2010:
1838:. Shakespeare Literature. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
1774:
1642:
965:and longer Q-T intervals that are associated with
1809:The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1750:LeDoux, Joseph. "Emotion, Memory and the Brain".
908:
63:1938 poster for an adaptation of Avery Hopwood's
50:"Heartbreak" redirects here. For other uses, see
2217:
2062:"What Causes Chest Pain When Feelings Are Hurt?"
1993:"Diseases And Conditions: Broken Heart Syndrome"
1322:Zisook, Sidney; Shear, Katherine (1 June 2009).
1033:Thunder moans like a lover with a broken heart.
538:
2108:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1535:
1533:
1972:
1926:The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation
1631:The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation
1167:
986:The sentiment is expressed in a collection of
853:Insomnia, sleeping too much, disturbing dreams
471:
462:
453:
1517:. New York: International Universities Press.
680:
323:
314:
1991:
1768:
1530:
1026:, used broken heart imagery in his writing.
501:
485:
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1636:
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515:
1219:
687:
673:
2141:
2131:
1347:
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1134:
1132:
1130:
1945:Critical Care Ultrasound: Expert Consult
1858:Trauma Psychology: Violence And Disaster
1434:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1266:University of Michigan News Service 2011
1210:
1022:, regarded as the first great genius of
937:
932:
846:The physical signs of grieving include:
58:
887:
14:
2218:
1574:
1196:
1127:
981:
818:
1919:
1855:
1792:
1597:Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy
1512:
1488:
1395:
1370:
1310:
71:as a metaphor for unhappiness in love
1974:"A Broken Heart can Really Hurt You"
1942:
1780:
1141:"A Broken Heart can Really Hurt You"
2087:University of Michigan News Service
2014:. The Gerontologist. Archived from
1836:"Romeo and Juliet, Act V Scene III"
1138:
759:associated with relationship loss.
24:
1920:Field, Tiffany (2 December 2012).
1709:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51914.x
1371:Broom, Sarah M. (30 August 2004).
1340:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x
94:
25:
2252:
2231:Metaphors referring to body parts
2159:
1739:Attachments Across the Life Cycle
1439:. HomeLifeCountry. Archived from
1305:National Academy of Sciences 2011
1220:MacDonald, Geoff; Leary, Mark R.
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
1293:Eisenberger & Lieberman 2004
998:pour oil on my heart that aches.
973:Endocrine and immune dysfunction
233:Passionate and companionate love
1829:
1813:
1798:
1744:
1731:
1679:
1623:
1583:
1565:
1521:
1506:
1497:
1482:
1455:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1364:
67:, showing a physically cracked
2194:Learning materials related to
1170:American Journal of Psychiatry
915:post-traumatic stress disorder
909:Post-traumatic stress disorder
804:secondary somatosensory cortex
732:post-traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
2206:The dictionary definition of
1281:Scientific American Mind 2015
1121:
863:
813:
737:
2116:National Academy of Sciences
1881:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1657:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90255-4
1551:. New York: Guilford Press.
1476:10.3928/00485713-20081001-01
730:and, in more extreme cases,
7:
1515:The Restoration of the Self
1489:Colin, Virginia A. (1996).
1084:
52:Heartbreak (disambiguation)
10:
2257:
1924:. In Reite, Martin (ed.).
1897:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010
1862:Greenwood Publishing Group
1849:
1844:
1826:. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
1645:J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol
1543:; McFarlane, Alexander C;
1096:Interpersonal relationship
941:
868:A broken heart is a major
575:Color wheel theory of love
248:Queerplatonic relationship
188:Interpersonal relationship
49:
43:. For the Chara song, see
36:
29:
1966:
1856:Carll, Elizabeth (2007).
806:and the dorsal posterior
784:anterior cingulate cortex
764:anterior cingulate cortex
659:Triangular theory of love
1949:Elsevier Health Sciences
1889:University of California
944:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
780:University of California
752:University of Queensland
744:social-attachment system
585:Biology of romantic love
183:Interpersonal attraction
2133:10.1073/pnas.1102693108
1437:"Bereavement And Grief"
1182:10.1176/ajp.148.10.1346
957:expressed how the left
654:Physical attractiveness
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
395:
386:
377:
368:
359:
2182:Quotations related to
2039:Psychological Bulletin
1541:van der Kolk, Bessel A
1229:Psychological Bulletin
1047:features a character,
1036:
1017:
1000:
800:University of Michigan
756:Wake Forest University
539:
525:
516:
502:
486:
472:
463:
454:
338:
324:
315:
100:
99:Red-outline heart icon
72:
45:Breaking Hearts (song)
1943:Lumb, Philip (2014).
1513:Kohut, Heinz (1977).
1101:Intimate relationship
1028:
1004:
992:
938:Broken heart syndrome
933:Medical complications
98:
62:
2174:at Wikimedia Commons
1385:on 24 February 2009.
1044:Antony and Cleopatra
888:Psychological trauma
639:Mere-exposure effect
30:For other uses, see
2124:2011PNAS..108.6270K
2067:Scientific American
1795:, pp. 382–387.
1753:Scientific American
1701:1997NYASA.807...78P
1295:, pp. 294–300.
982:Cultural references
819:Uncomplicated grief
208:Love at first sight
1609:10.1007/BF00945978
1464:Psychiatric Annals
1139:Johnson, R. Skip.
788:pre-frontal cortex
786:and right-ventral
754:and Mark Leary of
272:Unconditional love
129:Compassionate love
101:
73:
65:Why Men Leave Home
2170:Media related to
1935:978-0-323-14721-7
1558:978-1-5723-0088-0
1070:Memory, the Heart
1067:'s 1937 painting
825:Kübler-Ross model
776:Matthew Lieberman
772:Naomi Eisenberger
697:
696:
16:(Redirected from
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2041:. Archived from
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2005:
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1769:Mayo Clinic 2015
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1491:Human Attachment
1486:
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1432:
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1381:. Archived from
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1328:World Psychiatry
1319:
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1296:
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1278:
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1263:
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1231:. Archived from
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1217:
1208:
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1194:
1193:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1153:
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1136:
1116:Widowhood effect
1058:Romeo and Juliet
1015:
894:emotional trauma
689:
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544:
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2089:. 25 March 2011
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2048:on 8 April 2020
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1470:(10): 655–661.
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1238:on 8 April 2020
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1176:(10): 1346–52.
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955:echocardiograms
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821:
816:
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627:Religious views
617:Valentine's Day
605:in Christianity
570:
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277:Unrequited love
156:Falling in love
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40:Breaking Hearts
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2018:on 13 May 2015
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1651:(4B): 573–82.
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2209:broken heart
2208:
2186:at Wikiquote
2184:Broken heart
2111:
2107:
2091:. Retrieved
2071:. Retrieved
2065:
2050:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2000:. Retrieved
1981:. Retrieved
1944:
1928:. Elsevier.
1925:
1884:
1880:
1857:
1831:
1824:Biblegateway
1815:
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1756:(June 1994).
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1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1391:
1383:the original
1376:
1373:"Milestones"
1366:
1334:(2): 67–74.
1331:
1327:
1300:
1288:
1240:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1173:
1169:
1148:. Retrieved
1068:
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792:
761:
746:" uses the "
741:
721:
708:
704:
701:broken heart
700:
698:
644:Sacred Heart
632:love deities
552:
340:Amour-propre
289:Social views
264:Amour de soi
262:
218:Lovesickness
139:Courtly love
124:Broken heart
123:
69:heart symbol
64:
56:
39:
32:Broken Heart
1997:Mayo Clinic
1891:: 294–300.
1447:15 November
1075:her husband
1065:Frida Kahlo
1039:Shakespeare
833:John Bowlby
796:Ethan Kross
768:vagus nerve
748:pain system
600:Love of God
590:Love letter
580:Bhakti yoga
535:Portuguese
149:troubadours
2220:Categories
2093:3 November
1793:Field 2012
1396:Carll 2007
1122:References
1111:Loneliness
1079:her sister
990:proverbs:
874:depression
864:Depression
814:Psychology
738:Physiology
724:depression
705:heartbreak
649:Similarity
622:Philosophy
612:Love magic
307:Patriotism
243:Puppy love
223:Lovestruck
161:Friendship
18:Heartbreak
2241:Suffering
1781:Lumb 2014
1106:Limerence
1091:Emptiness
1049:Enobarbus
959:ventricle
709:heartache
397:Philautia
300:Free love
295:Anarchist
258:Self-love
198:Limerence
166:cross-sex
144:courtship
114:Affection
2236:Emotions
2152:21444827
2073:18 March
2022:18 March
2002:18 March
1913:15893740
1905:15242688
1725:23809381
1673:46330425
1617:37471839
1547:(1996).
1358:19516922
1085:See also
1041:'s play
1009:—
988:Sumerian
917:(PTSD).
870:stressor
713:metaphor
569:Concepts
482:Islamic
311:Chinese
193:Intimacy
171:romantic
80:a series
78:Part of
2143:3076808
2120:Bibcode
1983:14 June
1850:Printed
1845:Sources
1717:9071345
1697:Bibcode
1665:1892788
1349:2691160
1190:1897615
1150:14 June
963:T waves
837:breakup
778:of the
728:anxiety
717:longing
711:) is a
549:Yaghan
541:Saudade
527:Caritas
450:Indian
334:French
326:Yuanfen
253:Romance
228:Passion
119:Bonding
2150:
2140:
2114:(15).
1967:Online
1955:
1932:
1911:
1903:
1868:
1723:
1715:
1671:
1663:
1615:
1555:
1356:
1346:
1188:
1020:Rudaki
967:stress
808:insula
512:Latin
504:Chesed
497:Jewish
474:Maitrī
465:Bhakti
433:Storgḗ
424:Pragma
415:Philos
406:Philia
2052:7 May
2046:(PDF)
2035:(PDF)
1909:S2CID
1887:(7).
1721:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1613:S2CID
1242:7 May
1236:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
1014:69:20
1012:Psalm
996:Inana
841:shame
798:from
442:Xenia
388:Mania
379:Ludus
361:Agape
349:Greek
2226:Love
2148:PMID
2095:2011
2075:2015
2054:2012
2024:2015
2004:2015
1985:2015
1953:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1901:PMID
1866:ISBN
1713:PMID
1661:PMID
1553:ISBN
1449:2012
1378:Time
1354:PMID
1244:2012
1186:PMID
1152:2014
1077:and
994:May
774:and
518:Amor
488:Ishq
456:Kama
370:Eros
176:zone
88:Love
2138:PMC
2128:doi
2112:108
1893:doi
1807:at
1705:doi
1693:807
1653:doi
1605:doi
1472:doi
1344:PMC
1336:doi
1178:doi
1174:148
707:or
317:Ren
2222::
2146:.
2136:.
2126:.
2110:.
2106:.
2085:.
2064:.
2037:.
1995:.
1976:.
1951:.
1947:.
1907:.
1899:.
1883:.
1864:.
1860:.
1822:.
1761:^
1719:.
1711:.
1703:.
1691:.
1667:.
1659:.
1649:39
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1532:^
1468:38
1466:.
1375:.
1352:.
1342:.
1330:.
1326:.
1312:^
1273:^
1252:^
1227:.
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1198:^
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1172:.
1160:^
1143:.
1129:^
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726:,
699:A
82:on
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2130::
2122::
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2056:.
2026:.
2006:.
1987:.
1961:.
1938:.
1915:.
1895::
1885:8
1874:.
1771:.
1727:.
1707::
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1607::
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1474::
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