Heat pump - Knowledge

66: 1087:(open heat pump process) in salt works with their obvious advantages for saving wood and coal. In 1857, Peter von Rittinger was the first to try to implement the idea of vapor compression in a small pilot plant. Presumably inspired by Rittinger's experiments in Ebensee, Antoine-Paul Piccard from the University of Lausanne and the engineer J. H. Weibel from the Weibel–Briquet company in Geneva built the world's first really functioning vapor compression system with a two-stage piston compressor. In 1877 this first heat pump in Switzerland was installed in the 2288: 1296: 2313: 2301: 2199:, the emissions savings of heat pumps compared with a high-efficiency gas boiler are on average above 45% and reach 80% in countries with cleaner electricity mixes. These values can be improved by 10 percentage points, respectively, with alternative refrigerants. In the United States, 70% of houses could reduce emissions by installing a heat pump. The rising share of renewable electricity generation in many countries is set to increase the emissions savings from heat pumps over time. 93: 684: 1207: 1444: 831: 698: 1541: 1378: 54: 2223: 2772:

government grant and assuming electricity/gas costs remain similar their lifetime costs would be similar on average. However lifetime cost relative to a gas boiler varies considerably depending on several factors, such as the quality of the heat pump installation and the tariff used. In 2024 England was criticised for still allowing new homes to be built with gas boilers, unlike some other counties where this is banned.

3377: 5976: 1307:(also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for providing 2519:(GWP) is required, in addition to all the previous requirements for safety, practicality, material compatibility, appropriate atmospheric life, and compatibility with high-efficiency products. By 2022, devices using refrigerants with a very low GWP still have a small market share but are expected to play an increasing role due to enforced regulations, as most countries have now ratified the 799:(COP), or seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP). The higher the number, the more efficient a heat pump is. For example, an air-to-water heat pump that produces 6kW at a SCOP of 4.62 will give over 4kW of energy into a heating system for every kilowatt of energy that the heat pump uses itself to operate. When used for space heating, heat pumps are typically more energy-efficient than 754:, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space. In cold weather, a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house (e.g. winter); the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in warm weather (e.g. summer). As they transfer heat rather than generating heat, they are more energy-efficient than other ways of heating or cooling a home. 2763:

sector in China employs over 300,000 people, with employment numbers expected to double by 2050, underscoring the importance of vocational training for industry growth. This robust development in the heat pump market is set to play a significant role in reducing direct emissions in buildings by 30% and cutting PM2.5 emissions from residential heating by nearly 80% by 2030.

1329:(CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built. Otherwise 2759:

favored for their energy efficiency, consuming three to five times less energy than electric heaters or fossil fuel-based solutions. Currently, decentralized heat pumps installed in Chinese buildings represent a quarter of the global installed capacity, with a total capacity exceeding 250 GW, which covers around 4% of the heating needs in buildings.

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set significantly lower than for lower flammability refrigerants (only allowing approximately 13.5 times less refrigerant in the system than R-32). This means that R-290 is not suitable for all situations or locations. Nonetheless, by 2022, an increasing number of devices with R-290 were offered for domestic use, especially in Europe.

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radiators or underfloor heating which releases the heat to the building. These devices can also operate in a cooling mode where they extract heat via the internal heat exchanger and eject it into the ambient air using the external heat exchanger. Some can be used to heat water for washing which is stored in a domestic hot water tank.

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milestone is the heat pump built by Escher Wyss in 1937/38 to replace the wood stoves in the City Hall of Zurich. To avoid noise and vibrations, a recently developed rotary piston compressor was used. This historic heat pump heated the town hall for 63 years until 2001. Only then was it replaced by a new, more efficient heat pump.

2755:(IEA) titled "The Future of Heat Pumps in China," it is highlighted that China, as the world's largest market for heat pumps in buildings, plays a critical role in the global industry. The country accounts for over one-quarter of global sales, with a 12% increase in 2023 alone, despite a global sales dip of 3% the same year. 2341:(one used when in heating mode and the other when used in cooling mode) and two heat exchangers, one associated with the external heat source/sink and the other with the interior. In heating mode the external heat exchanger is the evaporator and the internal one being the condenser; in cooling mode the roles are reversed. 2731:

In an effort to incentivize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact, the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland have implemented rebate programs targeting the upgrade of existing hot water systems. These programs specifically encourage the transition from traditional

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difference required for the subcooling leads to the superheating of the vapor drawn into the compressor. When the increase in cooling achieved by subcooling is greater that the compressor drive input required to overcome the additional pressure losses, such a heat exchange improves the coefficient of

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While older air-source heat pumps performed relatively poorly at low temperatures and were better suited for warm climates, newer models with variable-speed compressors remain highly efficient in freezing conditions allowing for wide adoption and cost savings in places like Minnesota and Maine in the

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Air-source heat pumps are used to move heat between two heat exchangers, one outside the building which is fitted with fins through which air is forced using a fan and the other which either directly heats the air inside the building or heats water which is then circulated around the building through

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An ASHP can typically gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy. They are optimized for flow temperatures between 30 and 40 °C (86 and 104 °F), suitable for buildings with heat emitters sized for low flow temperatures. With losses in efficiency, an ASHP can even provide

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The High-efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program was created in 2022 to award grants to State energy offices and Indian Tribes in order to establish state-wide high-efficiency electric-home rebates. Effective immediately, American households are eligible for a tax credit to cover the costs of buying

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As of 2022: heat pumps have no Value Added Tax (VAT) although in Northern Ireland they are taxed at the reduced rate of 5% instead of the usual level of VAT of 20% for most other products. As of 2022 the installation cost of a heat pump is more than a gas boiler, but with the "Boiler Upgrade Scheme"

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has a COP of 1.0, which is considerably lower than a well-designed heat pump which will typically have a COP of 3 to 5 with an external temperature of 10 °C and an internal temperature of 20 °C. Because the ground is a constant temperature source, a ground-source heat pump is not subjected

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In general, heat pumps work most efficiently (that is, the heat output produced for a given energy input) when the difference between the heat source and the heat sink is small. When using a heat pump for space or water heating, therefore, the heat pump will be most efficient in mild conditions, and

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As the temperature of the interior of the building rises progressively to 300 K (27 °C) the coefficient of performance falls progressively to 9. This means each joule of work is responsible for transferring 9 joules of heat out of the low-temperature reservoir and into the building. Again,

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Devices with R-290 refrigerant (propane) are expected to play a key role in the future. The 100-year GWP of propane, at 0.02, is extremely low and is approximately 7000 times less than R-32. However, the flammability of propane requires additional safety measures: the maximum safe charges have been

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Common performance metrics are the SEER (in cooling mode) and seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) (commonly used just for heating), although SCOP can be used for both modes of operation. Larger values of either metric indicate better performance. When comparing the performance of heat pumps,

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works in a similar manner to a ground-source heat pump, except that it takes heat from a body of water rather than the ground. The body of water does, however, need to be large enough to be able to withstand the cooling effect of the unit without freezing or creating an adverse effect for wildlife.

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to that indoor space, causing the gas to condense to its liquid state. The liquified refrigerant flows to a heat exchanger in the outdoor space where the pressure falls, the liquid evaporates and the temperature of the gas falls. It is now colder than the temperature of the outdoor space being used

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Under the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), which aligns with China's carbon neutrality goals, the capacity is expected to reach 1,400 GW by 2050, meeting 25% of heating needs. This scenario would require an installation of about 100 GW of heat pumps annually until 2050. Furthermore, the heat pump

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The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is greater than one so the work required is less than the heat transferred, making a heat pump a more efficient form of heating than electrical resistance heating. As the temperature of the higher-temperature reservoir increases in response to the heat

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built and put in operation around 35 heat pumps between 1937 and 1945. The main heat sources were lake water, river water, groundwater, and waste heat. Particularly noteworthy are the six historic heat pumps from the city of Zurich with heat outputs from 100 kW to 6 MW. An international

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To help producers understand how they could benefit from making the switch, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) provided funding to the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity (A2EP) to undertake pre-feasibility studies at a range of sites around Australia, with the most promising

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If the low-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 270 K (−3 °C) and the interior of the building is at 280 K (7 °C) the relevant coefficient of performance is 27. This means only 1 joule of work is required to transfer 27 joules of heat from a reservoir at 270 K to

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Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to

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Heat pumps are now used in approximately 8% of all heating equipment sales for buildings in China as of 2022, and they are increasingly becoming the norm in central and southern regions for both heating and cooling. Despite their higher upfront costs and relatively low awareness, heat pumps are

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the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature. The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the

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Food processors, brewers, petfood producers and other industrial energy users are exploring whether it is feasible to use renewable energy to produce industrial-grade heat. Process heating accounts for the largest share of onsite energy use in Australian manufacturing, with lower-temperature

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enters the evaporator with a lower vapor content. This can be achieved by cooling the liquid refrigerant after condensation. The gaseous refrigerant condenses on the heat exchange surface of the condenser. To achieve a heat flow from the gaseous flow center to the wall of the condenser, the

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Heating systems powered by green hydrogen are also low-carbon and may become competitors, but are much less efficient due to the energy loss associated with hydrogen conversion, transport and use. In addition, not enough green hydrogen is expected to be available before the 2030s or 2040s.

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One disadvantage of the subcooling of liquids is that the difference between the condensing temperature and the heat-sink temperature must be larger. This leads to a moderately high pressure difference between condensing and evaporating pressure, whereby the compressor energy increases.

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The "seasonal coefficient of performance" (SCOP) is a measure of the aggregate energy efficiency measure over a period of one year which is dependent on regional climate. One framework for this calculation is given by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013.

1149:, installs an experimental water-source heat pump fed central heating system, using a nearby river to heat new Council administrative buildings. It had a seasonal efficiency ratio of 3.42, average thermal delivery of 147 kW, and peak output of 234 kW. 2365:

of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and-vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.

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refrigerant. Replacements such as R-32 and R-410A are being promoted as environmentally friendly but still have a high GWP. A heat pump typically uses 3 kg of refrigerant. With R-32 this amount still has a 20-year impact equivalent to 7 tons of

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This is the theoretical amount of heat pumped but in practice it will be less for various reasons, for example if the outside unit has been installed where there is not enough airflow. More data sharing with owners and academics—perhaps from

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with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes. In heating mode this heat is used to heat the building using the internal heat exchanger, and in cooling mode this heat is rejected via the external heat exchanger.

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Photovoltaic-thermal direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (PV/T-DX-SAHP) system enables to benefit the waste heat for evaporation of refrigerant in PV/T collector-evaporator, while providing better cooling for PV cells (Yao et al.,

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is performed. The work required to transfer a given amount of heat is usually much less than the amount of heat; this is the motivation for using heat pumps in applications such as the heating of water and the interior of buildings.

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and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be

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in the interior of the building so for each 27 joules of heat that are removed from the low-temperature reservoir, 28 joules of heat are added to the building interior, making the heat pump even more attractive from an efficiency

1581:. In Europe, heat pumps account for a mere 1% of heat supply in district heating networks but several countries have targets to decarbonise their networks between 2030 and 2040. Possible sources of heat for such applications are 5238: 4824: 2369:

The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture. That warm air

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cycle. An internal heat exchanger is either used to heat/cool the interior air directly or to heat water that is then circulated through radiators or underfloor heating circuit to either heat or cool the buildings.

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Window mounted heat pumps run on standard 120v AC outlets and provide heating, cooling, and humidity control. They are more efficient with lower noise levels, condensation management, and a smaller footprint than

1226:, but in the opposite direction. ASHPs are the most common type of heat pump and, usually being smaller, tend to be used to heat individual houses or flats rather than blocks, districts or industrial processes. 848:

Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat does not flow spontaneously from lower temperature to higher, but it can be made to flow in this direction if

3957: 1430:) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduce the power consumption and consequently the 4854: 1404:. In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator. The goal of this system is to get high 3609: 2801:

to speed up production of heat pumps. It used the Defense Production Act to do so, because according to the administration, energy that is better for the climate is also better for national security.

1507:(thermal energy movement) may be reversed. The reversing valve switches the direction of refrigerant through the cycle and therefore the heat pump may deliver either heating or cooling to a building. 5582: 1126:, when neutral Switzerland was completely surrounded by fascist-ruled countries, the coal shortage became alarming again. Thanks to their leading position in energy technology, the Swiss companies 2074:

of heat pumps depends on their individual efficiency and how electricity is produced. An increasing share of low-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar will lower the impact on the climate.

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rating, it must have a rating of at least 14 SEER. Pumps with ratings of 18 SEER or above are considered highly efficient. The highest efficiency heat pumps manufactured are up to 24 SEER.

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as the medium which absorbs heat from one space, compresses it thereby increasing its temperature before releasing it in another space. The system normally has eight main components: a

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applications, heat pumps may be used to heat or preheat water for swimming pools, homes or industry. Usually heat is extracted from outdoor air and transferred to an indoor water tank.

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The amount of work required to drive an amount of heat Q from a lower-temperature reservoir such as ambient air to a higher-temperature reservoir such as the interior of a building is:

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heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions.

5234: 4820: 2276: 1532:(in Europe) are ratings of heating performance. The SPF is Total heat output per annum / Total electricity consumed per annum in other words the average heating COP over the year. 765:

so its pressure and temperature rise. When operating as a heater in cold weather, the warmed gas flows to a heat exchanger in the indoor space where some of its thermal energy is

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can be achieved by heat exchange between relatively warm liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser and the cooler refrigerant vapor emerging from the evaporator. The

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There is great potential to reduce the energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions in industry by application of industrial heat pumps, for example for

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and installing a heat pump, up to $ 2,000. Starting in 2023, low- and moderate-level income households will be eligible for a heat-pump rebate of up to $ 8,000.

4769: 949: 919: 5041: 1667:). Performance varies, depending on installation details, temperature differences, site elevation, location on site, pipe runs, flow rates, and maintenance. 5770: 5494: 5434: 7230: 3613: 815: 5578: 818:, but they usually reduce emissions. Heat pumps could satisfy over 80% of global space and water heating needs with a lower carbon footprint than gas-fired 7260: 4447: 4249: 2781: 1510:

Because the two heat exchangers, the condenser and evaporator, must swap functions, they are optimized to perform adequately in both modes. Therefore, the

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without refrigerant but instead uses a standing wave in a sealed chamber driven by a loudspeaker to achieve a temperature difference across the chamber.

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In 2022, the Canada Greener Homes Grant provides up to $ 5000 for upgrades (including certain heat pumps), and $ 600 for energy efficiency evaluations.

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flowing into it, the coefficient of performance decreases, causing an increasing amount of work to be required for each unit of heat being transferred.

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is a device that consumes energy (usually electricity) to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink. Specifically, the heat pump transfers

3670: 1487:(HVAC) and may also provide domestic hot water and tumble clothes drying. The purchase costs are supported in various countries by consumer rebates. 4344: 3301: 1274:(COP) may be between 2 and 5, while at temperatures below around −8 °C (18 °F) an air-source heat pump may still achieve a COP of 1 to 4. 4217: 5903:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press (In Press). Archived from

3752: 2361:, is next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic 1019:

the 1 joule of work ultimately ends up as thermal energy in the interior of the building so 10 joules of heat are added to the building interior.

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This article is about devices used to heat and potentially also cool a building using the refrigeration cycle. For more about the theory, see

7275: 3280: 2703:, which corresponds to two years of natural gas heating in an average household. Refrigerants with a high ODP have already been phased out. 5568:

IEA (2024), The Future of Heat Pumps in China, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps-in-china, Licence: CC BY 4.0

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Because of their high efficiency and the increasing share of fossil-free sources in electrical grids, heat pumps are playing a key role in

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emissions (in some cases more than 50%). Industrial heat pumps can heat up to 200 °C, and can meet the heating demands of many

7270: 7202: 5319: 4127: 3126: 2715:, and are currently available in more than 30 countries around the world, covering more than 70% of global heating demand in 2021. 1518:

of a reversible heat pump is typically slightly less than those of two separately optimized machines. For equipment to receive the

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in a single integrated system. Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce

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Buffa, Simone; et al. (2019), "5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe",

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decline in efficiency on very cold days. Performance metrics supplied to consumers attempt to take this variation into account.

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The performance of a heat pump is determined by the ability of the pump to extract heat from a low temperature environment (the

1645:. In Europe alone, 15 GW of heat pumps could be installed in 3,000 facilities in the paper, food and chemicals industries. 7396: 1483:

estimated that, as of 2021, heat pumps installed in buildings have a combined capacity of more than 1000 GW. They are used for

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TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (27+273) ÷ (27 - (-3)) = 300÷30 = 10

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TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (7+273) ÷ (7 - (-3)) = 280÷10 = 28

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A: indoor compartment, B: outdoor compartment, I: insulation, 1: condenser, 2: expansion valve, 3: evaporator, 4: compressor

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Air-source heat pumps are relatively easy and inexpensive to install, so are the most widely used type. In mild weather,

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Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985

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Purchase subsidies in rural areas in the 2010s reduced burning coal for heating, which had been causing ill health.

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At the same time, HFC refrigerants still dominate the market. Recent government mandates have seen the phase-out of

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are far less harmful to the environment than conventional hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and are already being used in

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It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or

1382: 1219: 843: 415: 4439: 4241: 1218:(ASHP) is a heat pump that can absorb heat from air outside a building and release it inside; it uses the same 6008: 5370: 4645:. A superheated vapor is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure. 2382:, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor. 2244: 5515: 4468: 1381:

Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels of a SAHP in an experimental installation at Department of Energy at

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Heat Pump Systems for Space Heating and DHW in low-energy and passive houses', J. Steen, Table 3.1, Table 3.3

2589:(DME) also gained in popularity as a refrigerant in combination with R404a. More recent refrigerants include 1084: 244: 7421: 6773: 6324: 6245: 6204: 5900: 5814: 1688: 1409: 1359:

Exhaust air-water heat pumps transfer heat to a heating circuit that includes a tank of domestic hot water.

3662: 3417:. West Lafayette, IN, USA: 5th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue University: 1 7116: 6918: 6429: 6364: 6282: 6194: 6058: 5980: 5824:"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity Supplementary Material" 4336: 2752: 2280: 1480: 715: 5285: 770:

as a heat source. It can again take up energy from the heat source, be compressed and repeat the cycle.

7416: 7406: 7265: 7146: 6853: 6618: 6462: 4542:"US residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts" 3027:"US residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts" 2831: 2818: 2535:. Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide ( 2240: 1684: 1654: 1465: 1405: 1349: 1326: 1271: 986: 796: 585: 47: 17: 4694: 3567: 2585:(ODP) but had problematic GWP. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. 2515:

In the past 200 years, the standards and requirements for new refrigerants have changed. Nowadays low

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Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (Australia), Victoria Government (2023-09-23).

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Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Victoria Government (Australia) (2023-10-11).

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to large temperature fluctuations, and therefore is the most energy-efficient type of heat pump.

1637:. Short payback periods of less than 2 years are possible, while achieving a high reduction of CO 1423: 1393: 1316: 1304: 1288: 1002: 926: 781: 777: 702: 580: 570: 274: 209: 5953: 5869:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development" 5472: 5433:

New South Wales Climate and Energy Action, New South Wales Government (Australia) (2023-12-08).

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Chamoun, Marwan; Rulliere, Romuald; Haberschill, Philippe; Berail, Jean Francois (2012-06-01).

4638: 4013: 3919: 3411:"Domestic High Temperature Air Source Heat Pump: Performance Analysis Using TRNSYS Simulations" 1606: 1452: 1135: 666: 475: 460: 408: 269: 189: 7370: 7048: 7007: 6723: 6394: 6214: 5986: 5009:"Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer – 7th Edition" 4415: 2695: 2563: 1699:

A heat pump's operating performance in cooling mode is characterized in the US by either its

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heat pumps provide hot or cold air directly to rooms, but do not usually provide hot water.

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As of 2023 about 10% of building heating worldwide is from ASHPs. They are the main way to

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by a heat pump can be calculated easily by considering an ideal heat pump operating on the

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Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the first ground-source heat pump.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).

4557: 4092: 3042: 2581:, are hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) with similar thermodynamic properties with insignificant 1456:

The largest water-source heat pump was installed in the Danish town of Esbjerg in 2023.

7301: 7245: 7182: 6959: 6838: 6833: 6623: 6434: 6419: 6001: 5804:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 5771:"Biden administration uses wartime authority to bolster energy efficient manufacturing" 5742: 4761: 4571: 3064: 2946: 2879: 2855: 2711:

Financial incentives aim to protect consumers from high fossil gas costs and to reduce

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temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be lower than the condensation temperature.

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operations like food production particularly well-suited to transition to renewables.

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transferred from the lower-temperature reservoir to the higher-temperature reservoir.

819: 420: 336: 5394: 5101:"R404 and DME Refrigerant blend as a new solution to limit global warming potential" 4077:"Heat pump placement, connection and operational modes in European district heating" 2344:

Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a

2287: 7340: 7095: 7090: 6673: 6379: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6184: 4955: 4745: 4710: 4706: 4561: 4132: 4096: 4055: 3579: 3046: 2794:

In 2022, more heat pumps were sold in the United States than natural gas furnaces.

2520: 2071: 1598: 1574: 1348:

Exhaust air heat pumps extract heat from the exhaust air of a building and require

1223: 1180: 811: 800: 789: 527: 522: 356: 341: 302: 254: 229: 169: 5890:(2022). Shula, P. R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 4100: 4042:"Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems" 3811: 3583: 1687:(COP) being used to describe the ratio of useful heat movement per work input. An 989:

for the heat pump at the temperatures prevailing in the reservoirs at one instant.

7335: 7307: 6949: 6863: 6858: 6803: 6793: 6783: 6713: 6653: 6568: 6553: 6374: 6369: 6344: 6339: 6209: 6133: 5603: 5140: 4625: 4426: 4399: 4379: 4205: 3568:"Comparison of solar assisted heat pump systems for heating residences: A review" 2637: 2590: 2334: 1500: 1320: 1295: 922: 279: 234: 164: 39: 5235:"Heat Pumps with Climate-Friendly Refrigerant Developed for Indoor Installation" 5011:. United Nations Environment Programme – Ozone Secretariat. 2007. Archived from 4847:"Pivoting from global climate laggard to leader: Kigali and American HFC policy" 4821:"Heat Pumps with Climate-Friendly Refrigerant Developed for Indoor Installation" 2554:

Until the 1990s, heat pumps, along with fridges and other related products used

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In November 2023 Biden's administration allocated 169 million dollars from the

2586: 2480: 2375:

condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.

2330: 1642: 1056: 1043: 1011: 850: 747: 649: 622: 595: 563: 546: 425: 214: 184: 3894: 7385: 7167: 7018: 6913: 6878: 6648: 6643: 6598: 6593: 6439: 6414: 6409: 6384: 6354: 6224: 6123: 6103: 6083: 5994: 4930: 4921: 4757: 4733: 4718: 4076: 3982: 3692: 3591: 3448: 3389: 3306: 3060: 1744: 1562: 1431: 1401: 1312: 1252:

full central heating with a flow temperature up to 80 °C (176 °F).

1097: 1052: 766: 661: 627: 534: 517: 398: 388: 239: 5628: 3348: 7345: 7023: 6923: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6818: 6753: 6633: 6603: 6543: 6538: 6513: 6424: 6303: 6219: 6143: 6128: 6113: 5864: 3836: 2444: 2390: 2350: 2312: 2192: 2036: 1966: 1937: 1634: 1170: 1123: 600: 485: 154: 119: 43: 5683:"Clean Heat without the Hot Air: British and Dutch lessons and challenges" 5261:"Refrigerant Safety - About Refrigerant Safety, Toxicity and Flammability" 4391:

Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

3151:"The often forgotten Scottish inventor whose innovation changed the world" 2397: 1083:

In the period before 1875, heat pumps were for the time being pursued for

7355: 6997: 6954: 6928: 6868: 6848: 6843: 6718: 6678: 6663: 6608: 6533: 6503: 6498: 6314: 6179: 6098: 5738:"As Heat Pumps Go Mainstream, a Big Question: Can They Handle Real Cold?" 5432: 2559: 2438: 2409: 2357:

The condensed, liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a

2326: 2300: 1578: 1519: 1397: 1115: 1101: 758: 605: 480: 430: 393: 376: 361: 179: 3410: 3276:

Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wärmepumpe, Schweizerische Bauzeitung

7111: 7033: 6964: 6933: 6808: 6778: 6708: 6658: 6628: 6613: 6588: 6493: 6293: 6189: 6108: 6048: 5073: 4637:

Saturated vapors and saturated liquids are vapors and liquids at their

4060: 4041: 2417: 2403: 2371: 2247: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1586: 1443: 1206: 1119: 1025: 615: 440: 435: 403: 366: 351: 134: 69: 2291:

An internal view of the outdoor unit of an Ecodan air source heat pump

7070: 6743: 6693: 6668: 6523: 6319: 4985:"Annex 53 Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies 2 page summary" 4695:"Dynamic model of an industrial heat pump using water as refrigerant" 2524: 830: 470: 450: 129: 4393:'State of the Art of Air-source Heat Pump for Cold Region', Figure 5 2222: 1540: 1377: 1315:, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a 697: 7053: 6987: 6488: 6288: 6088: 6063: 6038: 5311: 4046: 3987: 3920:"Why This Window Heat Pump is Genius - Undecided with Matt Ferrell" 3524:"Heat pumps do work in the cold – Americans just don't know it yet" 3364:

An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling

3232:

An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling

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another at 280 K. The one joule of work ultimately ends up as

610: 495: 490: 144: 139: 109: 5546:"Executive summary – The Future of Heat Pumps in China – Analysis" 5309: 3753:"Heat pump uses a loudspeaker and wet strips of paper to cool air" 3177:

Jacob Perkins, his inventions, his times, & his contemporaries

2566:. Use of these chemicals was banned or severely restricted by the 2275: 1585:

water, ambient water (e.g. sea, lake and river water), industrial

53: 6563: 6235: 5473:"Hot Water Rebates in Australia: A Detailed Guide For Businesses" 4218:"Application of Industrial Heat Pumps. Annex 35 two-page summary" 2528: 2464: 1855:(R744) heat pump with tripartite gas cooler, source at 0 °C 1146: 1118:, fuel prices were very high in Switzerland but it had plenty of 632: 590: 326: 309: 4791:"Everything you need to know about the wild world of heat pumps" 4692: 2385:

Over time, the evaporator may collect ice or water from ambient

1762:

High-efficiency air-source heat pump (ASHP), air at −20 °C

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Deetjen, Thomas A.; Walsh, Liam; Vaishnav, Parth (2021-07-28).

2676: 2663: 2650: 2624: 2578: 2574: 1725: 1582: 1105: 321: 6016: 5454:"Queensland Business Energy Saving and Transformation Rebates" 4540:

Deetjen, Thomas A; Walsh, Liam; Vaishnav, Parth (2021-07-28).

4311:"Heating and cooling with a heat pump: Efficiency terminology" 4270: 4175: 7255: 6688: 5141:"List of Low GWP Refrigerants: 69 Refrigerants Below 500 GWP" 4734:"Vapor compression heat pumps with pure Low-GWP refrigerants" 3837:"Renewable Heat Incentive – Domestic RHI – paid over 7 years" 3628: 3602: 3198:"History of Heat Pumping Technologies in Switzerland – Texts" 2496: 556: 5857: 5822:

Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W. (2021).

5310:

US Environmental Protection Agency, OAR (14 November 2014).

3378:"Why Britain's homes will need different types of heat pump" 3096: 3094: 1605:. Large-scale heat pumps for district heating combined with 6763: 6683: 5922: 5887: 5842: 5801: 1511: 1490: 1308: 952: 654: 5867:; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018). 4512:"The UK is sabotaging its own plan to decarbonize heating" 4275:

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

4180:

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

2443:

Pure refrigerants can be divided into organic substances (

1663:) and deliver it to a higher temperature environment (the 4504: 4242:"Norwegian Researchers Develop World's Hottest Heat Pump" 3091: 2558:(CFCs) as refrigerants, which caused major damage to the 1244:

to heat a whole house and are often also used to provide

1088: 2512:)). Their boiling points are usually below −25 °C. 1577:. However as of 2022 about 90% of district heat is from 4619:

https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022

3429: 3370: 3002:"Study proves heat pump efficiency at low temperatures" 2398:

Improvement of coefficient of performance by subcooling

1613:. Therefore, they are regarded as a key technology for 1503:

and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of

1356:

Exhaust air-air heat pumps transfer heat to intake air.

1259:(also known as "furnaces") from houses, to avoid their 4590:"Can the UK rely on hydrogen to save its gas boilers?" 4271:"Heat pumps are key to helping industry turn electric" 3179:. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 149. 3088:, Section 13.1, Longmans, Green & Company Limited. 1100:

constructs a closed-loop heat pump (water source from

776:

are the most common models, while other types include

5516:"Coal fired boiler replacement in Beijing rural area" 5451: 3783:"Scientists claim solid-state heat pump breakthrough" 1299:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

963: 937: 907: 863: 5954:"Specific Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Various Fuels" 5175:"Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants" 5076:"Calculation of green house gas potential of R-410A" 4617:

IEA (2022), Global Hydrogen Review 2022, IEA, Paris

4539: 3024: 2782:

Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration

2732:

gas or electric systems to heat pump based systems.

2337:

which selects between heating and cooling mode, two

1055:

patents a design for a practical refrigerator using

27:

System that transfers heat from one space to another

5629:"BBC Radio 4 – Sliced Bread, Air Source Heat Pumps" 5371:"Electrifying industrial processes with heat pumps" 3660: 3415:

International High Performance Buildings Conference

3127:"Heat pumps are great. Let's make them even better" 2318:

Wiring and connections to a central air unit inside

1883:Ground-source heat pump (GSHP), water at 0 °C 1173:, for both winter heating and summer cooling needs. 1169:-powered reversible water-source heat pump, fed by 4495: 4493: 3684: 3437:"Heat pumps show how hard decarbonisation will be" 3086:Engineering Thermodynamics, Work and Heat Transfer 1392:(SAHP) is a machine that combines a heat pump and 977: 943: 913: 890: 5921: 5893:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 4176:"Industrial Heat Pumps: it's time to go electric" 3750: 2975: 2728:locations advancing to full feasibility studies. 2191:emissions compared to heating systems powered by 2010:pump), return fluid 25 °C, source 0 °C 1495:In HVAC applications, a heat pump is typically a 1122:. In the period before and especially during the 999:coefficient of performance, and the work required 7383: 5821: 5452:Australian Government, Queensland (2023-10-05). 5205:"Qvantum plant has 1 million heat pump capacity" 5126: 3934:"How it Works — Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs)" 3714: 795:The efficiency of a heat pump is expressed as a 5807:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 4654: 4490: 3866:"Heat Pump Efficiency | Heat Pump SEER Ratings" 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 2306:Large heat pump setup for a commercial building 1573:Large (megawatt-scale) heat pumps are used for 1544:Saddle-style window mounted heat pump 3D sketch 1183:to phase out harmful refrigerants takes effect. 5708:"H. R. 5376 – Inflation Reduction Act of 2022" 5312:"Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)" 4313:. Natural Resources Canada. 8 September 2022. 4131:(in German), vol. 104, pp. 504–522, 3751:Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela (6 December 2022). 3663:"Could a water source heat pump work for you?" 2463:(HFOs), and HCFOs), and inorganic substances ( 1623:systems which can both heat and cool districts 1609:offer high flexibility for the integration of 6002: 5863: 3983:"The 'exploding' demand for giant heat pumps" 3693:"The 'exploding' demand for giant heat pumps" 3408: 3279:(in German), vol. 73, pp. 647–650, 2987: 891:{\displaystyle W={\frac {Q}{\mathrm {COP} }}} 723: 42:. For heat pumps used to keep food cool, see 38:. For a similar device for cooling only, see 5934: 5886: 5855:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5831: 5800: 5470: 5138: 5093: 4373:'Commercial Earth Energy Systems', Figure 29 3409:Le, Khoa; Huang, M.J.; Hewitt, Neil (2018). 3183: 1337: 5899:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 3566:Sezen, Kutbay; Gungor, Afsin (2023-01-01). 3565: 2947:Technology Report: The Future of Heat Pumps 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2187:In most settings, heat pumps will reduce CO 1535: 1471:Electrocaloric heat pumps are solid state. 1447:Water-source heat exchanger being installed 1068:describes the theory underlying heat pumps. 1028:—could improve efficiency in the long run. 34:. For details of the most common type, see 6769:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 6018:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 6009: 5995: 5951: 4499: 4337:"Ecodesign requirements for space heaters" 3174: 3124: 2539:) also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller 1485:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 1222:process and much the same equipment as an 1145:John Sumner, City Electrical Engineer for 788:. Large-scale heat pumps are also used in 730: 716: 91: 5876: 5841: 5813:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5034:"Refrigerants – Environmental Properties" 4565: 4136: 4059: 3293: 3084:G. F. C. Rogers and Y. R. Mayhew (1957), 3080: 3078: 3050: 2263:Learn how and when to remove this message 1516:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio 1464:A thermoacoustic heat pump operates as a 825: 7203:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 5659:"Air source heat pump costs and savings" 5656: 4917:"Propane-powered heat pumps are greener" 4874: 4738:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4410: 4408: 4128:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4035: 4033: 3980: 3690: 3498:Canada, Natural Resources (2009-04-22). 3175:Bathe, Greville; Bathe, Dorothy (1943). 2922: 2706: 2286: 2274: 2162:electricity by lignite (old power plant) 1539: 1491:Space heating and sometimes also cooling 1442: 1376: 1294: 1205: 1077:develops and builds the first heat pump. 829: 72:heat pump interior air handler wall unit 64: 52: 5202: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 3780: 3325: 3323: 3299: 2999: 2089:resulting emissions for thermal energy 1815:High-efficiency ASHP, air at 0 °C 816:depends on how electricity is generated 14: 7384: 5768: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5322:from the original on 24 September 2015 5122: 5120: 5055: 4699:International Journal of Refrigeration 4371:The Canadian Renewable Energy Network 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4074: 3895:"COP and SPF for Heat Pumps Explained" 3720: 3500:"Heating and Cooling With a Heat Pump" 3497: 3075: 2593:with a lower GWP, but still over 600. 1711:COP variation with output temperature 1046:demonstrates artificial refrigeration. 822:: however, in 2021 they only met 10%. 225:List of low-energy building techniques 7076:Programmable communicating thermostat 5990: 5718:from the original on 17 November 2022 5604:"Apply for the Boiler Upgrade Scheme" 5286:"A2L – Mildly Flammable Refrigerants" 5241:from the original on 20 February 2022 5232: 5169: 5167: 5165: 4911: 4909: 4818: 4440:"How Wind Can Help Us Breathe Easier" 4405: 4124: 4039: 4030: 3366:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. 3361: 3272: 3225: 2432: 2325:Vapor-compression uses a circulating 2138:natural-gas thermal (high efficiency) 2116:heat pump with global electricity mix 1628: 1621:. They are also a crucial element of 7198:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 4878:Green Electricity and Global Warming 4844: 4385: 4358: 3467: 3320: 2245:adding citations to reliable sources 2216: 5769:Frazin, Rachel (17 November 2023). 5750:from the original on April 11, 2023 5579:"HMCR rates for goods and services" 5533: 5117: 4875:Itteilag, Richard L. (2012-08-09). 4292: 4075:Sayegh, M. A.; et al. (2018). 4040:David, Andrei; et al. (2017). 3841:Ground Source Heat Pump Association 3723:"Energy transition, the Danish way" 2786:Climate change in the United States 2195:. In regions accounting for 70% of 2065: 1787:Two-stage ASHP, air at −20 °C 1568: 1526:Heating seasonal performance factor 1161:First large scale installation—the 24: 7059:Minimum efficiency reporting value 5416:"Hot water systems for households" 5397:"Hot water systems for businesses" 5162: 4906: 4731: 4014:"District Heating - Energy System" 3661:Energy Saving Trust (2019-02-13). 2886:from the original on 27 April 2023 2408:Heat input can be improved if the 1408:and then produce energy in a more 971: 968: 965: 882: 879: 876: 25: 7433: 7101:Standard temperature and pressure 6814:Packaged terminal air conditioner 6350:Passive daytime radiative cooling 6079:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 5968: 4317:from the original on 3 April 2023 4199:IEA HPT TCP Annex 35 Publications 3470:"Air source heat pumps explained" 3333:. The Electricity Council. 1987. 2766: 2094:heat pump with onshore wind power 1512:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating 1363: 1210:Heat pump on balcony of apartment 1104:) which provides heating for the 840:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 32:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 6170:Absorption-compression heat pump 5974: 5762: 5730: 5705: 5699: 5675: 5650: 5621: 5596: 5571: 5562: 5233:Miara, Marek (22 October 2019). 5106:. March 14, 2012. Archived from 4661:. Butterworths. pp. 22–23. 4469:"Global Electricity Review 2023" 3636:"Pompe di calore elio-assistite" 3125:Williamson, Chris (2022-10-13). 2775: 2311: 2299: 2221: 1705:seasonal energy efficiency ratio 1556: 1369:This section is an excerpt from 1287:This section is an excerpt from 1281: 1198:This section is an excerpt from 696: 683: 682: 160:Energy efficiency implementation 7065:Normal temperature and pressure 6445:Vapor-compression refrigeration 5794: 5639:from the original on 2022-04-30 5610:from the original on 2023-09-19 5585:from the original on 2022-07-22 5522:from the original on 2023-03-24 5508: 5497:from the original on 2022-01-17 5483: 5464: 5445: 5435:"Upgrade your hot water system" 5426: 5407: 5388: 5377:from the original on 2022-08-08 5363: 5352:from the original on 2023-09-17 5334: 5303: 5278: 5253: 5226: 5215:from the original on 2023-09-24 5196: 5185:from the original on 2023-09-24 5151:from the original on 2023-06-10 5132: 5082:from the original on 2015-07-13 5074:Ecometrica.com (27 June 2012). 5067: 5044:from the original on 2013-03-14 5026: 5001: 4989:HPT - Heat Pumping Technologies 4977: 4966:from the original on 2023-01-30 4948: 4937:from the original on 2023-09-17 4895:from the original on 2021-11-23 4868: 4857:from the original on 2022-10-04 4838: 4827:from the original on 2022-02-20 4812: 4801:from the original on 2023-08-01 4783: 4772:from the original on 2023-09-24 4725: 4686: 4675:from the original on 2023-04-03 4648: 4631: 4611: 4600:from the original on 2021-06-06 4582: 4533: 4522:from the original on 2021-06-06 4479:from the original on 2023-04-11 4461: 4450:from the original on 2023-08-28 4432: 4382:. . Retrieved December 8, 2009. 4347:from the original on 2021-01-18 4329: 4281:from the original on 2023-09-24 4263: 4252:from the original on 2022-05-23 4234: 4222:HPT – Heat Pumping Technologies 4210: 4192: 4168: 4144: 4118: 4107:from the original on 2019-12-14 4068: 4006: 3995:from the original on 2023-09-07 3974: 3950: 3926: 3912: 3887: 3876:from the original on 2023-01-14 3858: 3847:from the original on 2018-03-08 3829: 3818:from the original on 2017-07-04 3804: 3793:from the original on 2023-09-24 3774: 3763:from the original on 2023-01-04 3744: 3733:from the original on 2023-08-09 3703:from the original on 2023-09-07 3673:from the original on 2022-10-04 3654: 3559: 3545: 3534:from the original on 2022-05-09 3516: 3491: 3480:from the original on 2022-10-04 3461: 3402: 3355: 3283:from the original on 2021-11-20 3266: 3255:from the original on 2016-12-20 3219: 3208:from the original on 2021-11-23 3168: 3143: 3118: 2957:from the original on 2023-01-06 2824: 2811: 2232:needs additional citations for 2213:Vapor-compression refrigeration 1603:seasonal thermal energy storage 1551:window mounted air conditioners 1497:vapor-compression refrigeration 1474: 1438: 1220:vapor-compression refrigeration 844:Vapor-compression refrigeration 416:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5657:Lawrence, Karen (2024-05-03). 4711:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.12.007 4655:Ludwig von Cube, Hans (1981). 4546:Environmental Research Letters 3981:Baraniuk, Chris (2023-05-29). 3691:Baraniuk, Chris (2023-05-29). 3031:Environmental Research Letters 3018: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2898: 2872: 2848: 2283:of the vapor-compression cycle 1648: 1085:vapour compression evaporation 978:{\displaystyle \mathrm {COP} } 929:by the heat pump's compressor. 57:External heat exchanger of an 13: 1: 7397:Bright green environmentalism 7213:Testing, adjusting, balancing 7157:Building information modeling 7152:Building services engineering 6729:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 6257:Demand controlled ventilation 6205:Building insulation materials 4845:Rabe, Barry G. (2022-09-23). 4429:. . Retrieved April 19, 2008. 4402:. . Retrieved April 19, 2008. 4101:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.006 3958:"Heat-pump hot water systems" 3814:. U.S. Department of Energy. 3721:Ristau, Oliver (2022-07-24). 3584:10.1016/j.solener.2022.11.051 2841: 1192: 245:Passive solar building design 6774:High-pressure cut-off switch 6325:Ice storage air conditioning 6246:Dedicated outdoor air system 5491:"Canada Greener Homes Grant" 5203:Everitt, Neil (2023-09-15). 5062:R-410A#Environmental effects 3781:Everitt, Neil (2023-08-14). 3638:(in Italian). Archived from 3362:Banks, David (August 2012). 3000:Everitt, Neil (2023-09-11). 2718: 2389:. The ice is melted through 2206: 1689:electrical resistance heater 61:for both heating and cooling 7: 7117:Thermostatic radiator valve 6919:Thermostatic radiator valve 6430:Underfloor air distribution 6365:Radiant heating and cooling 6283:Energy recovery ventilation 6195:Automobile air conditioning 6059:Domestic energy consumption 5471:Time To Save (2023-11-21). 5139:LearnMetrics (2023-05-12). 4881:. AuthorHouse. p. 77. 4819:Miara, Marek (2019-10-22). 3610:"Solar-assisted heat pumps" 3504:natural-resources.canada.ca 3300:Randall, Ian (2022-07-31). 2951:International Energy Agency 2882:. US Department of Energy. 2753:International Energy Agency 2281:Temperature–entropy diagram 1908:GSHP, ground at 10 °C 1738:(e.g. heated timber floor) 1733:(e.g. heated screed floor) 1530:Seasonal Performance Factor 1481:International Energy Agency 1165:in London is opened with a 703:Renewable energy portal 421:Renewable energy transition 10: 7438: 7266:Institute of Refrigeration 7147:Architectural technologist 6619:Electrostatic precipitator 5789: 4750:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110571 4138:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059 2832:Coefficient of performance 2819:Coefficient of performance 2779: 2751:In the 2024 report by the 2436: 2401: 2210: 2083:emissions of energy source 1940:limit, source −20 °C 1685:coefficient of performance 1655:Coefficient of performance 1652: 1466:thermoacoustic heat engine 1368: 1341: 1327:coefficient of performance 1286: 1272:coefficient of performance 1197: 1031: 987:coefficient of performance 837: 797:coefficient of performance 48:Heat pump (disambiguation) 29: 7328: 7319:Volatile organic compound 7294: 7221: 7178:Environmental engineering 7142:Architectural engineering 7125: 6973: 6944:Ultra-low particulate air 6529:Automatic balancing valve 6476: 6457:Variable refrigerant flow 6309:Heat recovery ventilation 6252:Deep water source cooling 6162: 6024: 5858:https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 2953:(Report). November 2022. 2735: 2583:ozone depletion potential 2039:limit, source 10 °C 1754: 1749: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1611:variable renewable energy 1459: 1344:Heat recovery ventilation 1338:Heat recovery ventilation 1325:Efficiency is given as a 808:climate change mitigation 265:Sustainable refurbishment 7366:Template:Home automation 7188:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 6884:Solar-assisted heat pump 6484:Air conditioner inverter 6263:Displacement ventilation 6154:Vapour pressure of water 6139:Thermal destratification 5945: 4567:10.1088/1748-9326/ac10dc 3052:10.1088/1748-9326/ac10dc 2906:"Exhaust air heat pumps" 2804: 2743: 2713:greenhouse gas emissions 2573:Replacements, including 2517:global warming potential 2453:hydrochlorofluorocarbons 2339:thermal expansion valves 2197:world energy consumption 1969:limit, source 0 °C 1858:High output temperature 1843:Prototype transcritical 1757:(e.g. radiator and DHW) 1752:(e.g. radiator and DHW) 1619:phasing out fossil fuels 1536:Window mounted heat pump 1412:and less expensive way. 1390:solar-assisted heat pump 1371:Solar-assisted heat pump 1261:greenhouse gas emissions 1187: 778:ground source heat pumps 250:Sustainable architecture 205:Glass in green buildings 195:Environmental technology 125:Compact fluorescent lamp 7361:World Refrigeration Day 7208:Refrigerant reclamation 7137:Architectural acoustics 7081:Programmable thermostat 7013:Clean air delivery rate 6909:Thermal expansion valve 6824:Pressurisation ductwork 6734:Ground source heat pump 6175:Absorption refrigerator 5901:Sixth Assessment Report 5815:Sixth Assessment Report 5038:The Engineering ToolBox 4414:SINTEF Energy Research 3962:Sustainability Victoria 3899:Green Business Watch UK 2799:Inflation Reduction Act 2562:when released into the 1911:Low output temperature 1818:Low output temperature 1790:Low source temperature 1701:energy efficiency ratio 1615:limiting climate change 1499:device that includes a 1333:are often used instead. 1319:or by use of resistive 1305:ground source heat pump 1289:Ground source heat pump 782:water source heat pumps 571:Human-powered transport 275:Tropical green building 210:Green building and wood 7351:Glossary of HVAC terms 7313:Sick building syndrome 7193:Mechanical engineering 6904:Smoke exhaust ductwork 6335:Mixed-mode ventilation 4639:saturation temperature 3106:Physics Stack Exchange 2976:IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch11 2022 2292: 2284: 1607:thermal energy storage 1553:that just do cooling. 1545: 1453:water-source heat pump 1448: 1385: 1350:mechanical ventilation 1300: 1211: 1108:city hall to this day. 979: 945: 915: 892: 835: 826:Principle of operation 786:exhaust air heat pumps 667:Personal rapid transit 409:Tidal stream generator 270:Thermal energy storage 190:Environmental planning 73: 62: 46:. For other uses, see 7371:Template:Solar energy 7049:Intelligent buildings 7008:Carbon dioxide sensor 6395:Room air distribution 6215:Central solar heating 5746:. February 22, 2023. 5458:Queensland Government 5127:IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch7 2021 4956:"Smart CO2 Heat Pump" 4795:MIT Technology Review 2780:Further information: 2707:Government incentives 2591:difluoromethane (R32) 2533:air-source heat pumps 2290: 2278: 1716:Pump type and source 1543: 1446: 1380: 1352:. Two classes exist: 1331:air-source heat pumps 1298: 1257:phase out gas boilers 1209: 1003:reversed Carnot cycle 985:is the instantaneous 980: 946: 916: 893: 833: 774:Air source heat pumps 511:Sustainable transport 456:Floating wind turbine 285:Zero heating building 200:Fossil fuel phase-out 68: 56: 7402:Building engineering 7173:Duct leakage testing 7163:Deep energy retrofit 7107:Thermographic camera 7044:Infrared thermometer 6519:Air source heat pump 6468:Water heat recycling 6034:Air changes per hour 5983:at Wikimedia Commons 5952:Quaschning, Volker. 4658:Heat Pump Technology 4628:, License: CC BY 4.0 4081:Energy and Buildings 2241:improve this article 1601:and heat from solar 1514:(SEER in the US) or 1394:thermal solar panels 1383:Polytechnic of Milan 1216:air source heat pump 1200:Air source heat pump 961: 935: 905: 861: 645:Personal transporter 540:Wind-powered vehicle 384:Marine current power 290:Zero-energy building 150:Efficient energy use 59:air-source heat pump 36:air source heat pump 7422:Residential heating 7039:HVAC control system 7029:Home energy monitor 7003:Building automation 6789:Inverter compressor 6451:Variable air volume 6360:Passive ventilation 6330:Kitchen ventilation 6230:Constant air volume 6200:Autonomous building 5420:Victoria Government 5401:Victoria Government 4643:saturation pressure 4558:2021ERL....16h4024D 4093:2018EneBu.166..122S 3812:"Heat Pump Systems" 3667:Energy Saving Trust 3616:on 28 February 2020 3238:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3202:www.aramis.admin.ch 3043:2021ERL....16h4024D 2966:License: CC BY 4.0. 2910:Energy Saving Trust 2880:"Heat Pump Systems" 2856:"Heat Pump Systems" 2556:chlorofluorocarbons 2449:chlorofluorocarbons 2380:refrigeration cycle 2164:and low performance 1712: 1163:Royal Festival Hall 1075:Peter von Rittinger 803:and other heaters. 801:electric resistance 752:refrigeration cycle 332:Carbon-neutral fuel 260:Sustainable habitat 115:Building insulation 103:Energy conservation 79:Part of a series on 7302:Indoor air quality 7246:ASTM International 7183:Hydronic balancing 6960:Wood-burning stove 6839:Radiator reflector 6624:Evaporative cooler 6435:Underfloor heating 6420:Thermal insulation 5880:. pp. 93–174. 5743:The New York Times 5237:. Fraunhofer ISE. 5113:on March 14, 2012. 4823:. Fraunhofer ISE. 4624:2023-01-10 at the 4425:2009-03-18 at the 4398:2016-04-14 at the 4378:2011-05-11 at the 4341:European Union Law 4204:2018-09-21 at the 4061:10.3390/en10040578 3938:www.energystar.gov 3273:Wirth, E. (1955), 2988:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 2461:hydrofluoroolefins 2457:hydrofluorocarbons 2433:Refrigerant choice 2293: 2285: 1743:(e.g. radiator or 1710: 1629:Industrial heating 1597:, waste heat from 1546: 1449: 1386: 1301: 1246:domestic hot water 1242:underfloor heating 1212: 975: 941: 911: 888: 836: 820:condensing boilers 347:Geothermal heating 175:Energy saving lamp 85:Sustainable energy 74: 63: 7417:Energy technology 7407:Energy conversion 7379: 7378: 7295:Health and safety 6874:Scroll compressor 6829:Process duct work 6584:Convection heater 6579:Condensing boiler 6509:Air-mixing plenum 6405:Solar combisystem 6241:Cross ventilation 6044:Building envelope 5979:Media related to 5935:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 5849:eradicate poverty 5832:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 5714:. U.S. Congress. 5493:. 17 March 2021. 5373:. 22 March 2022. 3642:on 7 January 2012 3468:Lawrence, Karen. 3245:978-1-4051-7061-1 2688: 2687: 2568:Montreal Protocol 2525:Isobutane (R600A) 2363:flash evaporation 2333:, a reservoir, a 2273: 2272: 2265: 2185: 2184: 2063: 2062: 1591:geothermal energy 944:{\displaystyle Q} 925:performed on the 914:{\displaystyle W} 886: 740: 739: 337:Geothermal energy 16:(Redirected from 7429: 7341:Building science 7096:Smart thermostat 7091:Room temperature 6674:Fireplace insert 6380:Radon mitigation 6278:Electric heating 6273:District heating 6268:District cooling 6185:Air conditioning 6011: 6004: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5978: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5939: 5931: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5898: 5881: 5873: 5856: 5854: 5836: 5828: 5818: 5812: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5581:. 11 July 2022. 5575: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5542: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5171: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4705:(4): 1080–1091. 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4652: 4646: 4635: 4629: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4436: 4430: 4412: 4403: 4389: 4383: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4214: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3612:. Archived from 3606: 3600: 3599: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3237: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3131:All you can heat 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3098: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3054: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2978:, Sec. 11.3.4.1. 2973: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2943: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2852: 2835: 2830:As explained in 2828: 2822: 2817:As explained in 2815: 2596: 2595: 2570:of August 1987. 2550: 2549: 2548: 2521:Kigali Amendment 2511: 2509: 2508: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2378:To complete the 2359:saturated liquid 2315: 2303: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2225: 2217: 2077: 2076: 2072:carbon footprint 2066:Carbon footprint 2009: 2008: 2007: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1713: 1709: 1679:is preferred to 1643:light industries 1599:district cooling 1575:district heating 1569:District heating 1321:electric heaters 1181:Kigali Amendment 1124:Second World War 984: 982: 981: 976: 974: 950: 948: 947: 942: 920: 918: 917: 912: 897: 895: 894: 889: 887: 885: 871: 812:carbon footprint 790:district heating 732: 725: 718: 705: 701: 700: 691: 686: 685: 523:Electric vehicle 372:Run-of-the-river 357:Hydroelectricity 342:Geothermal power 303:Renewable energy 255:Sustainable city 230:Low-energy house 170:Energy recycling 95: 76: 75: 21: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7412:Energy recovery 7382: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7336:ASHRAE Handbook 7324: 7308:Passive smoking 7290: 7223: 7217: 7129: 7127: 7121: 6975: 6969: 6950:Whole-house fan 6864:Run-around coil 6859:Reversing valve 6804:Mechanical room 6794:Kerosene heater 6784:Infrared heater 6714:Gasoline heater 6654:Fan filter unit 6569:Condensate pump 6554:Centrifugal fan 6472: 6375:Radiant heating 6370:Radiant cooling 6345:Passive cooling 6340:Microgeneration 6210:Central heating 6158: 6134:Thermal comfort 6026: 6020: 6015: 5971: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5929: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5896: 5871: 5852: 5826: 5810: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5704: 5700: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5665: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5640: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5431: 5427: 5412: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5133: 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1203: 1195: 1190: 1116:First World War 1034: 964: 962: 959: 958: 936: 933: 932: 906: 903: 902: 875: 870: 862: 859: 858: 846: 838:Main articles: 828: 736: 695: 694: 681: 674: 673: 513: 503: 502: 305: 295: 294: 280:Waste-to-energy 235:Microgeneration 165:Energy recovery 105: 51: 40:air conditioner 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7435: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:Psychrometrics 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6983:Air flow meter 6979: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6759:Heating system 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6739:Heat exchanger 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704:Gas compressor 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Expansion tank 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6559:Ceramic heater 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6400:Solar air heat 6397: 6392: 6390:Renewable heat 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6299:Forced-air gas 6296: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6149:Thermodynamics 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6119:Psychrometrics 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6074:Gas compressor 6071: 6069:Fluid dynamics 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5970: 5969:External links 5967: 5966: 5965: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5877:IPCC SR15 2018 5839: 5838: 5837: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5761: 5729: 5698: 5674: 5649: 5620: 5595: 5570: 5561: 5532: 5507: 5482: 5463: 5444: 5439:NSW Government 5425: 5406: 5387: 5362: 5333: 5302: 5277: 5252: 5225: 5195: 5161: 5131: 5116: 5092: 5066: 5054: 5025: 5000: 4976: 4947: 4925:. 2023-09-06. 4905: 4887: 4867: 4837: 4811: 4782: 4724: 4685: 4667: 4647: 4630: 4610: 4596:. 2021-05-21. 4581: 4532: 4503: 4489: 4475:. 2023-04-11. 4460: 4431: 4417: 4416:'Integrated CO 4404: 4384: 4357: 4328: 4291: 4262: 4248:. 2021-08-05. 4233: 4209: 4191: 4167: 4143: 4117: 4067: 4029: 4005: 3973: 3949: 3925: 3911: 3886: 3857: 3828: 3803: 3773: 3743: 3713: 3683: 3653: 3627: 3601: 3558: 3544: 3530:. 2022-05-09. 3515: 3490: 3460: 3428: 3401: 3369: 3354: 3340:978-0851881058 3339: 3319: 3292: 3265: 3244: 3229:(2008-05-06). 3218: 3182: 3167: 3142: 3117: 3090: 3074: 3017: 2992: 2990:, p. 142. 2980: 2968: 2921: 2897: 2871: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2823: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2767:United Kingdom 2765: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2720: 2717: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2587:Dimethyl ether 2545: 2529:propane (R290) 2505: 2489: 2481:carbon dioxide 2473: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2402:Main article: 2399: 2396: 2317: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2271: 2270: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2208: 2205: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080:heating system 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1720: 1717: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1570: 1567: 1558: 1555: 1537: 1534: 1520:US Energy Star 1492: 1489: 1476: 1473: 1461: 1458: 1440: 1437: 1434:of the system. 1432:variable costs 1375: 1367: 1365: 1364:Solar-assisted 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1317:boiler/furnace 1293: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1277:United States. 1204: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1112: 1109: 1095: 1092: 1089:Bex salt works 1081: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1057:dimethyl ether 1050: 1047: 1044:William Cullen 1041: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1012:thermal energy 991: 990: 973: 970: 967: 956: 940: 930: 910: 884: 881: 878: 874: 869: 866: 827: 824: 814:of heat pumps 748:thermal energy 738: 737: 735: 734: 727: 720: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 692: 676: 675: 672: 671: 670: 669: 659: 658: 657: 650:Rail transport 647: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 623:Roller skating 620: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 596:Cycle rickshaw 593: 583: 578: 568: 567: 566: 561: 560: 559: 552:Human-electric 547:Hybrid vehicle 544: 543: 542: 537: 532: 531: 530: 514: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 438: 433: 428: 426:Renewable heat 423: 418: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 391: 386: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 318: 317: 306: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 215:Green building 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185:Energy storage 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 106: 101: 100: 97: 96: 88: 87: 81: 80: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7434: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224:organizations 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Duct cleaning 7166: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019:Control valve 7017: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6939:Turning vanes 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914:Thermal wheel 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879:Solar chimney 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Fan coil unit 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594:Cooling tower 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Vapor barrier 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Solar heating 6413: 6411: 6410:Solar cooling 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385:Refrigeration 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355:Passive house 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:Chilled water 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Sensible heat 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Noise control 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Heat transfer 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5910:on 2022-04-04 5906: 5902: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5706:Shao, Elena. 5702: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5565: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5015:on 2016-05-30 5014: 5010: 5004: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4922:The Economist 4918: 4912: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4888:9781477217405 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4668:0-408-00497-5 4664: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552:(8): 084024. 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3757:New Scientist 3754: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:The Economist 3438: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382:The Economist 3379: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3308: 3307:Daily Express 3303: 3296: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037:(8): 084024. 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2776:United States 2773: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605:100-year GWP 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523:to ban HFCs. 2522: 2518: 2513: 2498: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2425:performance. 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2314: 2302: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2230:This section 2228: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2176: 2173: 2167:1221 gCO 2166: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2012: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1746: 1727: 1724:(e.g. heated 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1563:water heating 1557:Water heating 1554: 1552: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1457: 1454: 1445: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:water heating 1310: 1306: 1297: 1290: 1282:Ground source 1275: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1201: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Aurel Stodola 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053:Jacob Perkins 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1027: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 988: 957: 954: 938: 931: 928: 927:working fluid 924: 908: 901: 900: 899: 872: 867: 864: 855: 852: 845: 841: 832: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 713: 711: 710: 704: 699: 693: 690: 680: 679: 678: 677: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662:Rapid transit 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Skateboarding 626: 624: 621: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 565: 562: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 541: 538: 536: 535:Solar vehicle 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518:Green vehicle 516: 515: 512: 507: 506: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Tidal barrage 397: 396: 395: 392: 390: 389:Marine energy 387: 385: 382: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 299: 298: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Passive house 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 104: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 60: 55: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7346:Fireproofing 7130:and services 7126:Professions, 7024:Gas detector 6924:Trickle vent 6899:Smoke damper 6894:Smoke canopy 6889:Space heater 6819:Plenum space 6754:Heating film 6748: 6634:Exhaust hood 6604:Dehumidifier 6544:Blast damper 6539:Barrier pipe 6514:Air purifier 6425:Thermosiphon 6304:Free cooling 6220:Chilled beam 6144:Thermal mass 6129:Stack effect 6114:Particulates 6094:Infiltration 6025:Fundamental 5957:. 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