Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

682: 876:. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern. The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation. In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting. 674:

costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.

54: 1114:, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce the electrical power required to move the air by a third. 1026:, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A metre below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 1.8 metres (6 ft) underground, temperatures generally only range from 7 to 24 °C (45 to 75 °F). 605: 221:(DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature). 154:(the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into 931:

will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire.

548: 556: 27: 1148: 409:, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into the air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior. 485:

blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination.

2968: 4816: 766: 657:: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a 371: 1460:. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period. HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration. 728:

return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air.

1106:) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( 35: 709:, through the use of a built-in LED UV light. like a vigilant guardian, it emits a gentle glow across the evaporator, ensuring thorough coverage. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any unwelcome viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive. 934:

Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually

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With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling.

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Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system.

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as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject. CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various

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Clean air delivery rate (CADR) is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 30 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft) per minute and an efficiency of

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All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets,

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Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the

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for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space

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Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of the first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the

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Photovoltaic solar panels offer a new way to potentially decrease the operating cost of air conditioning. Traditional air conditioners run using alternating current, and hence, any direct-current solar power needs to be inverted to be compatible with these units. New variable-speed DC-motor units

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of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy. Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven

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Warm air systems distribute the heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters to remove dust

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Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to

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The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial

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Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) is a building controls approach to controlling the volume of kitchen exhaust and supply air in response to the actual cooking loads in a commercial kitchen. Traditional commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the

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Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with

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building environment standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the

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Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would

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that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same

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Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the

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of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service

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The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and

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Ventilation is measured in terms of Air Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH. For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH. The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness, ineffective

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Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments. If present,

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50% has a CADR of 15 cubic metres (500 cu ft) per minute. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. This depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth, and the airflow rate.

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Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of

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Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of ... In scenarios where outdoor

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Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control

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The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.

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small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a

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engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings.

642:), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. 1204:

The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as

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or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

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because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building.

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It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioner installed.

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Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside.

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bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls.

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In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older

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or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the

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Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level.

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volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings. By deploying smart sensing technology, both the exhaust and supply fans can be controlled to capitalize on the

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The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.

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Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

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provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design

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Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.

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allow solar power to more easily run them since this conversion is unnecessary, and since the motors are tolerant of voltage fluctuations associated with variance in supplied solar power (e.g., due to cloud cover).

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result in harm to the compressor because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.

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assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process;

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Chenari, B., Dias Carrilho, J. and Gameiro da Silva, M., 2016. Towards sustainable, energy-efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59,

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recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:

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of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode.

2746: 896:, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside. 586:

and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises,

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The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was founded at

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HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as

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same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899. The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC".

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An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

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who specializes in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. HVAC technicians in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn

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by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity. In the US, the

2359:, Morawska, L, Allen, J, Bahnfleth, W et al. (36 more authors) (2021) A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372 (6543). pp. 689-691. ISSN 0036-8075 661:

which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.

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The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings.

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When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a

240:. By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make a huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods. 2882: 1014:

require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −57

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environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as

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also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

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Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or

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requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a

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various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.

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is another method of controlling building heating by calculating the demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

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Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on maintaining

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Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.

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Solar District Heating Experiences from Denmark. Energy Systems in the Alps - storage and distribution … Energy Platform Workshop 3, Zurich - 13/2 2014

853: 1322:). ASHRAE regularly organizes two annual technical committees and publishes recognized standards for HVAC design, which are updated every four years. 2883:"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 892:

Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the

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The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the

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inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP5) Possibilities with more district cooling in Europe, final report from the project. Final Rep. Brussels: Euroheat & Power.

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Codes such as the UMC and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from

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government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.

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Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks

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in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India.

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The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an

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is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher

856:"DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the 465:

The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of

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for motor energy savings, reduce makeup air heating and cooling energy, increasing safety, and reducing ambient kitchen noise levels.

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when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.

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Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing

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from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy from the stale air inside the home to the incoming fresh air from outside.

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The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.

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the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

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At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous state. The

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and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and

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Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements".

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In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today,

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may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.

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Many HVAC engineers are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (

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has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient.

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tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in modern periods, on designing air systems.

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Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are

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standards organizations such as HARDI (Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Distributors International),

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The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from

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Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via

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Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through

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In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (

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defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP4) Possibilities with more district heating in Europe. Euroheat & Power, Brussels.

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vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a

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conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

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A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.

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Dr. Edward A. Nardell Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

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have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. (

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or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.

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Many U.S. states have licensing for boiler operation. Some of these are listed as follows:

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underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger

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Finally, some U.S. cities may have additional labor laws that apply to HVAC professionals.

1008: 944: 654: 249: 197: 4857: 4852: 812:(also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate. 402:. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. 8: 4939: 4924: 4867: 4030: 4020: 3994: 3780: 3442: 3351: 3321: 3221: 3191: 3085: 3045: 2337: 1198: 744: 685:

Alpha Black Edition - Sirair Airconditioner with UVC (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)

599: 192: 186: 160: 53: 4412: 2114: 2099:"European residential ventilation: Investigating the impact on health and energy demand" 1792: 4919: 4888: 4824: 4293: 4237: 4174: 3951: 3830: 3825: 3615: 3426: 3411: 2993: 2283: 2256: 1094: 736: 428: 263: 97: 872:

An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in

635:, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. 4544: 3865: 3820: 3575: 3570: 3500: 3396: 3232: 3035: 2410: 2288: 2065:"Characteristic of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran- Tabriz" 2030: 2009: 1952: 1330: 1159:

contaminants can come out from the HVAC systems if not removed or filtered properly.

1151: 904: 732: 723:

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or

629: 2934:(2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning. 1562:

and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas,

604: 4699: 4332: 4087: 4082: 3665: 3371: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3176: 2651: 2278: 2268: 2151: 2118: 1994: 1800: 1796: 1766: 1655: 1630: 1457: 718: 643: 583: 391: 228:

sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of

225: 218: 214: 2338:"If We're Going to Live With COVID-19, It's Time to Clean Our Indoor Air Properly" 2123: 2098: 4954: 4934: 4893: 4514: 4404: 4327: 4299: 3941: 3855: 3850: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3705: 3645: 3560: 3545: 3366: 3361: 3336: 3331: 3201: 3125: 2273: 1884: 1840: 1821: 1745: 1688: 1640: 1501: 1049: 825: 778: 770: 466: 347: 327: 314: 291: 283: 259: 209:

Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like

133: 109: 93: 4872: 4734: 4724: 4077: 3974: 3750: 3730: 3695: 3630: 3550: 3391: 3381: 3290: 3140: 3110: 3065: 3060: 1670: 1416: 1389: 1206: 1061: 782: 519: 267: 105: 2370: 2007: 1236:

iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.

4989: 4974: 4473: 4159: 4010: 3905: 3870: 3640: 3635: 3590: 3585: 3431: 3406: 3401: 3376: 3346: 3216: 3115: 3095: 3075: 2986: 2656: 2600: 2034: 1980: 1698: 1660: 1130: 1069: 1065: 515: 406: 117: 113: 46: 647: 34: 4944: 4337: 4015: 3915: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3810: 3745: 3625: 3595: 3535: 3530: 3505: 3416: 3295: 3211: 3135: 3120: 3105: 2641: 2524:

Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance

2292: 2209:. A Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories. Archived from 1555: 1023: 900: 838: 639: 621: 613: 579:

fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs.

547: 474: 399: 359: 301:

The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the

275: 255: 233: 229: 2323:"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities" 4949: 4585: 4347: 3989: 3946: 3920: 3860: 3840: 3835: 3710: 3670: 3655: 3600: 3525: 3495: 3490: 3306: 3171: 3090: 2719:"010.01.02 Ark. Code R. § 002 - Chapter 13 - Restricted Lifetime License" 2140:"Outdoor PM2. 5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy" 1563: 1505: 1481: 1432: 1308:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

1073: 990: 740: 658: 609: 587: 564: 555: 502: 387: 279: 85: 38: 26: 2352:"A Paradigm Shift to Combat Indoor Respiratory Infection - 21st century" 2085:

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1084:

The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by

49:

to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.

4929: 4903: 4694: 4103: 4025: 3956: 3925: 3800: 3770: 3700: 3650: 3620: 3605: 3580: 3485: 3285: 3181: 3100: 3040: 2064: 1718: 1142: 1019: 986: 961: 920: 383: 351: 271: 140: 62: 58: 2906: 1878:

Solar District Heating with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage in Germany

518:

would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as

379: 4652: 4642: 4519: 4062: 3740: 3735: 3685: 3660: 3515: 3311: 2024: 1650: 1617: 1453: 1428: 893: 845: 697:

is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne

435: 355: 339: 92:, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide 70: 66: 2008:

Iain Staffell; Dan Brett; Nigel Brandon; Adam Hawkes (30 May 2014).

1147: 1098:

do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The

653:

An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or

4787: 4782: 4739: 4581: 4549: 4506: 4427: 4045: 3979: 3480: 3280: 3080: 3055: 3030: 2698:"Building environment design—Indoor environment—General principles" 2232:"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings" 2156: 2139: 1567: 1497: 1485: 1476:

that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical,

857: 702: 568: 395: 89: 4373: 4792: 4744: 4719: 4709: 4690: 4685: 4602: 4554: 4534: 3555: 3227: 2375: 2255:

Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. H.; et al. (2007).

2170:

Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the

1596: 1520:

Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

1477: 1436: 1015: 394:, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see 362:

are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit.

1256:

In the United States, federal licensure is generally handled by

4764: 4759: 4667: 4574: 4569: 4483: 4437: 4232: 3984: 3790: 3540: 2967: 2615:"Technology Profile: Demand Control Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV)" 1762: 1559: 1440: 1342: 1319: 1182: 1178: 706: 625: 331: 4815: 3008: 2257:"Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion" 1887:. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012. 964:

systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.

796:

pumps the refrigerant gas up to high pressure and temperature.

769:

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)

4797: 4704: 4564: 4247: 3680: 1489: 1358: 1346: 1166: 1111: 698: 646:

systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side

342:

to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a

2431:"What are Air Ducts? The Homeowner's Guide to HVAC Ductwork" 1201:

as an omnibus agency is not specific to the HVAC industry.)

427:). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using 4559: 4458: 3755: 3675: 2789:"Chapter 90 - BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND REFRIGERATION" 2473:"The Pros and Cons of Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners" 1558:

sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to

1326: 765: 2026:

Edmonton's green home guide : you're gonna love green

1973:"History of Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration" 799:

From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a

61:. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the 4662: 4607: 1571: 1504:

in a branch of engineering, such as building environment

1092:

heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so

470: 434:

The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as

398:). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and 69:

switch is at the bottom left. In the lower middle is the

1898:"How Renewable Energy Is Redefining HVAC | AltEnergyMag" 1117: 370: 16:

Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

2067:. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion 525:

Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into

1926:

HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion

2648:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1951:. Homewood, Illinois: American Technical Publishers. 1314:

Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute

567:(AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess 563:

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an

1470:

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

1225:

The building environmental design standard aims to:

624:

when spaces are small and the architecture permits.

543:

Ventilation (architecture) § Mechanical systems

350:

in a large building. The heat can be transferred by

254:

HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by

120:" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as 84:) is the use of various technologies to control the 30:

Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent

2635: 2633: 2548:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview" 378:Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including 191:In modern buildings, the design, installation, and 2254: 2185:"Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings" 1185:, ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America), 1154:, used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air 19:"HVAC" redirects here. The term may also refer to 2320:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2305:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 4987: 2630: 2371:"Building Ventilation What Everyone Should Know" 1948:HVAC: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning 1352:American design standards are legislated in the 1260:(for installation and service of HVAC devices). 943:HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting 551:HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building 2052:. New York: Lewis Publishers. pp. 107–112. 1759:Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion 1550:Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management 1088:. These air conditioning and heat pump devices 824:In variable climates, the system may include a 1136: 1044: 4389: 2994: 2803:"Article 33.1-14 - North Dakota Boiler Rules" 2733:"Boiler Professionals Training and Licensing" 319:"Heater" redirects here. For other uses, see 2137: 2096: 1541:Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data 1526:Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings 2691: 2689: 1778: 1752: 100:. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of 4996:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4838:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4396: 4382: 3761:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 3010:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 3001: 2987: 1167:Possible circulation of harmful substances 1079: 1002: 78:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 2939:Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2655: 2282: 2272: 2155: 2138:Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2022). 2122: 2097:Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2024). 1593:temperatures of objects such as the floor 1171: 1029: 989:, and in forced air systems they control 4195:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 2686: 2062: 1736: 1734: 1146: 863: 764: 680: 603: 554: 546: 369: 52: 33: 25: 2237:. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009 1944: 1532:Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings 536: 4988: 2639: 2499:"Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners" 2174:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005 1484:, air conditioning, refrigeration and 754: 4377: 4068:Programmable communicating thermostat 2982: 2047: 1995:"What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide" 1731: 1361:) or the International Code Council ( 1118:Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation 180: 132:(as in the designation of HACR-rated 128:, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in 4190:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 2308:"Improving Ventilation In Buildings" 1741:Ventilation and Infiltration chapter 1472:is a body that covers the essential 938: 668: 204: 196:designers, mechanical engineers, or 4403: 2389: 2050:Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems 2022: 887: 712: 65:can be seen at the top. The safety 13: 4051:Minimum efficiency reporting value 2923: 1865:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps 1535:Guide G: Public Health Engineering 695:Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 14: 5027: 4093:Standard temperature and pressure 3806:Packaged terminal air conditioner 3342:Passive daytime radiative cooling 3071:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 2960: 2775:"Subchapter 24.122.5 - Licensing" 2010:"A review of domestic heat pumps" 1749:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005 1544:Guide K: Electricity in Buildings 1538:Guide H: Building Control Systems 1463: 955: 914: 761:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 390:. Another type of heat source is 4814: 3162:Absorption-compression heat pump 2966: 2673:"Building environment standards" 2455:"Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps" 2204: 1922:""Lake Source" Heat Pump System" 1529:Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering 1349:, and technical trade journals. 1240: 1212: 21:high-voltage alternating current 4057:Normal temperature and pressure 3437:Vapor-compression refrigeration 2899: 2875: 2851: 2837: 2823: 2809: 2795: 2781: 2767: 2753: 2739: 2725: 2711: 2695: 2670: 2664: 2607: 2589: 2565: 2540: 2530: 2516: 2491: 2465: 2447: 2423: 2383: 2362: 2344: 2329: 2314: 2299: 2248: 2224: 2198: 2177: 2164: 2131: 2090: 2087:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, US 2078: 2056: 2041: 2016: 2001: 1987: 1965: 1938: 1914: 1209:is an important consideration. 971:Better air conditioning effects 832: 616:, applied to schoolrooms (1899) 412: 250:Air conditioning § History 238:seasonal thermal energy storage 236:, and the enabling function of 2573:"Heating and Air Conditioning" 1890: 1870: 1857: 1845: 1832:Dalin P., Rubenhag A. (2006). 1826: 1807: 1801:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020 1772: 1602: 1474:Service (systems architecture) 1368: 1217:ISO 16813:2006 is one of the 974:Energy savings of up to 15–20% 925: 488: 417: 1: 4205:Testing, adjusting, balancing 4149:Building information modeling 4144:Building services engineering 3721:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 3249:Demand controlled ventilation 3197:Building insulation materials 2931:International Mechanical Code 2124:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113839 1863:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). 1743:, Fundamentals volume of the 1725: 1517:Guide A: Environmental Design 1252:Section 608 EPA Certification 1191:International Mechanical Code 1124:Demand controlled ventilation 612:system, by impulsion, or the 365: 104:, based on the principles of 3766:High-pressure cut-off switch 3317:Ice storage air conditioning 3238:Dedicated outdoor air system 2274:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068 1577: 1301: 1245: 7: 4109:Thermostatic radiator valve 3911:Thermostatic radiator valve 3422:Underfloor air distribution 3357:Radiant heating and cooling 3275:Energy recovery ventilation 3187:Automobile air conditioning 3051:Domestic energy consumption 1623: 1325:Another popular society is 1137:Air filtration and cleaning 1058:energy recovery ventilation 1045:Ventilation energy recovery 452:Underfloor air distribution 330:. Such a system contains a 167: 10: 5032: 4258:Institute of Refrigeration 4139:Architectural technologist 3611:Electrostatic precipitator 2415:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 1867:. Renewable Heat Workshop. 1851:Nielsen, Jan Erik (2014). 1709:Ventilation (architecture) 1494:building services engineer 1311: 1305: 1249: 1140: 1121: 1100:Coefficient of performance 1052:systems sometimes utilize 1033: 1006: 918: 836: 758: 716: 597: 593: 540: 495:Ventilation (architecture) 492: 479:volatile organic compounds 460: 445: 318: 312: 308: 247: 243: 184: 18: 4912: 4881: 4823: 4812: 4773: 4676: 4633: 4620: 4595: 4505: 4457: 4446: 4420: 4411: 4320: 4311:Volatile organic compound 4286: 4213: 4170:Environmental engineering 4134:Architectural engineering 4117: 3965: 3936:Ultra-low particulate air 3521:Automatic balancing valve 3468: 3449:Variable refrigerant flow 3301:Heat recovery ventilation 3244:Deep water source cooling 3154: 3016: 2459:U.S. Department of Energy 2187:. The Engineering ToolBox 1684:Outdoor wood-fired boiler 1636:Architectural engineering 1422: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1383: 1378: 1054:heat recovery ventilation 4965:The House for the Future 4960:INTEGER Millennium House 4358:Template:Home automation 4180:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 3876:Solar-assisted heat pump 3476:Air conditioner inverter 3255:Displacement ventilation 3146:Vapour pressure of water 3131:Thermal destratification 2859:"ASHRAE Handbook Online" 2657:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136 2048:Bearg, David W. (1993). 1945:Swenson, S. Don (1995). 1611: 1336: 522:may also be necessary. 4955:House navigation system 4843:Lighting control system 4750:Universal powerline bus 4489:Universal powerline bus 4353:World Refrigeration Day 4200:Refrigerant reclamation 4129:Architectural acoustics 4073:Programmable thermostat 4005:Clean air delivery rate 3901:Thermal expansion valve 3816:Pressurisation ductwork 3726:Ground source heat pump 3167:Absorption refrigerator 2747:"Michigan Boiler Rules" 1876:Pauschinger T. (2012). 1714:World Refrigeration Day 1704:Uniform Mechanical Code 1595:or furnishings such as 1586: 1547:Guide L: Sustainability 1523:Guide C: Reference Data 1354:Uniform Mechanical Code 1187:Uniform Mechanical Code 1080:Air conditioning energy 1003:Ground source heat pump 321:Heater (disambiguation) 5011:Mechanical engineering 4343:Glossary of HVAC terms 4305:Sick building syndrome 4185:Mechanical engineering 3896:Smoke exhaust ductwork 3327:Mixed-mode ventilation 2596:Keeping cool and green 2357:. University of Leeds. 2340:. Time. February 2022. 2207:"Room Air Change Rate" 2063:Dianat, I; Nazari, I. 1694:Sick building syndrome 1679:Mechanical engineering 1666:Glossary of HVAC terms 1510:Engineering Council UK 1172:Industry and standards 1155: 1036:Solar air conditioning 1030:Solar air conditioning 785: 686: 617: 560: 552: 457:and pollen particles. 441: 375: 102:mechanical engineering 74: 50: 31: 4863:Thermostat automation 4363:Template:Solar energy 4041:Intelligent buildings 4000:Carbon dioxide sensor 3387:Room air distribution 3207:Central solar heating 2577:www.nuclear-power.net 2144:Building & Cities 1566:, water, heating and 1150: 864:Packaged split system 768: 684: 607: 558: 550: 541:Further information: 448:Room air distribution 373: 303:Industrial Revolution 175:room air distribution 56: 37: 29: 5006:Building engineering 4970:Ubiquitous computing 4648:Bluetooth Low Energy 4525:Bluetooth Low Energy 4433:Hardware controllers 4165:Duct leakage testing 4155:Deep energy retrofit 4099:Thermographic camera 4036:Infrared thermometer 3511:Air source heat pump 3460:Water heat recycling 3026:Air changes per hour 2975:at Wikimedia Commons 2390:CDC (June 1, 2020). 2103:Energy and Buildings 1902:www.altenergymag.com 1675:Hotel electric power 1646:Auxiliary power unit 1110:), or in Europe the 1095:thermal efficiencies 1060:systems that employ 1009:Geothermal heat pump 655:air changes per hour 537:Mechanical or forced 374:Central heating unit 4940:Home energy monitor 4925:Building automation 4031:HVAC control system 4021:Home energy monitor 3995:Building automation 3781:Inverter compressor 3443:Variable air volume 3352:Passive ventilation 3322:Kitchen ventilation 3222:Constant air volume 3192:Autonomous building 2604:17 July 2010, p. 83 2310:. 11 February 2020. 2115:2024EneBu.30413839B 2023:(Alta.), Edmonton. 1983:on August 28, 2016. 1793:2012ApEn...93....2R 1375: 755:Refrigeration cycle 745:refrigeration cycle 608:Ventilation on the 600:Passive ventilation 582:In summer, ceiling 425:gravity-fed systems 187:HVAC control system 4920:Home of the future 4294:Indoor air quality 4238:ASTM International 4175:Hydronic balancing 3952:Wood-burning stove 3831:Radiator reflector 3616:Evaporative cooler 3427:Underfloor heating 3412:Thermal insulation 2640:Howard, J (2003), 1883:2016-10-18 at the 1839:2012-10-15 at the 1820:2015-09-24 at the 1813:Werner S. (2006). 1412:Education required 1373: 1156: 786: 687: 618: 614:'plenum' principle 561: 553: 376: 264:Rolla C. Carpenter 181:Individual systems 98:indoor air quality 75: 51: 32: 4983: 4982: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4616: 4615: 4371: 4370: 4287:Health and safety 3866:Scroll compressor 3821:Process duct work 3576:Convection heater 3571:Condensing boiler 3501:Air-mixing plenum 3397:Solar combisystem 3233:Cross ventilation 3036:Building envelope 2971:Media related to 2947:The Cost of Cool. 1958:978-0-8269-0675-5 1458:associate degrees 1446: 1445: 1152:Air handling unit 977:Even conditioning 945:energy efficiency 939:Energy efficiency 905:relative humidity 735:, convection, or 669:Airborne diseases 630:building envelope 527:mechanical/forced 354:, conduction, or 294:and many others. 230:lakes or seawater 205:District networks 198:building services 156:mechanical/forced 5023: 5001:Building biology 4818: 4700:C-Bus (protocol) 4631: 4630: 4455: 4454: 4448:Interconnection 4418: 4417: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4333:Building science 4088:Smart thermostat 4083:Room temperature 3666:Fireplace insert 3372:Radon mitigation 3270:Electric heating 3265:District heating 3260:District cooling 3177:Air conditioning 3003: 2996: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2970: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2526:. December 2013. 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2276: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2205:Bell, Geoffrey. 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1979:. Archived from 1969: 1963: 1962: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1894: 1888: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1830: 1824: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1776: 1770: 1761:, Rock and Zhu, 1756: 1750: 1738: 1656:Electric heating 1631:Air speed (HVAC) 1397:Activity sectors 1376: 1372: 888:Dehumidification 854:direct expansion 817:evaporating coil 779:evaporating coil 725:humidity control 719:Air conditioning 713:Air conditioning 644:Air conditioning 400:portable heaters 346:in a home, or a 226:renewable energy 219:district cooling 215:district heating 145:healthy building 134:circuit breakers 39:Ventilation duct 5031: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4935:Home automation 4908: 4894:Mesh networking 4877: 4833:Audio and video 4819: 4802: 4775: 4769: 4678: 4672: 4636:interconnection 4635: 4625: 4623: 4612: 4591: 4515:Radio frequency 4501: 4449: 4442: 4407: 4405:Home automation 4402: 4372: 4367: 4328:ASHRAE Handbook 4316: 4300:Passive smoking 4282: 4215: 4209: 4121: 4119: 4113: 3967: 3961: 3942:Whole-house fan 3856:Run-around coil 3851:Reversing valve 3796:Mechanical room 3786:Kerosene heater 3776:Infrared heater 3706:Gasoline heater 3646:Fan filter unit 3561:Condensate pump 3546:Centrifugal fan 3464: 3367:Radiant heating 3362:Radiant cooling 3337:Passive cooling 3332:Microgeneration 3202:Central heating 3150: 3126:Thermal comfort 3018: 3012: 3007: 2973:Climate control 2963: 2926: 2924:Further reading 2921: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2638: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2384: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2325:. 22 July 2019. 2321: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2172:ASHRAE Handbook 2169: 2165: 2136: 2132: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2046: 2042: 2021: 2017: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1885:Wayback Machine 1875: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1841:Wayback Machine 1831: 1827: 1822:Wayback Machine 1812: 1808: 1777: 1773: 1757: 1753: 1746:ASHRAE Handbook 1739: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1689:Radiant cooling 1641:ASHRAE Handbook 1626: 1614: 1605: 1589: 1580: 1488:industries. To 1466: 1450:HVAC technician 1425: 1413: 1398: 1386: 1385:Occupation type 1374:HVAC Technician 1371: 1339: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1215: 1174: 1169: 1145: 1139: 1126: 1120: 1082: 1066:enthalpy wheels 1062:heat exchangers 1050:Energy recovery 1047: 1038: 1032: 1011: 1005: 958: 941: 928: 923: 917: 890: 866: 841: 835: 826:reversing valve 809:expansion valve 801:condensing coil 775:expansion valve 771:condensing coil 763: 757: 721: 715: 671: 602: 596: 545: 539: 497: 491: 471:nitrogen oxides 467:carbon monoxide 463: 454: 446:Main articles: 444: 420: 415: 407:various sources 368: 348:mechanical room 328:central heating 324: 317: 315:Central heating 311: 284:William Rankine 260:Michael Faraday 252: 246: 207: 193:control systems 189: 183: 170: 150:Ventilating or 110:fluid mechanics 96:and acceptable 94:thermal comfort 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5029: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4873:Smart home hub 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4078:Psychrometrics 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3975:Air flow meter 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3751:Heating system 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731:Heat exchanger 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3696:Gas compressor 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3631:Expansion tank 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3551:Ceramic heater 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3392:Solar air heat 3389: 3384: 3382:Renewable heat 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3293: 3291:Forced-air gas 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3141:Thermodynamics 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3111:Psychrometrics 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3066:Gas compressor 3063: 3061:Fluid dynamics 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2962: 2961:External links 2959: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2907:"About ISHRAE" 2898: 2874: 2863:www.ashrae.org 2850: 2836: 2822: 2808: 2794: 2780: 2766: 2752: 2738: 2724: 2710: 2685: 2663: 2629: 2606: 2588: 2564: 2539: 2529: 2515: 2490: 2479:. 28 July 2018 2477:Home Reference 2464: 2446: 2422: 2382: 2361: 2343: 2328: 2313: 2298: 2247: 2223: 2197: 2176: 2163: 2157:10.5334/bc.153 2150:(1): 186–203. 2130: 2089: 2077: 2055: 2040: 2015: 2000: 1986: 1964: 1957: 1937: 1913: 1889: 1869: 1856: 1844: 1825: 1806: 1781:Applied Energy 1771: 1751: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1671:Head-end power 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1465: 1464:United Kingdom 1462: 1444: 1443: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417:Apprenticeship 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1338: 1335: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1214: 1211: 1207:pressurization 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1122:Main article: 1119: 1116: 1086:thermodynamics 1081: 1078: 1046: 1043: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1007:Main article: 1004: 1001: 979: 978: 975: 972: 957: 956:Heating energy 954: 940: 937: 927: 924: 919:Main article: 916: 915:Humidification 913: 889: 886: 865: 862: 837:Main article: 834: 831: 822: 821: 813: 804: 797: 759:Main article: 756: 753: 717:Main article: 714: 711: 670: 667: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 538: 535: 507: 506: 493:Main article: 490: 487: 462: 459: 443: 440: 419: 416: 414: 411: 367: 364: 313:Main article: 310: 307: 268:Willis Carrier 245: 242: 206: 203: 182: 179: 169: 166: 106:thermodynamics 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5028: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4975:Xanadu Houses 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Organizations 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Other systems 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624:technologies, 4619: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Optical fiber 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216:organizations 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160:Duct cleaning 4158: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Control valve 4009: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3931:Turning vanes 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Thermal wheel 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Solar chimney 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3641:Fan coil unit 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3586:Cooling tower 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3432:Vapor barrier 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407:Solar heating 3405: 3403: 3402:Solar cooling 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3377:Refrigeration 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Passive house 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217:Chilled water 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3116:Sensible heat 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3096:Noise control 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3076:Heat transfer 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2908: 2902: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2675:. www.iso.org 2674: 2667: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2602: 2601:The Economist 2597: 2592: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2537:pp.1426-1447. 2533: 2525: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2412: 2401:September 13, 2397: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2353: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2233: 2227: 2213:on 2011-11-17 2212: 2208: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2167: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2066: 2059: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1977:Coyne College 1974: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699:Uniform Codes 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1661:Fan coil unit 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1285:North Dakota 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:EPA certified 1253: 1241:United States 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1213:International 1210: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1164: 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