233:
249:
218:
87:
and the linear speed of the tape is slower than the speed of the head chips, allowing signals to be transmitted. High frequency signals, such as video, are recorded. Due to geometry, helical scan allows for high head chip speeds, known as writing speeds, to be achieved in spite of the low linear speed of the tape. The high writing speed allows for high frequency signals to be recorded. The diagonal tracks read or written using this method are known as helical tracks.
111:
27:
103:
91:
149:
recorders. The tape is wrapped 346 degrees around the drum with 270 degrees used for recording. Because of this, the vertical blanking interval of the video signal is lost and to prevent this a secondary head in a "1 1/2 head" configuration must record the interval when the video head is not reading
86:
With this technique, magnetic tape heads (or head chips) are placed on a rotating head drum, which moves the chips at high speed (or angular velocity). The tape is wrapped tightly around the drum. The drum and/or the tape is tilted at an angle that allows the head chips to read the tape diagonally,
205:
developed a helical scan method of recording in 1953 while working at AEG. With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Kenichi
Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1954. Helical scan
176:
digital videotape formats, wraps the tape around the head drum in a pattern or in a tape path reminiscent of the letter M, around the left and right side of the head drum, 250 to 300 degrees around it where 180 to 270 degrees are active or used for recording, with two heads if 180 degrees are
180:
Half wrap, used to denominate any type of wrap where the tape covers approximately 180 degrees, or half of the circumference of the drum. To record a full frame of video it requires at least two video heads, each recording a video field, of which two are necessary to record a video
189:, in which the heads in the head drum have a gap that is tilted at an angle, and opposing heads have their gaps tilted so as to oppose each other. This eliminates the need for guard bands between the helical tracks allowing for a higher density of information on the tape.
206:
machines were demonstrated by
Toshiba in 1959 and since they recorded one field of video per track, they were the first to allow video to be paused and played back at speeds other than real time. Helical scan type B and type C videotape began to be used in 1976.
161:
format. Because the tape is not wrapped around the drum as much as with the omega wrap, two heads creating two diagonal tracks must be used to record a video frame, one field for every track and head.
157:
format, uses a wrap of 200 to 300 degrees where 180 to 270 degrees are active or used for recording, similar to the U wrap which is reminiscent of an U laid on its side and is used in the
150:
the tape. A full frame of video with two fields can be recorded in a single revolution of the drum with a single head creating a single diagonal track on the tape.
248:
984:
777:
31:
Helical recording method. As the tape moves horizontally, the drum rotates and the heads in the drum create or write diagonal tracks with signals.
1130:
819:
1182:
232:
1949:
322:
628:
1047:
601:
394:
516:
420:
367:
340:
709:
1170:
665:
499:
462:
435:
292:
792:
1123:
489:
929:
902:
875:
574:
548:
1954:
763:
1057:
939:
912:
885:
858:
802:
746:
719:
692:
638:
611:
584:
558:
526:
472:
445:
404:
377:
350:
145:
Omega wrap (Ω), in which the tape is wrapped almost fully around the drum similar to the Greek letter Omega. Used in
682:
202:
1735:
1724:
1021:
848:
736:
1681:
1116:
1103:
217:
1959:
98:; three of the six heads face the reader. The helical path of the tape around the drum can clearly be seen.
1532:
1550:
1927:
1718:
1538:
1387:
1326:
1687:
1460:
1236:
1099:
302:
1302:
1278:
1224:
1176:
297:
996:
153:
C wrap, where the tape is wrapped around the head drum in the shape of a backwards C, used in the
1964:
1874:
1634:
964:
275:
270:
72:
1827:
1795:
1652:
1290:
323:"Rotary magnetic head drum with fluid bearing and with head chips mounted together in parallel"
185:
Many helical scan cassette formats such as VHS and
Betacam use a head drum with heads that use
123:
95:
1789:
1088:
1857:
1440:
1200:
1777:
1783:
1646:
1248:
1164:
280:
8:
286:
68:
1882:
1556:
115:
76:
1771:
1675:
1574:
1314:
1053:
935:
908:
881:
854:
829:
798:
771:
742:
715:
688:
661:
634:
607:
580:
554:
522:
495:
468:
441:
400:
373:
346:
186:
979:
SMPTE Journal: Publication of the
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
1743:
1705:
1622:
1260:
1254:
1188:
265:
223:
146:
60:
1393:
977:
655:
1628:
139:
1082:
1076:
1022:"Toshiba Science Museum : World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder"
1943:
1361:
833:
64:
40:
1411:
1320:
1921:
1218:
1423:
1156:
1851:
1833:
1526:
1484:
1381:
1375:
173:
1108:
138:
Alpha wrap (α), in which the tape is wrapped around the drum in a full,
1369:
1284:
824:
423:. Reed Business Information. December 1, 1983 – via Google Books.
169:
110:
80:
1496:
1915:
1845:
1812:
1669:
1562:
1544:
1511:
1454:
1448:
1405:
1147:
119:
26:
1640:
1591:
1568:
1417:
254:
VXA tape drive, alternate view of rotary head and loading mechanism
515:
Daniel, Eric D.; Mee, C. Denis; Clark, Mark H. (August 31, 1998).
393:
Daniel, Eric D.; Mee, C. Denis; Clark, Mark H. (August 31, 1998).
102:
90:
1894:
1888:
1815:
1699:
1609:
1597:
1429:
1308:
1272:
1242:
1212:
1194:
158:
154:
106:
The same head drum with the rotating portion elevated for clarity
201:
patented the first helical scan method in 1950. German engineer
1693:
1230:
1206:
1839:
1821:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1399:
1338:
1332:
1296:
1139:
1863:
1350:
579:. Springer Science & Business Media. December 6, 2012.
16:
Method of recording high-frequency signals on magnetic tape
1049:
Portable Moving Images: A Media
History of Storage Formats
1603:
1490:
1344:
1266:
239:
198:
165:
134:
There are several types of helical scan. These include:
901:
Capelo, Gregory; Brenner, Robert C. (June 26, 1998).
366:
Capelo, Gregory; Brenner, Robert C. (June 26, 1998).
708:
Brenner, Robert; Capelo, Gregory (August 26, 1998).
681:
Brenner, Robert; Capelo, Gregory (August 26, 1998).
627:
Brenner, Robert; Capelo, Gregory (August 26, 1998).
766:. Khanna Publishing House – via Google Books.
985:Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
114:The rotating portion of the head drum showing the
1941:
1077:Sony U.S. patent for U-matic videotape cassette
738:Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology
653:
654:Jackson, K. G.; Townsend, G. B. (2014-05-15).
514:
392:
1124:
900:
707:
680:
626:
365:
776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
283:about the IVC 2-inch helical VTR, Model 9000
1083:Sony U.S. patent for design of U-matic deck
1046:Montaña, Ricardo Cedeño (August 21, 2017).
828:. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 77–79.
334:
332:
1131:
1117:
817:
811:
25:
1138:
460:
997:"Schüller, Eduard - Deutsche Biographie"
657:TV & Video Engineer's Reference Book
433:
329:
109:
101:
89:
1094:The History of Television, 1942 to 2000
1045:
931:Newnes Guide to TV and Video Technology
927:
734:
542:
540:
538:
518:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
437:The History of Television, 1942 to 2000
434:Abramson, Albert (September 15, 2007).
396:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
1942:
1725:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
1052:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
790:
599:
487:
1112:
874:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
873:
847:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
846:
547:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
546:
339:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
338:
293:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
1682:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
797:. Taylor & Francis. p. 24.
535:
1089:Video Preservation Equipment Museum
877:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
850:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
550:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
342:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
13:
981:, Volume 96, Issues 1-6; Volume 96
461:Watkinson, John (April 17, 1996).
94:The head drum of a Hi-Fi NTSC VHS
14:
1976:
1950:Audiovisual introductions in 1953
1070:
735:Trundle, Eugene (June 11, 2001).
1719:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
928:Trundle, Eugene (May 12, 2014).
818:Goldwasser, Sam (January 2000).
761:
491:Monochrome and Colour Television
247:
231:
216:
50:recording high-frequency signals
1039:
1014:
989:
971:
957:
948:
921:
894:
867:
840:
791:Mellor, David (July 18, 2013).
784:
755:
728:
701:
674:
647:
620:
600:Mellor, David (July 18, 2013).
593:
567:
488:Gulati, R. R. (December 2005).
1096:, by Albert Abramson, page 93.
965:"Magnetic Videotape Recording"
904:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
711:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
684:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
630:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
508:
481:
454:
427:
413:
386:
369:VCR Troubleshooting and Repair
359:
315:
1:
1709:
1613:
794:Sound Person's Guide to Video
603:Sound Person's Guide to Video
308:
79:recorders, and some computer
7:
576:Magnetic Recording Handbook
259:
10:
1981:
1928:Electronic Video Recording
1026:toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp
1001:www.deutsche-biographie.de
762:Bali, S. P. Bali, Rajeev.
209:
197:Earl Edgar Masterson from
192:
63:high-frequency signals on
1955:Film and video technology
1908:
1873:
1805:
1764:
1757:
1744:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
1734:
1662:
1641:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
1584:
1519:
1510:
1439:
1360:
1155:
1146:
1062:– via Google Books.
944:– via Google Books.
917:– via Google Books.
890:– via Google Books.
863:– via Google Books.
807:– via Google Books.
751:– via Google Books.
724:– via Google Books.
697:– via Google Books.
643:– via Google Books.
616:– via Google Books.
589:– via Google Books.
563:– via Google Books.
531:– via Google Books.
521:. John Wiley & Sons.
494:. New Age International.
477:– via Google Books.
450:– via Google Books.
409:– via Google Books.
399:. John Wiley & Sons.
382:– via Google Books.
355:– via Google Books.
303:Symmetric Phase Recording
238:Rotary head visible in a
46:
36:
24:
1177:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
606:. Taylor & Francis.
467:. Taylor & Francis.
298:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
129:
122:used in this particular
73:video cassette recorders
1676:Professional Disc (PFD)
1183:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
464:Television Fundamentals
276:1 inch type C videotape
271:1 inch type B videotape
1922:Electronicam kinescope
1909:Video recorded to film
1104:Experimental TV Center
126:
107:
99:
1736:Ultra-High Definition
1140:Video storage formats
764:"Audio Video Systems"
118:and three of the six
113:
105:
93:
281:IVC videotape format
69:video tape recorders
67:, used in open-reel
1960:Japanese inventions
287:Video tape recorder
242:computer tape drive
21:
226:video scanner head
127:
116:rotary transformer
108:
100:
77:digital audio tape
19:
1937:
1936:
1904:
1903:
1753:
1752:
1700:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
1670:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
1506:
1505:
667:978-1-4831-9375-5
501:978-81-224-1776-0
187:azimuth recording
54:
53:
1972:
1762:
1761:
1714:
1711:
1618:
1615:
1517:
1516:
1153:
1152:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1064:
1063:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
993:
987:
975:
969:
968:
961:
955:
954:Patent US2773120
952:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
871:
865:
864:
844:
838:
837:
815:
809:
808:
788:
782:
781:
775:
767:
759:
753:
752:
732:
726:
725:
705:
699:
698:
678:
672:
671:
651:
645:
644:
624:
618:
617:
597:
591:
590:
571:
565:
564:
544:
533:
532:
512:
506:
505:
485:
479:
478:
458:
452:
451:
431:
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
390:
384:
383:
363:
357:
356:
336:
327:
326:
319:
266:Type A videotape
251:
235:
224:Type B videotape
220:
164:M wrap, used in
147:Type-C videotape
29:
22:
18:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1900:
1869:
1801:
1749:
1730:
1712:
1663:High Definition
1658:
1616:
1580:
1502:
1441:High Definition
1435:
1394:Digital Betacam
1356:
1142:
1137:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
976:
972:
963:
962:
958:
953:
949:
942:
926:
922:
915:
899:
895:
888:
872:
868:
861:
845:
841:
816:
812:
805:
789:
785:
769:
768:
760:
756:
749:
733:
729:
722:
706:
702:
695:
679:
675:
668:
652:
648:
641:
625:
621:
614:
598:
594:
587:
573:
572:
568:
561:
545:
536:
529:
513:
509:
502:
486:
482:
475:
459:
455:
448:
432:
428:
421:"New Scientist"
419:
418:
414:
407:
391:
387:
380:
364:
360:
353:
337:
330:
321:
320:
316:
311:
262:
255:
252:
243:
236:
227:
221:
212:
203:Eduard Schüller
195:
132:
59:is a method of
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1965:Tape recording
1962:
1957:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1765:Media agnostic
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:Digital-S (D9)
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1071:External links
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1038:
1013:
988:
970:
956:
947:
940:
920:
913:
893:
886:
866:
859:
839:
810:
803:
783:
754:
747:
727:
720:
700:
693:
673:
666:
646:
639:
619:
612:
592:
585:
566:
559:
534:
527:
507:
500:
480:
473:
453:
446:
426:
412:
405:
385:
378:
358:
351:
328:
313:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
278:
273:
268:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
246:
244:
237:
230:
228:
222:
215:
211:
208:
194:
191:
183:
182:
178:
162:
151:
143:
131:
128:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:, filed 1971.
1084:
1081:
1079:, filed 1971.
1078:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1059:9783110553925
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1002:
998:
992:
986:
982:
980:
974:
967:. April 2019.
966:
960:
951:
943:
941:9781483183169
937:
933:
932:
924:
916:
914:9780750699402
910:
906:
905:
897:
889:
887:9781136024184
883:
880:. CRC Press.
879:
878:
870:
862:
860:9781136024184
856:
853:. CRC Press.
852:
851:
843:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
814:
806:
804:9781136120787
800:
796:
795:
787:
779:
773:
765:
758:
750:
748:9780750648103
744:
740:
739:
731:
723:
721:9780080520476
717:
713:
712:
704:
696:
694:9780080520476
690:
686:
685:
677:
669:
663:
659:
658:
650:
642:
640:9780080520476
636:
632:
631:
623:
615:
613:9781136120787
609:
605:
604:
596:
588:
586:9789401094689
582:
578:
577:
570:
562:
560:9781136024184
556:
553:. CRC Press.
552:
551:
543:
541:
539:
530:
528:9780780347090
524:
520:
519:
511:
503:
497:
493:
492:
484:
476:
474:9781136027543
470:
466:
465:
457:
449:
447:9780786432431
443:
440:. McFarland.
439:
438:
430:
422:
416:
408:
406:9780780347090
402:
398:
397:
389:
381:
379:9780750699402
375:
371:
370:
362:
354:
352:9781136024184
348:
345:. CRC Press.
344:
343:
335:
333:
324:
318:
314:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
250:
245:
241:
234:
229:
225:
219:
214:
213:
207:
204:
200:
190:
188:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
136:
135:
125:
121:
117:
112:
104:
97:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:magnetic tape
62:
58:
49:
45:
42:
41:magnetic tape
39:
35:
28:
23:
1219:Cartrivision
1093:
1048:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
1000:
991:
983:, page 256,
978:
973:
959:
950:
934:. Elsevier.
930:
923:
903:
896:
876:
869:
849:
842:
823:
813:
793:
786:
757:
737:
730:
714:. Elsevier.
710:
703:
687:. Elsevier.
683:
676:
660:. Elsevier.
656:
649:
633:. Elsevier.
629:
622:
602:
595:
575:
569:
549:
517:
510:
490:
483:
463:
456:
436:
429:
415:
395:
388:
368:
361:
341:
317:
196:
184:
133:
85:
57:Helical scan
56:
55:
20:Helical scan
1875:Solid state
1713: 2006
1617: 1996
1527:Phonovision
1485:D6 HDTV VTR
1225:Philips VCR
1003:(in German)
174:D-2 (video)
81:tape drives
1944:Categories
1412:Betacam SX
1321:Betacam SP
1285:Video 2000
1165:Quadruplex
1100:Ampex page
1007:2023-09-04
907:. Newnes.
825:Poptronics
741:. Newnes.
372:. Newnes.
309:References
170:D-1 (Sony)
140:360 degree
120:tape heads
37:Media type
1916:Kinescope
1846:AVC-Intra
1813:CamCutter
1796:DVCPRO HD
1563:Laserfilm
1545:LaserDisc
1512:Videodisc
1449:Sony HDVS
1148:Videotape
834:1526-3681
61:recording
1806:Tapeless
1790:DVCPRO50
1569:CD Video
1533:Ampex-HS
1497:HDCAM SR
1461:BCH 1000
1424:MPEG IMX
1418:Digital8
772:cite web
260:See also
168:and the
142:fashion.
1924:(1950s)
1895:MicroP2
1816:Editcam
1758:Virtual
1610:MiniDVD
1598:MovieCD
1585:Digital
1430:MicroMV
1362:Digital
1339:S-VHS-C
1309:Betacam
1243:Betamax
1213:U-matic
1195:CV-2000
1102:in the
1031:14 July
210:Gallery
193:History
159:U-matic
155:Betacam
1930:(1967)
1918:(1947)
1897:(2012)
1891:(2007)
1885:(2004)
1866:(2012)
1860:(2009)
1858:iFrame
1854:(2007)
1848:(2006)
1842:(2006)
1836:(2005)
1830:(2004)
1828:GBA-TV
1824:(2003)
1818:(1995)
1798:(2000)
1792:(1997)
1786:(1996)
1780:(1995)
1778:DVCPRO
1774:(1995)
1746:(2016)
1727:(2008)
1721:(2007)
1706:MiniBD
1702:(2006)
1696:(2006)
1694:HD DVD
1690:(2006)
1684:(2004)
1678:(2003)
1672:(1994)
1655:(2005)
1649:(2004)
1643:(2003)
1637:(2003)
1631:(1998)
1625:(1998)
1606:(1996)
1600:(1996)
1594:(1993)
1577:(1990)
1571:(1987)
1565:(1984)
1559:(1983)
1553:(1981)
1547:(1978)
1541:(1975)
1535:(1967)
1529:(1927)
1520:Analog
1499:(2003)
1493:(2003)
1487:(2000)
1481:(1998)
1475:(1997)
1469:(1994)
1463:(1992)
1457:(1984)
1451:(1984)
1432:(2001)
1426:(2000)
1420:(1999)
1414:(1996)
1408:(1995)
1402:(1994)
1396:(1993)
1390:(1992)
1384:(1991)
1378:(1988)
1372:(1986)
1353:(1998)
1347:(1989)
1341:(1987)
1335:(1987)
1329:(1986)
1323:(1986)
1317:(1985)
1315:Video8
1311:(1982)
1305:(1982)
1299:(1982)
1293:(1980)
1287:(1980)
1281:(1979)
1275:(1977)
1269:(1976)
1263:(1976)
1261:Type C
1257:(1976)
1255:Type B
1251:(1975)
1245:(1975)
1239:(1974)
1233:(1974)
1231:V-Cord
1227:(1972)
1221:(1972)
1215:(1971)
1209:(1969)
1207:EIAJ-1
1203:(1967)
1197:(1965)
1191:(1965)
1189:Type A
1185:(1961)
1179:(1961)
1173:(1958)
1167:(1956)
1157:Analog
1056:
938:
911:
884:
857:
832:
820:"VCRs"
801:
745:
718:
691:
664:
637:
610:
583:
557:
525:
498:
471:
444:
403:
376:
349:
181:frame.
1840:AVCHD
1822:XDCAM
1784:DVCAM
1479:D-VHS
1473:HDCAM
1467:W-VHS
1455:UniHi
1333:S-VHS
1297:VHS-C
289:(VTR)
177:used.
130:Types
47:Usage
1864:XAVC
1629:SVCD
1351:Ruvi
1201:Akai
1171:VERA
1054:ISBN
1033:2021
936:ISBN
909:ISBN
882:ISBN
855:ISBN
830:ISSN
799:ISBN
778:link
743:ISBN
716:ISBN
689:ISBN
662:ISBN
635:ISBN
608:ISBN
581:ISBN
555:ISBN
523:ISBN
496:ISBN
469:ISBN
442:ISBN
401:ISBN
374:ISBN
347:ISBN
172:and
1889:SxS
1852:TOD
1834:MOD
1688:VMD
1653:FVD
1647:UMD
1635:EVD
1623:CVD
1604:DVD
1592:VCD
1575:VSD
1557:VHD
1551:CED
1539:TeD
1491:HDV
1388:DCT
1345:Hi8
1327:MII
1291:CVC
1279:SVR
1267:VHS
1249:IVC
240:VXA
199:RCA
166:VHS
124:VCR
96:VCR
83:.
1946::
1883:P2
1772:DV
1710:c.
1614:c.
1400:D5
1382:D3
1376:D2
1370:D1
1273:VK
1237:VX
1024:.
999:.
822:.
774:}}
770:{{
537:^
331:^
75:,
71:,
1715:)
1708:(
1619:)
1612:(
1303:M
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
1035:.
1010:.
836:.
780:)
670:.
504:.
325:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
