3788:
2812:
3561:
3636:
3740:
3544:
1480:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3776:
1447:
3692:
3604:
2908:
2899:
1243:
3764:
3656:
653:
3680:
1329:
42:
3752:
1415:
67:
3620:
961:
3588:
3528:
701:
1060:
745:
608:
886:
3041:
infects plants only through an open wound or when the plant is under stress, but it has also been known to infect plants in humid conditions. If the humidity is low, the mold may be contained to discrete spots on the plant, but the mold has been known to spread rapidly in highly humid conditions. Grey mold is not seasonally dependent and can infect a plant at any time of the year. The fungus forms black seed-like structures in the dead plant tissue to create its
2802:
1028:
1296:
996:
3328:
or onto the ground to collect. Attempts to remove the seeds by hand exposes skin to the potent toxins in the sap of the hellebore, which can increase the damage done to the skin. Small or minimal exposure to the toxins should only cause a mild irritation to the skin, and the affliction should only last for a few minutes. If the burning persists or intensifies, it is recommended to wash the affected areas thoroughly to remove the toxins and see a doctor.
2555:
791:
1091:
5128:
2835:
2820:
3072:. The disease is most common not only in botanical and ornamental gardens but also in hellebore nurseries as well. Visible symptoms include blackish-brown spots that often appear as rings on the leaf blade or at the margins of the leaf. The spots continue to grow larger as the disease progresses, retaining an elliptical or circular shape and turning a dark brown or black color. The spots grow until they infect the whole leaf.
5116:
2600:
By contrast, anemone-centred flowers have, cupped within the five normal outer petals, a ring of much shorter, more curved extra petals (sometimes trumpet-shaped, intermediate in appearance between petals and nectaries), which may be a different colour from the outer petals. These short, extra petals (sometimes known as "petaloids") drop off after the flower has been
3083:, are formed in the dead cells of the leaf spots. The spores are mainly spread by water, wind, and wind-blown rain. The fungus has an ideal habitat to spread and grow at the final growth site for hellebore plants, and if left untreated, the spores remain for many years. The most effective method against
3007:
inch) long and form dense colonies on hellebores, coating them with a honeydew that can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the leaves and flowers of the hellebore. This species of aphid only affects hellebores and is most active in March and April when the hellebores are flowering and when few aphid
3102:
that can cause serious disease in
Hellebore plants by stunting or deforming the plant as it grows. The disease marks the leaves of the hellebores with black streaks, often following the veins of the leaf, and creating ring patterns. It can also mark the sepals and flowers with black spots or streaks
2599:
Semi-double flowers have one or two extra rows of petals; doubles have more. Their inner petals are generally very like the outer ones in colour and patterning. They are often of a similar length and shape, though they may be slightly shorter and narrower, and some are attractively waved or ruffled.
3327:
found on the outside of the plant, including the leaves, stem, flower, and sap. The poison on the outside of the plant causes irritation and burning sensations on the skin. When collecting seeds from hellebore plants, it is recommended to wait for the pods to dry and shake them out into a container
2967:
To control heavy infestations, the leaves can be removed and destroyed during the winter months before the adult flies emerge. Insecticides can be used with limited effectiveness in controlling larvae and fly populations in the plant. Insecticides may harm non-leaf miner flies if applied during the
2963:
The tunnels create brownish-black blotches on the plant. These later turn into a nesting ground where the flies lay their eggs. With time, the leaves turn a brownish-white along where the tunnels were dug. The larvae start to eat the inside of the leaves in August, and damage develops from the late
2576:
and several other closely related species and subspecies has vastly improved the colour-range of the flowers, which now extends from slate grey, near-black, deep purple and plum, through rich red and pinks to yellow, white and green. The outer surface of the sepals is often green-tinged, and as the
3138:
in the
Tauranga nursery contracted the disease after several days of moderate rainfall. The disease caused discoloration in the form of black leaf spots that were circular and about 1.5–2 mm in diameter, black stem lesions, and dry, grey to brown lesions with distinct margins on the flower petals.
3040:
disease that infects most ornamental plants. The fungus causes a decay of plant tissues and grows fuzzy gray-brown mold over the decaying areas, such as the buds, leaves, and flowers. Parts of the plant may shrivel and die after exposure to the mold, particularly the flowers. Typically the fungus
3011:
Aphids start their feeding from the outside the flowers, beginning at the leaves and then moving towards the flower petals of the hellebore. As the hellebore beings to open, the aphids try to move into the flower. The aphids then feed on the inner parts of the plant as well as the young stems and
3300:
Poisonings occur through ingestion or handling. Hellebore plants should not be ingested as poisoning cases are most severe when the plants are eaten. This is especially true when hellebores are eaten in large quantities. Symptoms of ingestion include: burning of the mouth and throat, salivation,
3048:
To treat the infected plant, the first step is to remove infected and dying leaves, buds, and flowers immediately along with any other dead plant materials around the hellebore. The next step is to reduce the humidity around the plant by improving the ventilation and ensuring the plants are not
3107:, but all hellebores are susceptible to the disease. The most effective method of treatment against black death is to dig up and destroy all infected plants immediately. Many viruses are not transmitted through seeds, so it is possible to raise new disease resistant plants this way.
3387:
do not contain the cardiotoxic compounds helleborin, hellebrin, and helleborein that are responsible for the lethal reputation of "black hellebore". It seems that earlier studies may have used a commercial preparation containing a mixture of material from other species such as
4567:
Shiraishi, Takuya; Hoshi, Hideo; Eimori, Koki; Kawanishi, Takeshi; Komatsu, Ken; Hashimoto, Masayoshi; Maejima, Kensaku; Yamaji, Yasuyuki; Namba, Shigetou (July 2011). "First report of
Helleborus net necrosis virus isolated from hellebores with black death syndrome in Japan".
3284:
All helleborus plants are toxic, and all parts of the helleborus plant are toxic. Hellebore poisoning is rare, but it does occur. Hellebore plants are usually left alone by animals such as deer and rabbits because the leaves of the plant produce poisonous
4536:"Morphological and Genetic Analyses of Hellebore Leaf Spot Disease Isolates from Different Geographic Origins Show Low Variability and Reveal Molecular Evidence for Reclassification into Didymellaceae: Variability of Hellebore Leaf Spot Disease"
531:, give its common name, the area of distribution, an image if available and the meaning of the scientific name. The cladogram shows the relationship between the different species determined with microbiological methods by Meiners et al. (2011).
2577:
flower ages it usually becomes greener inside and out; individual flowers often remain on the plant for a month or more. The inner surface of each sepal may be marked with veins, or dotted or blotched with pink, red or purple. "
3015:
Aphid infestations can be controlled through persistent squashing of the aphids manually or by using insecticides. It is not recommended to spray flowering hellebores as it may harm the non-aphid pollinating insects.
3503:
in 585 BC, hellebore was reportedly used by the Greek besiegers to poison the city's water supply. The defenders were subsequently so weakened by diarrhea that they were unable to defend the city from assault.
5148:
4684:
3560:
4483:
Valenzuela, Isabel; Carver, Mary; Malipatil, Mallik B; Ridland, Peter M (May 2009). "Occurrence of
Macrosiphum hellebori Theobald & Walton (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australia".
3095:
2596:
hellebores provide a very interesting variation to the standard hellebore. They are generally easy to maintain and share the same planting conditions as the standard hellebore.
4137:
Werner, Klaus; Ebel, Friedrich (June 1994). "Zur
Lebensgeschichte der Gattung Helleborus L. (Ranunculaceae)" [Life history of the genus Hellehorus L. (Ranunculaceae)].
4999:
2581:" flowers, whose pale-coloured sepals have narrow margins of a darker colour, are much sought-after, as are those with dark nectaries which contrast with the outer sepals.
3186:. Also of value is their shade tolerance. Many species of hellebore have green or greenish-purple flowers and are of limited garden value, although Corsican hellebore (
5033:
Herrera, C. M. (1 September 2005). "Post-floral perianth functionality: contribution of persistent sepals to seed development in
Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae)".
3626:
2512:
2468:
1391:
444:. The sepals do not fall as petals would, but remain on the plant, sometimes for many months. The persistence of the sepals may contribute to the development of the
3635:
3178:
5a to 8b gardens for decorative purposes. They are particularly valued by gardeners for their winter and early spring flowering period; the plants are surprisingly
5144:
The
National Collection of Hellebore species and hybrids, Hazles Cross Farm Nursery (Staffordshire, UK) contains all known species plus hundreds of garden hybrids
3060:
2341:
3739:
2979:
2454:
2429:
2282:
2261:
2233:
2216:
1128:
935:
907:
824:
3550:
2490:
2482:
2268:
2254:
2240:
1423:
1099:
1068:
1004:
3534:
2275:
969:
3787:
3610:
2458:
2360:
1217:
3727:
5164:
3301:
vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nervous symptoms, and possibly depression. Consuming large quantities of hellebore plants can be fatal. Toxic
3289:, making them distasteful to animals. The poisonous alkaloids have been known to sometimes bother gardeners with sensitive skin. It was used in the
3200:), which has drooping clusters of small, pale green, bell-shaped flowers, often edged with maroon, which contrasts with its dark evergreen foliage.
4688:
3076:
and flowers can also be infected, but the disease is primarily seen in the leaves. The symptoms become visible in the spring and worsen with time.
2228:
These species have basal leaves. They have no true leaves on their flower stalks (although there are leafy bracts where the flower stalks branch).
3450:
Despite its toxicity, "black hellebore" was used by the Greek and Romans to treat paralysis, gout and other diseases, more particularly insanity.
5372:
5169:
4106:
Meiners, Julia; Debener, Thomas; Schweizer, Guenther; Winkelmann, Traud (February 2011). "Analysis of the taxonomic subdivision within the genus
2916:
Distribution maps of 19 species of
Helleborus in Europe and Asia (top) and in southeast Europe (bottom). (Try according the natural distribution)
3103:
but does not always do so. When symptoms are severe, new leaves have limited growth before dying off. The most seriously affected in the UK is
3715:
3703:
5565:
5411:
3655:
3775:
479:
4852:
3204:'Wester Flisk', with red-flushed flowers and flower stalks, is becoming popular, as are more recent selections with golden-yellow foliage.
3691:
3543:
2584:
Recent breeding programmes have also created double-flowered and anemone-centred plants. Ironically, doing this is actually reversing the
4819:
3965:
3242:, and are often known as Lenten hellebores, oriental hellebores, or Lenten roses. They are excellent for bringing early colour to shady
4264:
5447:
4786:
Cary, Bill (24 March 2013). "Hellebores -- deer resistant and made for shade". Gannett Co., Inc. The
Journal News; White Plains, N.Y.
4338:
4312:
4364:
4286:
3763:
5320:
2811:
4164:
Rottensteiner, W. (1 April 2016). "Attempt Of A Morphological
Differentiation Of Helleborus Species In The Northwestern Balkans".
5552:
5385:
5333:
4412:
3172:
4868:
4833:
5138:
4710:
3012:
shoots. As the population grows, the aphids eventually eat the remaining parts of the plant, such as older leaves, for food.
2604:, leaving an apparently single flower, whereas doubles and semi-doubles tend to retain their extra petals after pollination.
4216:
5390:
4200:
4024:
5557:
5102:
5088:
5570:
3465:
rose, due to an old legend that it sprouted in the snow from the tears of a young girl who had no gift to give the
497:
5416:
2592:; it is usually these nectaries which become the extra petals in double, semi-double and anemone-centred flowers.
5359:
3679:
527:
Twenty-two species are recognised and divided into six sections. The table below shows the species of the genus
2987:
that infests the flowers and foliage of hellebore plants. The whitish-green aphids are about 2–4 millimetres (
5644:
5465:
5398:
332:
4749:
3603:
3139:
The symptoms were different from other leaf-spotting hellebore diseases, such as those caused by the fungus
3126:, among other plants. The bacterial disease manifested on hellebore plants in the form of black leaf spots,
3751:
3215:
favourite, bears its pure white flowers (which often age to pink) in the depths of winter; large-flowered
5247:
5242:
5120:
4885:
3577:
3269:
3045:
to help it survive when new host plants are scarce. The spores are spread through the air to new plants.
2754:
420:
or similar. These shifts reflect the developing understanding of Latin plant names in Old English texts.
5312:
5299:
5156:
5460:
3994:
3647:
1479:
66:
3319:
may also occur from handling the hellebore plants without protection. This is typically caused by the
509:
5634:
5426:
5338:
5174:
2827:
3527:
3087:
is to remove and destroy the infected leaves immediately to avoid reinfection the following spring.
3917:
3899:
3871:
3619:
3375:, which has an acrid taste and can cause burning of the eyes, mouth, and throat, oral ulceration,
5452:
5307:
3642:
3188:
3130:
petal, and stem lesions. The most popular ornamental and commercial crop grown in New Zealand is
3118:
2569:
2247:
2183:
1036:
661:
4772:
5639:
5294:
5185:
2667:
2613:
2530:
Other species names (now considered invalid) may be encountered in older literature, including
323:
5377:
3938:
3587:
1446:
5583:
5543:
3273:
3238:(Lenten rose). In the northern hemisphere, they flower in early spring, around the period of
2758:
2475:
2387:
1271:
863:
491:
397:
5439:
54:
5268:
5223:
5132:
4648:
4577:
20:
4342:
4316:
2616:
have also created hybrids between less closely related species. The earliest was probably
1242:
401:
8:
5629:
4805:
4390:
4368:
4290:
3970:
3594:
2964:
summer to the early spring, with heavy attacks leaving the foliage disfigured by spring.
2951:
2945:
2907:
2898:
2194:
583:
373:
4652:
4581:
519:), "food.". It is also possibly from Greek, ἄλκη “fawn”, βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat”).
5496:
5068:
4976:
4951:
4929:
4666:
4593:
3567:
3390:
3064:
is a fungus that causes the most common fungal disease for helleborus species known as
2518:
2497:
2209:
1455:
629:
61:
4907:
4416:
4150:
3853:
5578:
5434:
5255:
5098:
5084:
5060:
5020:
4981:
4552:
4535:
4496:
4196:
4030:
4020:
3804:
3336:
3302:
3243:
462:
413:
4597:
5501:
5260:
5072:
5050:
5042:
4971:
4963:
4670:
4656:
4637:"A bacterial disease of hellebore caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava in New Zealand"
4585:
4547:
4492:
4173:
4146:
4119:
3662:
3500:
3496:, that caused them to run naked through the city, crying, weeping, and screaming.
3290:
3073:
3032:
2715:
2626:
2318:
1328:
720:
652:
269:
206:
5234:
4123:
5528:
5488:
4220:
3477:
3376:
3313:, especially in the leaves and sap, also contribute to symptoms after ingestion.
3220:
2726:
singles, semi-doubles, doubles and anemone-centres), has created hybrids between
2593:
276:
265:
262:
104:
41:
5403:
4967:
4614:
4513:
4462:
4441:
5606:
3416:
3360:
3293:
at the start of the sixth century BC to poison the water supply of the city of
3212:
3175:
347:
147:
91:
24:
4661:
4636:
4635:
Taylor, Robert K.; Romberg, Megan K.; Alexander, Brett J. R. (December 2011).
4589:
4391:"RHS Plant Selector Helleborus × sternii Blackthorn Group AGM / RHS Gardening"
3835:
3192:), a robust plant with pale green, cup-shaped flowers and attractive leathery
3159:
has been reported to also induce symptoms such as leaf rot, leaf blotch, stem
1414:
5623:
5208:
4823:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–236.
4800:
4034:
3489:
3421:
3368:
3324:
3310:
2750:'Briar Rose'). The gardenworthiness of these hybrids has still to be proven.
2707:
983:
960:
474:
457:
272:
178:
137:
5596:
5478:
5064:
4985:
3466:
3141:
2711:
700:
359:
314:
The common name "hellebore" is first attested in 1300s; it originates, via
287:
127:
5143:
5046:
4177:
3008:
predators are around, though they may infest during any time of the year.
1059:
744:
5537:
5346:
5217:
3444:
3432:
3380:
3352:
3340:
3147:
3123:
2601:
885:
607:
393:
377:
3966:"Elleborus in Anglo-Saxon England, 900–1100: Tunsingwyrt and Wodewistle"
2801:
1295:
1027:
995:
5325:
5055:
3402:
In the early days of medicine, two kinds of hellebore were recognized:
3372:
3356:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3122:
is a bacterium that has been claimed to cause disease in hellebores in
2956:
2554:
1090:
790:
408:
had no vernacular Old English translation; by the early 11th century, "
315:
255:
5021:"Heracles Heracles • Facts and Information on the Greek Hero Heracles"
4886:"Vascular Plant Families and Genera - List of Genera in Melanthiaceae"
3511:
killed his children by Megara. His madness was cured using hellebore.
2983:, commonly known as 'Hellebore aphid' or 'greenfly', is a sap-feeding
5351:
5281:
3470:
3462:
3429:
3425:
3348:
3286:
3247:
3183:
3099:
2663:
2585:
514:
502:
484:
433:
355:
259:
5179:
2834:
2819:
19:
For the magazine devoted to British folk horror and the occult, see
5591:
5522:
5473:
5202:
5170:
RHS plant pathology report on 'Hellebore Black Death' disease (pdf)
5127:
4049:
3810:
3508:
3493:
3481:
3436:
3332:
3216:
3160:
3127:
3080:
1316:
303:
117:
5286:
4242:
3842:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 557.
2409:
most of the Lenten hellebores in gardens are now considered to be
5364:
4105:
3440:
3196:, is widely grown. So is the 'stinking hellebore' or setterwort (
3193:
2867:
2662:, first exhibited in 1947, is named after the celebrated British
2578:
1112:
919:
417:
251:
239:
4804:
4482:
4287:"RHS Plant Selector Helleborus argutifolius AGM / RHS Gardening"
2846:(top right) with cross-section; flowers of various specimens of
2588:
process in which hellebores' true petals had been modified into
5115:
4752:. Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
3344:
3294:
3042:
3037:
2883:
2859:
2589:
1500:
N Spain, SW France (France, Germany, Great Britain naturalised)
1183:
441:
389:
351:
5273:
2753:
The following hellebore species and cultivars have gained the
5157:
Hellebores.org: A comprehensive online resource on the genus
4566:
3485:
3250:
3179:
2984:
2887:
2875:
437:
429:
369:", despite botanical associations with poison, madness, etc.
319:
242:
78:
4313:"RHS Plant Selector Helleborus foetidus AGM / RHS Gardening"
2174:
These four species have leaves on their flowering stems (in
227:
4339:"RHS Plant Selector Helleborus lividus AGM / RHS Gardening"
3239:
2863:
737:
Croatia, Slovenia, N Italy, Switzerland, Austria, S Germany
445:
366:
343:
337:
221:
215:
4630:
4628:
3331:
The species historically known as "Black hellebore" cause
5079:
Orphan reference: Graham Rice & Elizabeth Strangman,
4365:"RHS Plant Selector Helleborus niger AGM / RHS Gardening"
2706:) similarly commemorate the noted British nursery owners
2178:
the stems die back each year; it also has basal leaves).
302:, hellebores are not closely related to the rose family (
4950:
Tasca, C.; Rapetti, M.; Carta, M. G.; Fadda, B. (2012).
4609:
4607:
3424:. Although the latter plant is highly toxic, containing
3079:
The small black fruiting bodies which carry the spores,
384:
had varied meanings. Around 900 AD, it was linked with "
4625:
4074:
2710:
and Eric Smith. In recent years, Ashwood Nurseries (of
342:. Although traditionally translated as "plant eaten by
4949:
4634:
2866:. The greatest concentration of species occurs in the
2718:), already well known for its Ashwood Garden Hybrids (
4604:
4478:
4476:
4110:
by nuclear DNA content and genome-wide DNA markers".
3151:
The case in New Zealand is the only reported case of
230:
4952:"Women and Hysteria in the History of Mental Health"
3488:
used hellebore to save the daughters of the king of
3098:(HeNNV), also known as Hellebore black death, is an
224:
218:
5139:
A French hellebore enthusiast's non-commercial site
4956:
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
4508:
4506:
4436:
4434:
212:
209:
4534:Meiners, Julia; Winkelmann, Traud (October 2011).
4473:
818:with/together + flower (3 flowers fused together)
4685:"Nursery owner extols many virtues of hellebores"
4533:
3420:, which belongs to a different plant family, the
3383:, research in the 1970s showed that the roots of
3155:infecting hellebores so far, but in other plants
2223:
1282:Lenten rose, Lenten hellebore, oriental hellebore
5621:
4503:
4431:
3090:
4875:at Google Book Search, accessed 12 January 2009
4859:at Google Book Search, accessed 12 January 2009
4840:at Google Book Search, accessed 12 January 2009
4130:
3666:with fruits and flowers in two different stages
3443:, it is believed to be the "hellebore" used by
3226:The most popular hellebores for garden use are
4457:
4455:
3829:
3827:
3733:Double pink hellebore with darker pink veining
2882:) inhabits a small area on the border between
1288:N Turkey, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia, Caucasus
4930:"February 2013 Plant of the Month: Hellebore"
4163:
4157:
3894:
3892:
3745:Double white hellebore hybrid 'Betty Ranicar'
1083:Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, Austria,
5000:"Hellebore make for an enchanting addiction"
4848:
4846:
4529:
4527:
3134:and its hybrids, of which 90 percent of the
2858:Various species of this genus originated in
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4452:
3824:
3435:(which can cause the fatal birth defect of
5083:, David & Charles/Timber Press (1993)
5081:The Gardener's Guide to Growing Hellebores
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4136:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
3889:
3110:
2048:
1695: sec. helleboastrum
40:
5054:
4975:
4843:
4795:
4793:
4660:
4551:
4524:
3721:Double white hellebore with pink spotting
3709:Double pink hellebore with dark blotching
3052:
522:
283:. Many hellebore species are poisonous.
4799:
4756:
4190:
3833:
3781:Double pink hellebore with dark venation
3359:), and finally, collapse and death from
3219:are available, as are pink-flowered and
2971:
2959:fly digs tunnels into the leaves of the
2833:
2818:
2810:
2800:
2607:
2553:
1472:Austria, N Italy, Switzerland, S Germany
857:two + flower (2 flowers fused together)
23:. For the lake on Vancouver Island, see
5032:
4733:
4092:
3697:Double white and pink picotee hellebore
3173:United States Department of Agriculture
275:, within which it gave its name to the
5622:
4790:
4014:
2932:
2646:, hence the name) first made in 1931.
1656: sec. Syncarpus
432:surrounding a ring of small, cup-like
5184:
5183:
4703:
4184:
3900:"Hellebores' roses of winter - Yates"
3507:In a fit of madness induced by Hera,
2949:is a small fly that infests only the
2922:
2169:
1679: sec. Dicarpon
1188:NE Italy, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro
542:
5427:98c8c696-e1d3-4bbd-b109-47b4672571db
4785:
4265:"Hellebores: Ashwood Garden Hybrids"
4195:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
4017:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
3963:
3872:"Guide to Growing Hellebore Flowers"
3406:, which included various species of
2572:(deliberate and accidental) between
2549:
1052:Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria
4750:"Helleborus niger - Christmas Rose"
3995:"Helleborus niger - Christmas Rose"
3305:occur in the roots. High levels of
3260:='Walhero' (sometimes listed under
3024:
2955:plants in the Hellebore genus. The
2159:Cladogram of evolutionary lines in
1648: Subgenus Helleborastrum
1439:Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro
13:
4570:Journal of General Plant Pathology
4047:
4015:Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981).
1407:Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Romania
913:M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew
14:
5656:
5165:National collection of Hellebores
5108:
4367:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from
4341:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from
4315:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from
4289:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from
1557: sec. Helleborus
1105:M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew
731:Christmas rose or black hellebore
428:The flowers have five petal-like
5126:
5114:
5093:Orphan reference: Brian Mathew,
4806:"Hellebore, citing Codronchius (
4641:Australasian Plant Disease Notes
4553:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01823.x
4497:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00696.x
4485:Australian Journal of Entomology
4050:"Greek-french dictionary online"
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3654:
3634:
3618:
3602:
3586:
3559:
3542:
3526:
2906:
2897:
1534: sec. Griphopus
1478:
1445:
1413:
1327:
1294:
1241:
1089:
1058:
1026:
994:
959:
884:
789:
743:
699:
651:
606:
594:stinking hellebore or setterwort
416:the word, possibly referring to
388:" (various spellings; likely an
205:
65:
5466:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33158-1
5097:, Alpine Garden Society (1989)
5013:
4992:
4943:
4922:
4900:
4878:
4862:
4827:
4779:
4715:Walberton's Rosemary='Walhero'"
4677:
4560:
4405:
4383:
4357:
4331:
4305:
4279:
4257:
4235:
4209:
4067:
4041:
4008:
3171:Hellebores are widely grown in
3166:
2838:Hellebore species and hybrids:
2796:
1573: sec. Chenopus
1519: Subgenus Helleborus
3987:
3978:
3957:
3931:
3910:
3864:
3846:
3207:The so-called Christmas rose (
2968:hellebore's flowering period.
2224:Acaulescent (stemless) species
1466:green hellebore or bear's-foot
543:meaning of the scientific name
423:
1:
4871:Poisoning & Drug Overdose
4836:Poisoning & Drug Overdose
4721:. Royal Horticultural Society
4151:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30578-9
4124:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.12.011
3817:
3769:"Blue-black" double hellebore
3096:Helleborus net necrosis virus
3091:Helleborus net necrosis virus
1342:(A. Braun & Sauer) Mathew
1223:Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
1209:Albania and former Yugoslavia
1074:Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
951:Slovenia, N Croatia, Bosnia,
456:The genus was established by
250:consists of approximately 20
2878:; another atypical species (
338:
309:
7:
4968:10.2174/1745017901208010110
4619:Royal Horticultural Society
4467:Royal Horticultural Society
4191:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
3943:Online Etymology Dictionary
3798:
3578:Jardin des Plantes de Paris
3492:from a madness, induced by
3367:(black hellebore) contains
3279:
3270:Royal Horticultural Society
3230:and its colourful hybrids,
3019:
2939:More commonly known as the
2755:Royal Horticultural Society
2163:from Meiners et al.(2011)
1373:occasionally used for ssp.
1055:green, light green, whitish
451:
10:
5661:
5035:American Journal of Botany
4518:Royal Horticulture Society
4446:Royal Horticulture Society
3834:Linnaeus, Carolus (1753).
3685:Double hellebore, dark red
3671:
3648:Innsbruck Botanical Garden
3519:
3514:
3453:
2927:
508:
496:
478:
327:
18:
5512:
5192:
4662:10.1007/s13314-011-0010-1
4590:10.1007/s10327-011-0321-2
4540:Journal of Phytopathology
3854:"Definition of HELLEBORE"
2828:New York Botanical Garden
2738:'Pink Ice'), and between
2068:
2043:
2018:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1957:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1869:
1854:
1847:
1822:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1726:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1673:
1658:
1650:
1597:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1551:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1238:green bis yellowish-green
900:
892:
856:
848:
817:
809:
805:
797:
713:
707:
622:
614:
576:
568:
564:
556:
190:
185:
62:Scientific classification
60:
48:
39:
34:
4075:"hellebore - Wiktionary"
3182:-resistant and many are
2870:. One atypical species (
1366:H. caucasicus, H. kochii
894:VI. sect. Helleborastrum
49:19th c. illustration of
4855:Toxicity of Houseplants
4820:Encyclopædia Britannica
4773:"Helleborus orientalis"
4615:"Hellebore black death"
4193:RHS Latin for Gardeners
3858:www.merriam-webster.com
3757:Yellow double hellebore
3643:Helleborus argutifolius
3461:is commonly called the
3397:
3119:Pseudomonas viridiflava
3112:Pseudomonas viridiflava
2513:Helleborus occidentalis
2469:Helleborus purpurascens
2248:Helleborus cyclophyllus
2184:Helleborus argutifolius
1392:Helleborus purpurascens
1164:Montenegro, Hercegovina
1117:Italy (Ligura, Tuscany)
1037:Helleborus cyclophyllus
901:hellebore + resembling
799:Subgenus Helleborastrum
662:Helleborus argutifolius
603:green, commonly red rim
489:), the common name for
4775:. NC State University.
4442:"Hellebore leaf miner"
4413:"About the Helleborus"
4267:. Ashwoodnurseries.com
4245:. ashwoodnurseries.com
4243:"ashwoodnurseries.com"
4166:Modern Phytomorphology
4112:Scientia Horticulturae
3945:. Douglas Harper. 2001
3061:Coniothyrium hellebori
3054:Coniothyrium hellebori
2855:
2831:
2816:
2808:
2566:
1436:adorned with a necklet
1291:white, yellowish, pink
1233:S- and SE Europe with
523:Species and subspecies
473:could derive from the
404:seemed to assert that
5047:10.3732/ajb.92.9.1486
4910:. merriam-webster.com
4853:Smolinske, Susan C.,
4178:10.5281/zenodo.159701
3964:Hall, Alaric (2013).
3274:Award of Garden Merit
2980:Macrosiphum hellebori
2973:Macrosiphum hellebori
2874:) comes from western
2837:
2822:
2814:
2806:Helleborus thibetanus
2804:
2759:Award of Garden Merit
2608:Interspecific hybrids
2557:
2476:Helleborus thibetanus
2446:Helleborus orientalis
2437:Helleborus orientalis
2421:Helleborus orientalis
2388:Helleborus orientalis
2307:Helleborus multifidus
2298:Helleborus multifidus
2289:Helleborus multifidus
2283:Helleborus multifidus
2262:Helleborus abruzzicus
2234:Helleborus atrorubens
2217:Helleborus vesicarius
2023:
1874:
1272:Helleborus orientalis
1129:Helleborus multifidus
936:Helleborus atrorubens
908:Helleborus abruzzicus
864:Helleborus thibetanus
825:Helleborus vesicarius
709:III. sect. Helleborus
460:in volume one of his
398:Old English Herbarium
5645:Ranunculaceae genera
5123:at Wikimedia Commons
4810:, 1610), Castellus (
3258:Walberton's Rosemary
3189:H. argutifolius
3163:and blossom blight.
3066:Hellebore black spot
2941:Hellebore leaf miner
2656:H. argutifolius
2632:H. argutifolius
2491:Helleborus torquatus
2269:Helleborus liguricus
2255:Helleborus dumetorum
2241:Helleborus croaticus
1424:Helleborus torquatus
1235:focus at the Balkans
1143:Croatia, Herzegovina
1100:Helleborus liguricus
1069:Helleborus dumetorum
1005:Helleborus croaticus
642:lead colored, bluish
573:Spach em. Schiffner
469:The scientific name
21:Hellebore (magazine)
4653:2011AuPDN...6...28T
4582:2011JGPP...77..269S
4345:on 18 December 2019
4293:on 18 December 2019
4217:"Double Hellebores"
4019:. Paris: Hachette.
3971:University of Leeds
3860:. 24 February 2024.
3535:Helleborus bocconei
3394:, green hellebore.
3157:P. viridiflava
3153:P. viridiflava
2946:Phytomyza hellebori
2934:Phytomyza hellebori
2854:, including doubles
2627:H. niger
2276:Helleborus bocconei
2195:Helleborus foetidus
1397:Waldst. & Kit.
970:Helleborus bocconei
941:Waldst. & Kit.
839:SE Turkey, NW Syria
811:IV. sect. Syncarpus
584:Helleborus foetidus
549:Color of the flower
507:, "to injure") and
495:, constructed from
436:which are actually
374:Anglo-Saxon England
4808:Comm.... de elleb.
4371:on 8 December 2013
4319:on 4 February 2012
3568:Helleborus lividus
3391:Helleborus viridis
3339:, stupor, thirst,
3303:cardiac glycosides
3246:and areas between
3244:herbaceous borders
3228:H. orientalis
3136:H. orientalis
3132:H. orientalis
3105:H. orientalis
3036:or grey mold is a
2923:Pests and diseases
2880:H. vesicarius
2872:H. thibetanus
2856:
2840:Helleborus viridis
2832:
2817:
2809:
2792:'Blackthorn Group'
2744:H. vesicarius
2732:H. thibetanus
2654:, a cross between
2624:, a cross between
2567:
2498:Helleborus viridis
2401:oriental hellebore
2210:Helleborus lividus
2200:stinking hellebore
2189:Corsican hellebore
2170:Caulescent species
1456:Helleborus viridis
1206:multiple segmented
1140:multiple segmented
686:(BRIQ.) P. FOURN.
672:Corsican hellebore
630:Helleborus lividus
616:II. sect. Chenopus
570:I. sect. Griphopus
492:H. orientalis
350:and, according to
322:, ultimately from
199:Commonly known as
55:Otto Wilhelm Thomé
5617:
5616:
5579:Open Tree of Life
5435:Open Tree of Life
5186:Taxon identifiers
5119:Media related to
4812:De helleb. epist.
4463:"Hellebore Aphid"
4393:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
4079:en.wiktionary.org
4054:www.tabularium.be
4048:Bailly, Anatole.
3840:Species Plantarum
3805:Christmas flowers
3554:(Hecken-Nieswurz)
3253:and under trees.
3211:), a traditional
3145:and the bacteria
2961:H. foetidus.
2824:Helleborus odorus
2550:Hellebore hybrids
2376:Helleborus odorus
2367:Helleborus odorus
2361:Helleborus odorus
2167:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2057:
2056:
2032:
2031:
1971:
1970:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1836:
1835:
1739:
1738:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1509:
1508:
1461:
1430:
1398:
1343:
1310:
1309:(A. Braun) Mathew
1279:
1256:
1224:
1218:Helleborus odorus
1135:
1106:
1075:
1043:
1042:(A.Braun) Boiss.
1011:
976:
953:former Yugoslavia
942:
927:whitish, greenish
914:
898:
869:
854:
850:V. sect. Dicarpon
831:
830:Aucher ex Boiss.
815:
803:
786:white, later pink
777:
764:white, later pink
740:white, later pink
726:
693:Corsica, Sardinia
687:
680:
667:
635:
620:
589:
574:
546:Distribution area
463:Species Plantarum
440:modified to hold
402:Ælfric of Eynsham
346:", this could be
336:
197:
196:
181:
163:
5652:
5635:Christmas plants
5610:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5586:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5505:
5504:
5492:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5455:
5443:
5442:
5430:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5407:
5406:
5404:NHMSYS0000459284
5394:
5393:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5342:
5341:
5329:
5328:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5251:
5250:
5238:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5181:
5180:
5149:Flora Europaea:
5131:Data related to
5130:
5118:
5076:
5058:
5041:(9): 1486–1491.
5025:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4882:
4876:
4866:
4860:
4850:
4841:
4834:Olson, Kent R.,
4831:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4687:. Archived from
4681:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4611:
4602:
4601:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4415:. Archived from
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4219:. Archived from
4213:
4207:
4206:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4172:(Suppl): 17–33.
4161:
4155:
4154:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3939:"hellebore (n.)"
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3918:"Christmas Rose"
3914:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3658:
3638:
3622:
3606:
3590:
3563:
3546:
3530:
3447:as a purgative.
3365:Helleborus niger
3355:(slowing of the
3291:First Sacred War
3259:
3202:H. foetidus
3198:H. foetidus
3033:Botrytis cinerea
3026:Botrytis cinerea
3006:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2952:H. foetidus
2910:
2901:
2716:English Midlands
2644:H. corsicus
2397:Lenten hellebore
2349:Helleborus niger
2333:Helleborus niger
2319:Helleborus niger
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1850:
1849:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1676:
1675:
1653:
1652:
1578:
1577:
1554:
1553:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1459:
1449:
1428:
1417:
1396:
1341:
1331:
1308:
1298:
1275:
1254:
1245:
1222:
1161:from Herzegovina
1133:
1104:
1093:
1073:
1062:
1041:
1030:
1009:
998:
974:
963:
940:
912:
896:
888:
867:
852:
829:
813:
801:
793:
775:
747:
724:
721:Helleborus niger
703:
685:
678:
665:
655:
633:
618:
610:
587:
572:
534:
533:
518:
512:
506:
500:
488:
482:
341:
331:
329:
266:flowering plants
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
177:
161:
70:
69:
51:Helleborus niger
44:
32:
31:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5605:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5582:
5577:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5508:
5500:
5495:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5433:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5402:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5376:
5371:
5363:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5272:
5267:
5259:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5188:
5111:
5029:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:Olson, Kent R,
4867:
4863:
4851:
4844:
4832:
4828:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4633:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4565:
4561:
4546:(10): 665–675.
4532:
4525:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4481:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4419:on 24 July 2014
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4189:
4185:
4162:
4158:
4135:
4131:
4104:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4042:
4027:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3904:www.yates.co.nz
3898:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3801:
3794:
3793:Seed pods swell
3791:
3782:
3779:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3734:
3731:
3722:
3719:
3710:
3707:
3698:
3695:
3686:
3683:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3650:
3639:
3630:
3627:H. purpurascens
3623:
3614:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3564:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3517:
3501:Siege of Kirrha
3478:Greek mythology
3456:
3414:, now known as
3412:white hellebore
3404:black hellebore
3400:
3377:gastroenteritis
3282:
3257:
3221:double-flowered
3176:hardiness zones
3169:
3115:
3093:
3057:
3029:
3022:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2815:Seed pods swell
2799:
2766:H. argutifolius
2684:H. lividus
2668:Frederick Stern
2660:H. lividus
2636:H. lividus
2610:
2594:Double-flowered
2552:
2540:H. ranunculinus
2503:green hellebore
2328:black hellebore
2226:
2172:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2058:
2033:
2006:H. cyclophyllus
1972:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1857:H. hercegovinus
1837:
1740:
1729:H. purpurascens
1639:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1585:H. argutifolius
1491:
1462:
1427:
1395:
1340:
1307:
1277:
1234:
1221:
1132:
1103:
1072:
1040:
1008:
988:S Italy, Sicily
973:
956:reddish, purple
952:
939:
911:
870:
828:
727:
711:
673:
668:
636:
590:
577:gryphon + foot
525:
454:
426:
312:
208:
204:
176:
160:
64:
28:
17:
16:Genus of plants
12:
11:
5:
5658:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5588:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5534:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:wfo-4000017279
5493:
5483:
5470:
5457:
5444:
5431:
5421:
5408:
5395:
5382:
5369:
5356:
5343:
5330:
5317:
5304:
5291:
5278:
5265:
5252:
5239:
5229:
5214:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:at Wikispecies
5124:
5110:
5109:External links
5107:
5106:
5105:
5091:
5077:
5027:
5026:
5012:
4991:
4942:
4921:
4899:
4877:
4861:
4842:
4826:
4814:, 1622)"
4803:, ed. (1911).
4801:Chisholm, Hugh
4789:
4778:
4755:
4732:
4702:
4691:on 28 May 2014
4676:
4624:
4603:
4576:(4): 269–272.
4559:
4523:
4502:
4491:(2): 125–129.
4472:
4451:
4430:
4404:
4382:
4356:
4330:
4304:
4278:
4256:
4234:
4223:on 11 May 2008
4208:
4202:978-1845337315
4201:
4183:
4156:
4129:
4091:
4066:
4040:
4026:978-2010035289
4025:
4007:
3986:
3977:
3956:
3930:
3909:
3888:
3863:
3845:
3836:"Tomus I"
3822:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3455:
3452:
3417:Veratrum album
3399:
3396:
3361:cardiac arrest
3281:
3278:
3268:) has won the
3213:cottage garden
3168:
3165:
3114:
3109:
3092:
3089:
3056:
3051:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3018:
2975:
2970:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2612:Gardeners and
2609:
2606:
2551:
2548:
2536:H. polychromus
2528:
2527:
2509:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2443:
2434:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2342:H. niger major
2324:Christmas rose
2315:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:. occidentalis
1484:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:green to white
1118:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:green to white
1084:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:reddish violet
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
986:
980:
978:
965:
964:
957:
954:
949:
946:
944:
931:
930:
928:
925:
922:
917:
915:
903:
902:
899:
890:
889:
882:
879:
876:
874:
872:
859:
858:
855:
846:
845:
843:
840:
837:
835:
833:
820:
819:
816:
807:
806:
804:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
780:
778:
768:
767:
765:
762:
760:
758:
756:
749:
748:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
716:
715:
712:
705:
704:
697:
694:
691:
688:
670:
657:
656:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
625:
624:
621:
612:
611:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
579:
578:
575:
566:
565:
563:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
524:
521:
453:
450:
425:
422:
412:" was used to
348:folk etymology
311:
308:
296:Christmas rose
195:
194:
188:
187:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
148:Ranunculoideae
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
25:Hellebore Lake
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5657:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Garden plants
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5175:Growing Guide
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5103:0-900048-50-6
5100:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:0-7153-9973-X
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4931:
4925:
4909:
4903:
4887:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4782:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4392:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4266:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4145:(2): 97–130.
4144:
4141:(in German).
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3919:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:Melanthiaceae
3419:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:H. niger
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:protoanemonin
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3325:protoanemonin
3322:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:protoanemonin
3308:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:The cultivar
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3049:overcrowded.
3046:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3017:
3013:
3009:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:H. niger
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:H. niger
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:Helen Ballard
2705:
2701:
2698:crossed with
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:crossed with
2681:
2680:H. niger
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:H. orientalis
2571:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:H. caucasicus
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:H. abchasicus
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:H. vesicarius
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:H. orientalis
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:H. atrorubens
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:H. abruzzicus
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:H. multifidus
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:H. thibetanus
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:H. vesicarius
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:from the west
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:green, violet
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:violet, brown
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1370:from the east
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:pink, reddish
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:from the east
1284:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:Circle, leafs
1048:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
987:
985:
984:Paolo Boccone
981:
979:
972:
971:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
950:
947:
945:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
910:
909:
905:
904:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
875:
873:
866:
865:
861:
860:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
834:
827:
826:
822:
821:
812:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
783:
781:
779:
774:
770:
769:
766:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
751:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
723:
722:
718:
717:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
684:
677:
671:
664:
663:
659:
658:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:goose + foot
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
600:SW – M Europe
599:
596:
593:
586:
585:
581:
580:
571:
567:
562:
561:
555:
551:
548:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
530:
520:
517:
511:
505:
499:
494:
493:
487:
481:
476:
475:Ancient Greek
472:
467:
465:
464:
459:
458:Carl Linnaeus
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
365:to the word "
364:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
334:
325:
324:Ancient Greek
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:Ranunculaceae
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
244:
241:
235:
202:
193:
189:
184:
180:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:Ranunculaceae
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5513:
5193:
5158:
5150:
5094:
5080:
5038:
5034:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4994:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4933:. Retrieved
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4880:
4870:
4864:
4854:
4835:
4829:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4781:
4723:. Retrieved
4718:
4712:
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4689:the original
4679:
4647:(1): 28–29.
4644:
4640:
4618:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4543:
4539:
4517:
4514:"Grey Mould"
4488:
4484:
4466:
4445:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:the original
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4369:the original
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4343:the original
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4317:the original
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:the original
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:the original
4211:
4192:
4186:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4118:(1): 38–47.
4115:
4111:
4107:
4082:. Retrieved
4078:
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:
4043:
4016:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3989:
3984:Herrera 2005
3980:
3969:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3942:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3912:
3903:
3879:. Retrieved
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3809:
3661:
3641:
3625:
3609:
3593:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3551:H. dumetorum
3549:
3533:
3506:
3498:
3475:
3467:Christ Child
3458:
3457:
3449:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3364:
3347:(vomiting),
3330:
3315:
3299:
3283:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3223:selections.
3208:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3170:
3167:Horticulture
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:Coniothyrium
3140:
3135:
3131:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3085:C. hellebori
3084:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3014:
3010:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2879:
2871:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:(top left);
2839:
2823:
2805:
2797:Distribution
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:Kingswinford
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2598:
2586:evolutionary
2583:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2544:H. trifolius
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2524:occidentalis
2523:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:H. chinensis
2480:
2474:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:hercegovinus
2292:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2160:
2070:
2069:
2045:
2044:
2021:H. torquatus
2020:
2019:
2005:
2004:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1872:H. liguricus
1871:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1808:
1774:H. croaticus
1773:
1772:
1728:
1727:
1714:H. dumetorum
1713:
1712:
1683:
1682:
1660:
1659:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1583:
1561:
1560:
1538:
1537:
1488:
1454:
1422:
1404:purple / red
1390:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1337:
1304:
1270:
1251:
1216:
1199:
1175:
1167:yellow-green
1155:hercegovinus
1154:
1127:
1098:
1067:
1035:
1017:from Croatia
1003:
968:
934:
924:middle Italy
906:
893:
862:
849:
823:
810:
798:
772:
753:
719:
708:
696:green, white
690:sharp-leafed
682:
675:
660:
628:
615:
582:
569:
559:
557:
528:
526:
515:
503:
490:
485:
470:
468:
461:
455:
427:
409:
405:
385:
381:
371:
360:
358:word. It is
313:
299:
295:
291:
288:common names
285:
280:
246:
245:
200:
198:
191:
172:
171:
157:
128:Ranunculales
111:
98:
85:
50:
29:
5544:Helleboreae
5538:Wikispecies
5514:Helleboreae
5347:iNaturalist
5218:Wikispecies
5056:10261/40233
4962:: 110–119.
4908:"hellebore"
4888:. mobot.org
4857:, pp38, 153
4719:www.rhs.org
3949:5 September
3595:H. foetidus
3499:During the
3445:Hippocrates
3433:cyclopamine
3381:hematemesis
3363:. Although
3353:bradycardia
3341:anaphylaxis
3148:Xanthomonas
3124:New Zealand
2844:H. foetidus
2771:H. foetidus
2692:ericsmithii
2570:Hybridising
2565:in a garden
2532:H. hyemalis
2507:bear's-foot
2393:Lenten rose
1539:H. foetidus
1429:Archer-Hind
714:snow, rose
540:Common name
424:Description
394:wild garlic
386:tunsingwyrt
378:Anglo-Latin
354:, really a
300:Lenten rose
292:winter rose
281:Helleboreae
158:Helleboreae
144:Subfamily:
105:Angiosperms
5630:Helleborus
5624:Categories
5224:Helleborus
5194:Helleborus
5159:Helleborus
5151:Helleborus
5133:Helleborus
5121:Helleborus
5095:Hellebores
4892:21 October
4713:Helleborus
4108:Helleborus
3818:References
3430:teratogens
3408:Helleborus
3373:ranunculin
3357:heart rate
3321:ranunculin
3317:Dermatitis
3307:ranunculin
2957:leaf miner
2776:H. lividus
2676:ballardiae
2634:(formerly
2614:nurserymen
2602:pollinated
2519:H. viridis
2516:(formerly
2450:orientalis
2425:abchasicus
2337:macranthus
2311:multifidus
2204:setterwort
2161:Helleborus
1960:H. viridis
1600:H. lividus
1379:abchasicus
1361:orientalis
1305:abchasicus
1200:multifidus
1020:NE Croatia
754:macranthus
676:H. lividus
560:Helleborus
529:Helleborus
486:helléboros
471:Helleborus
410:wodewistle
339:helléboros
316:Old French
256:herbaceous
247:Helleborus
201:hellebores
173:Helleborus
35:Hellebore
5529:Q18667571
4227:9 October
4059:6 January
4035:461974285
3611:H. odorus
3471:Bethlehem
3463:Christmas
3426:veratrine
3349:catharsis
3287:alkaloids
3248:deciduous
3217:cultivars
3184:evergreen
3100:RNA virus
3070:leaf spot
2664:plantsman
2622:nigercors
2590:nectaries
2459:H. kochii
2302:istriacus
2071:H. odorus
1176:istriacus
982:Botanist
948:dark, red
619:Schiffner
558:Subgenus
480:ἑλλέβορος
466:in 1753.
434:nectaries
406:elleborus
396:) in the
382:elleborus
356:Pre-Greek
333:romanized
328:ἑλλέβορος
310:Etymology
263:perennial
260:evergreen
192:See text
75:Kingdom:
5604:VASCAN:
5597:50200632
5592:Tropicos
5523:Wikidata
5486:VASCAN:
5479:40022998
5474:Tropicos
5203:Wikidata
5065:21646166
4986:23115576
4725:6 August
4598:29088363
4397:2 August
4375:2 August
4349:2 August
4323:2 August
4297:2 August
4271:2 August
4249:2 August
3876:Lifehack
3811:Veratrum
3799:See also
3663:H. niger
3573:corsicus
3509:Heracles
3494:Dionysus
3482:Melampus
3459:H. niger
3437:cyclopia
3428:and the
3333:tinnitus
3280:Toxicity
3266:hybridus
3236:hybridus
3209:H. niger
3161:necrosis
3128:necrosis
3081:pycnidia
3074:Petioles
3020:Diseases
2852:hybridus
2781:H. niger
2746:(called
2734:(called
2724:hybridus
2696:H. niger
2640:corsicus
2563:hybridus
2441:guttatus
2415:hybridus
1562:H. niger
1338:guttatus
1317:Abchasia
1010:Martinis
868:Franch.
814:Schiffer
802:(Spach)
683:corsicus
597:stinking
452:Taxonomy
392:such as
304:Rosaceae
290:such as
286:Despite
240:Eurasian
186:Species
134:Family:
118:Eudicots
5584:5494512
5571:1463142
5378:1035308
5365:33158-1
5326:2741682
5209:Q147289
5073:9062980
5005:18 June
4977:3480686
4914:18 June
4671:7467719
4649:Bibcode
4578:Bibcode
4423:18 July
4084:2 March
3923:18 June
3881:15 June
3672:Hybrids
3520:Species
3515:Gallery
3454:Culture
3441:jervine
3337:vertigo
3194:foliage
3002:⁄
2992:⁄
2928:Insects
2868:Balkans
2790:sternii
2714:in the
2704:sternii
2652:sternii
2638:subsp.
2579:Picotee
2522:subsp.
2448:subsp.
2439:subsp.
2423:subsp.
2378:subsp.
2369:subsp.
2351:subsp.
2335:subsp.
2309:subsp.
2300:subsp.
2291:subsp.
1383:reddish
1375:gutatus
1359:subsp.
1336:subsp.
1321:Georgia
1303:subsp.
1261:odorant
1250:subsp.
1230:odorant
1198:subsp.
1174:subsp.
1153:subsp.
1113:Liguria
920:Abruzzo
853:Ulbrich
771:subsp.
752:subsp.
681:subsp.
645:Majorca
418:hemlock
363:related
335::
268:in the
252:species
238:), the
168:Genus:
154:Tribe:
124:Order:
79:Plantae
5448:PLANTS
5440:170550
5424:NZOR:
5313:114930
5300:114930
5248:179580
5235:191302
5232:APDB:
5101:
5087:
5071:
5063:
4984:
4974:
4935:9 June
4873:, p309
4838:, p312
4695:28 May
4669:
4596:
4199:
4033:
4023:
4000:9 June
3439:) and
3410:, and
3379:, and
3345:emesis
3295:Kirrha
3251:shrubs
3043:spores
3038:fungal
2884:Turkey
2860:Europe
2686:) and
2452:(syn.
2427:(syn.
2380:odorus
2339:(syn.
1348:dotted
1252:odorus
1184:Istria
674:often
552:Image
504:heleîn
442:nectar
438:petals
430:sepals
390:allium
376:, the
352:Beekes
298:, and
270:family
5489:28714
5453:HELLE
5417:46995
5391:18776
5373:IRMNG
5352:55842
5287:1HLLG
5274:59567
5261:62VCT
5069:S2CID
4667:S2CID
4594:S2CID
4139:Flora
3571:ssp.
3490:Argos
3486:Pylos
3180:frost
2985:aphid
2888:Syria
2876:China
2371:laxus
2353:niger
1503:green
1487:subsp
1475:green
1469:green
1315:from
1276:Lam.
1191:green
1182:from
1146:green
1134:Vis.
1111:from
991:white
975:Ten.
897:Spach
878:China
773:niger
734:black
679:Aiton
666:Viv.
648:green
634:Aiton
498:ἑλεῖν
477:word
446:seeds
414:gloss
380:word
344:fawns
320:Latin
277:tribe
243:genus
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
53:, by
5566:NCBI
5558:1590
5553:GRIN
5461:POWO
5412:NCBI
5386:ITIS
5360:IPNI
5339:5499
5334:GRIN
5321:GBIF
5282:EPPO
5243:BOLD
5099:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5061:PMID
5007:2014
4982:PMID
4937:2014
4916:2014
4894:2010
4727:2020
4697:2014
4425:2014
4399:2012
4377:2012
4351:2012
4325:2012
4299:2012
4273:2012
4251:2012
4229:2007
4197:ISBN
4086:2021
4061:2018
4031:OCLC
4021:ISBN
4002:2014
3951:2024
3925:2014
3883:2023
3398:Uses
3323:and
3309:and
3240:Lent
2886:and
2864:Asia
2862:and
2826:(at
2742:and
2730:and
2666:Sir
2658:and
2630:and
2479:(syn
2406:N.B.
1492:1869
1463:1753
1431:1884
1399:1802
1278:1789
1225:1809
1076:1809
1044:1867
1012:1973
977:1823
943:1812
881:pink
871:1885
832:1841
728:1753
669:1824
637:1789
591:1753
537:Name
516:borá
510:βορά
367:hell
318:and
5607:482
5497:WFO
5399:NBN
5308:FoC
5295:FNA
5269:EoL
5256:CoL
5051:hdl
5043:doi
4972:PMC
4964:doi
4657:doi
4586:doi
4548:doi
4544:159
4493:doi
4174:doi
4147:doi
4143:189
4120:doi
4116:128
3484:of
3476:In
3469:in
3371:or
3272:'s
3068:or
2757:'s
2642:or
2505:or
2326:or
2202:or
1460:L.
1255:L.
842:red
776:L.
725:L.
588:L.
372:In
361:not
306:).
279:of
258:or
254:of
228:ɔːr
162:DC.
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4980:.
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4958:.
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3335:,
3297:.
3276:.
3264:×
3262:H.
3234:×
3232:H.
3004:32
2994:32
2943:,
2890:.
2850:×
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2788:×
2786:H.
2761::
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2736:H.
2722:×
2720:H.
2702:×
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2690:×
2688:H.
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2670:.
2650:×
2648:H.
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2413:×
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