928:
moon was passing by closer to the earth, its motion would seem faster and it would look larger (because it was closer); otherwise, it would appear slower and smaller. The notion of an epicycle was to say that there was a circle of rotation around the earth, but to reject the idea that the rotating body itself would be placed on that circle. Instead, a smaller rotating circle would be placed on the larger circle rotating around the earth, and this smaller circle is called a deferent. The body itself rotates around the circle of the deferent, meanwhile the deferent as a whole would be rotating around the earth. This would also enable an observer from the earth to observe an irregular motion on the part of the astral body.
547:
model of the solar system was proposed, and, for the first time, explanations for planetary observations were posited in the form of geometric theories. The two-sphere model posits that heaven and earth are a pair of concentric spheres. That is to say, that both heaven and earth are conceived of as a sphere which have the same center. In this way, they resemble the structure of an (conceptually spherical) egg, with an outer sphere (the heaven) encompassing an inner sphere (the earth). The outer, celestial sphere contains the fixed stars as well as the sun, moon, and planets moving along its surface. The inner terrestrial sphere is fixed in the center. Out of this arises the concept of a "
39:
932:
introduced to the model, such as the planets, it became more complex. The models for
Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars included the center of the circle, the equant point, the epicycle, and an observer from earth to give perspective. The discovery of this model was that the center of the Mercury and Venus epicycles must always be colinear with the Sun. This assures of bounded elongation. Bounded elongation is the angular distance of celestial bodies from the center of the universe. Ptolemy's model of the
579:
6618:
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993:. His exposition of the Almagest displayed, unlike his predecessors, a detailed grasp of the technical details of Ptolemy's work. Though Proclus criticized some elements of the Almagest, such as its suggestion of the existence of epicycles, he and future Neoplatonists believed astronomy was essential to theology and continued to read Ptolemy's works. Students and successors of Proclus to continue working in the tradition of the Almagest included
6638:
1025:
3728:
752:; no indications of such knowledge of Babylonian astronomy exists for previous Greek authors. It is not known how he had access to this information and it is likely that knowledge of Babylonian astronomy among the successors of Hipparchus in later eras, such as Ptolemy, relied on Hipparchus for their information of it. Hipparchus' observations allowed him to discover that the
214:
448:(270 BC), is the primary source for his work on this subject. The seventh and eighth books of the Almagest would constitute a star catalogue of the names, positions, and magnitudes of over a thousand stars that Ptolemy placed into the traditional classification of 48 constellations. The most important of these were the twelve constellations that defined the
503:, the idea that the Earth was at the center of the solar system (or even cosmos) and that the other heavenly bodies, including the sun, moon, and the planets revolved around it, was dominant in ancient Greece and ancient cosmographical systems more generally. However, various alternatives appeared at one time or another. For example, the
707:
in the 2nd century AD. This model allowed for theory to account for changes in the distance between the earth and other astral bodies. However, while
Apollonius is often credited with developing this theory, some think that the evidence for this is tenuous. Some evidence may tie in an earlier author,
663:
of
Aristotle, produced in the 6th century AD. Eudoxus' model attempted to explain the planetary motions being observed. The key means by which it did so was by saying the fixed stars were moved along one rotating sphere, whereas each of the planets moved along several nested rotated spheres each with
546:
were both active in astronomical thought in the first half of the fourth century BC, and with them came a decisive shift in Greek astronomy. The work of these two figures represents a shift from earlier stellar concerns, focusing on the study of the stars, to the study of the planet. A new two-sphere
927:
to explain this phenomenon. The eccentric is the posit that the observer is not located at the center of rotation. Therefore, if the earth were not, for example, at the center of the rotation of the earth, the moon would appear to have a nonuniform motion to an observation from the earth: when the
931:
Eccentrics and epicycles are the two main tools of
Ptolemaic astronomy, and Ptolemy demonstrated that the two were closely related. In the case of the sun, Ptolemy understood that its motion could be predicted either by an eccentric or by an epicycle. Once celestial bodies other than the sun were
936:
and his studies landed him an important place in history in the development of modern-day science. In the
Ptolemaic system, the Earth was at the center of the universe with the Moon, the Sun, and five planets circling it. The circle of fixed stars marked the outermost sphere of the universe and
918:
The Greeks sought to explain how a model could explain the irregular motions of the heavenly bodies. Since the moon and other objects appear to change in size depending on the time of observation, it was understood that the earths distance to other astral bodies was changing, and that a simple
844:
was a monumental series of 13 books including roughly a quarter-million words in Greek that gave a comprehensive treatment of astronomy until its time, incorporating theorems, models, and observations from many previous mathematicians. The topics covered by the 13 books are as follows:
1001:
to its margins and between columns by scribes copying the text in later centuries that further engage with the
Almagest. The author of the original commentary is, however, not known, as many plausible candidates studied in the astronomy of Ptolemy lived in this era, such as
313:
around Earth. And, as the sky seems to vary with latitude, he also considered that Earth's surface may be curved as well. However, he incorrectly thought that the Earth was a cylinder as opposed to a sphere. The notion of a spherical Earth first found an audience with the
937:
beyond that would be the philosophical "aether" realm. The Earth was at the exact center of the cosmos. The sphere carrying the Moon is described as the boundary between the corruptible and changing sublunary world and the incorruptible and unchanging heavens above it.
668:
observed that the moon would be observed to be a different size when the observation was taken at different times. However, this contradicted the
Eudoxan theory of homocentrics, since it did not allow for any variation in the distance between the earth and the moon.
589:
lived and practiced astronomy in the first half of the fourth century BC. His works are lost and so information about him comes from secondary references in ancient texts. There is a group of fragments about astronomy in the fourth century BC known as the
1065:. Rudradaman's capital at Ujjain "became the Greenwich of Indian astronomers and the Arin of the Arabic and Latin astronomical treatises; for it was he and his successors who encouraged the introduction of Greek horoscopy and astronomy into India."
161:
Many Greek astronomical texts are known only by name, and perhaps by a description or quotations. Some elementary works have survived because they were largely non-mathematical and suitable for use in schools. Books in this class include the
555:" refers to the annual path of the sun around the celestial sphere. This path is tilted 23° with respect to the celestial equator. The two locations where the ecliptic and the celestial equator meet represent the equinoxes (in the
984:
composed commentaries or treatises on sections of the
Almagest. These works, however, only sought to understand the Almagest as opposed to improving or building upon it. This changed in the fifth century with the
664:
their own speed and pole. Eudoxus established a school of thought that prioritized the use of geometrical models to explain the apparent paths of the stars. Some, however, noticed flaws in the system of
Eudoxus.
392:), meaning "wanderer", as ancient astronomers noted how certain points of lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars (which appear fixed). Five planets can be seen with the naked eye:
699:) responded to the problems in earlier astronomical theories, especially that of Eudoxus, by producing the theory of eccentrics and epicycles (and their deferents). This was further elaborated on by
412:, the Greek names being Hermes, Aphrodite, Ares, Zeus and Cronus. Early Greek astronomers thought that the evening and morning appearances of Venus represented two different objects, calling it
145:
astronomy. In later periods, ancient Greek astronomical works were translated and promulgated in other languages, most notably in Arabic by the astronomers and mathematicians within the various
370:
The first book of the
Almagest included a chapter dedicated to the defense of each of these assumptions and refuting alternative positions, using both philosophy and astronomical observation.
283:
and resting on a primordial and endless ocean. However, he proposed that the universe was fundamentally composed of water. The most famous successors of the tradition begun by Thales were
110:, which refers to the continuation of the tradition of Greek astronomy in the Roman world. During the Hellenistic era and onwards, Greek astronomy expanded beyond the geographic region of
299:) was significantly developed and applied on the problems that were worked on; and it was thought that observation could disqualify candidate explanations for how the world worked.
130:
shaped astronomical thinking until the modern era. Most of the most prominent constellations known today are taken from Greek astronomy, albeit via the terminology they took on in
291:; while much thought continued to rely on intuition, the lasting legacy of this work was that it offered non-supernatural explanations for the normal operations of the universe;
2303:
Bardi, Alberto (2023). "Cultures of Mathematical Practice in Alexandria in Egypt: Claudius Ptolemy and His Commentators (Second–Fourth Century CE)". In Sriraman, B. (ed.).
919:
circular motion of another body around the earth, as in the homocentric theory of Eudoxus, was unable to account for this. Ptolemy accepted and elaborated on the notion of
424:("light-bringer") when it appeared in the eastern morning sky. They eventually came to recognize that both objects were the same planet. Credit is variously attributed to
997:
and Marinus. An ill-studied full-scale commentary on the Almagest was produced in the sixth century, and of interest to historians are the significant number of
511:
in the 5th century BC, proposed that there was an unseen "Central Fire" (not to be confused with the sun) around which all other bodies of the cosmos revolved.
994:
515:
posited a geo-heliocentric system, where the sun rotated around the earth, but all other bodies rotated around the sun. Finally, in the 3rd century BCE,
3646:
2479:
591:
229:) earth, a heaven (firmament) where the sun, moon, and stars are located, an outer ocean surrounding the inhabited human realm, and the netherworld (
1100:
In addition to the authors named in the article, the following list of people who worked on mathematical astronomy or cosmology may be of interest.
2448:
466:, which is his only work to have survived. In this work, he calculated the sizes of the Sun and Moon, as well as their distances from the Earth in
2027:
The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450
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as the Greek language had become the language of scholarship throughout the Hellenistic world, in large part delimited by the boundaries of the
440:
Eudoxus is typically thought to have standardized the names of the constellations. The earliest extant description of the constellations, the
1901:
867:
Books 7 and 8 start freshly; they lay out the theory and practice when working with fixed stars and conclude with a catalogue of 1,022 stars.
791:
in the 2nd century AD, deeply examining the shape and motion of the Earth and other celestial bodies. Ptolemy's most important work was the
760:
was slightly more than 365.25 days. Hipparchus is now known to have been correct, although it is not clear how Hipparchus discovered this.
631:
1044:
Several Greco-Roman astrological treatises are also known to have been imported into India during the first few centuries of our era. The
496:
Aristarchus's 3rd-century BCE calculations on the relative sizes of (from left) the Sun, Earth and Moon, from a 10th-century CE Greek copy
861:
Book 5 deals with the new complications that arise from applying Ptolemy's theory to the moon, as opposed to the simpler case of the sun.
7492:
6674:
5365:
2987:
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1837:
1084:" or in general the Doctrine of Paulisa muni) were considered as two of the five main astrological treatises, which were compiled by
478:, which may be equivalent to 39,690 kilometers, rather close to the true figure of 40,120 kilometers. Hipparchus wrote another book
7095:
2750:
385:
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2954:
1269:
305:, a student of Thales and another prominent member of the Ionian school, realized that the northern sky seems to turn around the
271:. Thales was the first to offer a non-mythological explanation for the composition of the cosmos. Like his predecessors, such as
462:
17:
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offered well-received modifications of the Eudoxan theory of homocentric spheres. He also contributed to the calendar and the
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2419:
2398:
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2320:
2293:
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2082:
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2011:
1970:
1941:
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1869:
1848:
484:, which has not survived. Both Aristarchus and Hipparchus drastically underestimated the distance of the Sun from the Earth.
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267:, one of the primary figures of the Ionian school of Greek philosophy is usually credited for initiating the tradition of
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4692:
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504:
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2980:
1185:
268:
222:
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5080:
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6802:
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3254:
2175:
7523:
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5230:
5106:
4768:
4722:
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4453:
4142:
745:
551:", which is the same as the equator of the earth, projected outward onto the celestial sphere. The term "
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6747:
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6156:
5289:
5284:
5260:
5170:
4687:
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258:
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This article is about ancient Greek astronomy. For pre-scientific cosmology in ancient Greece, see
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in the late second or early third century, though he understood it poorly. In the fourth century,
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4510:
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3544:
3189:
3168:
3127:
3091:
3059:
2669:
651:
594:, but it contains little relevant informations about the views of Eudoxus himself. According to
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5311:
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5210:
4662:
4646:
4342:
4283:
4132:
4127:
3597:
3470:
3463:
3386:
3180:
2816:
2689:
2624:
2340:
1236:
1216:
1195:
618:, endeavored to understand the then-unpredictable motions of the planets. He began his work in
2213:
864:
Book 6 combines the theory of the sun and the moon to produce a theory that predicts eclipses.
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2781:
2519:
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1249:
924:
920:
713:
656:
634:, credited as the inventor of the notion of conic sections, and Polemarchus, whose own pupil
208:
43:
28:
730:
Hipparchus was a substantial figure of Greek astronomy in the 2nd century BC. He compiled a
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5195:
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3559:
3491:
3309:
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3015:
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2614:
2534:
2509:
2275:
1952:
1264:
1180:
1130:
977:
958:
749:
516:
138:
32:
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Book 12 deals with the phenomena of retrogradation and other features of planetary motion.
363:"the Earth in size and distance has the ratio of a point to the sphere of the fixed stars"
8:
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7053:
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5482:
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3222:
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2599:
2549:
2524:
1997:
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1125:
1081:
1003:
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769:
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also appears to presuppose eccentrics and epicycles in the way it produces calculations.
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66:
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4137:
3932:
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3098:
2928:
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2334:
2162:
2117:
2092:
246:
142:
94:
74:
7102:
563:). The two points where the ecliptic is furthest away from the equator represents the
474:
calculated the size of the Earth, providing a value for the Earth radii which 252,000
190:
contain some information on Greek astronomy. The most important primary source is the
38:
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7449:
7382:
7286:
7276:
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6940:
6847:
6827:
6627:
6526:
6113:
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5137:
5014:
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4707:
4540:
4493:
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4307:
4289:
4265:
4247:
4202:
4157:
4152:
3803:
3625:
3611:
3410:
3395:
3372:
3316:
3084:
2837:
2684:
2589:
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2316:
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2239:
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2078:
2031:
2021:
2007:
1966:
1937:
1886:
1865:
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1190:
1076:
954:
586:
560:
548:
543:
115:
105:
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1918:
852:
Book 2 provides the basic results that one can arrive at with a spherical astronomy.
174:. Three important textbooks, written shortly before Ptolemy's time, were written by
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7281:
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7175:
7165:
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6892:
6683:
6456:
5988:
5953:
5770:
5627:
5505:
5392:
5387:
4712:
4667:
4498:
4405:
4021:
3854:
3839:
3829:
3530:
3509:
3344:
3337:
2949:
2902:
2872:
2862:
2811:
2786:
2308:
2281:
2187:
2154:
2129:
1958:
1200:
1070:
1019:
878:
877:
Book 9 lays out a general approach for all the planets, followed by the theory for
393:
379:
310:
87:
1847:
Bennett, Jeffrey; Shostak, Seth; Schneider, Nicholas; MacGregor, Meredith (2017).
7588:
7422:
7336:
7195:
7072:
7009:
6907:
6852:
6817:
6471:
6229:
6017:
5830:
5572:
5438:
5370:
4697:
4295:
4277:
4271:
4185:
4162:
4036:
3947:
3907:
3844:
3676:
3351:
3268:
3206:
3161:
3105:
2897:
2832:
2801:
2699:
2629:
2452:
2409:
2344:
2254:
2233:
2191:
2096:
2072:
2025:
2001:
1931:
1880:
1206:
1007:
966:
870:
Books 9 to 13 are dedicated to the five visible (and thus, at the time, the five
735:
572:
568:
183:
47:
6496:
6209:
1370:
7583:
7545:
7321:
7296:
7291:
7088:
7032:
6995:
6762:
6752:
6353:
6293:
6288:
6244:
6025:
5973:
5963:
5943:
5933:
5677:
5672:
5667:
4520:
4319:
4313:
4301:
4101:
4076:
3849:
3774:
3523:
3456:
3358:
2760:
2639:
2574:
2554:
1150:
1055:
731:
475:
315:
82:
70:
62:
6722:
2285:
1962:
840:
is one of the most influential books in the history of Western astronomy. The
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7465:
7370:
7351:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6877:
6872:
6842:
6767:
6589:
6506:
6481:
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6093:
5775:
5718:
5617:
5607:
5577:
5559:
5433:
4585:
4367:
4259:
4215:
4177:
4016:
3937:
3581:
2882:
2867:
2847:
2049:. In Christopoulos, Menelaos; Karakantza, Efimia D.; Levaniouk, Olga (eds.).
1382:
1358:
962:
757:
753:
556:
524:
50:
from 150–100 BCE designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.
6717:
221:
The main features of Archaic Greek cosmology are shared with those found in
7376:
7141:
6887:
6822:
6707:
6406:
6358:
6224:
6078:
5948:
5587:
5423:
4929:
4891:
4590:
3537:
3516:
3134:
2730:
2579:
1085:
1062:
1046:
986:
528:
471:
467:
100:
78:
7361:
6956:
2457:
2214:""The Heavens Proclaim the Glory of God..." A Study in Rabbinic Cosmology"
318:, but this was due to philosophical as opposed to scientific reasons: the
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7240:
7125:
6924:
6902:
6837:
6772:
6732:
6712:
6426:
6318:
6298:
6126:
5634:
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5602:
5597:
5520:
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5024:
4934:
4924:
4811:
4801:
4565:
3942:
3917:
3604:
2569:
2514:
2271:
1145:
1051:
1037:
973:
807:
500:
302:
292:
150:
122:. The most prominent and influential practitioner of Greek astronomy was
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578:
85:
eras. Ancient Greek astronomy can be divided into three primary phases:
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7261:
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6777:
6727:
6363:
6333:
6328:
6313:
6199:
6166:
5835:
5805:
5472:
5200:
5034:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4846:
4831:
4821:
4796:
4172:
3927:
3882:
3574:
3551:
3031:
2887:
2704:
2649:
2609:
2539:
1221:
1211:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1135:
1115:
1110:
1033:
784:
725:
709:
700:
595:
429:
425:
343:(1.2), Greek astronomy was predicated on the following assumptions (or
306:
280:
226:
2166:
2142:
849:
Book 1 explains the presuppositions and tools that he is working with.
492:
7573:
7568:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7170:
6782:
6757:
6702:
6697:
6338:
6264:
6249:
6219:
6214:
6146:
6070:
6055:
6040:
5983:
5883:
5535:
5467:
5039:
5019:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4944:
4939:
4909:
4856:
4816:
4595:
4461:
4415:
4395:
4026:
3897:
3669:
2996:
2791:
2644:
2634:
2619:
2564:
2559:
2504:
1140:
1105:
953:
Ptolemaic astronomy became standard in medieval western European and
646:
639:
635:
508:
288:
187:
175:
99:, which encompasses the subsequent period until the formation of the
58:
1981:
1954:
NASA's Voyager Missions: Exploring the Outer Solar System and Beyond
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7558:
7427:
7407:
7316:
6932:
6897:
6652:
6388:
6378:
6368:
6343:
6121:
6088:
6050:
5993:
5908:
5893:
5750:
5740:
5657:
5652:
5049:
5044:
5004:
4999:
4974:
4954:
4881:
4836:
4826:
4682:
4580:
4515:
4443:
4051:
2892:
2720:
2584:
2158:
2133:
2046:
1120:
1050:("Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by
1029:
1024:
831:
793:
564:
552:
414:
340:
296:
230:
127:
6141:
7578:
7553:
7266:
7230:
7190:
7180:
7132:
6867:
6787:
6531:
6521:
6466:
6461:
6446:
6436:
6421:
6416:
6303:
6191:
6181:
6060:
6035:
6030:
6003:
5998:
5978:
5968:
5958:
5923:
5913:
5903:
5855:
5845:
5820:
5785:
5780:
5755:
5408:
5190:
4851:
4841:
4600:
4570:
4560:
4555:
4535:
4530:
4410:
4357:
4066:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4031:
3743:
2796:
2659:
2654:
2604:
2594:
1226:
1175:
998:
990:
896:
780:
704:
627:
531:, placing the sun, not the earth, at the center of the universe.
418:("evening star") when it appeared in the western evening sky and
405:
336:
242:
234:
179:
123:
6476:
5790:
1982:"The Heliocentrism of the Ancient: Between Geometry and Physics"
1846:
1388:
1376:
1364:
194:, since Ptolemy refers to the work of many of his predecessors.
7603:
7598:
7326:
7210:
6812:
6501:
6431:
6411:
6373:
6239:
6045:
5938:
5875:
5865:
5810:
5428:
5413:
5009:
4994:
4969:
4964:
4949:
4610:
4605:
4372:
4352:
4096:
4086:
4081:
3952:
3912:
3902:
3887:
3699:
2907:
2857:
2806:
2679:
2529:
2305:
Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice
1231:
933:
909:
Book 13 deals with deviations of the planets from the ecliptic.
900:
619:
599:
449:
445:
409:
319:
272:
264:
167:
111:
523:") was the first and only premodern figure to propose a truly
213:
7432:
7341:
7205:
7117:
6792:
6511:
6486:
6383:
6323:
6308:
6176:
6136:
5888:
5800:
5795:
5765:
5760:
5735:
5418:
4959:
4914:
4866:
4438:
4390:
4091:
4061:
4008:
3983:
3922:
3892:
2143:"The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy"
1565:
1466:
1346:
885:
645:
Eudoxus' model of planetary motion survives as summarized by
623:
539:
397:
284:
276:
131:
2965:
1582:
1580:
7443:
6516:
6491:
6441:
5928:
5918:
1058:
889:
740:
401:
238:
2256:
John Philoponus' Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether
1624:
1622:
7148:
3141:
1766:
1754:
1607:
1577:
1553:
1541:
1531:
1529:
2221:
Bekhol Derakhekha Daehu–Journal of Torah and Scholarship
1790:
1778:
1454:
1406:
602:, Eudoxus is thought to have written include one called
31:. For the practice of astronomy in ancient Babylon, see
2414:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1730:
1718:
1694:
1682:
1634:
1619:
1334:
748:. He appears to have had substantial information about
2411:
Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction
1526:
1514:
1442:
712:, with knowledge of epicycles and eccentrics, and the
582:
Renaissance woodcut illustrating the two-sphere model.
92:, which encompassed the 5th and 4th centuries BC, and
2051:
Light and Darkness in Ancient Greek Myth and Religion
1597:
1595:
1394:
858:
Book 4 provides an equivalent treatment for the moon.
233:), the first three of which corresponded to the gods
2030:(2 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1418:
1286:
972:
The first critical discussion of the Almagest is by
1814:
1802:
1742:
1706:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1490:
1478:
1430:
1054:during the 2nd century, under the patronage of the
630:where he gained his reputation. His pupils include
614:is pseudonymously attributed to him. Another work,
2365:
2205:Hellenistic Astronomy: The Science in Its Contexts
2064:Hellenistic Astronomy: The Science in Its Contexts
2047:"Light and Darkness and Archaic Greek Cosmography"
1592:
1322:
1310:
1298:
945:
186:. Books by Roman authors like Pliny the Elder and
2203:. In Bowen, Alan C.; Rochberg, Francesca (eds.).
2062:. In Bowen, Alan C.; Rochberg, Francesca (eds.).
1502:
7621:
2176:"The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity"
1919:"Varahamihira: Indian philosopher and scientist"
756:was slightly less than 365.25 days, whereas the
487:
197:
3979:
1839:Zoroastrian Problems In The Ninth Century Books
322:was considered a perfectly geometrical figure.
69:. Greek astronomy is understood to include the
2349:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
783:was a mathematician who worked in the city of
481:On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
463:On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
6668:
3759:
2981:
2473:
2393:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2211:
1933:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
1352:
2346:A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler
2277:Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy
1095:
534:
384:The term "planet" comes from the Greek term
2487:
2118:"Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran"
2098:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1858:Bowler, Peter J.; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2010).
1857:
1772:
1760:
913:
7518:
7493:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
6675:
6661:
4645:
3766:
3752:
2988:
2974:
2480:
2466:
2091:
1861:Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey
1613:
1586:
1571:
1472:
1080:(sometimes attributed as the "Doctrine of
801:) and he composed other works such as the
137:Greek astronomy was heavily influenced by
2044:
1340:
455:
7096:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
2407:
2368:Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle
2252:
2231:
2147:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2057:
2020:
1628:
1559:
1535:
1448:
1412:
1400:
1292:
1023:
703:in the second century BC and, later, by
672:
577:
491:
212:
202:
37:
2441:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2201:"Hellenistic Egyptian Planetary Theory"
2173:
2140:
2115:
1916:
1878:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1460:
1304:
1270:Babylonian influence on Greek astronomy
14:
7622:
5699:
2386:
2339:
2006:. Oxford: Cambridge University Press.
1835:
1547:
763:
677:
6656:
6556:
5698:
5127:
4631:
3978:
3798:
3747:
2969:
2461:
2363:
2302:
2270:
1996:
1979:
1950:
1936:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1929:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1424:
1316:
1074:("Doctrine of the Romans"), and the
655:XII, 8) as well as the commentary of
360:The Earth is the center of the cosmos
279:, he believed the Earth to have been
6682:
6167:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
3799:
3727:
2198:
2070:
2053:. Lexington Books. pp. 193–200.
1899:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1601:
1436:
1328:
855:Book 3 provides a theory of the sun.
309:, which led him to the concept of a
2436:Almagest Planetary Model Animations
2372:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
1013:
24:
5128:
3773:
2264:
2074:A New History of Greek Mathematics
626:, he went on to found a school in
25:
7656:
2429:
2307:. Springer, Cham. pp. 1–19.
435:
6636:
6626:
6617:
6616:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3485:Southern African Large Telescope
252:
6637:
2313:10.1007/978-3-030-19071-2_111-1
1917:Gilbert, Robert Andrew (2024).
1864:. University of Chicago Press.
822:
744:(new star), and discovered the
519:(sometimes called the "Ancient
505:Pythagorean astronomical system
2364:Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (1970).
2077:. Cambridge University Press.
1068:Later in the 6th century, the
460:Aristarchus also wrote a book
223:ancient near eastern cosmology
13:
1:
4238:
4225:
4206:
4189:
2995:
2878:Inferior and superior planets
2390:The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy
2329:Bowen & Rochberg (eds.),
2212:Simon-Shoshan, Moshe (2008).
1853:. Princeton University Press.
1275:
719:
689:
488:Geocentrism and heliocentrism
198:Beginnings of Greek astronomy
7645:Early scientific cosmologies
7060:Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)
6803:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
5366:Funeral and burial practices
4551:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2253:Wildberg, Christian (1988).
2192:10.1515/APEIRON.1994.27.4.75
1280:
940:
325:
156:
7:
7362:
6957:
2058:Montelle, Clemency (2020).
1243:
774:
746:precession of the equinoxes
354:The heavenly sphere rotates
10:
7661:
6748:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
5290:Greek Revival architecture
4632:
2955:Medieval Islamic astronomy
2752:On the Sizes and Distances
2387:Newton, Robert R. (1977).
2207:. Brill. pp. 160–165.
1957:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1882:Greek Science in Antiquity
1879:Clagett, Marshall (1955).
1836:Bailey, Harold W. (1943).
1829:
1017:
957:until it was displaced by
829:
767:
723:
681:
377:
373:
259:Ionian school (philosophy)
256:
206:
26:
7542:
7501:
7458:
7254:
7158:
6916:
6833:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
6690:
6612:
6563:
6557:
6552:
6397:
6274:
6263:
6190:
6112:
6069:
6016:
5874:
5726:
5717:
5713:
5694:
5643:
5558:
5496:
5458:
5451:
5401:
5361:
5352:
5274:
5151:
5147:
5123:
5089:
5058:
4900:
4787:
4731:
4698:Attalid kings of Pergamon
4653:
4644:
4640:
4627:
4506:Antigonid Macedonian army
4479:
4452:
4424:
4381:
4338:
4329:
4171:
4110:
4007:
4003:
3974:
3873:
3822:
3818:
3794:
3781:
3709:
3501:
3478:Large Binocular Telescope
3443:Extremely Large Telescope
3436:Extremely large telescope
3409:
3292:
3232:
3153:
3115:
3076:
3069:
3003:
2945:Medieval European science
2937:
2916:
2825:
2774:
2713:
2675:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
2495:
2286:10.1007/978-1-4613-0109-7
2045:Marinatos, Nanno (2010).
1963:10.1007/978-3-031-07923-8
1096:Notable Greek astronomers
819:, and other minor works.
535:Classical Greek astronomy
351:The heavens are spherical
330:
141:and, to a lesser extent,
3450:Gran Telescopio Canarias
914:Eccentrics and epicycles
799:Mathematical Composition
7630:Ancient Greek astronomy
7514:Ancient Greek astronomy
6798:Madhava of Sangamagrama
3545:Astrology and astronomy
3255:Gravitational radiation
2670:Sosigenes of Alexandria
2489:Ancient Greek astronomy
2408:Pedersen, Olaf (1993).
2232:Thurston, Hugh (2012).
2199:Ross, Micah T. (2020).
2174:Pingree, David (1994).
2141:Pingree, David (1973).
2116:Pingree, David (1963).
2066:. Brill. pp. 9–23.
1980:Grosu, Emanuel (2019).
1773:Bowler & Morus 2010
1761:Bowler & Morus 2010
946:Reception of Ptolemy's
347:in Greek terminology):
103:ca. 30 BC, and finally
55:Ancient Greek astronomy
4732:Artists & scholars
4647:List of ancient Greeks
4284:Second Athenian League
4133:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3958:Ancient Greek colonies
3464:Hubble Space Telescope
2742:On Sizes and Distances
2280:. New York: Springer.
2060:"The Celestial Sphere"
1885:. Dover Publications.
1237:Theodosius of Bithynia
1196:Menelaus of Alexandria
1041:
969:by the 16th century.
750:Babylonian astronomers
583:
497:
470:. Shortly afterwards,
456:Sizes of astral bodies
357:The Earth is spherical
218:
51:
18:Hellenistic astronomer
7640:Ancient Greek science
7519:Hellenistic astronomy
7302:Deferent and epicycle
7026:Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
6858:Jai Singh II of Amber
5851:Sybaris on the Traeis
4576:Sacred Band of Thebes
4316:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
3830:Cycladic civilization
3568:Astroparticle physics
3303:Australian Aboriginal
2853:Deferent and epicycle
2782:Antikythera mechanism
2331:Hellenistic Astronomy
2071:Netz, Reviel (2022).
1930:Evans, James (1998).
1902:"The World of Hesiod"
1900:Clay, Diskin (1992).
1255:Antikythera mechanism
1250:Astronomy instruments
1027:
1018:Further information:
714:Antikythera mechanism
688:Apollonius of Perga (
673:Hellenistic astronomy
598:in his commentary on
581:
495:
366:The Earth is immobile
216:
209:Early Greek cosmology
203:Early Greek cosmology
44:Antikythera mechanism
41:
29:Early Greek cosmology
7509:Babylonian astronomy
6743:Radhagobinda Chandra
5376:mythological figures
5097:Ancient Greek tribes
4222:Peloponnesian League
3560:Astronomers Monument
3492:Very Large Telescope
3039:Astronomical symbols
2924:Babylonian astronomy
2615:Hippocrates of Chios
2101:. Berlin: Springer.
2003:Aristarchus of Samos
1850:Life in the Universe
1265:History of astronomy
1181:Hippocrates of Chios
1092:("Five Treatises").
1040:3rd-2nd century BCE.
978:Pappus of Alexandria
517:Aristarchus of Samos
432:for this discovery.
139:Babylonian astronomy
33:Babylonian astronomy
7357:Hindu units of time
7080:Vasishtha Siddhanta
7054:Paitamaha Siddhanta
6948:Shatapatha Brahmana
6863:Nilakantha Somayaji
5488:Tunnel of Eupalinos
5483:Theatre of Dionysus
5107:Ancient Macedonians
4723:Tyrants of Syracuse
4235:Amphictyonic League
3835:Minoan civilization
3633:List of astronomers
3046:Astronomical object
2695:Theon of Alexandria
2093:Neugebauer, Otto E.
1951:Evans, Ben (2022).
1389:Bennett et al. 2017
1377:Bennett et al. 2017
1365:Bennett et al. 2017
1171:Heraclides Ponticus
1004:Eutocius of Ascalon
995:Hilarius of Antioch
982:Theon of Alexandria
895:Book 11 deals with
884:Book 10 deals with
817:Canobic Inscription
797:(also known as the
770:Ptolemaic astronomy
764:Ptolemaic astronomy
684:Apollonius of Perga
678:Apollonius of Perga
666:Autolycus of Pitane
606:and another called
513:Heraclides Ponticus
172:Autolycus of Pitane
147:Arab-Muslim empires
120:Alexander the Great
67:classical antiquity
7534:European astronomy
7272:Cardinal direction
7201:Equatorial sundial
7040:Pancha-Siddhantika
6738:Sandip Chakrabarti
6162:Menestheus's Limin
5816:Pandosia (Lucania)
5704:Greek colonisation
5066:Athenian statesmen
4827:Diogenes of Sinope
4688:Kings of Macedonia
4678:Kings of Commagene
4546:Macedonian phalanx
4526:Hellenistic armies
4274:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
4138:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3860:Hellenistic Greece
3619:Physical cosmology
2929:Egyptian astronomy
2843:Circle of latitude
2451:2019-07-19 at the
2341:Dreyer, John L. E.
2022:Lindberg, David C.
1842:. Clarendon Press.
1739:, p. 318–319.
1727:, p. 366–368.
1703:, p. 360–366.
1691:, p. 328–329.
1643:, p. 319–322.
1574:, p. 675–676.
1550:, p. 135–136.
1475:, p. 325–327.
1353:Simon-Shoshan 2008
1042:
584:
498:
225:. They include (a
219:
52:
7635:Ancient astronomy
7617:
7616:
7529:Chinese astronomy
7524:Islamic astronomy
7287:Celestial spheres
7277:Celestial equator
7047:Paulisa Siddhanta
6941:Aitareya Brahmana
6848:Jagannatha Samrat
6828:Achyuta Pisharati
6650:
6649:
6608:
6607:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6114:Iberian Peninsula
6046:Lipara/Meligounis
6012:
6011:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5663:Cypriot syllabary
5554:
5553:
5463:Athenian Treasury
5447:
5446:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
4708:Ptolemaic dynasty
4668:Archons of Athens
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4494:Athenian military
4475:
4474:
4308:League of Corinth
4290:Thessalian League
4266:Chalcidian League
4248:Acarnanian League
4158:Ptolemaic Kingdom
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3741:
3740:
3626:Quantum cosmology
3612:Planetary geology
3405:
3404:
3116:Celestial subject
2963:
2962:
2838:Celestial spheres
2421:978-0-521-40340-5
2400:978-0-8018-1990-2
2379:978-0-393-00583-7
2356:978-0-486-60079-6
2322:978-3-030-19071-2
2295:978-0-387-95136-2
2245:978-1-4612-4322-9
2108:978-0-387-06995-1
2084:978-1-108-83384-4
2037:978-0-226-48204-0
2013:978-1-108-06233-6
1972:978-3-031-07922-1
1943:978-0-19-509539-5
1892:978-0-486-41973-2
1871:978-0-226-06862-6
1260:Greek mathematics
1191:Martianus Capella
1090:Pañca-siddhāntikā
1077:Paulisa Siddhanta
1028:Greek equatorial
955:Islamic astronomy
587:Eudoxus of Cnidus
549:celestial equator
544:Eudoxus of Cnidus
507:, as proposed by
170:and two works by
126:, whose treatise
116:Macedonian Empire
16:(Redirected from
7652:
7367:
7337:Geoheliocentrism
7307:Earth's rotation
7282:Celestial sphere
7216:Mural instrument
7166:Armillary sphere
7110:Vedanga Jyotisha
7066:Romaka Siddhanta
6962:
6893:Shankara Variyar
6684:Indian astronomy
6677:
6670:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6640:
6639:
6630:
6620:
6619:
6554:
6553:
6272:
6271:
5771:Heraclea Lucania
5724:
5723:
5715:
5714:
5696:
5695:
5456:
5455:
5388:Twelve Olympians
5359:
5358:
5149:
5148:
5125:
5124:
4713:Seleucid dynasty
4693:Kings of Paionia
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4499:Scythian archers
4406:Graphe paranomon
4336:
4335:
4243:
4240:
4230:
4227:
4211:
4208:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4005:
4004:
3976:
3975:
3855:Classical Greece
3840:Mycenaean Greece
3820:
3819:
3796:
3795:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3647:Medieval Islamic
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3531:Astroinformatics
3526:
3519:
3512:
3510:Archaeoastronomy
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3471:Keck Observatory
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3366:Medieval Islamic
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3225:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2950:Indian astronomy
2903:Sublunary sphere
2873:Hipparchic cycle
2812:Mural instrument
2787:Armillary sphere
2766:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2425:
2404:
2383:
2371:
2360:
2326:
2299:
2260:
2249:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2195:
2170:
2137:
2112:
2088:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2017:
1998:Heath, Thomas L.
1993:
1976:
1947:
1926:
1913:
1896:
1875:
1854:
1843:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:, p. 78–95.
1794:
1788:
1787:, p. 75–78.
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:, p. 86–87.
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1523:, p. 57–58.
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:, p. 92–93.
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1379:, p. 16–17.
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:, p. 70–71.
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1201:Menelaus theorem
1071:Romaka Siddhanta
1020:Indian astronomy
1014:Indian astronomy
967:Tychonic systems
698:
694:
691:
380:Classical planet
311:Celestial sphere
263:The philosopher
21:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7544:
7538:
7497:
7454:
7423:Spherical Earth
7250:
7196:Equatorial ring
7176:Celestial globe
7154:
7073:Surya Siddhanta
7010:Makarandasarini
6912:
6908:Pathani Samanta
6853:Bapudeva Sastri
6818:Jayant Narlikar
6768:M. K. Das Gupta
6686:
6681:
6651:
6646:
6604:
6559:
6536:
6399:
6393:
6276:
6267:
6259:
6230:Melaina Korkyra
6186:
6108:
6065:
6018:Aeolian Islands
6008:
5870:
5728:
5709:
5708:
5682:
5639:
5550:
5492:
5443:
5397:
5348:
5270:
5261:Wedding customs
5143:
5142:
5111:
5102:Thracian Greeks
5085:
5076:Olympic victors
5054:
4896:
4783:
4727:
4718:Kings of Sparta
4703:Kings of Pontus
4673:Kings of Athens
4649:
4636:
4615:
4511:Army of Macedon
4471:
4448:
4420:
4377:
4325:
4298:(370–c. 230 BC)
4296:Arcadian League
4280:(c. 400–188 BC)
4278:Aetolian League
4272:Boeotian League
4254:Hellenic League
4241:
4228:
4218:(c. 650–404 BC)
4209:
4203:Italiote League
4196:
4192:
4186:Doric Hexapolis
4176:
4167:
4163:Seleucid Empire
4106:
3999:
3998:
3962:
3869:
3845:Greek Dark Ages
3814:
3813:
3790:
3777:
3772:
3742:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3677:X-ray telescope
3675:
3668:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3288:
3283:Multi-messenger
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3122:
3111:
3106:Space telescope
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2964:
2959:
2933:
2912:
2898:Spherical Earth
2833:Callippic cycle
2821:
2802:Equatorial ring
2770:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2709:
2700:Theon of Smyrna
2491:
2486:
2453:Wayback Machine
2446:Greek Astronomy
2432:
2422:
2401:
2380:
2357:
2333:, Brill, 2020.
2323:
2296:
2272:Aaboe, Asger H.
2267:
2265:Further reading
2246:
2235:Early Astronomy
2216:
2109:
2085:
2038:
2014:
1973:
1944:
1893:
1872:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1614:Neugebauer 1975
1612:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1587:Neugebauer 1975
1585:
1578:
1572:Neugebauer 1975
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1473:Neugebauer 1975
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:, p. 9–10.
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1246:
1241:
1207:Meton of Athens
1198:
1098:
1022:
1016:
1008:John Philoponus
951:
943:
916:
834:
828:
777:
772:
766:
736:Pliny the Elder
734:, according to
728:
722:
696:
692:
686:
680:
675:
592:Eudoxus Papyrus
537:
490:
458:
438:
382:
376:
333:
328:
261:
255:
211:
205:
200:
184:Theon of Smyrna
159:
118:established by
88:Classical Greek
61:written in the
48:analog computer
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7546:Vedic calendar
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7322:Elliptic orbit
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7297:Circular orbit
7294:
7292:Center of mass
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7089:Tantrasangraha
7085:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7033:Maha-Siddhanta
7029:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6996:Khandakhadyaka
6992:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6944:
6928:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:Gautama Siddha
6760:
6755:
6753:Amil Kumar Das
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6657:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5964:Megara Hyblaea
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Hybla Gereatis
5941:
5936:
5934:Heraclea Minoa
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5678:Attic numerals
5675:
5673:Greek numerals
5670:
5668:Greek alphabet
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5322:Musical system
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5281:
5279:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Mathematicians
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Kings of Argos
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Cretan archers
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4320:Achaean League
4317:
4314:Euboean League
4311:
4305:
4302:Epirote League
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4250:(c. 500–31 BC)
4245:
4232:
4219:
4213:
4200:
4182:
4180:
4178:Confederations
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4102:Lissus (Crete)
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Archaic Greece
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:Ancient Greece
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3524:Astrochemistry
3520:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3457:Hale Telescope
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3196:
3190:Visible-light
3186:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:On the Heavens
2758:
2748:
2738:
2735:(Eratosthenes)
2728:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Philip of Opus
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2430:External links
2428:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2361:
2355:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2300:
2294:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2229:
2209:
2196:
2171:
2159:10.2307/600515
2138:
2134:10.1086/349703
2128:(2): 229–246.
2113:
2107:
2089:
2083:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2018:
2012:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1914:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1855:
1844:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1751:, p. 319.
1741:
1729:
1717:
1715:, p. 366.
1705:
1693:
1681:
1679:, p. 329.
1669:
1667:, p. 327.
1657:
1655:, p. 324.
1645:
1633:
1631:, p. 122.
1618:
1616:, p. 677.
1606:
1591:
1589:, p. 676.
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1439:, p. 163.
1429:
1427:, p. 1–7.
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1343:, p. 196.
1341:Marinatos 2010
1333:
1331:, p. 132.
1321:
1309:
1297:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Conon of Samos
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1056:Western Satrap
1015:
1012:
950:
944:
942:
939:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
904:
893:
882:
875:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
830:Main article:
827:
821:
776:
773:
768:Main article:
765:
762:
732:star catalogue
724:Main article:
721:
718:
697: 190 BCE
693: 240 BCE
682:Main article:
679:
676:
674:
671:
536:
533:
489:
486:
457:
454:
437:
436:Constellations
434:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
332:
329:
327:
324:
257:Main article:
254:
251:
207:Main article:
204:
201:
199:
196:
158:
155:
63:Greek language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7657:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:Months of the
7541:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:Other regions
7500:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7466:Jantar Mantar
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7450:Zodiacal sign
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7371:Kali ahargaṇa
7369:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Heliocentrism
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6982:Shulba Sutras
6979:
6977:
6976:
6975:Jyotirmimamsa
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:Ganitagannadi
6965:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6959:Bṛhat Saṃhitā
6954:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Govind Swarup
6876:
6874:
6873:Mahendra Suri
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:Megh Nad Saha
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6643:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6555:
6551:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Hemeroscopion
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Magna Graecia
5716:
5712:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Arcadocypriot
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5546:Zeus, Olympia
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Hera, Olympia
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Mount Olympus
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:Sacred places
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Olympic Games
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Homosexuality
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Seleucid army
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4260:Delian League
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:Ionian League
4214:
4204:
4201:
4197: 560 BC
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Magna Graecia
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3724:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:Constellation
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:Other methods
3231:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:Submillimetre
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:Extragalactic
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:Observational
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Metonic cycle
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Heliocentrism
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Counter-Earth
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2755:(Aristarchus)
2753:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2259:. De Gruyter.
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:(2): 131–155.
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1775:, p. 26.
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 48.
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1629:Wildberg 1988
1625:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1604:, p. 85.
1603:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1560:Lindberg 2010
1556:
1549:
1544:
1538:, p. 86.
1537:
1536:Lindberg 2010
1532:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1499:, p. 57.
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 54.
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1451:, p. 11.
1450:
1449:Montelle 2020
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1413:Montelle 2020
1409:
1402:
1401:Montelle 2020
1397:
1391:, p. 17.
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1367:, p. 16.
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1319:, p. 24.
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1293:Thurston 2012
1289:
1285:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
938:
935:
929:
926:
922:
908:
905:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
839:
833:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
771:
761:
759:
758:sidereal year
755:
754:tropical year
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
727:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
685:
670:
667:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
532:
530:
527:model of the
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
485:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
453:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
371:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
349:
348:
346:
342:
338:
335:According to
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Greek science
266:
260:
253:Ionian school
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
210:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
102:
98:
96:
91:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Ancient Greek
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
19:
7594:Margashirsha
7513:
7442:
7375:
7312:Eccentricity
7147:
7142:Yavanajataka
7140:
7131:
7124:
7116:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6955:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6888:Varahamihira
6823:Parameshvara
6708:Aryabhata II
6437:Dionysopolis
6407:Abonoteichos
6359:Pantikapaion
5949:Hybla Heraea
5296:
5285:Architecture
5241:Prostitution
4930:Aristophanes
4789:Philosophers
4759:Philosophers
4591:Spartan army
4322:(280–146 BC)
4310:(338–322 BC)
4304:(370–168 BC)
4292:(374–196 BC)
4286:(378–355 BC)
4268:(430–348 BC)
4262:(478–404 BC)
4256:(499–449 BC)
3943:Peloponnesus
3865:Roman Greece
3558:
3538:Astrophysics
3517:Astrobiology
3330:
3181:Far-infrared
3135:Local system
3070:Astronomy by
3060:... in space
2761:
2751:
2745:(Hipparchus)
2741:
2732:Catasterismi
2731:
2721:
2580:Eratosthenes
2488:
2410:
2389:
2367:
2345:
2330:
2304:
2276:
2255:
2238:. Springer.
2234:
2224:
2220:
2204:
2186:(4): 75–98.
2183:
2179:
2153:(1): 32–43.
2150:
2146:
2125:
2121:
2097:
2073:
2063:
2050:
2026:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1953:
1932:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1881:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1821:Gilbert 2024
1816:
1809:Pingree 1963
1804:
1797:Pingree 1994
1792:
1785:Pingree 1994
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1609:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1461:Clagett 1955
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1403:, p. 9.
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1305:Pingree 1973
1300:
1295:, p. 2.
1288:
1099:
1089:
1086:Varahamihira
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:Rudradaman I
1047:Yavanajataka
1045:
1043:
989:philosopher
987:Neoplatonist
971:
963:heliocentric
952:
947:
930:
917:
871:
841:
837:
835:
824:
816:
813:Handy Tables
812:
806:
802:
798:
792:
778:
739:
729:
687:
660:
650:
644:
642:literature.
615:
611:
610:, though an
607:
603:
585:
538:
529:Solar System
525:heliocentric
499:
479:
472:Eratosthenes
461:
459:
441:
439:
419:
413:
389:
383:
369:
344:
334:
316:Pythagoreans
301:
295:(especially
262:
220:
191:
163:
160:
136:
104:
101:Roman Empire
93:
86:
83:late antique
54:
53:
7332:Geocentrism
7241:Water clock
7186:Cross-staff
7159:Instruments
7126:Atharvaveda
7103:Vākyakaraṇa
6925:Aryabhatiya
6903:Yajnavalkya
6838:J. J. Rawal
6773:Jyesthadeva
6733:Brahmagupta
6723:Bhāskara II
6713:Vainu Bappu
6703:Aryabhata I
6691:Astronomers
6585:Place names
6497:Salmydessus
6319:Kalos Limen
6299:Chersonesus
6289:Borysthenes
5994:Tauromenion
5806:Metapontion
5568:Proto-Greek
5521:Erechtheion
5516:Athena Nike
5478:Philippeion
5307:Mathematics
5278:and science
5161:Agriculture
5025:Stesichorus
4935:Bacchylides
4925:Archilochus
4812:Antisthenes
4802:Anaximander
4774:Seven Sages
4764:Playwrights
4744:Geographers
4739:Astronomers
4566:Pezhetairos
4193: 1100
4173:Federations
4072:Megalopolis
4009:City states
3984:City states
3605:Planetarium
3262:High-energy
3248:Cosmic rays
3200:Ultraviolet
2863:Geocentrism
2775:Instruments
2765:(Aristotle)
2570:Cleostratus
2535:Aristarchus
2515:Anaximander
2497:Astronomers
1548:Bailey 1943
1146:Cleostratus
1131:Aristarchus
1052:Yavanesvara
1038:Afghanistan
974:Artemidorus
808:Tetrabiblos
789:Roman Egypt
738:observed a
652:Metaphysics
501:Geocentrism
468:Earth radii
303:Anaximander
293:mathematics
217:Anaximander
151:Middle Ages
106:Greco-Roman
95:Hellenistic
79:Greco-Roman
75:Hellenistic
7624:Categories
7579:Bhadrapada
7413:Precession
7388:Manvantara
7262:Axial tilt
7246:Yantraraja
7236:Triquetrum
7018:Siddhantas
6989:Panchangam
6778:Kamalakara
6758:P. Devadas
6728:Baudhayana
6718:Bhāskara I
6487:Polemonion
6364:Phanagoria
6334:Kimmerikon
6329:Kerkinitis
6314:Hermonassa
6304:Dioscurias
6200:Aspalathos
6147:Kalathousa
6122:Akra Leuke
6051:Phoenicusa
5836:Scylletium
5821:Poseidonia
5741:Brentesion
5628:Pamphylian
5623:Macedonian
5541:Samothrace
5526:Hephaestus
5473:Long Walls
5452:Structures
5393:Underworld
5339:Technology
5302:Literature
5236:Philosophy
5201:Euergetism
5090:By culture
5035:Thucydides
4877:Pythagoras
4872:Protagoras
4862:Parmenides
4847:Heraclitus
4832:Empedocles
4822:Democritus
4807:Anaximenes
4797:Anaxagoras
4749:Historians
4242: 595
4229: 550
4210: 800
4195: – c.
4123:Cappadocia
3928:Ionian Sea
3918:Hellespont
3883:Aegean Sea
3598:Photometry
3575:Binoculars
3552:Astrometry
3413:telescopes
3310:Babylonian
3154:EM methods
3032:Astronomer
2938:Influenced
2917:Influences
2888:Octaeteris
2817:Triquetrum
2705:Timocharis
2690:Theodosius
2650:Posidonius
2610:Hipparchus
2600:Heraclides
2540:Aristyllus
2525:Apollonius
2520:Andronicus
1923:Britannica
1521:Grosu 2019
1509:Heath 1913
1497:Grosu 2019
1485:Grosu 2019
1425:Evans 2022
1317:Evans 1998
1276:References
1222:Posidonius
1212:Parmenides
1166:Hephaestio
1161:Empedocles
1156:Democritus
1136:Aristyllus
1116:Archimedes
1111:Anaxagoras
1034:Ai-Khanoum
921:eccentrics
874:) planets.
803:Hypotheses
785:Alexandria
726:Hipparchus
720:Hipparchus
710:Archimedes
701:Hipparchus
695: – c.
657:Simplicius
632:Menaichmos
612:Oktaeteris
608:Phaenomena
596:Hipparchus
521:Copernicus
442:Phaenomena
430:Parmenides
426:Pythagoras
421:Phosphorus
345:hypotheses
307:North star
164:Phaenomena
7574:Shraavana
7569:Aashaadha
7476:New Delhi
7403:Nityayoga
7398:Nakshatra
7393:Moonlight
7171:Astrolabe
6933:Brahmanas
6783:Katyayana
6698:Apastamba
6573:in Epirus
6522:Trapezous
6467:Mesambria
6452:Eupatoria
6422:Apollonia
6417:Anchialos
6379:Theodosia
6349:Nymphaion
6339:Myrmekion
6309:Gorgippia
6265:Black Sea
6250:Tragurion
6235:Nymphaion
6220:Epidauros
6215:Epidamnos
6205:Apollonia
6182:Zacynthos
6104:Ptolemais
6098:Apollonia
6071:Cyrenaica
6061:Therassía
6056:Strongyle
6036:Ereikousa
5959:Leontinoi
5899:Apollonia
5776:Hipponion
5573:Mycenaean
5536:Parthenon
5468:Lion Gate
5371:Mythology
5334:Sculpture
5297:Astronomy
5231:Pederasty
5206:Festivals
5191:Education
5071:Lawgivers
5040:Timocreon
5020:Sophocles
5015:Simonides
4990:Philocles
4985:Panyassis
4980:Mimnermus
4945:Herodotus
4940:Euripides
4910:Aeschylus
4857:Leucippus
4817:Aristotle
4596:Strategos
4462:Synedrion
4416:Ostracism
4396:Areopagus
4348:Free city
4143:Macedonia
4027:Byzantion
3933:Macedonia
3898:Cyrenaica
3875:Geography
3809:Geography
3670:Telescope
3276:Spherical
3223:Gamma-ray
3192:(optical)
2997:Astronomy
2792:Astrolabe
2725:(Ptolemy)
2645:Philolaus
2635:Oenopides
2620:Hypsicles
2565:Cleomedes
2560:Callippus
2550:Autolycus
2505:Aglaonice
1986:Hermeneia
1749:Netz 2022
1737:Netz 2022
1725:Netz 2022
1713:Netz 2022
1701:Netz 2022
1689:Netz 2022
1677:Netz 2022
1665:Netz 2022
1653:Netz 2022
1641:Netz 2022
1602:Netz 2022
1437:Ross 2020
1329:Clay 1992
1281:Citations
1186:Macrobius
1141:Callippus
1126:Aristaeus
1106:Aglaonice
941:Influence
925:epicycles
779:Claudius
647:Aristotle
640:parapegma
636:Callippus
616:On Speeds
565:solstices
509:Philolaus
326:Framework
289:Aristotle
188:Vitruvius
176:Cleomedes
157:Key texts
108:astronomy
97:Astronomy
90:Astronomy
59:astronomy
7609:Phalguna
7559:Vaisakha
7486:Varanasi
7428:Sunlight
7408:Parallax
7317:Ecliptic
7255:Concepts
7221:Quadrant
7003:Mahādevī
6898:Vasistha
6808:Mahavira
6622:Category
6600:Theatres
6527:Tripolis
6462:Kerasous
6457:Heraclea
6389:Tyritake
6344:Nikonion
6255:Thronion
6177:Salauris
6132:Emporion
6089:Berenice
6079:Balagrae
6031:Euonymos
6004:Tyndaris
5989:Syracuse
5984:Selinous
5954:Kamarina
5909:Casmenae
5894:Akrillai
5811:Neápolis
5746:Caulonia
5727:Mainland
5658:Linear B
5653:Linear A
5583:Dialects
5560:Language
5354:Religion
5312:Medicine
5246:Religion
5211:Folklore
5196:Emporium
5171:Clothing
5166:Calendar
5050:Xenophon
5045:Tyrtaeus
5030:Theognis
5005:Polybius
5000:Plutarch
4975:Menander
4955:Hipponax
4882:Socrates
4837:Epicurus
4683:Diadochi
4581:Sciritae
4541:Hetairoi
4516:Ballista
4481:Military
4444:Gerousia
4434:Ekklesia
4401:Ecclesia
4383:Athenian
4331:Politics
4244:–279 BC)
4231:–366 BC)
4212:–389 BC)
4148:Pergamon
4118:Bithynia
4111:Kingdoms
4052:Pergamon
3994:Military
3989:Politics
3786:Timeline
3720:Category
3429:Category
3324:Egyptian
3241:Neutrino
3176:Infrared
3124:Galactic
3099:Sidewalk
3053:Glossary
3023:Timeline
2893:Solstice
2826:Concepts
2722:Almagest
2665:Seleucus
2625:Menelaus
2585:Euctemon
2449:Archived
2343:(1953).
2274:(2001).
2227:: 67–96.
2095:(1975).
2024:(2010).
2000:(1913).
1992:: 53–61.
1244:See also
1217:Porphyry
1121:Archytas
1030:sun dial
959:Maraghan
948:Almagest
842:Almagest
838:Almagest
832:Almagest
825:Almagest
794:Almagest
775:Overview
661:De caelo
553:ecliptic
415:Hesperus
390:planētēs
386:πλανήτης
341:Almagest
297:geometry
231:Tartarus
192:Almagest
143:Egyptian
128:Almagest
7564:Jyeshta
7554:Chaitra
7459:Centres
7364:Jyotiṣa
7347:Gravity
7267:Azimuth
7231:Sundial
7226:Sextant
7191:Dioptra
7181:Compass
7133:Rigveda
6868:Sripati
6788:Lagadha
6642:Outline
6595:Temples
6532:Zaliche
6512:Thèrmae
6502:Sesamus
6472:Odessos
6447:Cytorus
6442:Cotyora
6192:Illyria
6157:Mainake
6152:Kypsela
6041:Hycesia
5999:Thermae
5979:Segesta
5969:Messana
5924:Helorus
5904:Calacte
5884:Akragas
5846:Sybaris
5831:Rhegion
5786:Krimisa
5736:Alision
5645:Writing
5618:Locrian
5608:Epirote
5578:Homeric
5511:Artemis
5498:Temples
5439:Olympia
5409:Eleusis
5344:Theatre
5329:Pottery
5256:Warfare
5251:Slavery
5186:Economy
5181:Cuisine
5176:Coinage
5153:Society
5138:Culture
5133:Society
5081:Tyrants
4920:Alcaeus
4902:Authors
4852:Hypatia
4842:Gorgias
4779:Writers
4601:Toxotai
4571:Sarissa
4561:Peltast
4556:Phalanx
4536:Hoplite
4531:Hippeis
4454:Macedon
4426:Spartan
4411:Heliaia
4358:Proxeny
4067:Larissa
4062:Kerkyra
4057:Eretria
4047:Miletus
4042:Ephesus
4037:Corinth
4032:Chalcis
3953:Taurica
3823:Periods
3804:History
3732:Commons
3684:history
3654:Russian
3502:Related
3411:Optical
3396:Tibetan
3380:Serbian
3373:Persian
3317:Chinese
3294:Culture
3214:History
3085:Amateur
3016:History
3009:Outline
2797:Dioptra
2660:Pytheas
2655:Ptolemy
2605:Hicetas
2595:Geminus
2590:Eudoxus
2545:Attalus
2510:Agrippa
2180:Apeiron
1830:Sources
1227:Proclus
1176:Hicetas
1088:in his
999:scholia
991:Proclus
897:Jupiter
879:Mercury
781:Ptolemy
705:Ptolemy
659:on the
628:Cyzicus
406:Jupiter
394:Mercury
374:Planets
339:in his
337:Ptolemy
243:Oceanus
235:Ouranos
180:Geminus
149:of the
124:Ptolemy
65:during
57:is the
46:was an
7604:Maagha
7599:Pausha
7589:Kartik
7584:Ashvin
7481:Ujjain
7471:Jaipur
7383:Karana
7327:Equant
7211:Gnomon
6883:Utpala
6813:Manava
6632:Portal
6580:People
6568:Cities
6507:Sinope
6492:Rhizos
6482:Phasis
6432:Bathus
6427:Athina
6412:Amisos
6374:Tanais
6369:Pityus
6294:Charax
6245:Pharos
6240:Orikon
6137:Helike
6127:Alonis
6094:Cyrene
6026:Didyme
5939:Himera
5914:Catana
5876:Sicily
5866:Thurii
5861:Terina
5826:Pixous
5781:Hydrus
5756:Croton
5588:Aeolic
5506:Aphaea
5429:Dodona
5414:Delphi
5383:Temple
5059:Others
5010:Sappho
4995:Pindar
4970:Lucian
4965:Ibycus
4950:Hesiod
4887:Thales
4655:Rulers
4634:People
4611:Xyston
4606:Xiphos
4467:Koinon
4373:Tyrant
4363:Stasis
4353:Koinon
4153:Pontus
4128:Epirus
4097:Sparta
4087:Rhodes
4082:Megara
4077:Thebes
4022:Athens
3948:Pontus
3913:Epirus
3903:Cyprus
3888:Aeolis
3700:Zodiac
3640:French
3345:Indian
3338:Hebrew
3077:Manner
2908:Zodiac
2858:Equant
2807:Gnomon
2685:Thales
2680:Strabo
2530:Aratus
2418:
2397:
2376:
2353:
2319:
2292:
2242:
2167:600515
2165:
2105:
2081:
2034:
2010:
1969:
1940:
1889:
1868:
1232:Thales
934:cosmos
901:Saturn
815:, the
620:Athens
604:Mirror
600:Aratus
573:winter
569:summer
557:spring
476:stades
450:zodiac
446:Aratus
410:Saturn
408:, and
331:Axioms
320:sphere
273:Hesiod
265:Thales
247:Pontos
241:, and
182:, and
168:Euclid
112:Greece
81:, and
7433:Tithi
7377:Kalpa
7342:Globe
7206:Globe
7118:Vedas
6917:Works
6793:Lalla
6590:Stoae
6558:Lists
6477:Oinòe
6400:coast
6398:South
6384:Tyras
6354:Olbia
6324:Kepoi
6277:coast
6275:North
6268:basin
6210:Aulon
6172:Rhode
6084:Barca
5974:Naxos
5929:Henna
5889:Akrai
5856:Taras
5841:Siris
5801:Medma
5796:Locri
5761:Cumae
5751:Chone
5729:Italy
5635:Koine
5613:Ionic
5603:Doric
5598:Attic
5419:Delos
5317:Music
4960:Homer
4915:Aesop
4867:Plato
4769:Poets
4439:Ephor
4391:Agora
4368:Tagus
4343:Boule
4092:Samos
4017:Argos
3923:Ionia
3908:Doris
3893:Crete
3691:lists
3661:Women
3352:Inuit
3331:Greek
3269:Radar
3207:X-ray
3162:Radio
3142:Solar
2714:Works
2630:Meton
2575:Conon
2335:Link.
2217:(PDF)
2163:JSTOR
1906:Ramus
1061:king
886:Venus
872:known
624:Egypt
540:Plato
398:Venus
285:Plato
277:Homer
132:Latin
7444:Yuga
7438:Vāra
7418:Ritu
6517:Tium
6284:Akra
6225:Issa
5919:Gela
5791:Laüs
5766:Elea
5424:Dion
5276:Arts
5266:Wine
4892:Zeno
4489:Wars
3422:List
3387:folk
3359:Maya
2555:Bion
2416:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2122:Isis
2103:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1082:Paul
1059:Saka
1006:and
980:and
965:and
923:and
899:and
890:Mars
888:and
836:The
823:The
741:nova
622:and
571:and
561:fall
559:and
542:and
402:Mars
287:and
281:flat
275:and
245:(or
239:Gaia
227:flat
42:The
7149:Zij
5221:Law
3589:IAU
2309:doi
2282:doi
2188:doi
2155:doi
2130:doi
1959:doi
787:in
444:of
428:or
249:).
166:of
7626::
4239:c.
4226:c.
4207:c.
4190:c.
3126:/
2315:.
2288:.
2225:20
2223:.
2219:.
2184:27
2182:.
2178:.
2161:.
2151:93
2149:.
2145:.
2126:54
2124:.
2120:.
1990:23
1988:.
1984:.
1965:.
1921:.
1910:21
1908:.
1904:.
1621:^
1594:^
1579:^
1528:^
1036:,
1032:,
1010:.
961:,
811:,
805:,
690:c.
575:).
452:.
404:,
400:,
396:,
237:,
178:,
153:.
134:.
77:,
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6676:e
6669:t
6662:v
6100:)
6096:(
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4224:(
4205:(
4199:)
4188:(
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3178:(
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2467:v
2424:.
2403:.
2382:.
2359:.
2325:.
2311::
2298:.
2284::
2248:.
2194:.
2190::
2169:.
2157::
2136:.
2132::
2111:.
2087:.
2040:.
2016:.
1975:.
1961::
1946:.
1925:.
1895:.
1874:.
1823:.
1811:.
1511:.
1307:.
1203:)
1199:(
903:.
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881:.
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