2367:, Accessed: October 6, 2008. "In the 5th century Herodicus advocated exercise the treatment of disease and compelled his patients to have their bodies rubbed, he being a firm believer in the efficacy of massage. Joseph Schreiber, M. D., author of "Treatment of Massage and Exercise," translated by Walter Mendelson, M. D., of New York, claims that Herodicus first laid down principles for rational, mechanical methods of treatment. HERODICUS, 484 B. C., was one of the first to refer to the manner of giving massage. He said friction should be gentle and slow at first, then rapid in combination with pressure, which was to be followed by gentle friction. Other advocates were Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates, who said "rubbing can bind a joint that is too loose, and loosen a joint that is too rigid. Hard rubbing binds, soft rubbing loosens, much rubbing causes parts to waste, moderate rubbing makes them grow." This is the earliest definite information relative to the effect of variations in the application of massage. These maxims should be remembered by those who use mechanical vibration for they well define its general therapeutic application. Hipppocrates also suggested the direction in which to apply massage the art of rubbing up, thereby assisting mechanical and physical processes, aiding circulation, relieving stasis and consequently quickening metabolic processes."
70:(or the four humors) refers to blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Each of the four humors were linked to an organ, temper, season and element. It was also theorized that sex played a role in medicine because some diseases and treatments were different for females than for males. Moreover, geographic location and social class affected the living conditions of the people and might subject them to different environmental issues such as mosquitoes, rats, and availability of clean drinking water. Diet was thought to be an issue as well and might be affected by a lack of access to adequate nourishment. Trauma, such as that suffered by gladiators, from dog bites or other injuries, played a role in theories relating to understanding anatomy and infections. Additionally, there was significant focus on the beliefs and mindset of the patient in the diagnosis and treatment theories. It was recognized that the mind played a role in healing, or that it might also be the sole basis for the illness.
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she exposed herself to the court to prove the truth about her existence as a woman practicing medicine. The outcome was that she was found as violating the law, specifically against women being able to learn medicine. However, her female patients came to her defense and testified that she had helped them when no male doctor could. Agnodice was acquitted and soon after the law was changed in Athens. After her trial, all free-born women were then legally allowed to practice medicine. After the ruling and change in law, Agnodice then went on to become a well-respected doctor in Athens by all.
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414:, biological causation, and the diversity of life. Aristotle did not experiment, however, holding that items display their real natures in their own environments, rather than controlled artificial ones. While in modern-day physics and chemistry this assumption has been found unhelpful, in zoology and ethology it remains the dominant practice, and Aristotle's work "retains real interest". He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and
221:, three large marble boards dated to 350 BC preserve the names, case histories, complaints, and cures of about 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium.
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64:, geographic location, social class, diet, trauma, beliefs, and mindset. Early on the ancient Greeks believed that illnesses were "divine punishments" and that healing was a "gift from the Gods". As trials continued wherein theories were tested against symptoms and results, the pure spiritual beliefs regarding "punishments" and "gifts" were replaced with a foundation based in the physical, i.e., cause and effect.
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a rational soul, capable of thought and reflection. He attributed only the first to plants, the first two to animals, and all three to humans. Aristotle, in contrast to earlier philosophers, and like the
Egyptians, placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain. Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally went against previous philosophers, with the exception of
907:. Beginning in the late eleventh century, the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition returned to the Latin West with a series of translations of the Classical texts, mainly from Arabic translations but occasionally from the original Greek. In the Renaissance, more translations of Galen and Hippocrates directly from the Greek were made from newly available Byzantine manuscripts.
351:, a physician was able to increase their reputation and respect through "prognosis", knowing the outcome of the disease. Physicians had an active role in the lives of patients, taking into consideration their residence. Distinguishing between fatal diseases and recoverable disease was important for patient trust and respect, positively influencing patient compliance.
484:. Theophrastus also recognized the role of sex in the reproduction of some higher plants, though this last discovery was lost in later ages. The biological/teleological ideas of Aristotle and Theophrastus, as well as their emphasis on a series of axioms rather than on empirical observation, cannot be easily separated from their consequent impact on Western medicine.
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observation, enhanced by practical trial and error experience, abandoning magical and religious justifications of human bodily dysfunction." However, in some instances, the fault of the ailment was still placed on the patient and the role of the physician was to conciliate with the gods or exorcise the demon with prayers, spells, and sacrifices.
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is a collection of about seventy early medical works from ancient Greece that are associated with
Hippocrates and his students. Although once thought to have been written by Hippocrates himself, many scholars today believe that these texts were written by a series of authors over several decades. The
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Overall, the role of women in medicine in ancient Greece was limited. However, there were some exceptions, such as
Agnodice, who were able to break through the barriers and become respected doctors. While there is little information available about other female doctors in ancient Greece, it is likely
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and learn the skills necessary to practice medicine herself. To provide comfort to her patients, it is believed that
Agnodice would expose herself to female patients in order to prove that she was a woman. Eventually, she was discovered and put on trial for practicing medicine as a woman. Once again,
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were used to calm them or peppermint tea to soothe their headaches, which is still a home remedy used by many today. The patients were encouraged to sleep in the facilities too. Their dreams were interpreted by the doctors and their symptoms were then reviewed. Dogs would occasionally be brought in
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He held that the level of a creature's perfection was reflected in its form, but not foreordained by that form. Yet another aspect of his biology divided souls into three groups: a vegetative soul, responsible for reproduction and growth; a sensitive soul, responsible for mobility and sensation; and
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While
Agnodice is the most well-known female doctor in ancient Greece, there were likely others who practiced medicine. However, there is little information available about them. In general, women in ancient Greece were not allowed to receive an education, so it is unlikely that many women were able
268:
In addition to
Agnodice, there were female healers in ancient Greece who were not trained as formal doctors, but who had significant medical knowledge. These women used herbal remedies and other natural treatments to help their patients. They were often called upon to help with childbirth and other
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for physicians, which is still in use today. He and his students also created medical terminology that is part of our vocabulary today. Medical words included acute, chronic, epidemic, exacerbation, relapse, and others. The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of
Hippocrates, Socrates and others
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Galen's influence was so great that even after
Western Europeans started making dissections in the thirteenth century, scholars often assimilated findings into the Galenic model that otherwise might have thrown Galen's accuracy into doubt. Over time, however, Classical medical theory came to be
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view gave
Aristotle cause to justify his observed data as an expression of formal design; for example suggesting that Nature, giving no animal both horns and tusks, was staving off vanity, and generally giving creatures faculties only to such a degree as they are necessary. In a similar fashion,
381:
With the growth of patient compliance in Greek medicine, consent became an important factor between the doctor and patient relationship. Presented with all the information concerning the patient's health, the patient makes the decision to accept treatment. Physician and patient responsibility is
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Ancient Greek physicians who followed humorism emphasized the importance of environment. Physicians believed patients would be subjected to various diseases based on the environment they resided. The local water supply and the direction the wind blew influenced the health of the local populace.
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This work did not delve into medical theory or explanation of pathogenesis, but described the uses and actions of some 600 plants drugs, based on empirical observation. Unlike other works of
Classical antiquity, Dioscorides' manuscript was never out of publication; it formed the basis for the
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Nomenclature, methods and applications for the study of anatomy all date back to the Greeks. After Theophrastus (d. 286 BC), the extent of original work produced was diminished. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of
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of medicine focused on the balance between blood, yellow and black bile, and phlegm in the human body. Being too hot, cold, dry or wet disturbed the balance between the humors, resulting in disease and illness. Gods and demons were not believed to punish the patient, but attributed to bad air
240:
Ancient Greek physicians did not regard disease as being of supernatural origin, i.e., brought about from the dissatisfaction of the gods or demonic possession: "The Greeks developed a system of medicine based on an empirico-rational approach, such that they relied ever more on naturalistic
73:
Ancient Greek medicine began to revolve around the theory of humors. The humoral theory states that good health comes from a perfect balance of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Consequently, poor health resulted from improper balance of the four humors.
331:). Physicians who practiced humoral medicine focused on reestablishing balance between the humors. The shift from supernatural disease to biological disease did not completely abolish Greek religion, but offered a new method of how physicians interacted with patients.
578:, drawing blood across the body. In Erasistratus' physiology, air enters the body, is then drawn by the lungs into the heart, where it is transformed into vital spirit, and is then pumped by the arteries throughout the body. Some of this vital spirit reaches the
253:. The validity of Agnodice’s story has been debated by scholars but according to legend, Agnodice was a woman in ancient Greece who disguised herself as a man to study medicine and become a doctor. She did so by cutting her hair and changing into men’s clothing.
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superseded by increasing emphasis on scientific experimental methods in the 16th and 17th centuries. Nevertheless, the Hippocratic-Galenic practice of bloodletting was practiced into the 19th century, despite its empirical ineffectiveness and riskiness.
390:, where it states, "there are three factors in the practice of medicine: the disease, the patient and the physician. The physician is the servant of science, and the patient must do what he can to fight the disease with the assistance of the physician".
878:. He was specific in the manner that a massage should be given. He recommended that rubbing be initially slow and gentle, then subsequently faster, with the application of more pressure, which was to be followed by more gentle friction.
898:, following the collapse of the Western Empire, although the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition of Greek medicine continued to be studied and practiced in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). After AD 750, Arab, Persian and
889:
This acceptance led to the spread of Greek medical theories throughout the Roman Empire, and thus a large portion of the West. The most influential Roman scholar to continue and expand on the Hippocratic tradition was
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had a spring that flowed down into an underground room in the Temple. People would come to drink the waters and to bathe in them because they were believed to have medicinal properties. Mud baths and hot teas such as
479:
for seed vessel. Rather than focus on formal causes, as Aristotle did, Theophrastus suggested a mechanistic scheme, drawing analogies between natural and artificial processes, and relying on Aristotle's concept of the
343:, "t is not enough for the physician to do what is necessary, but the patient and the attendant must do their part as well". Patient compliance was rooted in their respect for the physician. According to the treatise
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scholars translated Galen's and Dioscorides' works in particular. Thereafter the Hippocratic-Galenic medical tradition was assimilated and eventually expanded, with the most influential Muslim doctor-scholar being
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women's health issues, similar to current-day midwives and nurses. While they were not officially recognized as doctors during their time, they played a vital role in the healthcare system of ancient Greece.
586:, and "while they were still breathing they observed parts which nature had formerly concealed, and examined their position, colour, shape, size, arrangement, hardness, softness, smoothness, connection."
605:, "Nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance." Aristotle's ideas of natural history and medicine survived, but they were generally taken unquestioningly.
582:, where it is transformed into animal spirit, which is then distributed by the nerves. Herophilus and Erasistratus performed their experiments upon criminals given to them by their Ptolemaic kings. They
232:, which was a staff wielded by the god Hermes. The Rod of Asclepius embodies one snake with no wings whereas Caduceus is represented by two snakes and a pair of wings depicting the swiftness of Hermes.
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that there were others who practiced medicine. Additionally, female healers played an important role in the healthcare system of ancient Greece, even if they were not officially recognized as doctors.
120:, attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient
249:
Originally, in ancient Greece, women were not allowed to become doctors, however, there are some accounts of female doctors who practiced medicine. One such account was that of the female doctor
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while the former do not. He did this using an experiment involving cutting certain veins and arteries in a pig's neck until the squealing stopped. In the same vein, he developed a
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or were cured by surgery. Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing. The
116:, author of the first anatomical compilation, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Despite their known respect for
53:
191:), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing. At these shrines, patients would enter a dream-like state of induced sleep known as "enkoimesis" (
527:), who differed from Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between
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Askitopoulou, Helen; Konsolaki, Eleni; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Anastassaki, Maria (2002). "Surgical cures under sleep induction in the Asclepieion of Epidauros".
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to further his research, at one time repeatedly weighing a caged bird and noting its weight loss between feeding times. Following his teacher's researches into
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Western pharmacopeia through the 19th century, a true testament to the efficacy of the medicines described; moreover, the influence of work on European
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Embodiments of Will: Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages, 400 B.C.-A.D. 1300
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to become doctors. It is believed that there were some exceptions, for example, the daughters of wealthy families who could receive an education.
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with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in
300:
795:. Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection and
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Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus".
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was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials. The Greek term for medicine was
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Through long contact with Greek culture, and their eventual conquest of Greece, the Romans adopted a favorable view of Hippocratic medicine.
322:, which argues that if all diseases were derived from supernatural sources, biological medicines would not work. The establishment of the
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732:, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work
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While under the guise of practicing as a man, Agnodice was able to secure an apprenticeship under the then physician and gynecologist,
693:, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in
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Galen on bloodletting: a study of the origins, development, and validity of his opinions, with a translation of the three works
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and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the
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medicine, intertwining the spiritual with the physical. Specifically, the ancient Greeks believed health was affected by the
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697:, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several
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Erasistratus connected the increased complexity of the surface of the human brain compared to other animals to its superior
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Siraisi, Nancy G., (1991) Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative, Journal of the History of Ideas. pp. 587–88.
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where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the
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challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity,
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Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to man—the
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opposes ancient beliefs, offering biologically based approaches to disease instead of magical intervention. The
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Early American Manual Therapy (Version 5.0) - Chapter 1 History and Development of Mechanical Vibration Therapy
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601:) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. In the words of
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894:(d. c. 207). Study of Hippocratic and Galenic texts, however, all but disappeared in the Latin West in the
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2311:"European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use"
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Bendick, Jeanne. "Galen – And the Gateway to Medicine." Ignatius Press, San Francisco, CA, 2002.
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and maintenance of health is credited to him, and he is believed to have been one of the tutors of
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continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve
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technique which relied upon distinguishing different types of pulse. He, and his contemporary,
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Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled
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of plants and animals in the world around him, which he devoted considerable attention to
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Cosans, Christopher E. (1997). "Galen's Critique of Rationalist and Empiricist Anatomy".
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that advances in biology can be again found. The first medical teacher at Alexandria was
467:—which survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to botany, even into the
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Greek and Roman Medicine: An Introductory Bibliography for Graduate Students in Classics
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is a universal symbol for medicine to this day. However, it is frequently confused with
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Greek Medicine by the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.
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A History of Greek Philosophy. Volume I: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans
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1851:"Galen on the affected parts. Translation from the Greek text with explanatory notes"
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The father of modern medicine: the first research of the physical factor of tetanus
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using beneficial herbs and oils, and his theories are considered the foundation of
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medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on
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Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmæon to the Alexandrians
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represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints.
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Surgical tools, 5th century BC. Reconstructions based on descriptions within the
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2075:"That the best physician is also a philosopher" with a Modern Greek Translation
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experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the
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199:) not unlike anesthesia, in which they either received guidance from the deity
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Patients played an important role in their treatment. Stated in the treatise
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until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century.
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78:, known as the "Father of Modern Medicine", established a medical school at
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to lick open wounds for assistance in their healing. In the Asclepieion of
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Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of
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1469:. Translated by Withington, E.T.; Lonie, I.M.; Chadwick, J.; Mann, W.N.
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3789:
3779:
3764:
3749:
3739:
3714:
3090:
2845:
2800:
2557:
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
2552:
2271:
1470:
1440:
1319:. Lilian R. Furst. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. 1997.
899:
717:
655:
631:
602:
567:
563:
552:
520:
512:
411:
257:
169:
was espoused as the first physician, and myth placed him as the son of
129:
2205:
1169:
Atlas of Anatomy, ed. Giunti Editorial Group, Taj Books LTD 2002, p. 9
5958:
5906:
5700:
5695:
5256:
5182:
5167:
5137:
5132:
5064:
4988:
4973:
4958:
4901:
4801:
4453:
4385:
3957:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3862:
3857:
3827:
3774:
3734:
3513:
3379:
3333:
3313:
2944:
2815:
1408:
824:
682:
667:
659:
623:
594:
540:
487:
430:
399:
358:
218:
213:
166:
38:
1929:
1424:
140:
5938:
5736:
5635:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5261:
5039:
5006:
4968:
4911:
4826:
4811:
4668:
4658:
4575:
4570:
3967:
3962:
3922:
3917:
3892:
3872:
3799:
3754:
3744:
3600:
3498:
3433:
3361:
2969:
2197:
1142:, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
904:
859:
815:
authored an encyclopedia of medicinal substances commonly known as
751:
709:
705:
686:
286:
250:
229:
208:
67:
5059:
2097:
5963:
5886:
5449:
5439:
5384:
5379:
5364:
5354:
5339:
5334:
5221:
5109:
5099:
4978:
4953:
4948:
4921:
4916:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4773:
4763:
4738:
4703:
4698:
4673:
4326:
4108:
3769:
3759:
3518:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3453:
3448:
3328:
3275:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2661:
2379:, "Liminal Perils: Early Roman Receptions of Greek Medicine", in
2000:
1642:
A Short History of Anatomy & Physiology from Greeks to Harvey
871:
863:
690:
651:
647:
627:
590:
471:. Many of Theophrastus' names survive into modern times, such as
150:
5394:
4708:
1807:
Nutton Vivian (1973). "The Chronology of Galen's Early Career".
5778:
5630:
5419:
5349:
5329:
5291:
5157:
4963:
4856:
4793:
4783:
4728:
4346:
4331:
3927:
3912:
3887:
3882:
3867:
3528:
3523:
3290:
3270:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2870:
2830:
2820:
2805:
2082:
2078:
1992:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
1409:"Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation"
1241:
1239:
851:
777:
620:
575:
532:
454:
370:
170:
105:
61:
27:
Collection of medical theories and practices in ancient Greece
5773:
5751:
5429:
5404:
5301:
5241:
5226:
5094:
5054:
4806:
4718:
4713:
4683:
4678:
4653:
4336:
3877:
3832:
3784:
3356:
3308:
3009:
2979:
2926:
2901:
2840:
2810:
2073:
Claudii Galeni Pergameni (1992). Odysseas Hatzopoulos (ed.).
1935:
958:
891:
854:
physician of the 5th century BC, who is considered to be the
761:
671:
614:
579:
548:
536:
2397:
An English Language Bibliography of Classical Greek Medicine
1236:
393:
5768:
5625:
5434:
5409:
5359:
4846:
4836:
2521:
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea
1667:
Elizabeth H. Oakes, Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p 321
528:
2434:. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.)
2412:. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.)
760:, in which he established that blood circulates, with the
402:
was the most influential scholar of the living world from
173:. Temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as
2034:, Princeton University Press, and Bylebyl, J (ed), 1979,
729:
708:
was principally influenced by the then-current theory of
362:
159:
79:
2072:
1364:"SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science"
1316:
Women healers and physicians : climbing a long hill
1203:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1-26.
1403:
2184:
Lacy, Phillip De (January 1972). "Galen's Platonism".
2085:: Odysseas Hatzopoulos & Company: Kaktos Editions.
276:
2614:
Greek Medicine From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age
506:(c. 1200), which was originally written around 200 BC
2575:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
2461:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
1219:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
1111:
2586:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
2276:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
2272:"The experimental foundations of Galen's teleology"
1201:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
2095:
1907:
1757:Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire
1275:"The evolution of the doctor-patient relationship"
936:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
488:Herophilus, Erasistratus and ancient Greek anatomy
244:
104:The earliest known Greek medical school opened in
1272:
1027:"Ancient Greek medicine: Influences and practice"
5992:
1924:
979:
2897:
1760:". David Stone Potter, D. J. Mattingly (1999).
1453:Vivian Nutton'Ancient Medicine'(Routledge 2004)
1407:; Lefkowitz, Mary R.; Fant, Maureen B. (1994).
162:, the best preserved instance of an Asclepieion
1985:
1644:. NEw York: Dover Publications Inc. p. 5.
1211:
1209:
646:, Galen influenced the development of various
5586:
2677:
2658:at Ancient Medicine compiled by Lee T. Pearcy
2497:
1891:Introduction. Galen. On the Natural Faculties
1806:
1368:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
793:That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher
1918:
1094:"The Father of Modern Medicine: Hippocrates"
975:
973:
2038:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
2003:: Sumptibus Guilielmi Fitzeri. p. 72.
1463:Hippocrates (2005-05-26). Lloyd, G. (ed.).
1462:
1206:
235:
5593:
5579:
3563:
2684:
2670:
2024:
1979:
1967:, Berkeley: University of California Press
1008:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2634:Ancient Greek Medicine in medicinenet.com
2492:Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece
2436:The Oxford History of the Classical World
2414:The Oxford History of the Classical World
2334:
2172:Three Treatises on the Nature of Science,
2147:
1874:
1290:
970:
394:Aristotle's influence on Greek perception
5600:
2136:Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
2047:
1800:
1493:
638:. Arguably the most accomplished of all
491:
461:, wrote a series of books on botany—the
353:
290:
149:
139:
29:
2527:, 1936. Reprinted by Harper & Row,
2494:, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1946.
2454:The Public Physicians of Ancient Greece
2381:Tradition, Transmission, Transformation
1965:Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564
1222:. Oxford University Press. p. 56.
14:
5993:
5902:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
5651:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
4617:
2308:
2269:
2226:
2098:"Medical ethics in a writing of Galen"
1639:
1399:
1397:
1361:
1061:
807:The first century AD Greek physician,
570:, he claimed that the human system of
56:). Many components were considered in
5574:
5474:
4616:
4045:
3549:
2896:
2716:
2665:
2129:"Galen on the Ideal of the Physician"
2126:
2032:Galen On Respiration and the Arteries
1931:De humani corporis fabrica, Libri VII
1883:
1500:. National Geographic Books. p.
1215:
870:. He also recommended good diet and
704:Galen's understanding of anatomy and
429:guided all natural processes. Such a
5085:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2717:
2270:Cosans, Christopher E (March 1998).
2183:
1273:Kaba, R.; Sooriakumaran, P. (2007).
1114:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1021:
1019:
881:
5855:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
2504:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2456:, Northampton, Massachusetts, 1956.
1394:
811:, botanist, and Roman army surgeon
551:, mapping their courses across the
547:, researched the role of veins and
277:The Hippocratic Corpus and Humorism
24:
5721:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
4046:
2691:
2563:: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.
2432:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
2402:
1717:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
1691:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
25:
6047:
2627:
2229:Journal of the History of Biology
2186:The American Journal of Philology
1571:, pp 201-202; see also: Lovejoy,
1016:
941:Medical community of ancient Rome
5975:
5974:
5664:
5554:
5544:
5535:
5534:
2549:. Collier Books: New York, 1956.
2096:Theodore J. Drizis (Fall 2008).
2030:Furley, D, and J. Wilkie, 1984,
1889:Arthur John Brock (translator),
1730:The Growth of Biological Thought
1624:The Growth of Biological Thought
1569:The Growth of Biological Thought
1552:The Growth of Biological Thought
1279:International Journal of Surgery
776:controls all the motions of the
5934:History of alternative medicine
5819:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
5789:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
5555:
2389:
2370:
2351:
2302:
2263:
2220:
2177:
2170:Frede, M. and R. Walzer, 1985,
2164:
2120:
2089:
2066:
2041:
1970:
1957:
1896:
1843:
1774:
1748:
1735:
1732:, pp 90-94; quotation from p 91
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1661:
1648:
1633:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1561:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1487:
1456:
1447:
1355:
1307:
1266:
858:. The first use of therapeutic
619:Aelius Galenus was a prominent
584:dissected these criminals alive
535:, noting that the latter had a
408:Aristotle's biological writings
245:Women in Ancient Greek Medicine
5809:Traditional Mongolian medicine
5686:Brazilian traditional medicine
2127:Brain, P. (26 November 1977).
1786:". Peter Brain, Galen (1986).
1190:
1172:
1163:
1044:
802:
410:demonstrate great concern for
369:(left) and a citizen (right),
318:Corpus contains the treatise,
301:Thessaloniki Technology Museum
34:Physician treating a patient (
13:
1:
6031:European traditional medicine
6016:Ancient Greek science writers
5981:Category:Traditional medicine
3156:
3143:
3124:
3107:
2296:10.1016/s0039-3681(96)00005-2
1611:A History of Greek Philosophy
1260:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00717-3
1248:International Congress Series
964:
453:Aristotle's successor at the
135:
5814:Traditional Tibetan medicine
5799:Traditional Chinese medicine
5757:Iranian traditional medicine
5691:Chumash traditional medicine
5641:Traditional African medicine
4284:Funeral and burial practices
3469:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2498:Lennox, James (2006-02-15).
2315:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1762:University of Michigan Press
1096:. 2008-02-28. Archived from
834:
670:, as well as philosophy and
7:
5804:Traditional Korean medicine
914:
93:had a lasting influence on
10:
6052:
5646:Traditional Hausa medicine
4208:Greek Revival architecture
3550:
2591:Cambridge University Press
2478:Cambridge University Press
2410:Classical Greek Philosophy
2048:Frampton, Michael (2008).
2036:William Harvey and His Age
1788:Cambridge University Press
1743:Classical Greek Philosophy
1656:Classical Greek Philosophy
1539:Classical Greek Philosophy
1292:10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.01.005
1216:Risse, Guenter B. (1999).
1151:World History Encyclopedia
1075:www.medicinaantiqua.org.uk
987:World History Encyclopedia
786:peripheral nervous systems
735:De humani corporis fabrica
612:
398:Ancient Greek philosopher
382:mentioned in the treatise
377:of Kos, 2nd–3rd century AD
280:
99:medieval European medicine
5972:
5879:
5863:
5832:
5794:Traditional Thai medicine
5729:
5673:
5662:
5616:Ancient Egyptian medicine
5608:
5530:
5481:
5475:
5470:
5315:
5192:
5181:
5108:
5030:
4987:
4934:
4792:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4612:
4561:
4476:
4414:
4376:
4369:
4319:
4279:
4270:
4192:
4069:
4065:
4041:
4007:
3976:
3818:
3705:
3649:
3616:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3571:
3562:
3558:
3545:
3424:Antigonid Macedonian army
3397:
3370:
3342:
3299:
3256:
3247:
3089:
3028:
2925:
2921:
2892:
2791:
2740:
2736:
2712:
2699:
2547:A History of the Sciences
2327:10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.035
1867:10.1017/s0025727300037935
1821:10.1017/S0009838800036600
1704:A History of the Sciences
1678:A History of the Sciences
1628:A History of the Sciences
1598:A History of the Sciences
1556:A History of the Sciences
1526:A History of the Sciences
1362:Howard, Sethanne (2007).
980:Cartwright, Mark (2013).
921:Ancient Egyptian medicine
856:father of sports medicine
847:
746:endured until 1628, when
196:
184:
118:ancient Egyptian medicine
6011:Ancient Greek physicians
6006:Ancient Greek anatomists
5850:Medicine in ancient Rome
2561:Harvard University Press
2559:. The Belknap Press of
2525:Harvard University Press
2465:Harvard University Press
1640:Singer, Charles (1957).
1573:The Great Chain of Being
1554:, pp 84-90, 135; Mason,
1138:18 November 2011 at the
1071:"medicinaantiqua.org.uk"
1031:www.medicalnewstoday.com
946:Medicine in ancient Rome
608:
562:. He sometimes employed
425:Aristotle believed that
236:Ancient Greek physicians
2440:Oxford University Press
2418:Oxford University Press
2241:10.1023/a:1004266427468
2149:10520/AJA20785135_18319
650:disciplines, including
521:Herophilus of Chalcedon
6021:Ancient Roman medicine
6001:Ancient Greek medicine
5840:Ancient Greek medicine
5747:Georgian folk medicine
3650:Artists & scholars
3565:List of ancient Greeks
3202:Second Athenian League
3051:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2876:Ancient Greek colonies
2616:. New York, NY, 1998.
1347:: CS1 maint: others (
507:
378:
304:
163:
147:
46:Ancient Greek medicine
42:
4769:Sybaris on the Traeis
3494:Sacred Band of Thebes
3234:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2748:Cycladic civilization
2500:"Aristotle's Biology"
2174:Indianapolis: Hacket.
1903:Galen on pharmacology
862:for the treatment of
827:eclipsed that of the
589:Though a few ancient
545:Erasistratus of Chios
525:the father of anatomy
495:
357:
294:
153:
143:
33:
5954:Prehistoric medicine
5892:Alternative medicine
5602:Traditional medicine
4294:mythological figures
4015:Ancient Greek tribes
3140:Peloponnesian League
2102:Acta Med Hist Adriat
2052:. Michael Frampton.
1497:Hippocratic Writings
1466:Hippocratic Writings
955:(Hippocratic Corpus)
813:Pedanius Dioscorides
440:Great Chain of Being
361:(center) arrives in
187:; sing. Ἀσκληπιεῖον
88:, and developed the
18:Hellenistic medicine
4406:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4401:Theatre of Dionysus
4025:Ancient Macedonians
3641:Tyrants of Syracuse
3153:Amphictyonic League
2753:Minoan civilization
2581:Heinrich von Staden
2377:Heinrich von Staden
2288:1998SHPSA..29...63C
1809:Classical Quarterly
1626:, pp 90-91; Mason,
1413:The Classical World
1405:Tripolitis, Antonia
1197:Heinrich von Staden
952:On Ancient Medicine
931:History of medicine
640:medical researchers
205:Temple of Asclepius
122:medical terminology
6026:Byzantine medicine
5845:Byzantine medicine
5080:Menestheus's Limin
4734:Pandosia (Lucania)
4622:Greek colonisation
3984:Athenian statesmen
3745:Diogenes of Sinope
3606:Kings of Macedonia
3596:Kings of Commagene
3464:Macedonian phalanx
3444:Hellenistic armies
3192:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
3056:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2778:Hellenistic Greece
2639:2013-03-28 at the
2612:Longrigg, James.
2545:Mason, Stephen F.
2535:, 2005 paperback:
2518:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
2514:, Routledge, 1993.
2480:: New York, 1962.
2452:Cohn-Haft, Louis.
2442:: New York, 1986.
2430:Barnes, Jonathan.
2420:: New York, 1986.
2363:2005-03-09 at the
1914:Galen on the brain
926:Byzantine medicine
829:Hippocratic Corpes
764:acting as a pump.
744:circulatory system
574:was controlled by
508:
503:Historia Plantarum
379:
365:and is greeted by
320:the Sacred Disease
315:Hippocratic Corpus
310:Hippocratic Corpus
305:
297:Hippocratic corpus
283:Hippocratic Corpus
164:
148:
85:Hippocratic Corpus
43:
5988:
5987:
5621:Tabernanthe iboga
5568:
5567:
5526:
5525:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5032:Iberian Peninsula
4964:Lipara/Meligounis
4930:
4929:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4581:Cypriot syllabary
4472:
4471:
4381:Athenian Treasury
4365:
4364:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3626:Ptolemaic dynasty
3586:Archons of Athens
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3412:Athenian military
3393:
3392:
3226:League of Corinth
3208:Thessalian League
3184:Chalcidian League
3166:Acarnanian League
3076:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2651:greekmedicine.net
2607:978-0-521-23646-1
2577:. Routledge, 2004
2510:Longrigg, James.
2471:Guthrie, W. K. C.
2395:Connor, J. T. H.
2059:978-3-639-08294-4
1997:Frankfurt am Main
1944:Johannes Oporinus
1494:Chadwick (1983).
1480:978-0-14-191486-2
1229:978-0-19-974869-3
1004:cite encyclopedia
896:Early Middle Ages
882:Historical legacy
818:De Materia Medica
724:, especially the
464:History of Plants
16:(Redirected from
6043:
5978:
5977:
5706:Mapuche medicine
5668:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5572:
5571:
5558:
5557:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5472:
5471:
5190:
5189:
4689:Heraclea Lucania
4642:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4614:
4613:
4374:
4373:
4306:Twelve Olympians
4277:
4276:
4067:
4066:
4043:
4042:
3631:Seleucid dynasty
3611:Kings of Paionia
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3417:Scythian archers
3324:Graphe paranomon
3254:
3253:
3161:
3158:
3148:
3145:
3129:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3109:
2923:
2922:
2894:
2893:
2773:Classical Greece
2758:Mycenaean Greece
2738:
2737:
2714:
2713:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2507:
2490:Jones, W. H. S.
2384:
2374:
2368:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1926:Andreas Vesalius
1922:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1893:. Edinburgh 1916
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1861:(2): 212. 1977.
1847:
1841:
1840:
1804:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1157:on 16 July 2021.
1153:. Archived from
1129:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1077:. Archived from
1065:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
982:"Greek Medicine"
977:
849:
780:by means of the
766:Medical students
740:Andreas Vesalius
599:natural theology
226:Rod of Asclepius
198:
186:
145:Rod of Asclepius
95:Islamic medicine
90:Hippocratic Oath
36:Attic red-figure
21:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5968:
5927:herbs and fungi
5922:Herbal medicine
5875:
5859:
5828:
5784:Siddha medicine
5725:
5716:Navajo medicine
5669:
5660:
5656:Yorùbá medicine
5604:
5599:
5569:
5564:
5522:
5477:
5454:
5317:
5311:
5194:
5185:
5177:
5148:Melaina Korkyra
5104:
5026:
4983:
4936:Aeolian Islands
4926:
4788:
4646:
4627:
4626:
4600:
4557:
4468:
4410:
4361:
4315:
4266:
4188:
4179:Wedding customs
4061:
4060:
4029:
4020:Thracian Greeks
4003:
3994:Olympic victors
3972:
3814:
3701:
3645:
3636:Kings of Sparta
3621:Kings of Pontus
3591:Kings of Athens
3567:
3554:
3533:
3429:Army of Macedon
3389:
3366:
3338:
3295:
3243:
3216:(370–c. 230 BC)
3214:Arcadian League
3198:(c. 400–188 BC)
3196:Aetolian League
3190:Boeotian League
3172:Hellenic League
3159:
3146:
3136:(c. 650–404 BC)
3127:
3121:Italiote League
3114:
3110:
3104:Doric Hexapolis
3094:
3085:
3081:Seleucid Empire
3024:
2917:
2916:
2880:
2787:
2763:Greek Dark Ages
2732:
2731:
2708:
2695:
2690:
2641:Wayback Machine
2630:
2405:
2403:Further reading
2392:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2365:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2309:De Vos (2010).
2307:
2303:
2268:
2264:
2225:
2221:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2142:(23): 936–938.
2131:
2125:
2121:
2094:
2090:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1901:
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1425:10.2307/4351609
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1140:Wayback Machine
1103:
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1034:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1001:
1000:
993:
991:
978:
971:
967:
917:
884:
876:sports medicine
837:
825:herbal medicine
805:
726:Barbary macaque
617:
611:
490:
482:efficient cause
475:for fruit, and
396:
289:
281:Main articles:
279:
247:
238:
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5858:
5857:
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5842:
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5834:
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5827:
5826:
5824:Unani medicine
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
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5726:
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5723:
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5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Aztec medicine
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
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5638:
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4925:
4924:
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4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Megara Hyblaea
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Hybla Gereatis
4859:
4854:
4852:Heraclea Minoa
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
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4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4596:Attic numerals
4593:
4591:Greek numerals
4588:
4586:Greek alphabet
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
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4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:Musical system
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4199:
4197:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
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4176:
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4166:
4161:
4156:
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4035:
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4030:
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4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
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3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
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3890:
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3880:
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3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
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3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Mathematicians
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Kings of Argos
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Cretan archers
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3238:Achaean League
3235:
3232:Euboean League
3229:
3223:
3220:Epirote League
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3168:(c. 500–31 BC)
3163:
3150:
3137:
3131:
3118:
3100:
3098:
3096:Confederations
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3020:Lissus (Crete)
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Archaic Greece
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:Ancient Greece
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2629:
2628:External links
2626:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2583:(ed. trans.).
2578:
2571:
2550:
2543:
2515:
2508:
2495:
2488:
2468:
2459:Guido, Majno.
2457:
2450:
2428:
2408:Annas, Julia.
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2369:
2350:
2301:
2262:
2219:
2198:10.2307/292898
2176:
2163:
2119:
2108:(2): 333–336.
2088:
2065:
2058:
2040:
2023:
2009:
1987:William Harvey
1978:
1969:
1963:O'Malley, C.,
1956:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1882:
1842:
1815:(1): 158–171.
1799:
1773:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1660:
1647:
1632:
1615:
1613:Vol. 1 pp. 348
1602:
1589:
1576:
1560:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1510:
1486:
1479:
1455:
1446:
1393:
1354:
1325:
1306:
1265:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1189:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1130:
1109:
1090:
1060:
1043:
1015:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
956:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
916:
913:
883:
880:
836:
833:
809:pharmacologist
804:
801:
757:De motu cordis
750:published his
748:William Harvey
613:Main article:
610:
607:
489:
486:
395:
392:
324:humoral theory
278:
275:
246:
243:
237:
234:
137:
134:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6048:
6037:
6036:Pseudoscience
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5983:
5982:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Ethnomedicine
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5871:Bush medicine
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Maya medicine
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5473:
5469:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Hemeroscopion
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Magna Graecia
4634:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Arcadocypriot
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4464:Zeus, Olympia
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Hera, Olympia
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Mount Olympus
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:Sacred places
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Olympic Games
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Homosexuality
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Seleucid army
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:Delian League
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:Ionian League
3132:
3122:
3119:
3115: 560 BC
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Magna Graecia
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:0-415-92087-6
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:0-521-23646-0
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:Guido Majno.
2572:
2570:
2569:0-674-36445-7
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:0-674-36153-9
2538:
2534:
2533:0-674-36150-4
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:0-521-29420-7
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:0-19-872112-9
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:0-19-872112-9
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2010:0-398-00793-4
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:0-521-32085-2
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:0-472-08568-9
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:0-8131-2011-X
1322:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:"Hippocrates"
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1100:on 2008-02-28
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:on 2008-02-15
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1056:1-883937-75-2
1053:
1047:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1005:
989:
988:
983:
976:
974:
969:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
912:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
887:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
841:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
814:
810:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:(present-day
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:blood vessels
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
505:
504:
499:
494:
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
443:
441:
437:
436:scala naturae
432:
428:
427:formal causes
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
387:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
348:
342:
340:
332:
330:
329:miasma theory
325:
321:
316:
312:
311:
302:
298:
293:
288:
284:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
254:
252:
242:
233:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
210:
206:
202:
194:
190:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
161:
157:
152:
146:
142:
133:
131:
127:
126:pharmacopoeia
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
71:
69:
65:
63:
59:
58:ancient Greek
55:
51:
47:
41:, 480–470 BC)
40:
37:
32:
19:
5979:
5944:Mithridatism
5839:
5742:Dhivehi beys
5355:Dionysopolis
5325:Abonoteichos
5277:Pantikapaion
4867:Hybla Heraea
4229:
4203:Architecture
4159:Prostitution
3848:Aristophanes
3707:Philosophers
3677:Philosophers
3509:Spartan army
3240:(280–146 BC)
3228:(338–322 BC)
3222:(370–168 BC)
3210:(374–196 BC)
3204:(378–355 BC)
3186:(430–348 BC)
3180:(478–404 BC)
3174:(499–449 BC)
2861:Peloponnesus
2783:Roman Greece
2613:
2585:
2574:
2556:
2546:
2520:
2511:
2503:
2491:
2473:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2431:
2413:
2409:
2390:Bibliography
2380:
2372:
2353:
2321:(1): 28–47.
2318:
2314:
2304:
2282:(1): 63–80.
2279:
2275:
2265:
2235:(1): 35–54.
2232:
2228:
2222:
2192:(1): 27–39.
2189:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2139:
2135:
2122:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
1995:(in Latin).
1991:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1934:(in Latin).
1930:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1781:
1776:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1719:, pp 383-384
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
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1584:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1555:
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1496:
1489:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1315:
1309:
1285:(1): 57–65.
1282:
1278:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1155:the original
1150:
1117:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1074:
1063:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1033:. 2018-11-09
1030:
992:. Retrieved
985:
950:
909:
888:
885:
855:
839:
838:
828:
816:
806:
792:
790:
755:
733:
703:
681:, a wealthy
679:Aelius Nicon
676:
664:pharmacology
636:Roman Empire
618:
588:
560:intelligence
557:
524:
509:
501:
498:Theophrastus
476:
472:
462:
459:Theophrastus
452:
444:
435:
431:teleological
424:
420:categorizing
397:
385:
380:
346:
338:
333:
314:
308:
306:
271:
267:
263:
255:
248:
239:
223:
188:
174:
165:
155:
154:View of the
103:
83:
72:
66:
49:
45:
44:
5949:Naturopathy
5917:Health care
5503:Place names
5415:Salmydessus
5237:Kalos Limen
5217:Chersonesus
5207:Borysthenes
4912:Tauromenion
4724:Metapontion
4486:Proto-Greek
4439:Erechtheion
4434:Athena Nike
4396:Philippeion
4225:Mathematics
4196:and science
4079:Agriculture
3943:Stesichorus
3853:Bacchylides
3843:Archilochus
3730:Antisthenes
3720:Anaximander
3692:Seven Sages
3682:Playwrights
3662:Geographers
3657:Astronomers
3484:Pezhetairos
3111: 1100
3091:Federations
2990:Megalopolis
2927:City states
2902:City states
2553:Mayr, Ernst
1940:Switzerland
1583:Aristotle,
1374:(1): 1–15.
994:November 9,
868:Hippocrates
803:Dioscorides
797:vivisection
677:The son of
632:philosopher
564:experiments
477:pericarpium
469:Middle Ages
375:Asclepieion
367:Hippocrates
189:Asclepieion
156:Asklepieion
76:Hippocrates
5995:Categories
5897:Apothecary
5405:Polemonion
5282:Phanagoria
5252:Kimmerikon
5247:Kerkinitis
5232:Hermonassa
5222:Dioscurias
5118:Aspalathos
5065:Kalathousa
5040:Akra Leuke
4969:Phoenicusa
4754:Scylletium
4739:Poseidonia
4659:Brentesion
4546:Pamphylian
4541:Macedonian
4459:Samothrace
4444:Hephaestus
4391:Long Walls
4370:Structures
4311:Underworld
4257:Technology
4220:Literature
4154:Philosophy
4119:Euergetism
4008:By culture
3953:Thucydides
3795:Pythagoras
3790:Protagoras
3780:Parmenides
3765:Heraclitus
3750:Empedocles
3740:Democritus
3725:Anaximenes
3715:Anaxagoras
3667:Historians
3160: 595
3147: 550
3128: 800
3113: – c.
3041:Cappadocia
2846:Ionian Sea
2836:Hellespont
2801:Aegean Sea
1511:0140444513
1471:Penguin UK
1419:(6): 534.
1184:Britannica
1180:"Alcmaeon"
1120:(1): 2–4.
1104:2012-04-21
1085:2008-03-08
1037:2021-04-08
965:References
718:dissection
656:physiology
648:scientific
603:Ernst Mayr
568:pneumatics
541:diagnostic
515:under the
513:Alexandria
416:attributes
412:empiricism
347:Prognostic
258:Herophilus
201:in a dream
197:ἐγκοίμησις
185:Ἀσκληπιεῖα
176:Asclepieia
136:Asclepieia
130:Alexandria
5959:Shamanism
5907:Electuary
5701:Kallawaya
5696:Curandero
5491:in Epirus
5440:Trapezous
5385:Mesambria
5370:Eupatoria
5340:Apollonia
5335:Anchialos
5297:Theodosia
5267:Nymphaion
5257:Myrmekion
5227:Gorgippia
5183:Black Sea
5168:Tragurion
5153:Nymphaion
5138:Epidauros
5133:Epidamnos
5123:Apollonia
5100:Zacynthos
5022:Ptolemais
5016:Apollonia
4989:Cyrenaica
4979:Therassía
4974:Strongyle
4954:Ereikousa
4877:Leontinoi
4817:Apollonia
4694:Hipponion
4491:Mycenaean
4454:Parthenon
4386:Lion Gate
4289:Mythology
4252:Sculpture
4215:Astronomy
4149:Pederasty
4124:Festivals
4109:Education
3989:Lawgivers
3958:Timocreon
3938:Sophocles
3933:Simonides
3908:Philocles
3903:Panyassis
3898:Mimnermus
3863:Herodotus
3858:Euripides
3828:Aeschylus
3775:Leucippus
3735:Aristotle
3514:Strategos
3380:Synedrion
3334:Ostracism
3314:Areopagus
3266:Free city
3061:Macedonia
2945:Byzantion
2851:Macedonia
2816:Cyrenaica
2793:Geography
2727:Geography
1764:. p. 63.
1609:Guthrie,
1558:, p 41-44
1433:0009-8418
1380:0043-0439
1343:cite book
1254:: 11–17.
840:Herodicus
835:Herodicus
754:entitled
683:architect
668:neurology
660:pathology
644:antiquity
624:physician
595:Lucretius
517:Ptolemies
404:antiquity
400:Aristotle
386:Epidemics
373:from the
359:Asclepius
339:Aphorisms
219:Epidaurus
214:chamomile
167:Asclepius
39:aryballos
5939:Humorism
5737:Ayurveda
5674:Americas
5636:Saltigue
5540:Category
5518:Theatres
5445:Tripolis
5380:Kerasous
5375:Heraclea
5307:Tyritake
5262:Nikonion
5173:Thronion
5095:Salauris
5050:Emporion
5007:Berenice
4997:Balagrae
4949:Euonymos
4922:Tyndaris
4907:Syracuse
4902:Selinous
4872:Kamarina
4827:Casmenae
4812:Akrillai
4729:Neápolis
4664:Caulonia
4645:Mainland
4576:Linear B
4571:Linear A
4501:Dialects
4478:Language
4272:Religion
4230:Medicine
4164:Religion
4129:Folklore
4114:Emporium
4089:Clothing
4084:Calendar
3968:Xenophon
3963:Tyrtaeus
3948:Theognis
3923:Polybius
3918:Plutarch
3893:Menander
3873:Hipponax
3800:Socrates
3755:Epicurus
3601:Diadochi
3499:Sciritae
3459:Hetairoi
3434:Ballista
3399:Military
3362:Gerousia
3352:Ekklesia
3319:Ecclesia
3301:Athenian
3249:Politics
3162:–279 BC)
3149:–366 BC)
3130:–389 BC)
3066:Pergamon
3036:Bithynia
3029:Kingdoms
2970:Pergamon
2912:Military
2907:Politics
2704:Timeline
2637:Archived
2593:, 1989.
2361:Archived
2345:20561577
2257:35323972
2249:11618979
2214:11616518
2114:20102254
2016:7 August
1989:(1628).
1949:7 August
1928:(1543).
1855:Med Hist
1837:35645790
1829:11624046
1715:Barnes,
1689:Barnes,
1585:De Anima
1388:24536249
1335:35145865
1301:17386916
1136:Archived
1126:18392218
915:See also
905:Avicenna
900:Andalusi
860:exercise
850:) was a
848:Ἡρóδιĸος
770:ligation
752:treatise
710:humorism
706:medicine
699:emperors
687:Pergamon
593:such as
591:atomists
533:arteries
448:Alcmaeon
287:Humorism
251:Agnodice
230:Caduceus
209:Pergamum
114:Alcmaeon
68:Humorism
52:(Greek:
5964:Theriac
5887:Alchemy
5864:Oceania
5762:Ancient
5560:Outline
5513:Temples
5450:Zaliche
5430:Thèrmae
5420:Sesamus
5390:Odessos
5365:Cytorus
5360:Cotyora
5110:Illyria
5075:Mainake
5070:Kypsela
4959:Hycesia
4917:Thermae
4897:Segesta
4887:Messana
4842:Helorus
4822:Calacte
4802:Akragas
4764:Sybaris
4749:Rhegion
4704:Krimisa
4654:Alision
4563:Writing
4536:Locrian
4526:Epirote
4496:Homeric
4429:Artemis
4416:Temples
4357:Olympia
4327:Eleusis
4262:Theatre
4247:Pottery
4174:Warfare
4169:Slavery
4104:Economy
4099:Cuisine
4094:Coinage
4071:Society
4056:Culture
4051:Society
3999:Tyrants
3838:Alcaeus
3820:Authors
3770:Hypatia
3760:Gorgias
3697:Writers
3519:Toxotai
3489:Sarissa
3479:Peltast
3474:Phalanx
3454:Hoplite
3449:Hippeis
3372:Macedon
3344:Spartan
3329:Heliaia
3276:Proxeny
2985:Larissa
2980:Kerkyra
2975:Eretria
2965:Miletus
2960:Ephesus
2955:Corinth
2950:Chalcis
2871:Taurica
2741:Periods
2722:History
2467:, 1975.
2336:2956839
2284:Bibcode
2001:Germany
1876:1081972
1790:. p.1.
1745:, p 252
1741:Annas,
1702:Mason,
1676:Mason,
1654:Annas,
1596:Mason,
1537:Annas,
1524:Mason,
1441:4351609
872:massage
864:disease
782:cranial
778:muscles
722:monkeys
714:Western
691:Bergama
652:anatomy
634:in the
628:surgeon
576:vacuums
108:in 700
54:ἰατρική
50:iatrikē
5833:Europe
5779:Ramuan
5631:Nganga
5609:Africa
5550:Portal
5498:People
5486:Cities
5425:Sinope
5410:Rhizos
5400:Phasis
5350:Bathus
5345:Athina
5330:Amisos
5292:Tanais
5287:Pityus
5212:Charax
5163:Pharos
5158:Orikon
5055:Helike
5045:Alonis
5012:Cyrene
4944:Didyme
4857:Himera
4832:Catana
4794:Sicily
4784:Thurii
4779:Terina
4744:Pixous
4699:Hydrus
4674:Croton
4506:Aeolic
4424:Aphaea
4347:Dodona
4332:Delphi
4301:Temple
3977:Others
3928:Sappho
3913:Pindar
3888:Lucian
3883:Ibycus
3868:Hesiod
3805:Thales
3573:Rulers
3552:People
3529:Xyston
3524:Xiphos
3385:Koinon
3291:Tyrant
3281:Stasis
3271:Koinon
3071:Pontus
3046:Epirus
3015:Sparta
3005:Rhodes
3000:Megara
2995:Thebes
2940:Athens
2866:Pontus
2831:Epirus
2821:Cyprus
2806:Aeolis
2620:
2605:
2597:
2567:
2539:
2531:
2484:
2446:
2424:
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2204:
2158:339375
2156:
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2083:Greece
2079:Athens
2056:
2007:
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1835:
1827:
1794:
1768:
1728:Mayr,
1706:, p 57
1693:pp 383
1658:pp 252
1630:, p 46
1622:Mayr,
1567:Mayr,
1550:Mayr,
1541:pp 247
1508:
1477:
1439:
1431:
1386:
1378:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1226:
1124:
1054:
728:, and
666:, and
549:nerves
473:carpos
455:Lyceum
371:mosaic
171:Apollo
106:Cnidus
62:humors
5880:Other
5774:Kampo
5752:Hilot
5508:Stoae
5476:Lists
5395:Oinòe
5318:coast
5316:South
5302:Tyras
5272:Olbia
5242:Kepoi
5195:coast
5193:North
5186:basin
5128:Aulon
5090:Rhode
5002:Barca
4892:Naxos
4847:Henna
4807:Akrai
4774:Taras
4759:Siris
4719:Medma
4714:Locri
4679:Cumae
4669:Chone
4647:Italy
4553:Koine
4531:Ionic
4521:Doric
4516:Attic
4337:Delos
4235:Music
3878:Homer
3833:Aesop
3785:Plato
3687:Poets
3357:Ephor
3309:Agora
3286:Tagus
3261:Boule
3010:Samos
2935:Argos
2841:Ionia
2826:Doris
2811:Crete
2253:S2CID
2202:JSTOR
2132:(PDF)
1936:Basel
1833:S2CID
1680:pp 56
1600:pp 45
1528:pp 41
1437:JSTOR
1384:JSTOR
959:Unani
892:Galen
852:Greek
844:Greek
774:brain
762:heart
672:logic
621:Greek
615:Galen
609:Galen
580:brain
537:pulse
529:veins
193:Greek
181:Greek
5769:Jamu
5730:Asia
5626:Muti
5435:Tium
5202:Akra
5143:Issa
4837:Gela
4709:Laüs
4684:Elea
4342:Dion
4194:Arts
4184:Wine
3810:Zeno
3407:Wars
2618:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2341:PMID
2245:PMID
2210:PMID
2154:PMID
2110:PMID
2054:ISBN
2018:2010
2005:ISBN
1951:2010
1825:PMID
1792:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1587:II 3
1506:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1429:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1349:link
1331:OCLC
1321:ISBN
1297:PMID
1252:1242
1224:ISBN
1122:PMID
1052:ISBN
1010:link
996:2013
990:. UK
784:and
730:pigs
695:Rome
630:and
553:body
531:and
307:The
285:and
224:The
97:and
4139:Law
2555:.
2523:.
2331:PMC
2323:doi
2319:132
2292:doi
2237:doi
2194:doi
2144:hdl
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1817:doi
1421:doi
1287:doi
1256:doi
738:by
720:of
642:of
500:'s
438:or
363:Kos
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