20:
110:
101:
sub typesː Civilizations with irrigation derived from large rivers and civilizations with irrigation agriculture based on limited water sources. According to Masson, the
Helmand culture clearly belongs to the latter type. He does not mention the term Helmand culture, but the cities Mundigak and Shahr-i Sokhta.
100:
V. M. Masson discussed several types of early civilizations. He distinguishes three typesː 1. Civilizations of tropical agriculture; 2. Civilizations of irrigation agriculture and 3. civilizations of non-irrigated
Mediterranean agriculture. For the civilizations of irrigation agriculture he sees two
327:
Iranian archaeologists S.M.S. Sajjadi and
Hossein Moradi, during excavation season (2014–2015) in area 26 of Shahr-i Sokhta's Period IV, found a system of semi-columns in a long passage between two buildings, and Massimo Vidale considers it is part of a "fully palatial" compound with very similar
137:
in Iran. Lamberg-Karlovsky and Tosi (1973) considered important the uniformity of finds in Shahr-i Sokhta and
Mundigak shown in thousands of potsherds, lithic industry, metal working, building techniques, brick shapes, figurines and seals at the end of 4th millennium BCE. And although the Afghan
476:
508:"...We agree with the links, which we ourselves often observed, between Shahr-i Sokhta I, II and III and Mundigak III and IV and between the sites of Balochistan and the Indus valley at the end of the 4th millennium and in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC..."
518:
266:, very close to Shahr-i Sokhta, Italian and Iranian archaeologists showed that the site was abandoned around 2350 BCE, and the chronology of Shahr-i Sokhta commented by archaeologist Massimo Vidale is as follows:
497:
429:
78:(Afghanistan). Research on the finds from both places showed that these cities shared the same culture. These are the earliest discovered cities in this part of the world, although the village
19:
70:
The people of the
Helmand culture lived partly in cities with temples and palaces, providing evidence for a complex and advanced social structure. The main cities so far known are
404:
445:
V. M. Masson: Altyn-Depe. (translated by Henry N. Michael from
Russian), The University Museum – University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1988, ISBN 0-934718-54-7, pp. 128–130
117:
The formative phase of
Helmand civilization was in the middle and lower Helmand river, which flows c. 1300 km southwestwards, crossing the deserts of
85:
The pottery of the
Helmand civilization is colorfully painted with mainly geometrical patterns, plants and animals are also depicted. Bronze was known. In
544:
461:"The formative phase of the Helmand Civilization, Iran and Afghanistan: New data from compositional analysis of ceramics from Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran"
97:, but it seems that the Helmand civilization was earlier and did not overlap chronological very much with the cities in the Indus valley.
549:
412:
82:
further to the south east is considerably older. It is possible that the
Helmand culture formed once one ancient state.
255:, and Quivron considered that Periods III and IV in Mundigak have archaeological links with Periods I, II, and III in
378:
138:
region between both main sites bears no archaeological centers identified, there are two pottery production hubs,
64:
366:
460:
519:"Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta: First Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Graveyard,1997-2000"
93:
providing evidence with connections to the west of the Iran. There are also a few connections with the
94:
39:
3300–2350 BCE, is a Bronze Age culture that flourished mainly in the middle and lower valley of the
539:
477:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): An overview"
181:
The site of
Mundigak presents four periods of occupation from first times to urban development:
405:
The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives (Understanding Ancient Civilizations), 1st Edition
392:
Relative Chronology and pottery connection between Shahr-i Sokhta and Munigak, Eastern Iran
8:
133:, in Afghanistan, and Shahr-i Sokhta, 425 km distant, 50 km south-southwest of
371:
The Archaeology of Afghanistan, From earliest Times to the Timurid Period, New Edition
408:
374:
48:
465:
in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports Volume 23, February 2019, pp. 881-899.
90:
52:
256:
118:
86:
71:
56:
262:
On the other hand, based on recently calibrated radiocarbon samples in the site
353:
533:
493:
425:
252:
122:
40:
394:, in Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana II, pp. 131–145.
166:
354:"A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology"
169:
in Pakistan, around 200 km and over 300 km to the southeast of
44:
332:
found years ago by the French mission that dated them around 2500 BCE.
367:"The development of a 'Helmand Civilisation' south of the Hindu Kush"
498:"Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands"
430:"Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands"
329:
170:
130:
79:
75:
109:
129:. The two most known sites are Mundigak, 35 km northwest of
157:
Significant archaeological similarities have been found also in
369:, in Raymond Allchin, Warwick Ball, and Norman Hammond (eds.),
158:
126:
134:
60:
16:
Bronze Age culture in current day Afghanistan and Iran
475:Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020).
365:Schaffer, Jim G., and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019),
531:
67:), predominantly in the third millennium BCE.
104:
146:, both to the south of Shahr-i Sokhta; and
545:History of Sistan and Baluchestan province
356:, in Seminar "Early Urbanization in Iran".
373:, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
459:Mutin, Benjamin, and Leah Minc, (2019).
348:
346:
344:
108:
18:
455:
453:
451:
532:
341:
448:
23:Pottery vessel from Shahr-e Sukhteh
13:
352:Vidale, Massimo, (15 March 2021).
14:
561:
428:, and Gonzague Quivron, (2011).
523:Iran, Vol. 41 (2003), pp. 21-97.
517:Sajjadi, S.M.S., et al. (2003).
436:, 2011, vol. 37, n°2., pp. 7–34.
550:Archaeological cultures in Iran
511:
65:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
486:
481:The World of Oxus Civilization
469:
439:
418:
397:
384:
359:
154:to the southeast of Mundigak.
1:
483:, Routledge, p. 8, Table 1.1.
407:, Santa Barbara, California,
335:
176:
36:
390:Biscione, Raffaele, (1974).
7:
10:
566:
496:, and G. Quivron, (2011).
328:semi-columns to those in
105:Geography and Archaeology
95:Indus Valley civilisation
424:Jarrige, Jean-François,
251:Archaeologists Jarrige,
403:McIntosh, Jane, (2008).
59:provinces) and eastern
114:
24:
112:
74:(in modern Iran) and
22:
89:were found texts in
33:Helmand civilization
125:, reaching Iranian
148:Deh Morasi Ghundai
115:
25:
502:Paléorient 37 (2)
413:978-1-57607-908-9
325:
324:
249:
248:
243:(~2900–2400 BCE)
233:(~3200–2900 BCE)
223:(~3400–3200 BCE)
212:(~3800–3400 BCE)
201:(~4000–3800 BCE)
557:
525:
515:
509:
492:Jarrige, J.-F.,
490:
484:
473:
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457:
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363:
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278:Settlement size
269:
268:
184:
183:
91:Elamite language
38:
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540:Helmand culture
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338:
264:Tappeh Graziani
179:
144:Rud-i Biyaban 2
107:
29:Helmand culture
17:
12:
11:
5:
563:
553:
552:
547:
542:
527:
526:
510:
485:
468:
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438:
417:
396:
383:
381:, pp. 161–259.
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257:Shahr-i Sokhta
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173:respectively.
152:Said Qala Tepe
106:
103:
87:Shahr-i Sokhta
72:Shahr-i Sokhta
43:, in southern
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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426:Aurore Didier
421:
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379:9780748699179
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331:
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315:
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289:10.5–15.5 ha
288:
286:3200–2800 BCE
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165:, and in the
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113:Helmand River
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81:
77:
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68:
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41:Helmand River
34:
30:
21:
522:
513:
505:
501:
488:
480:
471:
464:
441:
433:
420:
415:, pp. 86–87.
399:
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32:
28:
26:
190:Chronology
167:Kachi Plain
163:Damb Sadaat
45:Afghanistan
534:Categories
434:Paléorient
336:References
177:Chronology
161:Valley at
494:A. Didier
319:2450–2350
308:2600–2450
297:2800–2600
140:Tepe Dash
330:Mehrgarh
215:Ph. 3–4
204:Ph. 1–2
171:Kandahar
131:Kandahar
119:Registan
80:Mehrgarh
76:Mundigak
49:Kandahar
275:Dating
272:Period
187:Period
53:Helmand
506:p. 17:
411:
377:
311:80 ha
300:80 ha
253:Didier
193:Phase
159:Quetta
127:Sistan
57:Nimruz
31:(also
500:, in
479:, in
432:, in
135:Zabol
123:Margo
409:ISBN
375:ISBN
230:III
150:and
142:and
121:and
61:Iran
55:and
27:The
305:III
240:IV
220:II
35:),
536::
521:,
504:,
463:,
450:^
343:^
316:IV
294:II
259:.
209:I
198:I
51:,
37:c.
283:I
63:(
47:(
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