379:
331:
level or go undetected while affecting a subject's condition. Additionally, there have been cases in which the blood for testing was inadvertently drawn proximal to an intravenous line that was infusing packed red cells or fluids. In these situations, the hemoglobin level in the blood sample will not be the true level for the patient because the sample will contain a large amount of the infused material rather than what is diluted into the circulating whole blood. That is, if packed red cells are being supplied, the sample will contain a large amount of those cells and the hematocrit will be artificially very high.
259:
524:. The MCV and the RDW can be quite helpful in evaluating a lower-than-normal hematocrit, because they can help the clinician determine whether blood loss is chronic or acute, although acute blood loss typically does not manifest as a change in hematocrit, since hematocrit is simply a measure of how much of the blood volume is made up of red blood cells. The MCV is the size of the red cells and the RDW is a relative measure of the variation in size of the red cell population.
361:
of age. After that, it gradually increases during development, reaching adult levels at puberty. Following this, the hematocrit level gradually decreases with aging. Typically, a higher hematocrit level signifies the blood sample's ability to transport oxygen, which has led to reports that an "optimal hematocrit level" may exist. Optimal hematocrit levels have been studied through combinations of assays on blood sample's hematocrit itself, viscosity, and hemoglobin level.
31:
391:
lower hematocrit level indicates that there is a need for more force to push the red blood cells through the system. This is because shear rate is defined as the rate to which adjacent layers of fluid move in respect to each other. Plasma is a more viscous material than typically red blood cells, since they are able to adjust their size to the radius of a tube; the shear rate is purely dependent on the amount of red blood cells being forced in a vessel.
349:
482:(EPO) use; the level of hematocrit in a blood sample is compared with the long-term level for that athlete (to allow for individual variations in hematocrit level), and against an absolute permitted maximum (which is based on maximum expected levels within the population, and the hematocrit level that causes increased risk of blood clots resulting in strokes or heart attacks).
447:. Hemoconcentration can be detected by an escalation of over 20% in hematocrit levels that will come before shock. For early detection of dengue hemorrhagic fever, it is suggested that hematocrit levels be kept under observations at a minimum of every 24 hours; 3â4 hours is suggested in suspected dengue shock syndrome or critical cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
365:
as ones associated with certain hemoglobin levels. As blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries, a change in pressure occurs. In order to maintain pressure, the capillaries branch off to a web of vessels that carry blood into the venules. Through this process blood undergoes micro-circulation. In micro-circulation, the
495:
Hematocrit levels were also reported to be correlated with social factors that influence subjects. In the 1966â80 Health
Examination Survey, there was a small rise in mean hematocrit levels in female and male adolescents that reflected a rise in annual family income. Additionally, a higher education
390:
Relationships between hematocrit, viscosity, and shear rate are important factors to put into consideration. Since blood is non-Newtonian, the viscosity of the blood is in relation to the hematocrit, and as a function of shear rate. This is important when it comes to determining shear force, since a
369:
will take place, resulting in a large change in hematocrit. As blood flows through the arterioles, red cells will act a feed hematocrit (Hf), while in the capillaries, a tube hematocrit (Ht) occurs. In tube hematocrit, plasma fills most of the vessel while the red cells travel through in somewhat of
360:
Hematocrit can vary from the determining factors of the number of red blood cells. These factors can be from the age and sex of the subject. The normal hematocrit level is around 40% for adult women and about 45% for adult men. In newborns, it is approximately 55% and drops to around 35% by 2 months
508:
A low hematocrit level is a sign of a low red blood cell count. One way to increase the ability of oxygen transport in red blood cells is through blood transfusion, which is carried out typically when the red blood cell count is low. Prior to the blood transfusion, hematocrit levels are measured to
364:
Hematocrit levels also serve as an indicator of health conditions. Thus, tests on hematocrit levels are often carried out in the process of diagnosis of such conditions, and may be conducted prior to surgery. Additionally, the health conditions associated with certain hematocrit levels are the same
330:
While known hematocrit levels are used in detecting conditions, it may fail at times due to hematocrit being the measure of concentration of red blood cells through volume in a blood sample. It does not account for the mass of the red blood cells, and thus the changes in mass can alter a hematocrit
165:
Because the purpose of red blood cells is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, a blood sample's hematocritâthe red blood cell volume percentageâcan become a point of reference of its capability of delivering oxygen. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can indicate a blood
969:
370:
a single file line. From this stage, blood will enter the venules increasing in hematocrit, in other words the discharge hematocrit (Hd).In large vessels with low hematocrit, viscosity dramatically drops and red cells take in a lot of energy.
312:
for five minutes. This separates the blood into layers. The volume of packed red blood cells divided by the total volume of the blood sample gives the PCV. Since a tube is used, this can be calculated by measuring the lengths of the layers.
527:
Decreased hematocrit levels could indicate life-threatening diseases such as leukemia. When the bone marrow no longer produces normal red blood cells, hematocrit levels deviate from normal as well and thus can possibly be used in detecting
1316:
1609:
Schumacher YO, Grathwohl D, Barturen JM, Wollenweber M, Heinrich L, Schmid A, et al. (July 2000). "Haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell indices in elite cyclists. Are the control values for blood testing valid?".
1420:
Nackeeran S, Kohn T, Gonzalez D, White J, Ory J, Ramasamy R (January 2022). "The Effect of Route of
Testosterone on Changes in Hematocrit: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials".
1302:
399:
Generally at both sea levels and high altitudes, hematocrit levels rise as children mature. These health-related causes and impacts of elevated hematocrit levels have been reported:
378:
324:
wavelengths for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin and the product of the luminal diameter and hematocrit create a linear relationship that is used to measure hematocrit levels.
748:
1902:
1732:
146:. The measurement depends on the number and size of red blood cells. It is normally 40.7â50.3% for males and 36.1â44.3% for females. It is a part of a person's
1677:
1266:
Góñez C, Donayre M, Villena A, Gonzales GF (February 1993). "Hematocrit levels in children at sea level and at high altitude: effect of adrenal androgens".
2603:
2615:
1821:
1338:
Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, Saad F (January 2021). "Mechanisms underlying the metabolic actions of testosterone in humans: A narrative review".
2471:
1191:
1843:
1895:
2863:
2868:
1505:
Davies M, Muckle TJ, Cassels-Smith A, Webster D, Kerr DN (August 1972). "Oxymetholone in the treatment of anaemia in chronic renal failure".
967:, Schmitt JM, "Method and apparatus for improving the accuracy of noninvasive hematocrit measurements", assigned to Covidien LP
715:
320:. Through differential spectrophotometry, the differences in optical densities of a blood sample flowing through small-bore glass tubes at
270:
or directly measured, depending on the analyzer manufacturer. Calculated hematocrit is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the
2815:
983:
Lipowsky HH, Usami S, Chien S, Pittman RN (July 1982). "Hematocrit determination in small bore tubes by differential spectrophotometry".
925:
777:
1888:
950:
2524:
1714:
740:
352:
2853:
1038:
682:
535:
Pregnancy may lead to women having additional fluid in blood. This could potentially lead to a small drop in hematocrit levels.
1803:
1068:
901:
650:
460:
327:
Other than potential bruising at the puncture site, and/or dizziness, there are no complications associated with this test.
2749:
2464:
2262:
1383:"Testosterone Therapy: An Assessment of the Clinical Consequences of Changes in Hematocrit and Blood Flow Characteristics"
2858:
2200:
488:
also leads to abnormally high hematocrit counts, because of the episodic leakage of plasma out of the circulatory system.
1740:
2800:
2534:
517:
2837:
2969:
2761:
555:
428:(AAS) use can also increase the amount of RBCs and, therefore, impact the hematocrit, in particular the compounds
2896:
2457:
1654:
491:
At higher altitudes, there is a lower oxygen supply in the air and thus hematocrit levels may increase over time.
2663:
871:
827:
1829:
2790:
2548:
2401:
2157:
532:. It can also be related to other conditions, such as malnutrition, water intoxication, anemia, and bleeding.
467:
may elicit an increased production of red blood cells. This increase is mediated by the increased levels of
2785:
1217:"Blood Rheology: Key Parameters, Impact on Blood Flow, Role in Sickle Cell Disease and Effects of Exercise"
2707:
2673:
2519:
2093:
2055:
457:
in which the bone marrow produces excessive numbers of red cells, is associated with elevated hematocrit.
454:
1168:
2795:
2646:
2434:
1874:
1851:
1560:
278:
trapped between the red cells. An estimated hematocrit as a percentage may be derived by tripling the
2756:
2553:
1985:
607:
238:, "judge"), and hematocrit means "to separate blood". It was coined in 1891 by Swedish physiologist
2937:
2633:
2135:
419:
174:, a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells, while an abnormally high hematocrit is called
41:
2717:
2529:
2130:
1998:
1963:
520:(RDW) suggests a chronic iron-deficient anemia resulting in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis during
513:
504:
Lowered hematocrit levels also pose health impacts. These causes and impacts have been reported:
485:
271:
131:
2651:
2543:
2514:
2396:
2250:
2145:
2088:
2050:
529:
309:
1807:
1086:"Blood counts in adult and elderly individuals: defining the norms over eight decades of life"
917:
2848:
2827:
2190:
2167:
2152:
2083:
1303:"Hematocrit elevation following testosterone therapy â does it increase risk of blood clots?"
769:
444:
707:
2964:
2778:
2744:
2565:
2491:
2388:
2245:
2233:
2210:
2140:
2065:
1933:
1458:"Evaluation of boldenone as a growth promoter in broilers: safety and meat quality aspects"
942:
147:
1695:
8:
2773:
2628:
2226:
2221:
2118:
1958:
496:
in a parent has been put into account for a rise in mean hematocrit levels of the child.
366:
2722:
1085:
2668:
2577:
2572:
2022:
1943:
1779:
1762:
1635:
1591:
1541:
1518:
1482:
1457:
1363:
1275:
1243:
1216:
1149:
866:
819:
267:
1653:
Zubieta-Calleja GR, Paulev PE, Zubieta-Calleja L, Zubieta-Castillo G (November 2007).
1215:
Nader E, Skinner S, Romana M, Fort R, Lemonne N, Guillot N, et al. (2019-10-17).
1034:
2906:
2679:
2328:
2307:
1975:
1970:
1784:
1706:
1669:
1627:
1595:
1583:
1522:
1487:
1438:
1402:
1367:
1355:
1283:
1248:
1183:
1105:
1064:
1000:
996:
897:
823:
674:
583:
464:
450:
317:
1880:
1652:
1639:
1084:
Zierk J, Krebs A, Rauh M, Metzler M, Löscher A, Strasser E, et al. (May 2020).
2805:
2702:
2697:
2640:
2623:
2418:
2075:
1774:
1619:
1575:
1514:
1477:
1469:
1430:
1394:
1347:
1238:
1228:
1139:
1097:
992:
861:
811:
155:
77:
2272:
642:
61:
2942:
2590:
2411:
2406:
274:. The hematocrit is slightly more accurate, as the PCV includes small amounts of
207:
47:
2277:
1434:
2901:
2810:
2739:
2560:
2509:
2319:
2175:
1948:
1938:
1473:
1398:
575:
521:
479:
468:
305:
135:
2958:
2729:
2712:
2656:
2609:
2362:
2341:
2255:
2180:
2113:
1382:
1381:
König CS, Balabani S, Hackett GI, Strange RC, Ramachandran S (October 2019).
1233:
1109:
383:
258:
211:
1703:
Vital and Health
Statistics. Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey
2891:
2822:
2598:
2367:
2336:
2239:
1928:
1673:
1631:
1587:
1491:
1442:
1406:
1359:
1252:
1187:
964:
852:[The Haematokrit: a New Apparatus for the Investigation of Blood].
587:
475:
474:
Professional athletes' hematocrit levels are measured as part of tests for
440:
433:
416:
404:
275:
175:
1788:
1710:
1526:
1287:
1144:
1127:
1004:
2689:
2449:
2185:
2125:
2060:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1920:
410:
316:
Another way of measuring hematocrit levels is by optical methods such as
239:
167:
55:
1623:
1540:
Smith DS, Mariano DJ, Trautwein ML (16 November 2022). Bronze MS (ed.).
1279:
170:, or other medical conditions. An abnormally low hematocrit may suggest
30:
2886:
2766:
2499:
2483:
2480:
2105:
2045:
2032:
1953:
1912:
1153:
815:
550:
545:
321:
294:
279:
151:
143:
2929:
1608:
1351:
1101:
2267:
2195:
1993:
1579:
896:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 133.
429:
287:
849:
799:
2357:
2289:
2040:
1455:
1311:
382:
A man uses a hand centrifuge to analyse two test tubes with blood,
159:
1561:"Antidoping: From health tests to the athlete biological passport"
266:
With modern lab equipment, the hematocrit can be calculated by an
2832:
2297:
425:
301:
1504:
1456:
Elmajdoub A, Garbaj A, Abolghait S, El-Mahmoudy A (April 2016).
2302:
1307:
850:"Der HĂ€matokrit, ein neuer Apparat zur Untersuchung des Blutes"
171:
1828:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
1733:"Transfusion therapy. Chapter 46: Indications for Transfusion"
1850:. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Archived from
443:, a high hematocrit is a danger sign of an increased risk of
233:
227:
221:
215:
139:
947:
Encyclopedia of
Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers
1380:
1265:
738:
608:"Hematocrit Test: What It Is, Levels, High & Low Range"
297:
283:
98:
1419:
1169:"Vascular wall shear stress: basic principles and methods"
1128:"Optimal Hematocrit: Theory, Regulation and Implications"
982:
107:
92:
83:
1694:
Heald F, Levy PS, Hamill PV, Rowland M (December 1974).
1337:
1693:
1214:
463:(COPD) and other pulmonary conditions associated with
308:(also known as a microhematocrit tube) at 10,000
1910:
1539:
1300:
1166:
1083:
101:
2919:
573:
110:
104:
95:
178:. Both are potentially life-threatening disorders.
89:
86:
80:
739:Haldeman-Englert C, Turley Jr R, Novick T (eds.).
509:help ensure the transfusion is necessary and safe.
293:The packed cell volume (PCV) can be determined by
186:There are other names for the hematocrit, such as
1022:. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2956:
1655:"Altitude adaptation through hematocrit changes"
1558:
669:
667:
1822:"Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQÂź)"
1061:Boron & Boulpaep concise medical physiology
582:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2864:aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test
918:"Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)"
2869:ETP-based activated protein C resistance test
2465:
1896:
1059:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. (2021). "BLOOD".
1058:
937:
935:
664:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
16:Volume percentage of red blood cells in blood
1449:
1413:
1374:
1331:
1160:
1760:
1498:
1063:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 429.
2479:
2472:
2458:
1903:
1889:
932:
747:. University of Rochester Medical Center.
702:
700:
624:
29:
2525:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
1778:
1696:"Hematocrit values of youths 12-17 years"
1481:
1242:
1232:
1143:
865:
797:
1806:. University of Delaware. Archived from
1612:International Journal of Sports Medicine
1125:
1121:
1119:
1026:
377:
257:
2854:Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation
2816:Activated protein Câprotein C inhibitor
1301:Ohlander SJ, Varghese B, Pastuszak AW.
697:
373:
2957:
1730:
1662:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
1294:
1032:
963:
891:
854:Skandinavisches Archiv fĂŒr Physiologie
734:
732:
708:"Non-Invasive Detection of Hematocrit"
471:by the kidneys in response to hypoxia.
253:
2453:
1884:
1801:
1319:from the original on 10 December 2019
1167:Papaioannou TG, Stefanadis C (2005).
1116:
1017:
847:
681:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
649:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
461:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2897:Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test
1739:. pp. 1467â1499. Archived from
894:Medicine and the reign of technology
714:. University of California, Irvine.
2859:Activated protein C resistance test
2201:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1804:"Diagnosis of Myelogenous Leukemia"
1559:Saugy M, Leuenberger N (May 2020).
1132:Integrative and Comparative Biology
729:
574:Mondal H, Lotfollahzadeh S (2024).
13:
1519:10.1111/j.1464-410x.1972.tb10097.x
1340:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
867:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1891.tb00578.x
804:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Analytische Chemie
14:
2981:
2750:Dilute Russell's viper venom time
2535:Red blood cell distribution width
1868:
1763:"Laboratory evaluation of anemia"
1462:Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
2762:Calibrated automated thrombogram
1720:from the original on 2017-11-13.
1683:from the original on 2015-02-15.
953:from the original on 2006-06-12.
928:from the original on 2008-01-02.
647:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
556:Reference ranges for blood tests
347:
76:
1836:
1814:
1795:
1767:The Western Journal of Medicine
1754:
1724:
1687:
1646:
1602:
1552:
1533:
1259:
1208:
1197:from the original on 2015-04-15
1077:
1052:
1041:from the original on 2015-02-14
1011:
976:
957:
910:
885:
874:from the original on 2020-12-05
830:from the original on 2022-03-04
780:from the original on 2015-02-14
751:from the original on 2015-02-14
718:from the original on 2015-02-15
685:from the original on 6 May 2019
653:from the original on 2020-09-28
2791:Coagulation activation markers
2664:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1176:Hellenic Journal of Cardiology
1090:British Journal of Haematology
1020:Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology
841:
791:
762:
600:
567:
1:
2801:Thrombinâantithrombin complex
2549:White blood cell differential
2158:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1761:Wallerstein RO (April 1987).
561:
262:Diagram of packed cell volume
2786:Overall hemostatic potential
997:10.1016/0026-2862(82)90041-3
512:A low hematocrit with a low
228:
216:
7:
2708:Partial thromboplastin time
2674:Monocyte distribution width
2520:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
2094:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2056:Total iron-binding capacity
1435:10.1097/JU.0000000000002188
802:[The Haematokrit].
539:
518:red cell distribution width
455:myeloproliferative disorder
394:
196:erythrocyte volume fraction
10:
2986:
2647:Hemoglobin electrophoresis
2435:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1507:British Journal of Urology
1474:10.1016/j.jfda.2015.12.001
1399:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.003
499:
234:
222:
192:volume of packed red cells
127:
2923:
2879:
2796:Prothrombin fragments 1+2
2757:Thrombin generation assay
2688:
2588:
2554:Absolute neutrophil count
2490:
2427:
2387:
2380:
2350:
2327:
2318:
2288:
2209:
2166:
2104:
2074:
2031:
1984:
1919:
1826:National Cancer Institute
1705:. Series 11 (146): 1â40.
1668:(Suppl 5 Pt 2): 811â818.
1568:Drug Testing and Analysis
798:Blix M, Hedin SG (1891).
346:
341:
334:
54:
40:
28:
23:
1234:10.3389/fphys.2019.01329
290:and dropping the units.
181:
142:, measured as part of a
2970:Mathematics in medicine
2718:Activated clotting time
2530:Mean corpuscular volume
1964:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1731:Miller RD, ed. (1990).
1387:Sexual Medicine Reviews
1221:Frontiers in Physiology
514:mean corpuscular volume
486:Capillary leak syndrome
2652:Sickle solubility test
2544:White blood cell count
2515:Red blood cell indices
2397:Elevated transaminases
2089:Thyroid function tests
2051:Transferrin saturation
1911:Clinical biochemistry
1423:The Journal of Urology
985:Microvascular Research
530:acute myeloid leukemia
387:
263:
2849:Von Willebrand factor
2828:Euglobulin lysis time
2767:ST Genesia-based test
2191:Lactate dehydrogenase
2153:Basic metabolic panel
2084:ACTH stimulation test
445:dengue shock syndrome
381:
261:
2842:-antiplasmin complex
2779:Thrombodynamics test
2745:Ecarin clotting time
2634:KleihauerâBetke test
2566:Mean platelet volume
2510:Red blood cell count
2492:Complete blood count
2211:Liver function tests
2066:Transferrin receptor
1126:Birchard GF (1997).
424:Anabolic androgenic
374:Shear rate relations
150:results, along with
148:complete blood count
2774:Thromboelastography
2227:Serum total protein
2222:Human serum albumin
1624:10.1055/s-2000-3785
1145:10.1093/icb/37.1.65
774:The Free Dictionary
745:Health Encyclopedia
254:Measurement methods
128:several other names
2604:Total blood volume
2578:Reticulocyte index
2573:Reticulocyte count
1999:Arterial blood gas
1877:â Lab Tests Online
1035:"Blood-Cell count"
1033:Kaslow JE (2015).
922:The Doctors Lounge
892:Reiser SJ (1981).
816:10.1007/BF01592182
516:(MCV) with a high
420:supplement therapy
388:
268:automated analyzer
264:
188:packed cell volume
2952:
2951:
2917:
2916:
2907:Immunophenotyping
2680:Osmotic fragility
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2376:
2375:
2329:Blood sugar level
2308:Pancreatic lipase
2146:Total cholesterol
1976:Serum osmolal gap
1971:Plasma osmolality
1844:"Hematocrit Test"
1352:10.1111/dom.14206
1102:10.1111/bjh.16430
1070:978-0-323-65530-9
1018:Greer JP (2009).
903:978-0-521-28223-9
848:Hedin SG (1891).
800:"Der Haematokrit"
675:"Hematocrit Test"
451:Polycythemia vera
415:Administering of
358:
357:
318:spectrophotometry
282:concentration in
210:) comes from the
132:volume percentage
126:), also known by
68:
67:
2977:
2921:
2920:
2806:Fibrinopeptide A
2703:Prothrombin time
2698:Clotting factors
2641:Hemoglobinopathy
2624:Fetal hemoglobin
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2419:Hyperproteinemia
2385:
2384:
2325:
2324:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1580:10.1002/dta.2773
1565:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1008:
980:
974:
973:
972:
968:
961:
955:
954:
939:
930:
929:
914:
908:
907:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
869:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
736:
727:
726:
724:
723:
704:
695:
694:
692:
690:
671:
662:
661:
659:
658:
639:
622:
621:
619:
618:
612:Cleveland Clinic
604:
598:
597:
595:
594:
571:
351:
350:
339:
338:
272:mean cell volume
246:, modeled after
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
219:
198:(EVF). The term
156:white blood cell
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
64:
50:
35:Blood components
33:
21:
20:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2932:
2918:
2913:
2892:Blood viscosity
2875:
2841:
2811:Fibrin monomers
2684:
2629:AptâDowney test
2616:Red cell volume
2591:red blood cells
2589:Other tests of
2584:
2486:
2478:
2448:
2439:
2423:
2412:Hypoalbuminemia
2407:Hypoproteinemia
2372:
2346:
2320:Small molecules
2314:
2284:
2205:
2162:
2100:
2070:
2027:
2017:
1980:
1915:
1909:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1607:
1603:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1542:"Dengue Workup"
1538:
1534:
1503:
1499:
1454:
1450:
1418:
1414:
1379:
1375:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1299:
1295:
1264:
1260:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1124:
1117:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1012:
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
941:
940:
933:
916:
915:
911:
904:
890:
886:
877:
875:
846:
842:
833:
831:
796:
792:
783:
781:
768:
767:
763:
754:
752:
737:
730:
721:
719:
706:
705:
698:
688:
686:
673:
672:
665:
656:
654:
641:
640:
625:
616:
614:
606:
605:
601:
592:
590:
572:
568:
564:
542:
502:
397:
376:
348:
337:
256:
226:, "blood") and
208:British English
184:
154:concentration,
136:red blood cells
79:
75:
60:
46:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:Classification
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2902:Flow cytometry
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Reptilase time
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2561:Platelet count
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Cardiac marker
2172:
2170:
2168:Cardiovascular
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:Hemoglobin A1c
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:Renal function
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1869:External links
1867:
1865:
1864:
1835:
1832:on 2015-02-12.
1813:
1810:on 2015-03-16.
1794:
1773:(4): 443â451.
1753:
1723:
1686:
1645:
1618:(5): 380â385.
1601:
1574:(5): 621â628.
1551:
1532:
1497:
1468:(2): 284â292.
1448:
1412:
1393:(4): 650â660.
1373:
1330:
1293:
1258:
1207:
1159:
1115:
1096:(4): 777â789.
1076:
1069:
1051:
1025:
1010:
975:
956:
931:
909:
902:
884:
840:
790:
761:
728:
696:
663:
623:
599:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
525:
522:erythropoiesis
510:
501:
498:
493:
492:
489:
483:
480:erythropoietin
472:
469:erythropoietin
458:
448:
437:
422:
413:
408:
396:
393:
375:
372:
367:FĂ„hrĂŠus effect
356:
355:
344:
343:
342:External image
336:
333:
306:capillary tube
255:
252:
183:
180:
66:
65:
58:
52:
51:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2982:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:animal enzyme
2733:
2731:
2730:Bleeding time
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Thrombin time
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:Mentzer index
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:Plasma volume
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Hyperuricemia
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2342:Hyperglycemia
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:AST/ALT ratio
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:transaminases
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Troponin test
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Triglycerides
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:Blood glucose
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1854:on 2015-02-14
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1802:Schieffer K.
1798:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1743:on 2015-02-14
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:(4): 387â94.
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Human Biology
1262:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
966:
960:
952:
948:
944:
938:
936:
927:
923:
919:
913:
905:
899:
895:
888:
873:
868:
863:
860:(1): 134â40.
859:
856:(in German).
855:
851:
844:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:(1): 652â54.
809:
806:(in German).
805:
801:
794:
779:
775:
771:
765:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
717:
713:
709:
703:
701:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
613:
609:
603:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
566:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
534:
531:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
505:
497:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
421:
418:
414:
412:
409:
406:
402:
401:
400:
392:
385:
384:Guinea-Bissau
380:
371:
368:
362:
354:
345:
340:
332:
328:
325:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
251:
249:
245:
241:
230:
218:
213:
212:Ancient Greek
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
115:
73:
63:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2936:
2823:Fibrinolysis
2734:
2599:Blood volume
2504:
2402:Elevated ALP
2368:Hypouricemia
2337:Hypoglycemia
2273:Unconjugated
2238:
1921:Electrolytes
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1847:
1838:
1830:the original
1825:
1816:
1808:the original
1797:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1736:
1726:
1702:
1689:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1545:
1535:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1429:(1): 44â51.
1426:
1422:
1415:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1346:(1): 18â28.
1343:
1339:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1274:(1): 49â57.
1271:
1267:
1261:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1179:
1175:
1162:
1138:(1): 65â72.
1135:
1131:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1013:
991:(1): 42â55.
988:
984:
978:
959:
946:
943:"Hematocrit"
921:
912:
893:
887:
876:. Retrieved
857:
853:
843:
832:. Retrieved
807:
803:
793:
782:. Retrieved
773:
770:"Hematocrit"
764:
753:. Retrieved
744:
741:"Hematocrit"
720:. Retrieved
711:
687:. Retrieved
678:
655:. Retrieved
646:
643:"Hematocrit"
615:. Retrieved
611:
602:
591:. Retrieved
579:
576:"Hematocrit"
569:
503:
494:
476:blood doping
441:dengue fever
439:In cases of
434:oxymetholone
417:testosterone
405:blood plasma
398:
389:
363:
359:
329:
326:
315:
300:-treated or
295:centrifuging
292:
276:blood plasma
265:
247:
243:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
185:
176:polycythemia
164:
123:
119:
71:
69:
18:
2965:Blood tests
2690:Coagulation
2669:Haptoglobin
2484:blood tests
2351:Nitrogenous
2186:CPK-MB test
2126:Lipid panel
2061:Transferrin
2009:Bicarbonate
2004:Base excess
1913:blood tests
1548:. MedScape.
1323:10 December
1182:(1): 9â15.
679:MedlinePlus
546:Blood tests
411:Dehydration
304:blood in a
302:heparinized
244:haematokrit
240:Magnus Blix
204:haematocrit
194:(VPRC), or
168:dehydration
56:MedlinePlus
2959:Categories
2887:Blood film
2723:Fibrinogen
2505:Hematocrit
2500:Hemoglobin
2481:Hematology
2278:Conjugated
2106:Metabolism
2046:Serum iron
2033:Iron tests
1954:Creatinine
1875:Hematocrit
1858:2015-02-14
1747:2015-02-14
1737:Anesthesia
1201:2015-04-08
1045:2015-02-13
965:US 6606509
878:2019-12-12
834:2019-08-24
784:2015-02-14
755:2015-02-14
722:2015-02-13
657:2020-02-05
617:2024-04-23
593:2024-04-23
580:StatPearls
562:References
551:Hematology
353:RBC volume
322:isosbestic
280:hemoglobin
200:hematocrit
166:disorder,
158:count and
152:hemoglobin
144:blood test
138:(RBCs) in
134:(vol%) of
72:hematocrit
24:Hematocrit
2838:Plasmin-α
2268:Bilirubin
2218:Proteins
2196:Myoglobin
1994:Anion gap
1986:Acid-base
1934:Potassium
1596:210949817
1546:Emedicine
1368:222168508
1110:0007-1048
824:197597332
430:boldenone
248:lactokrit
130:, is the
2643:testing
2381:Proteins
2358:Azotemia
2290:Pancreas
2076:Hormones
2041:Ferritin
1939:Chloride
1848:My Chart
1715:Archived
1678:Archived
1674:18204195
1640:23364086
1632:10950450
1588:31994337
1492:28911580
1443:34445892
1407:30926458
1360:32991053
1317:Archived
1312:Bayer AG
1280:41464361
1253:31749708
1227:: 1329.
1192:Archived
1188:15807389
1039:Archived
951:Archived
926:Archived
872:Archived
828:Archived
778:Archived
749:Archived
716:Archived
683:Archived
651:Archived
588:31194416
540:See also
453:(PV), a
403:Fall in
395:Elevated
160:platelet
2943:D006400
2833:D-Dimer
2298:Amylase
2023:Lactate
2018:content
1944:Calcium
1789:3577135
1780:1307333
1711:4614557
1527:5070142
1483:9339561
1288:8436390
1244:6842957
1154:3883938
1005:7121311
712:BME 240
500:Lowered
465:hypoxia
426:steroid
386:, 1973.
190:(PCV),
162:count.
48:D006400
2303:Lipase
1929:Sodium
1787:
1777:
1709:
1672:
1638:
1630:
1594:
1586:
1525:
1490:
1480:
1441:
1405:
1366:
1358:
1308:Nebido
1286:
1278:
1251:
1241:
1186:
1152:
1108:
1067:
1003:
971:
900:
822:
586:
407:levels
335:Levels
235:ÎșÏÎčÏÎźÏ
229:kritÄs
214:words
172:anemia
62:003646
2880:Other
2676:(MDW)
2618:(RCV)
2606:(TBV)
2428:Other
1718:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1681:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1636:S2CID
1592:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1364:S2CID
1276:JSTOR
1195:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1150:JSTOR
820:S2CID
689:6 May
217:haima
182:Names
140:blood
2938:MeSH
2612:(PV)
1959:Urea
1785:PMID
1707:PMID
1670:PMID
1628:PMID
1584:PMID
1523:PMID
1488:PMID
1439:PMID
1403:PMID
1356:PMID
1325:2019
1284:PMID
1249:PMID
1184:PMID
1106:ISSN
1065:ISBN
1001:PMID
898:ISBN
691:2019
584:PMID
432:and
298:EDTA
223:αጷΌα
202:(or
70:The
42:MeSH
2389:LFT
2263:GGT
2251:AST
2246:ALT
2234:ALP
2136:HDL
2131:LDL
1775:PMC
1771:146
1620:doi
1576:doi
1515:doi
1478:PMC
1470:doi
1431:doi
1427:207
1395:doi
1348:doi
1239:PMC
1229:doi
1140:doi
1098:doi
1094:189
993:doi
862:doi
812:doi
478:or
310:RPM
242:as
206:in
124:HCT
122:or
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