455:
28:
20:
378:, but the two systems have very different demands placed on them. In vertebrates, the circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen to all the tissues and removing carbon dioxide from them. It is this requirement that establishes the level of performance demanded of the system. The efficiency of the vertebrate system is far greater than is needed for transporting nutrients, hormones, and so on, whereas in insects, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the
40:
382:. Hemolymph plays no part in the process in most insects. Only in a few insects living in low-oxygen environments are there hemoglobin-like molecules that bind oxygen and transport it to the tissues. Therefore, the demands placed upon the system are much lower. Some arthropods and most molluscs possess the
269:
Proteins present in the hemolymph vary in quantity during the course of development. These proteins are classified by their functions: chroma proteins, protease inhibitors, storage, lipid transport, enzymes, the vitellogenins, and those involved in the immune responses of arthropods. Some hemolymphic
260:
hemolymph contains high levels of free amino acids. Most amino acids are present but their relative concentrations vary from species to species. Concentrations of amino acids also vary according to the arthropod stage of development. An example of this is the silkworm and its need for glycine in the
43:
Above is a diagram of an open circulatory system. An open circulatory system is made up of a heart, vessels, and hemolymph. This diagram shows how the hemolymph is circulated throughout the body of a grasshopper. The hemolymph is first pumped through the heart, into the aorta, dispersed into the
122:
Coordinated movements of the body muscles gradually bring the hemolymph back to the dorsal sinus surrounding the hearts. Between contractions, tiny valves in the wall of the hearts open and allow hemolymph to enter. Hemolymph fills all of the interior (the
691:
Sowers, A.D; Young, S.P; Grosell, M.; Browdy, C.L.; Tomasso, J.R. (2006). "Hemolymph osmolality and cation concentrations in
Litopenaeus vannamei during exposure to artificial sea salt or a mixed-ion solution: Relationship to potassium flux".
398:
In some species, hemolymph has other uses than just being a blood analogue. As the insect or arachnid grows, the hemolymph works something like a hydraulic system, enabling the insect or arachnid to expand segments before they are
427:
utilize hemolymph as an adhesive, allowing the species to stick to predators and subsequently attack the predator; it was found that with larger predators, more aphids were stuck after the predator was defeated.
118:
where exchanges of materials take place. The volume of hemolymph needed for such a system is kept to a minimum by a reduction in the size of the body cavity. The hemocoel is divided into chambers called sinuses.
460:
458:
63:, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called
582:
Hankeln, Thomas; Jaenicke, Viviane; Kiger, Laurent; Dewilde, Sylvia; Ungerechts, Guy; Schmidt, Marc; Urban, Joachim; Marden, Michael C.; Moens, Luc; Burmester, Thorsten (2002-06-04).
178:
Hemolymph can contain nucleating agents that confer extracellular freezing protection. Such nucleating agents have been found in the hemolymph of insects of several orders, i.e.,
147:
found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood. When not oxygenated, hemolymph quickly loses its color and appears grey.
886:
114:, the closed portion of the system consists of tubular hearts and an aorta running along the dorsal side of the insect. The hearts pump hemolymph into the sinuses of the
656:
Zachariassen, Karl Erik; Baust, John G.; Lee, Richard E. (1982). "A method for quantitative determination of ice nucleating agents in insect hemolymph".
515:
Hagner-Holler, Silke; Schoen, Axel; Erker, Wolfgang; Marden, James H.; Rupprecht, Rainer; Decker, Heinz; Burmester, Thorsten (2004-01-20).
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through other means, such as tracheas, but it does contain nutrients such as proteins and sugars. Muscular movements by the animal during
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Bateman, P. W.; Fleming, P. A. (2009). "There will be blood: Autohaemorrhage behaviour as part of the defence repertoire of an insect".
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head and throughout the hemocoel, then back through the ostia that are located in the heart, where the process is repeated.
633:
Imms' General
Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology
170:" is not specific to insect circulation; it literally means "doors" or "openings", and must be understood in context.
640:
67:
are suspended. In addition to hemocytes, the plasma also contains many chemicals. It is the major tissue type of the
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379:
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relaxes, hemolymph is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores called ostia. Note that the term "
155:
935:
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102:, although hemoglobin may be present in the tracheal system instead and play some role in respiration.
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162:
can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the
35:, where hemolymph moves through interconnected sinuses or hemocoels, spaces surrounding the organs.
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68:
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Oxygen-transport systems were long thought unnecessary in insects, but ancestral and functional
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Decker, H.; Hellmann, N.; Jaenicke, E.; Lieb, B.; Meissner, U.; Markl, J. (1 October 2007).
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metabolism end products are present in the hemolymph in low concentrations. These include
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
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might appear to be inefficient compared to the closed circulatory systems of the
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has been found in the hemolymph. Insect "blood" generally does not carry
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309:. These sugar levels are maintained by the control of hormones. Other
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proteins incorporate carbohydrates and lipids into the structure.
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135:-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the
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Body fluid that circulates in the interior of an arthropod body
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477:
Wyatt, G. R. (1961). "The
Biochemistry of Insect Hemolymph".
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when they are attacked by predators. Queens of the ant genus
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127:) of the animal's body and surrounds all cells. It contains
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358:, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod
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can be present and sometimes in great amounts along with
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154:, is not used for oxygen transport because these animals
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856:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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765:"Minireview: Recent progress in hemocyanin research"
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150:The hemolymph of lower arthropods, including most
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407:. Some species of insect or arachnid are able to
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301:are present, most notably the juvenile hormone.
521:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
23:Collection of hemolymph from a worker honeybee.
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362:. The immune system resides in the hemolymph.
245:). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is
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340:are present and are used as fuel for flight.
273:
329:and those components that are precursors to
91:possess a hemolymphatic circulatory system.
87:). In addition, some non-arthropods such as
350:Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)
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584:"Characterization ofDrosophilaHemoglobin"
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540:
517:"A respiratory hemocyanin from an insect"
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900:Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand
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417:are fed with hemolymph produced by the
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631:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
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889:from the original on October 2, 2022.
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852:The Insects: Structure and Function
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769:Integrative and Comparative Biology
491:10.1146/annurev.en.06.010161.000451
354:There are free-floating cells, the
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390:, however, for oxygen transport.
896:"Blue Squid Blood - Murky Water"
816:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00582.x
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588:Journal of Biological Chemistry
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55:, is a fluid, analogous to the
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313:can be present. These include
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1:
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443:Respiratory system of insects
894:Bolstad, Kat (May 2, 2008).
670:10.1016/0011-2240(82)90139-0
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479:Annual Review of Entomology
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706:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.008
366:Comparisons to vertebrates
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274:Other organic constituents
198:Hemolymph is composed of
879:"Do insects have blood?"
542:10.1073/pnas.0305872101
69:open circulatory system
33:open circulatory system
848:Chapman, R.F. (1998).
834:Australian Ants Online
601:10.1074/jbc.m204009200
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24:
424:Pemphigus spyrothecae
421:. On the other hand,
261:production of silk.
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31:A grasshopper has an
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22:
885:. October 17, 2005.
635:. Berlin: Springer.
594:(32): 29012–29017.
533:2004PNAS..101..871H
405:arachnid locomotion
106:Method of transport
936:Crustacean anatomy
804:Journal of Zoology
781:10.1093/icb/icm063
71:characteristic of
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37:
25:
926:Arthropod anatomy
906:on April 2, 2015.
863:978-0-521-57890-5
438:Insect physiology
231:organic compounds
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941:Arachnid anatomy
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321:, hexosamines,
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145:red blood cells
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386:-containing
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297:. Arthropod
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174:Constituents
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946:Body fluids
658:Cryobiology
467:, p. .
401:sclerotized
376:vertebrates
372:open system
253:Amino acids
188:Hymenoptera
182:(beetles),
112:grasshopper
81:crustaceans
61:vertebrates
915:Categories
831:Leptanilla
485:: 75–102.
449:References
414:Leptanilla
388:hemocyanin
247:hemocyanin
180:Coleoptera
160:locomotion
141:hemoglobin
129:hemocyanin
100:hemoglobin
96:hemocyanin
73:arthropods
53:haemolymph
610:0021-9258
551:0027-8424
356:hemocytes
344:Hemocytes
303:Trehalose
291:uric acid
287:allantoin
258:Arthropod
223:magnesium
219:potassium
204:inorganic
194:Inorganic
156:respirate
77:arachnids
65:hemocytes
49:Hemolymph
887:Archived
789:21672868
714:16861020
618:12048208
569:14715904
432:See also
327:glycerol
323:mannitol
315:inositol
299:hormones
279:Nitrogen
265:Proteins
239:proteins
233:(mostly
215:chlorine
209:(mostly
125:hemocoel
116:hemocoel
89:mollusks
842:Sources
678:7083885
529:Bibcode
307:glucose
283:ammonia
229:), and
227:calcium
184:Diptera
152:insects
139:-based
110:In the
85:insects
860:
829:Genus
787:
712:
676:
639:
616:
608:
567:
560:321773
557:
549:
499:218693
497:
419:larvae
384:copper
338:lipids
331:chitin
293:, and
243:lipids
241:, and
225:, and
211:sodium
133:copper
921:Blood
495:S2CID
370:This
336:Free
207:salts
200:water
168:ostia
164:heart
57:blood
51:, or
858:ISBN
785:PMID
710:PMID
674:PMID
637:ISBN
614:PMID
606:ISSN
565:PMID
547:ISSN
295:urea
137:iron
131:, a
83:and
812:doi
808:278
777:doi
702:doi
698:145
666:doi
596:doi
592:277
555:PMC
537:doi
525:101
487:doi
143:in
59:in
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