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The
Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts had 6 professors and 57 students, while the Department of Medicine and Surgery had 5 professors and 157 students. Tappan, tasked with expanding the faculty, devised a plan for drawing scholars of reputation to the faculty. His guiding principle was that the chief factor for selecting a professor should be their qualifications for the position. Previously, when the university lacked a president, the Board of Regents aimed to maintain a balance among different Protestant denominations when appointing faculty members. To address vacancies that arose suddenly, Tappan chose young men, mainly university alumni, for assistant professorships. This approach allowed for postponing the appointment of full professors until suitable candidates were found.
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illustrating the laws of nature, and for prying into her secrets; in fine, whatever may aid them in thought, investigation, and discovery, and in making known the results of their labors. Living together they aid and stimulate each other. They form a centre of light, and irradiate it far and wide for the glory of their country, and for the good of mankind. They create an atmosphere filled with inspirations to thought, research, and culture. Young men who have passed through the intermediate grade, and, hence, who have learned the art, and formed the habits of study, resort to them to hear their lectures, to breathe their spirit, to copy their example, and to submit themselves to their guidance.
305:
550:, called the dismissal an "act of savage, unmitigated barbarism" in light of Tappan's work being "without a precedent in the educational history of the country." At the suggestion of his supporters, Tappan himself wrote a lengthy response to his dismissal, generally praising the first Board of Regents and excoriating the second as incompetent, and also singling out certain faculty members for criticism. When the new Board of Regents took office in 1864, the flood of support for Tappan led them to consider re-hiring him, but in the end they felt it would be disruptive to the university, in light of Tappan's subsequent response.
441:
interested in classical or scientific studies without pursuing a degree. Options in analytical and agricultural chemistry and civil engineering were available through the partial course. These changes allowed students to choose between a
Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or a degree in civil engineering. Tappan also established a so-called "university course" for graduate work, once the undergraduate curriculum was more fully developed. In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country (after Harvard) to issue Bachelor of Science degrees.
500:
33:
496:, which competed with the university. Since the university's early days in Ann Arbor, sectarian opposition posed a significant threat. The widespread antagonism inevitably influenced the legislature, preventing Tappan from securing the financial support he sought. The internal faculty struggles and petty criticisms throughout the state indicate some of the forces that were undermining the university's apparent prosperity during the period from 1852 to 1858.
469:
349:, the architects of Michigan's educational system, drew inspiration from the Prussian model of public instruction as detailed in Cousin's report. The Prussian system significantly influenced Michigan's educational plan before Tappan's administration, as evidenced by Francis W. Shearman's 1852 official state publication
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Tappan's firing was unpopular with students and the broader community, as it came with no warning, at a time when the university was more successful than ever, for no wrongdoing other than personal friction with the regents, and from a board whose terms in office were all expiring (save one) in just
558:
In 1874 and 1875 the Board of
Regents passed resolutions commending Tappan's service to the university and inviting him to return to Ann Arbor to be honored; the latter expressly withdrew "any censure express or implied in the resolutions which severed his connection" to the university. Tappan, who
432:
contributed to the establishment of a fine arts museum. The university expanded library and museum spaces by abolishing the dormitory system and remodeling North and South
College buildings, which had initially served dual purposes. This change, initiated in 1856, allowed North College to house the
397:
In 1852, Ann Arbor was home to a still young and undeveloped institution. The forty-acre campus featured two dormitory and recitation buildings known as North
College and South College, a medical building, and four residences for professors. Both the faculty and student body were small at the time.
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a collection of finished scholars in every department of human knowledge, associated for the purposes of advancing and communicating knowledge. To accomplish these purposes they gather around them books on all subjects without any limit, specimens of art, specimens of natural history, apparatus for
487:
In
September 1857, during the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church held in Port Huron, resolutions were presented condemning the moral condition at the university. It is evident from an extract from his diary that these resolutions were at least partly instigated by Tappan's rival,
440:
Before his appointment, the legislature arranged for the creation of a course or courses of study for students who prefer not to pursue the usual collegiate course embracing the ancient languages. Additional courses were introduced, including a new scientific course and a partial course for those
525:
Upon his removal, Tappan remarked, "This matter belongs to history; the pen of history is held by
Almighty Justice, and I fear not the record it will make of my conduct, whether public or private, in relation to the affairs of the University." He immediately left Michigan and moved his family to
444:
Tappan sought to establish an agricultural course in the university, but, although some teaching was done, his efforts in this direction were not successful. In 1854, Reverend
Charles Fox was appointed as Professor of Agriculture, but his sudden death later that year halted progress. Attempts to
356:
Tappan shared Pierce's vision of a coordinated system of instruction, with a university at the apex and primary grades at the base. Through his observations of educational progress, Tappan concluded that the most effective approach to constructing such a system was to first establish the higher
205:
of the age of the
American university." However, his academic career was ultimately cut short due to his impartial stance on religion and personality clashes with the university regents and certain faculty members, leading him to spend the remainder of his life in self-imposed exile in Europe.
353:. Michigan's existing legislative and constitutional provisions, partly based on Prussian idea, likely attracted Tappan to the office. In his reports and addresses, Tappan expanded on the foundational ideas established by John D. Pierce further developing the educational plan of the state.
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Tappan's 11-year presidency was characterized by considerable tension, partly due to his challenging personality traits. His attempts to secularize faculty appointments and his impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor.
456:. In 1862, a dedicated law building was constructed to house the Department of Law and its libraries. A chair for military engineering and tactics was established, but no qualified candidates could be found due to the demand for military officers during the
600:
Tappan Junior High School was first opened in 1925 in the Burns Park area of Ann Arbor. The building was renamed Burns Park
Elementary School after a new and larger junior Tappan Junior High School opened nearby in 1951. The new school is now known as
357:
institution. He believed that as erudite administrators from this university gradually extended their influence, it would naturally lead to the creation and reinforcement of schools at lower levels, ultimately benefiting a broader population.
1373:
200:
A pioneer in the transformation of American university curricula, he was instrumental in fashioning the University of Michigan as a prototype for future universities across the United States, and has been called the
318:
Tappan embarked on writing a series of philosophical treatises that began to influence thinking in Europe. He had already made a name for himself by his writings on the freedom of the will, including such works as
1386:
1399:
492:. These resolutions were partly driven by strong sectarian opposition to the university throughout the state. This opposition naturally arose from the efforts of various religious groups to maintain their
409:. Walker donated money for the transit instrument, while Tappan arranged for high-quality instruments to be built in New York and Berlin. The transit instrument was acquired in Berlin with guidance from
428:, and to increase the museum collections. He received support from professors, friends, and the citizens of Ann Arbor, along with funding from the Board of Regents for purchasing books. Concurrently,
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Until Tappan was elected president, the university was directly managed by the appointive Board of Regents, with a rotating group of professors to carry out the day-to-day administration duties.(
546:
a few months and who were due to be replaced with new regents (already elected) who had expressed a desire to form a better working relationship with Tappan. Henry Barnard, by then the editor of
586:
Tappan Hall, the oldest extant classroom building on the University of Michigan campus, was finished in 1894. It houses the History of Art Department and the Fine Art Library. It also houses a
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had moved to Europe after his firing, expressed a desire to return, but twice deferred accepting the invitation, citing first his age and then the health of his daughter.
1850:
284:
as a professor of philosophy. In 1845, he was awarded a Doctor of Divinity (honorary) degree from Union College, followed by a Doctor of Laws (honorary) degree from
405:
from Detroit, who inquired about supporting the university. Tappan suggested fundraising for an astronomical observatory, which led to the establishment of the
597:
Tappan Elementary School was built on East University Avenue, Ann Arbor, in 1885. It was sold to the University of Michigan in the 1920s and renamed East Hall.
1128:
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and directed the newly elected Board of Regents to select someone for the office. They sent a representative to the East to solicit recommendations, and
2083:
417:. This connection proved beneficial when Tappan later recommended Brünnow as the observatory's director. Brünnow taught notable students, including
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The Religious Dimensions of Three Presidencies in a State University: Presidents Tappan, Haven, and Angell at the University of Michigan
1836:
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2158:
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2113:
1859:
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379:
45:
2143:
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1718:
1162:
285:
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The Progress of Educational Development: A Discourse Delivered Before the Literary Societies of the University of Michigan
437:
was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education and offering extra space for classes and laboratories.
2168:
1658:
Report on the State of Public Instruction in Prussia; Addressed to the Count De Montalivet. With Plans of School Houses.
281:
1700:
1545:
1518:
1491:
1461:
777:
712:
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663:
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194:
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Elements of Logic: Together with an Introductory View of Philosophy in General, and a Preliminary View of the Reason
674:
Elements of Logic: Together with an Introductory View of Philosophy in General, and a Preliminary View of the Reason
1124:
1337:
394:
was also considered for the job following Barnard's refusal, Tappan was unanimously elected on August 12, 1852.
788:
A discourse on the death of Abraham Lincoln ... delivered Tuesday, May 2, 1865, in the Dorotheen-Church, Berlin
769:
Public Education: An Address; Delivered in the Hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol at Lansing
215:
108:
1157:. SMU Studies in Composition and Rhetoric (1st ed.). Dallas, Tex: Southern Methodist University Press.
246:
2163:
476:
335:. These works had called forth favorable comment from both European and American scholars, including
270:
304:
1999:
1873:
1953:
311:, whom Tappan respected and whose precepts he followed, favorably commented on Tappan's works on
725:
A Step from the New World to the Old, and Back Again: With Thoughts on the Good and Evil in Both
249:
two years later and planned a career in ministry. He married Julia Livingston on April 7, 1828.
190:
186:
49:
1991:
1969:
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2093:
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1915:
1907:
1898:
1828:
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1483:
The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief
602:
429:
378:
In 1850, the state of Michigan adopted a new state constitution that created the office of
1590:"Review by Rev. Dr. H. P. Tappan: Historic Statement of my Connection with the University"
8:
1927:
1634:
Michigan as a Province, Territory and State: The Twenty-sixth Member of the Federal Union
518:
In 1863, the regents voted unanimously to remove Tappan from office and replace him with
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185:(April 18, 1805 – November 15, 1881) was an American philosopher, educator and
736:
The Growth of Cities: A Discourse Delivered Before the New York Geographical Society
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1098:
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The Tappan Professorship of Law was created in 1879, with former Michigan governor
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202:
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475:, a rival of Tappan, instigated resolutions at the 1857 Detroit Conference of the
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1087:"The Study of History in American Colleges and Universities, by Herbert B. Adams"
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recommended Henry Tappan. Despite this recommendation, the regents first elected
383:
1749:
522:, after which the regents also fired Tappan's son John as university librarian.
510:, replaced Tappan as President of University of Michigan in 1863, shortly after
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1982:
1961:
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1028:. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. p. 41.
945:. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. p. 40.
189:. In August 1852, he assumed the newly created presidency of the restructured
2077:
2017:
2008:
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1110:
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387:
373:
Henry Philip Tappan, wrote (President's Report, Univ. Mich. 1853-64, p. 654.)
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in Port Huron that criticized the moral state of the university under Tappan
1945:
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1677:
A Memorial Discourse on the Life and Services of Rev. Henry Philip Tappan
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1102:
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The Doctrine of the Will, Applied to Moral Agency and Responsibility
566:, Switzerland on November 15, 1881, where he is buried overlooking
425:
329:
The Doctrine of the Will Applied to Moral Agency and Responsibility
638:
The Doctrine of the Will, Determined by an Appeal to Consciousness
214:
Henry Philip Tappan was born on April 18, 1805, in the village of
325:
The Doctrine of the Will Determined by an Appeal to Consciousness
1768:"A Creation of My Own" - University of Michigan Heritage Project
539:
351:
System of Public Instruction and Primary School Law of Michigan
292:. At a later date he was elected a corresponding member of the
226:. He was the great-grandson of Revolutionary war patriot Major
619:
A Review of Edwards's "Inquiry Into the Freedom of the Will."
563:
535:
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establish an agricultural farm in 1858 and 1859 also failed.
125:
1858:
276:
A throat affliction prompted him to leave for a trip to the
1596:, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, pp. 1119–1166
527:
1354:
816:
360:
1693:
Henry Philip Tappan, Philosopher and University President
1622:, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, pp. 433–434
1183:
424:
Tappan aimed to expand the library, original acquired by
448:
The Law School began operations in 1859 with professors
339:, whom Tappan respected and whose precepts he followed.
1043:
562:
He never returned to Michigan and died in his villa in
321:
Review of Edwards' Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will
401:
Shortly after taking office, Tappan was approached by
2064:
Italics denote acting or interim president (or term)
1609:, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, p. 411
904:
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and is located in East Stadium Boulevard, Ann Arbor.
265:, New York for one year, and was then pastor at the
1200:
1198:
1066:
1055:
1032:
949:
280:, and upon his return he joined the faculty of the
1289:
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1245:
1025:The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey
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942:The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey
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390:of Connecticut, who declined the offer. Although
2075:
1450:Hinsdale, Burke A. (1906), Demmon, Isaac (ed.),
1436:
1423:
1410:
1295:
1262:
1251:
1195:
1620:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1876-1881)
1607:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1870-1876)
1594:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1837-1864)
1443:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1876-1881)
1430:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1870-1876)
1417:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1864-1870)
1404:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1837-1864)
1391:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1837-1864)
1378:Proceedings of the Board of Regents (1837-1864)
1309:University of Michigan History & Traditions
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761:(2nd (revised) ed.), New York: D. Appleton
889:
850:
822:
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1626:
1222:
1189:
195:Constitution of the State of Michigan in 1850
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862:
73:office abolished in 1821, previously held by
1210:
1171:
1851:
1837:
1380:, University of Michigan, pp. 516–517
1278:
1267:
1234:
838:
433:collections. In 1856, the country's first
31:
1801:President of the University of Michigania
1152:
299:
2084:Presidents of the University of Michigan
1861:Presidents of the University of Michigan
1725:, University of Michigan, archived from
1449:
1419:, University of Michigan, pp. 21–24
1358:Presidents of the University of Michigan
1328:
1204:
1155:Rhetoric in American colleges, 1850-1900
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978:
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467:
303:
1811:President of the University of Michigan
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743:
732:
721:
700:
463:
380:President of the University of Michigan
361:President of the University of Michigan
2076:
1733:
1671:
1613:
1601:Tappan, Henry P. (November 12, 1874),
1600:
1587:
1540:, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe,
1284:
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1240:
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680:
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653:
635:
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1832:
1759:Works by or about Henry Philip Tappan
1690:
1506:
1486:, New York: Oxford University Press,
1453:History of the University of Michigan
1445:, University of Michigan, p. 401
1432:, University of Michigan, p. 451
1406:, University of Michigan, p. 521
1393:, University of Michigan, p. 518
1228:
1148:
1146:
1131:from the original on October 21, 2021
1084:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
871:
707:, Detroit: Advertiser Power Presses,
421:, and Tappan's daughter married him.
222:and Dutch descent, and his mother of
1738:, PhD Thesis, University of Michigan
1614:Tappan, Henry P. (August 30, 1879),
1533:
1216:
1177:
1021:
938:
844:
2134:American people of Prussian descent
2124:American expatriates in Switzerland
1355:Bentley Historical Library (2004),
996:
526:Europe, residing in Berlin, Paris,
288:in 1854; both degrees were granted
13:
2174:Philosophers from New York (state)
2154:Academics from Ann Arbor, Michigan
2139:Auburn Theological Seminary alumni
2104:19th-century American philosophers
1642:
1618:, written at Basel, Switzerland,
1605:, written at Basel, Switzerland,
1413:"Proceedings of February 18, 1864"
1143:
923:
282:University of the City of New York
257:He became associate pastor at the
245:honors in 1825. He graduated from
14:
2190:
1901:(1869–1871, 1880–1882, 1887–1888)
1743:
1716:
548:The American Journal of Education
237:and studied under its president,
172:Philosopher, University President
152:John L. Tappan, Rebecca L. Tappan
2129:American people of Dutch descent
1695:, University of Michigan Press,
1637:, Publishing Society of Michigan
1574:Constitution of Michigan of 1850
1557:Constitution of Michigan of 1836
1400:"Proceedings of August 12, 1852"
1085:Baker, Geo. H. (March 1, 1888).
573:
2179:Union College (New York) alumni
2159:People from Rhinebeck, New York
2119:American expatriates in Germany
2099:19th-century American educators
1338:The University of Chicago Press
1322:
1300:
1078:
817:Bentley Historical Library 2004
252:
193:, an office established by the
16:American academic administrator
2114:American expatriates in France
1660:, New York: Wiley & Long,
1439:"Proceedings of July 25, 1879"
1426:"Proceedings of June 30, 1875"
1387:"Proceedings of July 17, 1852"
1374:"Proceedings of June 22, 1852"
687:, New York: George P. Putnam,
640:, New York: Wiley and Putnam,
553:
1:
2144:Burials in the canton of Vaud
2109:American expatriate academics
1513:, Chicago: Lewis Publishing,
1348:
1153:Kitzhaber, Albert R. (1990).
209:
1750:Works by Henry Philip Tappan
676:, New York: Wiley and Putnam
622:, New York: John S. Taylor,
506:, an ally of Tappan's rival
7:
2149:New York University faculty
1616:"Letter to James B. Angell"
1603:"Letter to James B. Angell"
1091:Political Science Quarterly
247:Auburn Theological Seminary
10:
2195:
2169:Philosophers from Michigan
1734:Wilbee, Victor R. (1967),
1691:Perry, Charles M. (1933),
1679:, University of Michigan,
1571:State of Michigan (1850),
1554:State of Michigan (1836),
1537:The University of Michigan
1456:, University of Michigan,
1398:Board of Regents (1852c),
1385:Board of Regents (1852b),
1372:Board of Regents (1852a),
750:, Ann Arbor, MI: E.B. Pond
744:Tappan, Henry P. (1855b),
733:Tappan, Henry P. (1855a),
722:Tappan, Henry P. (1852b),
701:Tappan, Henry P. (1852a),
477:Methodist Episcopal Church
1868:
1817:
1807:
1780:
1775:
1588:Tappan, Henry P. (1864),
1437:Board of Regents (1879),
1424:Board of Regents (1875),
1411:Board of Regents (1864),
1190:Utley & Cutcheon 1906
1022:Shaw, Wilfred B. (1942).
939:Shaw, Wilfred B. (1942).
786:Tappan, Henry P. (1865),
766:Tappan, Henry P. (1857),
755:Tappan, Henry P. (1856),
681:Tappan, Henry P. (1851),
672:Tappan, Henry P. (1844),
654:Tappan, Henry P. (1841),
636:Tappan, Henry P. (1840),
616:Tappan, Henry P. (1839),
452:, Charles I. Walker, and
271:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
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2000:James Johnson Duderstadt
1785:Office abolished in 1821
1334:Karl Bitter: A Biography
802:
739:, New York: R. Craighead
609:
1954:Alexander Grant Ruthven
1507:Moore, Charles (1915),
728:, New York: D. Appleton
494:denominational colleges
1592:, written at Berlin,
1534:Shaw, Wilfred (1920),
1073:Board of Regents 1852c
1062:Board of Regents 1852b
1050:Board of Regents 1852a
1039:State of Michigan 1850
956:State of Michigan 1836
515:
480:
370:
315:
300:Philosophical writings
191:University of Michigan
187:academic administrator
50:University of Michigan
1992:Harold Tafler Shapiro
1970:Robben Wright Fleming
1336:. Chicago, Illinois:
1296:Board of Regents 1879
1263:Board of Regents 1875
1252:Board of Regents 1864
1125:"Chemical Laboratory"
772:, Detroit: H. Barns,
583:the first to hold it.
502:
471:
365:
333:The Elements of Logic
307:
1920:1897–1898, 1909–1910
1916:Harry Burns Hutchins
1908:James Burrill Angell
1899:Henry Simmons Frieze
790:, Berlin: G. Lange,
684:University Education
658:, Wiley and Putnam,
603:Tappan Middle School
464:Removal as president
430:Henry Simmons Frieze
218:. His father was of
1928:Marion LeRoy Burton
1882:Henry Philip Tappan
1510:History of Michigan
1330:Schevill, Ferdinand
435:chemical laboratory
413:and his assistant,
407:Detroit Observatory
294:Institute of France
216:Rhinebeck, New York
183:Henry Philip Tappan
109:Rhinebeck, New York
25:Henry Philip Tappan
1937:Alfred Henry Lloyd
1890:Erastus Otis Haven
1821:Erastus Otis Haven
1792:Rev. John Monteith
1788:Title last held by
1629:Cutcheon, Byron M.
1478:Marsden, George M.
1192:, pp. 252–255
718:(Inaugural speech)
520:Erastus Otis Haven
516:
508:Alexander Winchell
504:Erastus Otis Haven
490:Alexander Winchell
481:
473:Alexander Winchell
419:James Craig Watson
411:Johann Franz Encke
392:John Hiram Lathrop
316:
241:, graduating with
228:Christopher Tappen
88:Erastus Otis Haven
2164:People from Vevey
2071:
2070:
1827:
1826:
1818:Succeeded by
1805:
1776:Academic offices
1754:Project Gutenberg
1627:Utley, Henry M.;
1164:978-0-87074-308-5
450:James V. Campbell
347:John Davis Pierce
180:
179:
119:November 15, 1881
2186:
2059:
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2043:
2036:Mary Sue Coleman
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1729:on June 16, 2018
1723:Heritage Project
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454:Thomas M. Cooley
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286:Columbia College
233:Tappan attended
220:Prussian descent
203:John the Baptist
144:Julia Livingston
122:
98:Personal details
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1983:Allan F. Smith
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1744:External links
1742:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1719:"Tappan's End"
1717:Tobin, James,
1714:
1701:
1688:
1669:
1650:Cousin, Victor
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1097:(1): 165–165.
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267:Congregational
259:Dutch Reformed
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243:Phi Beta Kappa
239:Eliphalet Nott
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2015:
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2009:Homer A. Neal
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1206:
1205:Hinsdale 1906
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1127:. UMHistory.
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885:
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880:
874:, p. 482
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858:
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834:
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629:0-404-59406-9
625:
621:
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614:
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604:
599:
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590:of Tappan by
589:
585:
582:
581:Alpheus Felch
578:
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574:Commemoration
571:
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389:
388:Henry Barnard
385:
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344:
340:
338:
337:Victor Cousin
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
310:
309:Victor Cousin
306:
297:
295:
291:
290:honoris causa
287:
283:
279:
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272:
268:
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244:
240:
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235:Union College
231:
229:
225:
224:Dutch descent
221:
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184:
175:
171:
167:
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163:Union College
161:
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135:
131:
128:, Switzerland
127:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
96:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
76:John Monteith
74:
71:
65:
59:
54:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2063:
2062:
2039:
2038:(2002–2014,
2025:
2007:
1981:
1973:
1972:(1968–1979,
1946:C. C. Little
1935:
1922:, 1910–1920)
1919:
1897:
1881:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1735:
1727:the original
1722:
1692:
1676:
1657:
1633:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1578:, retrieved
1573:
1561:, retrieved
1556:
1536:
1524:, retrieved
1509:
1497:, retrieved
1482:
1467:, retrieved
1452:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1362:, retrieved
1357:
1333:
1324:
1313:, retrieved
1308:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1224:
1219:, p. 54
1212:
1185:
1180:, p. 47
1173:
1154:
1133:. Retrieved
1119:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1068:
1057:
1045:
1034:
1024:
986:
981:, p. 17
974:
969:, p. 16
962:
951:
941:
906:
901:, p. 41
879:
857:Marsden 1994
852:
847:, p. 45
840:
833:Marsden 1994
824:
811:
787:
768:
757:
746:
735:
724:
703:
683:
673:
655:
637:
618:
561:
557:
547:
544:
524:
517:
514:'s departure
486:
482:
447:
443:
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423:
400:
396:
377:
371:
366:
355:
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341:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
289:
275:
256:
253:Early career
232:
213:
199:
182:
181:
121:(1881-11-15)
83:Succeeded by
72:
57:
18:
2094:1881 deaths
2089:1805 births
2050:(2014–2022)
2020:(1996–2002)
2002:(1988–1996)
1994:(1980–1988)
1964:(1951–1968)
1956:(1929–1951)
1948:(1925–1929)
1930:(1920–1925)
1910:(1871–1909)
1892:(1863–1869)
1884:(1852–1863)
1876:(1817–1821)
1285:Tappan 1879
1274:Tappan 1874
1241:Tappan 1864
1135:October 21,
919:Tappan 1844
915:Tappan 1841
911:Tappan 1840
829:Wilbee 1967
704:A Discourse
592:Karl Bitter
568:Lake Geneva
554:Later years
278:West Indies
263:Schenectady
133:Nationality
68:Preceded by
2078:Categories
1580:August 24,
1563:August 28,
1526:August 24,
1499:August 14,
1469:August 16,
1364:August 23,
1349:References
1315:August 24,
1229:Moore 1915
872:Moore 1915
588:bas relief
269:church in
261:church in
210:Early life
169:Profession
158:Alma mater
2056:Santa Ono
1217:Shaw 1920
1178:Shaw 1920
1111:0032-3195
845:Shaw 1920
831:cited in
532:Frankfurt
458:Civil War
313:free will
62:1852–1863
58:In office
46:President
2058:(2022– )
1685:13253076
1675:(1882),
1656:(1835),
1631:(1906),
1480:(1994),
1332:(1917).
1129:Archived
426:Asa Gray
149:Children
136:American
44:1st
1761:at the
1711:5463783
1666:2648924
796:3838520
512:Brünnow
111:, U. S.
48:of the
2029:(2002)
2011:(1996)
1985:(1979)
1939:(1925)
1782:Vacant
1709:
1699:
1683:
1664:
1544:
1517:
1490:
1460:
1161:
1109:
794:
776:
711:
691:
662:
644:
626:
540:Geneva
538:, and
331:, and
141:Spouse
803:Notes
610:Works
564:Vevey
536:Basel
126:Vevey
2040:2022
1974:1988
1809:1st
1707:OCLC
1697:ISBN
1681:OCLC
1662:OCLC
1582:2007
1565:2007
1542:ISBN
1528:2007
1515:ISBN
1501:2007
1488:ISBN
1471:2007
1458:ISBN
1366:2007
1317:2007
1159:ISBN
1137:2021
1107:ISSN
792:OCLC
774:ISBN
709:ISBN
689:ISBN
660:ISBN
642:ISBN
624:ISBN
528:Bonn
345:and
116:Died
103:Born
1799:as
1752:at
1099:doi
273:.
230:.
2080::
1721:,
1705:,
1652:;
1441:,
1428:,
1415:,
1402:,
1389:,
1376:,
1197:^
1145:^
1105:.
1093:.
1089:.
998:^
925:^
917:,
913:,
891:^
864:^
570:.
542:.
534:,
530:,
460:.
327:,
323:,
296:.
197:.
2042:)
1976:)
1918:(
1852:e
1845:t
1838:v
1167:.
1139:.
1113:.
1101::
1095:3
819:)
594:.
201:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
