30:
351:, but as all of the expenses were not covered, Tata's husband, Ardeshir, who encouraged her to go, provided the remaining funds needed. She wrote to influential people in a wide range of organizations to gain their support for the cause and was an active speaker at events. Mother and daughter compiled numerous reports on women's franchise to substantiate their case in favor of granting women the vote. Besant and Naidu presented pleas for enfranchisement in August. In September 1919, Tata presented the memorandum
359:. While in England, the Tatas spoke at various public meetings and events of British suffragists, traveling to "Birkenhead, Bolton, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Harrowgate, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle" to gain the support of other women. They were very successful in their pleas which resulted in the India Office being inundated with resolutions of support for women's suffrage in India. She also sent regular correspondence to
222:
363:, chair of the Bombay Committee on Women's Suffrage. Tata and her daughter participated in a second presentation before the Joint Select Committee on 13 October. They were also present for the final reading of the bill in December 1919, which included a clause that Indian provinces could enfranchise women if they chose to do so.
370:. Tata also enrolled at the school and though she did not obtain a degree, she took courses between 1919 and 1922 in administration, economics, and social science. During her time in England, Tata worked actively to develop support for women's political identity. She published articles in various journals, like
292:
in Adyar to create a vehicle for women to influence government policy. Besant and Tata were both founding members, along with other women. Besant served as the president and Tata was named as the general secretary of the organization. Cousins secured an audience with
Montagu to present the political
297:
led a deputation of 14 leading women from throughout India to present the call to include women's suffrage in the new
Franchise Bill under development by the Government of India. As part of the delegation, Tata made an impassioned plea for women to be included as "people" and not prohibited from
410:
In 1924, Tata and her daughter returned to India. That year, she organized a public conference with various women's groups to provide input on a pending bill for children. Among the suggestions sent to the government were provisions to allow women to participate in drafting the act, increased
320:
was formed to develop the electoral regulations for implementing the
Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. Their report issued in April 1919 also rejected including women's suffrage, as they felt the conservative society would be against it. Tata published her rationale for women's enfranchisement in
176:
and remained until 1924. She continued to work for voting rights and legislation protecting children until her husband was injured in an accident and required her care. Tata died in 1941 and is remembered as one of the prominent suffragists in the early struggle for the vote in India.
171:
with endorsements. Though unable to influence the reform act to include complete suffrage for women, the final bill did allow provisions for Indian provinces to enfranchise women if they chose to do so. Once in
England, Tata and her daughter enrolled in courses at
1179:
154:
arguing that as some municipalities already allowed women to vote, extending the right was justified. Nonetheless, the
Southborough Committee also rejected the inclusion of enfranchisement for women and sent their recommendations to the
209:, where Ardeshir worked at a textile mill as an assistant master weaver. He was progressive in his thoughts on women's education and hired tutors to help Tata in her wish to further her education. Taking a position in a mill in
166:
made two presentations to the government and traveled throughout the country to try to gain support for their cause. She published articles in various journals and spoke, inspiring individuals and organizations to flood the
415:(NCWI) was formed, Tata joined along with her daughter Mithan. An injury which caused Ardeshir to lose his sight, curtailed her ability to participate as actively as she had formerly, as she became his caregiver.
305:
were introduced in 1918 no recommendation was made for women's enfranchisement. Suffragists prepared petitions and submitted them to legislatures and conferences and published updates about the struggle in
1169:
327:
in June, arguing that as women already could vote in Bombay municipal elections, extending the vote was not a novel idea. In July women in Bombay organized a protest meeting at which Tata spoke. When
402:
in Rome. Though not elected, Tata was proposed as a member of the international board, which was the first time Indian women could qualify for administrative positions in the organization.
1152:
261:. Charmed by her enthusiasm for the cause and after reading the literature Singh later sent, Tata became active in the fight for women's enfranchisement. In 1916, discussions about
1641:
1196:
1069:
387:
399:
386:, when an article published in 1920 alleged that she was not fighting British colonialism, but rather seeking help from their colonizers. That year, she participated in the
113:. Married in 1895, Tata's husband was progressive and supported the education of his wife and daughter, hiring tutors to help her with her schooling. In 1909, Tata, who was
411:
penalties for "forcing a girl into immorality", recognition of women as parents on par with men, and placing women magistrates on the
Children's Courts. In 1925, when the
366:
Initially planning to stay through the end of the year, Tata and her daughter decided to remain in
England when Mithan was accepted for post graduate studies at the
332:
156:
1460:
1374:
372:
464:
This committee is variously given as an entity from the All India Home Rule League, the Bombay Women's
Suffrage Union, or the Women's Indian Association.
1613:
1250:
1407:
1142:
129:, a British suffragist with Indian heritage, who influenced her development as a suffragist. A founding member and the general secretary of the
360:
1697:
1061:
159:. Tata was chosen by the Bombay Suffrage Committee to travel to England to present the case in favor of suffrage to the Joint Committee.
274:
1651:
1208:
1368:
328:
432:
213:, the family remained there until 1913, when they relocated to Bombay, where Ardeshir became manager of a large textile mill.
1472:
1356:
1333:
1308:
1289:
1239:
1047:
391:
1707:
335:, the Bombay Committee on Women's Suffrage decided to send Tata and her daughter Mithan to give evidence along with Sir
412:
1589:
1542:"Writing Stri Dharma: International Feminism, Nationalist Politics, and Women's Press Advocacy in Late Colonial India"
1516:
1491:
1687:
1454:. Delhi, India: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge for the Institute for Development Education, Madras.
1131:
317:
145:
1080:. While website is a blog, publisher is an author who has published on gender in peer reviewed books and journals.
1712:
1702:
193:. At the age of sixteen, she was married to Ardeshir Bejonji Tata an employee at a textile mill. The family were
1121:
1301:
Women
Pioneers in India's Renaissance, as I Remember Her: Contributions from Eminent Women of Present-day India
1091:
302:
281:
traveled to the country with the aim of soliciting opinion on a limited political devolution of
British power.
148:
to develop the electoral regulations for implementing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, she wrote an article for
134:
144:, Tata and other feminists began protesting and publishing articles on the need for the vote. Referred to the
289:
130:
1625:
423:
Tata died in 1941. Much of her legacy was overshadowed by her more famous daughter, but writer and activist
1257:
270:
110:
1692:
1605:
1532:
1507:
1231:
1204:
367:
250:
173:
1546:
262:
431:, distinguished teaching professor of history and director of the women's studies department at the
1101:
Feminist Struggle for Universal Suffrage in India with Special Reference to Tamilnadu 1917 to 1952
1345:"Herabai Tata and Sophia Duleep Singh: Suffragette Resistances for Indian and Britain, 1910-1920"
1325:
1344:
1319:
1033:
1225:
1104:
1039:
1383:
1682:
1677:
1230:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 4 (Reprint ed.). New York, New York:
8:
1621:
1555:
258:
141:
126:
1577:
1432:
1174:
1170:"On the Centenary of Women's Suffrage, A Look at How India Achieved Electoral Equality"
435:, called Tata the "real soldier" in the campaign for women's enfranchisement in India.
323:
198:
163:
150:
1581:
1569:
1468:
1352:
1329:
1304:
1285:
1278:
1235:
1127:
1085:
1043:
380:. These activities were not always appreciated in India, as she drew criticism from
1559:
1436:
1379:
1108:
933:
428:
336:
313:
285:
278:
1398:
451:
Some references indicate that her husband was from the influential, industrialist
1449:
1369:"Tata [married name Lam], Mithan Ardeshir [Mithibai] (1898–1981)"
162:
Compiling a report to substantiate the claim for suffrage, Tata and her daughter
29:
294:
238:
1564:
1541:
1671:
1573:
1408:"Commemorating Zoroastrian and Indian Women in the British Suffrage Movement"
1147:
551:
549:
427:
said Tata was one of the central figures in the fight for suffrage in India.
266:
106:
133:, she became one of the women who petitioned for enfranchisement before the
1057:
957:
424:
356:
246:
168:
122:
546:
1646:
452:
382:
308:
202:
190:
57:
1440:
1112:
348:
347:
The Bombay Suffrage Committee financed the trip with funds provided by
1351:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 106–121.
1248:
1126:(1st: 2004 reprint ed.). New Delhi, India: National Book Trust.
939:
234:
210:
118:
312:, urging support for women's political empowerment as a part of the
1480:
221:
1321:
Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks
1256:(Report). Manchester, England: Percy Brothers Ltd. Archived from
596:
594:
254:
242:
1406:
Munshi, Shazneen Y. (13 October 2018). Wadia, Arzan Sam (ed.).
395:
316:
movement against Britain. As the next step of the process, the
206:
194:
186:
114:
53:
1642:"Remembering the First Ever Indian Female Barrister in the UK"
1251:
Report of Eighth Congress, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-12 June 1920
591:
1429:
The Role of Marathi Women in the Struggle for India's Freedom
1062:"Herabai Tata: The Power Behind Indian Women's Voting Rights"
844:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
1463:. In Grayling, A.C.; Goulder, Naomi; Pyle, Andrew (eds.).
488:
486:
972:
945:
885:
569:
567:
298:
voting as if they were foreigners, children or lunatics.
1197:"A mother and daughter at LSE – Herabai and Mithan Tata"
921:
856:
832:
793:
791:
789:
774:
677:
675:
673:
630:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
333:
Joint Select Committee of the House of Lords and Commons
265:
began to escalate and the Montagu investigations began.
157:
Joint Select Committee of the House of Lords and Commons
897:
875:
873:
871:
822:
820:
818:
752:
750:
687:
660:
658:
483:
140:
When the reforms which were proposed failed to include
1650:. Ahmedabad, Gujarat. 28 November 2016. Archived from
1008:
564:
1596:. Vol. XXV, no. 775. London. 29 August 1924
786:
762:
735:
699:
670:
498:
868:
815:
747:
723:
711:
655:
618:
536:
534:
1612:
996:
984:
909:
600:
579:
519:
398:, Switzerland. In 1923, she was a delegates to the
1367:
1277:
803:
455:, while others disclaim the familial relationship.
606:
531:
1669:
1465:The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
121:and within a few years made the acquaintance of
1492:"Eastern Women and the Vote: A Plea from India"
1467:(online ed.). London: Thoemmes Continuum.
1349:South Asian Resistances in Britain, 1858 - 1947
1280:Nadia, Captive of Hope: Memoir of an Arab Woman
1347:. In Mukherjee, Sumita; Ahmed, Rehana (eds.).
1249:International Woman Suffrage Alliance (1920).
245:. At the 1912 convention in Benaras, she met
1378:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1119:
1035:Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary
978:
891:
257:with her daughter, Tata met the suffragist,
1640:
555:
1451:The Sugar in the Milk: the Parsis in India
1365:
1317:
951:
940:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 1920
927:
862:
850:
838:
780:
513:
28:
1563:
1342:
1303:. New Delhi, India: National Book Trust.
649:
492:
197:. On 2 March 1898 the couples' daughter,
125:. Around the same time, in 1911, she met
1588:
1298:
1275:
1194:
1140:
1098:
1014:
963:
879:
693:
585:
573:
220:
1523:. Vol. XXIII, no. 653. London
1498:. Vol. XVIII, no. 519. London
1375:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1366:Mukherjee, Sumita (15 February 2018b).
1056:
1002:
293:demands of women. On 15 December 1917,
253:in 1908. In 1911, while vacationing in
1670:
1426:
1405:
1223:
1167:
1068:. India: 50 Million Missing Campaign.
826:
809:
797:
768:
756:
741:
717:
705:
681:
664:
540:
433:State University of New York at Oswego
233:In 1909, Herabai became interested in
80:Herabai A. Tata, Herabai Ardeshir Tata
34:Herabai (seated) and Mithan Tata, 1919
1539:
1461:"Besant, Annie (née Wood: 1847–1933)"
1458:
1447:
1384:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.111939
1182:from the original on 23 November 2019
1155:from the original on 22 November 2019
1072:from the original on 23 November 2019
1031:
990:
729:
624:
612:
525:
392:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
1514:
1489:
1120:Desai, Neera; Thakkar, Usha (2001).
915:
903:
205:. They soon moved to Phulgaon, near
1141:De Souza, Eunice (13 August 2009).
418:
237:and began attending conventions in
88:women's rights advocate, suffragist
13:
1540:Tusan, Michelle Elizabeth (2003).
1284:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
1224:Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (2004).
413:National Council of Women in India
405:
342:
249:, who had become president of the
14:
1724:
1195:Donnelly, Sue (31 October 2018).
228:
1517:"Indian Women's Enfranchisement"
1490:Tata, Herabai (3 October 1919).
318:Southborough Franchise Committee
301:Despite their efforts, when the
146:Southborough Franchise Committee
1698:Indian women's rights activists
1554:(4). Milton Park, Oxfordshire:
1515:Tata, Herabai (28 April 1922).
1168:Doctor, Vikram (3 March 2018).
1103:(PhD). Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu:
1024:
458:
189:, which at the time was in the
1431:(PhD). Kolhapur, Maharashtra:
445:
1:
1326:Oxford University Press India
471:
180:
1399:UK public library membership
476:
271:Secretary of State for India
185:Herabai was born in 1879 in
109:women's rights activist and
7:
1318:Mukherjee, Sumita (2018a).
1276:Kanafani, Fay Afaf (1999).
353:Why Should Women Have Votes
216:
117:, developed an interest in
10:
1729:
1708:Activists from Maharashtra
1343:Mukherjee, Sumita (2011).
1232:Cambridge University Press
1205:London School of Economics
1090:: CS1 maint: postscript (
368:London School of Economics
303:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
290:Women's Indian Association
251:Theosophical Society Adyar
174:London School of Economics
131:Women's Indian Association
1565:10.1080/09612020300200377
1414:. New York City, New York
1099:Deivanai, P. (May 2003).
92:
84:
76:
64:
39:
27:
20:
1688:Parsi people from Mumbai
1590:"Bombay Children's Bill"
1299:Mankekar, Kamla (2002).
979:Desai & Thakkar 2001
892:Desai & Thakkar 2001
601:The Open University 2015
438:
1485:(subscription required)
1481:Oxford University Press
1459:Sweet, William (2010).
1123:Women in Indian Society
331:sent his report to the
137:investigation in 1917.
1713:Women from Maharashtra
1703:Indian women activists
1624:. 2015. Archived from
1547:Women's History Review
1479: – via
1427:Odeyar, S. B. (1989).
225:
1448:Singh, Nancy (1986).
1227:Women in Modern India
1105:Bharathiar University
1040:Bloomsbury Publishing
1032:Anand, Anita (2015).
224:
1654:on 29 September 2017
1556:Taylor & Francis
1483:'s Reference Online
1324:. New Delhi, India:
1622:The Open University
1606:LSE Digital library
1533:LSE Digital library
1508:LSE Digital library
1263:on 22 November 2019
906:, pp. 345–346.
259:Sophia Duleep Singh
127:Sophia Duleep Singh
105:(1879–1941) was an
1693:Indian suffragists
1433:Shivaji University
1175:The Economic Times
324:The Times of India
226:
151:The Times of India
135:Montagu-Chelmsford
1628:on 19 August 2018
1474:978-0-199-75469-4
1397:(Subscription or
1358:978-1-4411-5514-6
1335:978-0-19-909370-0
1310:978-81-237-3766-9
1291:978-0-7656-0312-8
1241:978-0-521-65377-0
1178:. Mumbai, India.
1151:. Mumbai, India.
1143:"Imagine a Woman"
1049:978-1-4088-3546-3
853:, pp. 82–83.
400:9th IWSA Congress
329:Lord Southborough
100:
99:
93:Years active
72:(aged 61–62)
1720:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1567:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1478:
1455:
1444:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1371:
1362:
1339:
1314:
1295:
1283:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:on 7 August 2019
1207:. Archived from
1191:
1189:
1187:
1164:
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1160:
1137:
1116:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
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901:
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583:
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562:
553:
544:
538:
529:
523:
517:
511:
496:
490:
465:
462:
456:
449:
429:Geraldine Forbes
419:Death and legacy
286:Margaret Cousins
279:Viceroy of India
263:Indian Home Rule
142:women's suffrage
77:Other names
71:
50:
48:
32:
18:
17:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1668:
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1657:
1655:
1631:
1629:
1599:
1597:
1526:
1524:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1475:
1417:
1415:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1359:
1336:
1311:
1292:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1242:
1214:
1212:
1185:
1183:
1158:
1156:
1134:
1083:
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1075:
1073:
1050:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
962:
958:
952:Mukherjee 2018a
950:
946:
938:
934:
928:Mukherjee 2018a
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
869:
863:Mukherjee 2018a
861:
857:
851:Mukherjee 2018a
849:
845:
839:Mukherjee 2018a
837:
833:
825:
816:
808:
804:
796:
787:
781:Mukherjee 2018a
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
688:
680:
671:
663:
656:
648:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
592:
584:
580:
572:
565:
554:
547:
539:
532:
524:
520:
514:Mukherjee 2018b
512:
499:
491:
484:
479:
474:
469:
468:
463:
459:
450:
446:
441:
421:
408:
406:Return to India
394:(IWSA) held in
345:
343:Move to England
275:Lord Chelmsford
231:
219:
183:
69:
60:
51:
46:
44:
35:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1726:
1716:
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1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1638:
1618:Making Britain
1614:"Herabai Tata"
1610:
1586:
1537:
1512:
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1456:
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1117:
1096:
1060:(5 May 2014).
1054:
1048:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
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1007:
995:
983:
971:
969:, p. 279.
956:
954:, p. 181.
944:
932:
920:
918:, p. 130.
908:
896:
884:
867:
855:
843:
831:
814:
802:
800:, p. 186.
785:
773:
771:, p. 185.
761:
746:
744:, p. 184.
734:
732:, p. 624.
722:
710:
708:, p. 182.
698:
696:, p. 113.
686:
684:, p. 179.
669:
654:
652:, p. 112.
650:Mukherjee 2011
629:
627:, p. 339.
617:
605:
590:
578:
576:, p. 200.
563:
545:
530:
528:, p. 338.
518:
497:
495:, p. 111.
493:Mukherjee 2011
481:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
467:
466:
457:
443:
442:
440:
437:
420:
417:
407:
404:
344:
341:
295:Sarojini Naidu
230:
229:Early activism
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182:
179:
98:
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94:
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78:
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41:
37:
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33:
25:
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21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1412:Parsi Khabar
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1100:
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1066:Gender Bytes
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1003:Banerji 2014
998:
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123:Annie Besant
103:Herabai Tata
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70:(1941-00-00)
22:Herabai Tata
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1683:1941 deaths
1678:1879 births
1658:24 November
1647:Asian Voice
1632:22 November
1600:24 November
1558:: 623–649.
1527:24 November
1502:24 November
1418:24 November
1389:22 November
1267:22 November
1215:24 November
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1159:22 November
1076:23 November
827:Forbes 2004
810:Munshi 2018
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769:Odeyar 1989
757:Forbes 2004
742:Odeyar 1989
718:Forbes 2004
706:Odeyar 1989
682:Odeyar 1989
665:Forbes 2004
557:Asian Voice
541:Doctor 2018
453:Tata family
383:Young India
361:Jaiji Petit
309:Stri Dharma
203:Maharashtra
191:British Raj
58:British Raj
1672:Categories
1620:. London:
1401:required.)
1203:. London:
1038:. London:
991:Singh 1986
730:Tusan 2003
625:Anand 2015
613:Sweet 2010
526:Anand 2015
472:References
181:Early life
111:suffragist
96:1911–1920s
1582:219611926
1574:0961-2025
1201:LSE Blogs
916:Tata 1922
904:Tata 1919
477:Citations
284:In 1917,
235:Theosophy
211:Ahmedabad
119:Theosophy
1594:The Vote
1521:The Vote
1496:The Vote
1180:Archived
1153:Archived
1086:cite web
1070:Archived
965:The Vote
373:The Vote
217:Activism
390:of the
355:to the
255:Kashmir
243:Benaras
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207:Nagpur
199:Mithan
195:Parsis
187:Bombay
164:Mithan
107:Indian
54:Bombay
1578:S2CID
1261:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
439:Notes
115:Parsi
1660:2019
1634:2019
1602:2019
1570:ISSN
1529:2019
1504:2019
1469:ISBN
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1092:link
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967:1924
559:2016
376:and
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