685:, in which the king participated personally in the advance guard, Heraclius's small army of 5000 men was almost completely annihilated and Tbilisi completely sacked. While becoming a witness of the fearful devastation of his capital and slaughter of its civilians, king Heraclius, who did not want to leave the battlefield and the city was spirited away by the last of his bodyguards and a few family members. The Persian invasion delivered a hard blow to Georgia from which it was not able to recover. Despite being abandoned at the critical moment, he still had to rely on belated Russian support and fought, in 1796, alongside the
759:. He exercised executive, legislative, and judicial authority and closely supervised the activities of government departments. Heraclius's primary objective in internal policy was to further centralize the government through reducing the powers of the aristocracy. For this purpose, he attempted to create a governing élite composed of his own agents to replace the self-minded aristocratic lords in local affairs. At the same time, he encouraged peasant-vassals to supply the military force necessary to overcome the aristocracy's resistance and protect the country from incessant marauding assaults from
36:
1061:", established in 2009, seeks closer ties with Russia as opposed to the integration with the West. They primarily justify their position by alluding to Heraclius's decision and claim that the Orthodox kinship with Russia was of paramount importance to preserve Georgian nationhood, while European culture may pose a threat to Georgian spirituality, especially Orthodox Christianity as a pillar of Georgianness. Others who hold more pro-Western views emphasize that King Heraclius saw Russia as a window to European civilization.
256:
401:
822:. Grain became chipper and famines ended. Peasants paid taxes in fruit or walnuts. Factories were producing sugar, glass, cloth and armaments. Half of a tonne of silver was produced each year. For this purpose, Heraclius invited Greek miners from Levan to work in gold and silver deposits in Akhtala. Inheritance laws were passed which introduced protections for properties of merchants against the crown. Customs duty was set at two and a half percent and revenues increased in the 1760s. Under Heraclius,
553:
564:
862:
417:
524:. In close cooperation with each other, they managed to prevent a new revolt by the Mukhranian supporters fomented by Ebrahim Khan, brother of Adel Shah, in 1748. They concluded an anti-Persian alliance with the khans of Azerbaijan who were particularly vulnerable to the aggression from Persian warlords and agreed to recognize Heraclius's supremacy in eastern Transcaucasia. In 1749, he occupied
826:(chief secretary's courts) was formed, while the king’s Darbazi was functioning as a permanent supreme court and privy council. There were two ministers of foreign affairs: one Christian and one Muslim. Heraclius also created a police force. Ancient universities of Tiflis and Telavi were restored, where Bachmeister was taught.
794:
During his reign, Heraclius enacted several reforms. Printing in
Tbilisi resumed in 1749 and Heraclius set up his press. He wanted to print canonical liturgical texts and to standardize a language. During his rule, over 40 titles were printed, almost all liturgical, in runs of up to 1000. Heraclius
750:
and had to expend all available resources on defending its precarious independence. He strove to enlist the support of
European powers and to attract Western scientists and technicians to give his country the benefit of the latest military and industrial techniques. His style of governing resembled
845:
In 1770s, Heraclius reformed his army with
Russian advisers, training manuals and ranks. He created a regiment of guards based on the European model. An army was permanently paid, although it was still allowed to loot. Tbilisi had a gunpowder factory, although in a state of ramshackle. In 1774,
807:
back to their lands, even with violence. He also lured migrants with tax exemptions for them. Heraclius approved violence to stop serfs from complaining, but landowners were blamed for runaways and a severe punishment was employed on them for sexually abusing their serfs. Heraclius had hard time
519:
Yet, both
Georgian kingdoms remained under heavy Persian tribute until Nader was assassinated in 1747. Teimuraz and Heraclius took advantage of the ensuing political instability in Persia to assert their independence and expelled Persian garrisons from all key positions in Georgia, including
372:
autonomous ruler, unified eastern
Georgia politically for the first time in three centuries, and attempted to modernize the government, economy, and military. Overwhelmed by the internal and external menaces to Georgia's precarious independence and its temporary hegemony in eastern
479:. However, many Georgian nobles refused to accept the new regime and rose in rebellion in response to heavy tribute levied by Nader upon the Georgian provinces. Nonetheless, Teimuraz and Heraclius remained loyal to the shah, partly in order to prevent the comeback of the rival
829:
Heraclius's policies and explotation of peasants by landowners often resulted in rebellions: when lord
Eliozashvili demanded more than the usual 50 days' work on his estates, serfs revolted and attacked his family, burned his church and stole casks of wine. In 1773,
652:
of 1783, Heraclius finally obtained the guarantees he had sought from Russia, transforming
Georgia into a Russian protectorate, as Heraclius formally repudiated all legal ties to Persia and placed his foreign policy under the Russian supervision. However, during the
775:, "his vigilance in the care of his people knew no bounds. On campaign, he would sit up at night watching for the enemy, while in time of peace, he spent his life in transacting business of state or in religious exercise, and devoted but a few hours to sleep."
889:
in 1740. According to a relatively recently established version, Princess
Orbeliani was repudiated by Heraclius before the marriage actually took place. Instead, he married Princess Mkheidze, who died in 1744. Of his first marriage, Heraclius two children:
745:
While maintaining certain
Persian-type pomp at his court, he launched an ambitious program of "Europeanization" which was supported by the Georgian intellectual élites, but was not overwhelmingly successful because Georgia remained physically isolated from
1056:
with Russia has been a matter of dispute among
Georgians since the 19th century. It has been reported that those with different views on how to manage relations with Russia accordingly have different interpretations of Heraclius's move. For example, the
814:
announced that prisoners of war and slaves would become free peasants on crown lands. Under Heraclius’s rule, freemen were more common as some Church peasants and veteran soldiers became freemen, but in overall most of the peasants remained still serfs.
625:, but in Lang's account also because it would serve as a link to Europe, which he thought a model for Georgia's development as a modern nation. Yet, Heraclius's initial cooperation with Russia proved disappointing. His participation in the
737:). By minting the silver coins with a reference to Karim Khan Zand on it they were usable for trade in Iran, whereas the copper coins, struck for only local use, reflected Heraclius II's political orientation towards Russia.
795:
strengthened royal authority and organized it on Russian lines. He launched efforts to repopulate the lands of Kartli-Kakheti, abandoned due to constant wars and other social reasons. For this purpose, he appointed agents,
676:
with the Caucasus again as its part. In 1795, after a swift reconquest of much of southeastern Caucasus, he demanded that Heraclius reacknowledged Persian suzerainty, promising in return to confirm him as
503:. As a reward, Nader granted the kingship of Kartli to Teimuraz and of Kakheti to Heraclius in 1744, and also arranged the marriage of his nephew Ali-Qoli Khan, who eventually would succeed him as
629:
did not lead to an anticipated reconquest of the Ottoman-held southern Georgian lands, for the Russian commanders in Georgia behaved in a highly condescending, often treacherous way, and Empress
846:
Heraclius introduced mandatory conscription – one man from household served one month per year on his own expenses. Civic development lagged behind and plague resulted in 4,000 deaths in 1770.
544:
mercenaries in order to invade Persia and install a pro-Russian government there. The embassy failed to yield any results, however, for the Russian court was preoccupied with European affairs.
641:'s attempts to bring Georgia back into the Persian sphere of influence. Karim Khan's death in 1779 temporarily relieved Heraclius of these dangers, as Persia again became engulfed in chaos.
483:
branch, whose fall early in the 1720s had opened the way to Teimuraz's accession in Kartli. From 1737 to 1739, Heraclius commanded a Georgian auxiliary force during Nader's expedition in
465:, in his two successive campaigns of 1734 and 1735, by which the latter quickly reestablished Persian rule over Georgia. Teimuraz sided with the Persians and was installed as a Persian
849:
Due to the Lezgin raids on population and unwillingness of the peasants to submit to the conscription, Heraclius heavily relied on recruiting foreign mercenaries, particularly among
637:
front as merely a secondary theater of military operations. Still, Heraclius continued to seek firmer alliance with Russia, his immediate motivation being the Persian ruler
2201:
778:
Heraclius died in 1798 still convinced that only Russian protection could ensure the continued existence of his country. He was succeeded by his weak and sickly son,
621:
In foreign policy, Heraclius was primarily focused on seeking a reliable protector that would guarantee Georgia's survival. He chose Russia not only because it was
2226:
705:
Heraclius II's "curiously ambivalent position" in these decades is reflected in the coins issued by him in his realm. Silver coins were struck with the name of
697:
launched his second campaign to punish the Georgians for their alliance with Russia. However, his assassination in 1797 spared Kartli-Kakheti more devastation.
2196:
834:
tribesmen destroyed castle of their lord and held him hostage, while in 1777, Ksani peasents revolted against the initiative of Heraclius to reestablish
782:, after whose death Tsar Paul I annexed, in 1801, Kartli-Kakheti to Russia, terminating both Georgia's independence and a millennium-long rule of the
1156:
657:, a Tbilisi-based small Russian force evacuated Georgia, leaving Heraclius to face new dangers from Persia alone. In 1790 Heraclius concluded the
579:
remnant, was no longer functioning as the seat of the Iranian government. In 1762, Teimuraz II died while on a diplomatic mission to the court of
368:
of the Georgian monarchy. Aided by his personal abilities and the unrest in Iran following Nader Shah's death, Heraclius established himself as a
689:
sent by Catherine into the Persian territories. But her death that year brought an abrupt change of policy in the Caucasus, and her successor
1755:
725:
up until 1799 – some twenty years after Karim Khan Zand's death. In the same decades, the copper coins struck at Tbilisi bore three types of
2221:
681:. Heraclius refused, and in September 1795, the Persian army of 35,000 moved into Georgia. After the valiant defense of Tbilisi at the
487:
and gained a reputation of an able military commander. He then served as a lieutenant to his father and assumed the regency when
1198:
2231:
1175:
1662:
1077:
968:
540:. In 1752, the Georgian kings sent a mission to Russia to request 3,000 Russian troops or a subsidy to enable them to hire
1563:
528:, and in June 1751, Heraclius defeated a large army commanded by a pretender to the Persian throne and his former ally,
1622:
1600:
1535:
1475:
672:, who had managed to bring most of central Iranian plateau under his firm control by 1794, was inclined to revive the
360:
in 1744 as a reward for his loyalty, to becoming the penultimate king of the united kingdoms of Kakheti and Kartli in
1748:
1643:
654:
626:
536:. After these particular events, Heraclius could largely afford to ignore the changing situation to the south of the
484:
1174:(1951), Count Todtleben's Expedition to Georgia 1769–1771 according to a French Eyewitness, p. 878. Bulletin of the
1064:
Erekleoba is an annual, traditional public feast celebrated at Hereclius II's palace in Eastern Georgia's city of
808:
disciplining his nobles. He forbade selling serfs without land twice in 1754 and 1770. He, the Catholicos and the
1052:, with his name being associated with chivalry and valour among Georgians. However, Heraclius's decision to sign
48:
897:(b. 1742 – d. Tbilisi, 1 February 1756), Duke of Aragvi (1747); married Princess Kethevan of Mukhrani, no issue.
499:
of the Mukhrani dynasty and helped Teimuraz suppress the aristocratic opposition to the Persian hegemony led by
255:
1764:
1577:
800:
1689:
983:
20:
2216:
1768:
1741:
1715:
1700:
1635:
A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century
2206:
1443:
1015:
992:
838:, abolished by his father. In 1780, Heraclius introduced bonds which compelled the wealthy to lend three
508:
2211:
1569:
1049:
1018:(1770–1844) who headed several insurrections against the Russian rule in Georgia between 1800 and 1832.
947:
686:
2236:
2142:
2122:
2029:
1924:
1253:
1036:
1030:
996:
941:
584:
361:
318:
300:
93:
43:
944:(1753–1786), married 1stly 1770, Prince Archil of Imereti; 2ndly 1785 Prince Zakaria Andronikashvili
2092:
1825:
1159:
1006:
894:
866:
694:
242:
157:
74:
2161:
2082:
1845:
1790:
962:
956:
734:
2127:
2067:
2062:
2039:
2024:
1999:
1880:
1682:
1208:
986:(b. Martkopi, 3 November 1763 – d. St. Petersburg, 17 January 1838), married 1797 Prince Revaz
658:
630:
496:
488:
442:
222:
111:
2186:
2156:
2097:
1979:
1905:
1870:
1820:
1795:
1725:
1592:
912:
779:
533:
450:
389:
350:
200:
86:
2191:
2072:
2034:
1969:
1964:
1890:
1885:
1865:
1815:
1800:
1179:
1082:
1058:
1053:
649:
381:
8:
2117:
2009:
1994:
1939:
1934:
1900:
1895:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1492:"Eastern Georgia's Telavi celebrates national holiday Erekleoba at King Erekle II palace"
1298:
1245:
1171:
977:
772:
752:
682:
669:
495:
in 1744. In the meantime, Heraclius defeated a coup attempt by the rival Georgian prince
385:
2087:
2053:
1974:
1959:
1949:
1875:
1781:
1610:
1447:
878:
783:
314:
310:
212:
35:
717:("O Gracious One"), whereby an epithet to God was invoked, which actually referred to
2112:
1954:
1944:
1929:
1915:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1658:
1639:
1618:
1596:
1573:
1531:
1471:
1257:
987:
874:
853:
clan, which was more civil than Lezgins and had a close sympathy towards Georgians.
592:
480:
297:
292:
272:
187:
168:
2107:
2102:
2077:
1984:
1855:
1805:
1194:
1123:
882:
690:
622:
529:
500:
462:
322:
172:
1733:
1546:
2043:
2019:
2004:
1633:
1550:
1527:
1465:
1127:
1000:
927:
919:
718:
678:
601:
588:
466:
446:
378:
232:
180:
16:
Georgian monarch; King of Kakheti (1744–62), King of Kartli and Kakheti (1762–98)
453:. His childhood and early teens coincided with the occupation of Kakheti by the
905:
835:
768:
756:
730:
580:
552:
472:
454:
176:
1033:(1776 – 11 March 1846), married in 1800 Prince Vakhtang Jambakurian-Orbeliani.
1027:
Ekaterina (1774–1818), married in 1793 Prince Giorgi Irubakidzé-Cholokashvili.
915:(b. 10 October 1746 – d. Tbilisi, 28 December 1800), the last King of Georgia.
400:
2180:
673:
576:
374:
918:
Tamar (b. 11 July 1749 – d. Tbilisi, 4 August 1786), married in 1762 Prince
839:
710:
610:
384:
in 1783, but the move did not prevent Georgia from being devastated by the
19:"Erekle II" redirects here. For the nobleman of the House of Mukhrani, see
563:
2014:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
726:
541:
1562:
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).
950:(1755–1828), married 1777 Davit Tsitsishvili, Prince of Zemo-Satsitsiano
587:
politically for the first time in three centuries. In 1762–1763, during
1989:
706:
638:
537:
458:
357:
65:
1491:
1268:
818:
Heraclius modernized agriculture by growing new varieties of grain in
764:
504:
365:
861:
613:
office, which by this time however had become an "empty honorific".
1151:
1149:
886:
850:
804:
760:
634:
388:. Heraclius died in 1798, leaving the throne to his moribund heir,
369:
336:
249:
70:
648:
brought the Caucasus into Catherine II's area of interest. In the
873:
Heraclius II was married three times; first, he married Princess
819:
810:
722:
572:
525:
521:
492:
491:
was briefly summoned for consultations in the Persian capital of
438:
207:
1146:
908:(b. 1730 – d. Tbilisi, 7 December 1749). They had two children:
1306:
1261:
1065:
934:; b. 20 July 1734 – d. 8 November 1808). They had 23 children:
831:
747:
645:
557:
476:
434:
421:
405:
296:; 7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 – 11 January 1798), was a
134:
583:, and Heraclius succeeded him as King of Kartli, thus uniting
416:
1467:
The Bivocal Nation: Memory and Identity on the Edge of Empire
409:
457:
from 1732 until 1735, when they were ousted from Georgia by
1408:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
356:
From being granted the kingship of Kakheti by his overlord
305:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1350:
1348:
1226:
1561:
1281:
1312:
999:(1755–1801), with living descendants; 2ndly Prince Abel
1396:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1345:
1333:
514:
1420:
1360:
2202:
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1763:
693:again withdrew all Russian troops from the region.
1250:The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832
1048:King Heraclius occupies a special place among the
799:, who were tasked with returning refugee serfs in
644:In 1783, the Russian expansion southward into the
599:submission to him and received his investiture as
571:Around the same time, it had become apparent that
1214:
1190:
1188:
1094:
740:
2178:
1448:Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II
1207:Routledge & Kegan Paul (original from the
1185:
286:
276:
1749:
547:
344:
330:
1068:on November 7 to pay tribute to his memory.
842:to the state, which also faced opposition.
2227:People of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1463:
428:
2197:18th-century people from Georgia (country)
1756:
1742:
995:(1764 – 5 July 1840), married 1stly 1781,
441:region of Georgia, Heraclius was a son of
321:from 1762 until 1798. In the contemporary
34:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
377:, he placed his kingdom under the formal
1652:
1544:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1354:
1339:
1232:
1121:
860:
562:
551:
415:
399:
1515:
1294:
1292:
1290:
616:
475:(Khanjal) was made that of neighboring
2179:
1176:School of Oriental and African Studies
1106:
1737:
1655:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1631:
1586:
1432:
1426:
1373:
1327:
1078:List of people with the most children
904:In 1745 Heraclius remarried Princess
291:
1609:
1555:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1470:. Springer Press. pp. 176–182.
1287:
1244:
1220:
1132:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1100:
900:Rusadan (b. before 1744; died young)
44:King of Kartli and Kakheti (Georgia)
2222:Burials at Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
2143:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Georgia)
1157:"The Making of the Georgian Nation"
926:In 1750, Heraclius married thirdly
567:Royal charter of King Hereclius II.
556:The Palace of King Heraclius II in
331:
13:
1557:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
729:; Christian, Georgian, "and even"
515:Nader's death and reign in Kakheti
404:Hereclius II in childhood wearing
14:
2248:
1615:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1134:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
664:
661:with western Georgian polities.
254:
60:8 January 1762 – 11 January 1798
1484:
1457:
1024:Luarsab (born 1772; died young)
364:, his reign is regarded as the
1238:
1165:
741:Court, efforts and final years
395:
1:
2232:Afsharid governors of Kakheti
1565:The Cambridge History of Iran
1088:
721:. These coins were minted in
655:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
627:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
471:(governor) in Kakheti, while
325:sources he is referred to as
21:Erekle II, Prince of Mukhrani
1617:. Indiana University Press.
1494:. Agenda.ge. 6 November 2022
1444:Montgomery-Massingbird, Hugh
1200:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol.
974:Salome (c. 1761; died young)
953:Sophia (c. 1756; died young)
865:The tomb of Heraclius II in
687:Russian expeditionary forces
595:, Heraclius II tendered his
420:Monument of Hereclius II in
7:
1464:Batiashvili, Nutsa (2017).
1303:A Modern History of Georgia
1071:
1012:Soslan-David (died c. 1767)
609:(Georgia), the traditional
605:("governor", "viceroy") of
193:
10:
2253:
1716:King of Kartli and Kakheti
1701:King of Kartli and Kakheti
1657:. London: Reaktion Books.
1570:Cambridge University Press
1509:
1452:The Royal House of Georgia
1309:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
789:
700:
548:King of Kartli and Kakheti
317:from 1744 to 1762, and of
313:, reigning as the king of
18:
2141:
2052:
1914:
1780:
1776:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1653:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1254:Columbia University Press
1043:
997:Ioane, Prince of Mukhrani
856:
507:, to Teimuraz's daughter
345:
287:
277:
248:
238:
228:
218:
206:
186:
164:
152:
140:
121:
117:
107:
99:
92:
82:
64:
56:
42:
33:
28:
1638:. Taylor & Francis.
1545:Hitchins, Keith (1998).
1517:
1516:Sychyov, N. V. (2005).
1160:Indiana University Press
1122:Hitchens, Keith (1998).
867:Svetitskhoveli cathedral
429:Service under Nader Shah
386:Persian invasion in 1795
243:Georgian Orthodox Church
158:Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
75:Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
1632:Allen, William (2023).
1587:Perry, John R. (2006).
293:[pʼatʼaɾakʼaχi]
1209:University of Michigan
870:
824:mdivanbegis sasamartlo
767:. In the words of the
763:known to Georgians as
659:Treaty of the Iberians
568:
560:
443:Teimuraz II of Kakheti
425:
413:
1593:Oneworld Publications
1021:Archil (died c. 1771)
864:
751:that of contemporary
566:
555:
534:Battle of Kirkhbulakh
451:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
419:
403:
87:George XII of Georgia
1299:Lang, David Marshall
1246:Lang, David Marshall
1180:University of London
1172:Lang, David Marshall
1155:Ronald Grigor Suny.
1083:Society of Irakli II
1059:Society of Erekle II
1054:Treaty of Georgievsk
969:Vakhtang (Almaskhan)
881:in 1738 or Princess
650:Treaty of Georgievsk
617:Alliance with Russia
437:, the center of the
349:). Heraclius is the
283:The Little Kakhetian
2217:Battle of Krtsanisi
1611:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1417:, pp. 238–239.
1330:, pp. 108–109.
1235:, pp. 541–542.
938:Solomon (died 1765)
773:David Marshall Lang
753:enlightened despots
735:double-headed eagle
713:-style inscription
709:on it, or with the
683:Battle of Krtsanisi
670:Mohammad Khan Qajar
2207:People from Telavi
2054:Kingdom of Kakheti
1782:Kingdom of Imereti
1282:Fisher et al. 1991
906:Anna née Abashidze
871:
784:Bagrationi dynasty
623:Orthodox Christian
569:
561:
426:
414:
353:form of his name.
319:Kartli and Kakheti
311:Bagrationi dynasty
2212:Afsharid generals
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
1916:Kingdom of Kartli
1732:
1731:
1723:Succeeded by
1697:Succeeded by
1664:978-1-78023-070-2
1523:Book of dynasties
1195:Yar-Shater, Ehsan
1182:, Vol. 13, No. 4.
1050:Georgian monarchs
988:Eristavi of Ksani
262:
261:
169:Ketevan Orbeliani
2244:
2237:Kings of Kakheti
1778:
1777:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1708:Preceded by
1680:Preceded by
1672:
1671:
1668:
1649:
1628:
1606:
1583:
1558:
1551:Yarshater, Ehsan
1541:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
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1377:
1371:
1358:
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1343:
1337:
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1325:
1310:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1192:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:Yarshater, Ehsan
1119:
1104:
1098:
731:Imperial Russian
591:'s campaigns in
501:Givi Amilakhvari
348:
347:
334:
333:
295:
290:
289:
280:
279:
267:, also known as
258:
197:
173:Ketevan Pkheidze
147:
131:
129:
38:
26:
25:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2137:
2048:
1910:
1772:
1762:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1693:
1690:King of Kakheti
1685:
1665:
1646:
1625:
1603:
1589:Karim Khan Zand
1580:
1568:. Vol. 7.
1538:
1526:]. Moscow:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:, pp. 238.
1401:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1372:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1297:
1288:
1280:
1269:
1256:. p. 142.
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1046:
1001:Andronikashvili
928:Darejan Dadiani
920:David Orbeliani
859:
792:
743:
719:Karim Khan Zand
703:
667:
619:
589:Karim Khan Zand
585:eastern Georgia
550:
517:
431:
398:
362:eastern Georgia
285:(Georgian:
233:Tamar of Kartli
194:among others...
191:
190:
181:Darejan Dadiani
179:
175:
160:
145:
144:11 January 1798
133:
132:7 November 1720
127:
125:
94:King of Kakheti
77:
73:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2172:
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2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Constantine II
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2032:
2030:Constantine II
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:Constantine II
1921:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
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1721:
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1709:
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1698:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1675:Regnal titles
1670:
1669:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1624:978-0253209153
1623:
1607:
1602:978-1851684359
1601:
1584:
1578:
1559:
1542:
1537:978-5170500819
1536:
1518:Книга династий
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1483:
1477:978-3319622866
1476:
1456:
1431:
1429:, p. 203.
1419:
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 237.
1378:
1376:, p. 201.
1359:
1357:, p. 236.
1344:
1342:, p. 234.
1332:
1311:
1286:
1267:
1237:
1225:
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954:
951:
945:
939:
924:
923:
916:
902:
901:
898:
858:
855:
836:Duchy of Ksani
791:
788:
757:Central Europe
742:
739:
702:
699:
674:Persian Empire
666:
665:Qajar invasion
663:
618:
615:
581:St. Petersburg
549:
546:
516:
513:
473:Kilij Ali-Khan
449:, daughter of
430:
427:
397:
394:
260:
259:
252:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
198:
184:
183:
177:Anna Abashidze
166:
162:
161:
156:
154:
150:
149:
148:(aged 77)
142:
138:
137:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
78:1 October 1745
68:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2249:
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2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Constantine I
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
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2033:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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2003:
2001:
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1996:
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1991:
1988:
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1854:
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1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Alexander III
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
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1766:
1759:
1754:
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1736:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1645:9781000855302
1641:
1637:
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1529:
1525:
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1469:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1415:Rayfield 2012
1411:
1404:
1403:Rayfield 2012
1399:
1392:
1391:Rayfield 2012
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:Rayfield 2012
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:Rayfield 2012
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1305:, pp. 35–36.
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1284:, p. 96.
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1233:Hitchins 1998
1229:
1223:, p. 55.
1222:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 56.
1102:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1079:
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1075:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
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1035:
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1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
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1008:
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1002:
998:
994:
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989:
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979:
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967:
964:
961:
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955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
935:
933:
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917:
914:
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899:
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893:
892:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
863:
854:
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
827:
825:
821:
816:
813:
812:
806:
802:
798:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
738:
736:
733:(such as the
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
696:
695:Agha Mohammad
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
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590:
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582:
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531:
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498:
494:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:and his wife
444:
440:
436:
423:
418:
411:
407:
402:
393:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
375:Transcaucasia
371:
367:
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359:
354:
352:
342:
338:
328:
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308:
307:
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274:
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244:
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81:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2187:1720s births
2152:Heraclius II
2151:
2133:Heraclius II
2132:
1846:Alexander IV
1791:Alexander II
1714:
1688:
1654:
1634:
1614:
1588:
1564:
1554:
1524:
1521:
1496:. Retrieved
1486:
1466:
1459:
1454:, pp. 66–69.
1451:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1335:
1302:
1252:. New York:
1249:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1201:
1199:
1167:
1162:, 1994. p 55
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1096:
1063:
1047:
931:
925:
903:
872:
848:
844:
828:
823:
817:
809:
796:
793:
777:
744:
714:
704:
668:
643:
633:treated the
631:Catherine II
620:
606:
600:
596:
570:
518:
497:Abdullah Beg
467:
432:
355:
340:
339:knew him as
326:
304:
282:
268:
265:Heraclius II
264:
263:
192:
146:(1798-01-11)
29:Heraclius II
2192:1798 deaths
2145:(1762–1801)
2128:Teimuraz II
2068:Alexander I
2063:George VIII
2056:(1465–1762)
2040:Teimuraz II
2015:Vakhtang VI
2000:Heraclius I
1918:(1478–1762)
1881:Alexander V
1784:(1463–1810)
1771:(1463–1810)
1683:Teimuraz II
1547:"Erekle II"
1204:, parts 4–6
1124:"Erekle II"
1039:(1777–1852)
1009:(1767–1834)
980:(1763—1827)
971:(1761–1814)
965:(1760–1816)
959:(1756–1781)
801:Nakhichevan
727:iconography
396:Early years
327:Erekli Khan
288:პატარა კახი
223:Teimuraz II
112:Teimuraz II
108:Predecessor
2181:Categories
2157:George XII
2098:Teimuraz I
1990:Vakhtang V
1980:Teimuraz I
1970:Bagrat VII
1965:Luarsab II
1906:Solomon II
1871:George VII
1841:George III
1821:George III
1796:Bagrat III
1726:George XII
1720:1762–1798
1694:1744–1762
1579:0521200954
1498:6 November
1446:, editor.
1427:Allen 2023
1374:Allen 2023
1328:Perry 2006
1089:References
1003:(disputed)
780:George XII
771:historian
707:Ismail III
639:Karim Khan
593:Azerbaijan
575:, a minor
542:Circassian
538:Aras River
459:Nader Shah
390:George XII
382:protection
358:Nader Shah
213:Bagrationi
201:George XII
128:1720-11-07
66:Coronation
2162:David XII
2113:Archil II
2083:Alexander
2073:George II
2035:Ali Mirza
2010:Kaikhosro
1995:George XI
1940:Luarsab I
1935:George IX
1891:Solomon I
1886:George IX
1876:George IV
1866:George VI
1861:Mamia III
1816:Bagrat IV
1801:George II
1710:New style
1221:Suny 1994
1101:Suny 1994
1016:Alexander
984:Anastasia
879:Orbeliani
765:Lekianoba
607:Gorjestan
530:Azat-Khan
505:Adil Shah
366:swan song
351:Latinized
335:), while
332:ارکلی خان
309:) of the
278:ერეკლე II
269:Erekle II
103:1744–1762
83:Successor
2118:David II
1975:Simon II
1960:George X
1950:David XI
1901:David II
1896:Teimuraz
1851:George V
1831:Bagrat V
1765:Triarchy
1613:(1994).
1450:, 1980.
1301:(1962).
1248:(1957).
1211:) p. 541
1072:See also
978:Teimuraz
895:Vakhtang
887:Mkheidze
851:Cherkess
805:Karabakh
797:Mkrelebi
761:Dagestan
715:ya karim
635:Caucasus
577:Afsharid
509:Kethevan
489:Teimuraz
481:Mukhrani
455:Ottomans
433:Born in
370:de facto
337:Russians
298:Georgian
273:Georgian
250:Khelrtva
239:Religion
71:Mtskheta
2088:David I
1955:Simon I
1945:Simon I
1930:David X
1769:Georgia
1699:Became
1553:(ed.).
1510:Sources
1262:56-6814
1138:1 April
1130:(ed.).
1037:Parnaoz
993:Keteven
883:Ketevan
875:Ketevan
820:Tusheti
811:Darbazi
790:Reforms
769:British
723:Tbilisi
701:Coinage
611:Safavid
597:de jure
573:Mashhad
532:in the
526:Yerevan
522:Tbilisi
493:Isfahan
439:Kakheti
379:Russian
346:Ираклий
323:Persian
315:Kakheti
301:monarch
208:Dynasty
165:Consort
49:more...
2108:Rostom
2042:&
1985:Rostom
1836:Archil
1811:Rostom
1661:
1642:
1621:
1599:
1576:
1534:
1474:
1307:London
1260:
1066:Telavi
1044:Legacy
1007:Mirian
948:Mariam
913:George
857:Family
840:tumans
748:Europe
691:Paul I
646:Crimea
558:Telavi
477:Kartli
435:Telavi
422:Telavi
406:Chokha
341:Irakly
281:) and
275::
229:Mother
219:Father
153:Burial
135:Telavi
2103:Jesse
2078:Levan
2044:Tamar
2025:Bakar
2020:Jesse
2005:Levan
1856:Simon
1806:Levan
1549:. In
1520:[
1126:. In
1031:Tekle
963:Iulon
957:Levan
942:Elene
932:Daria
832:Pshav
485:India
447:Tamar
410:Gremi
408:, in
188:Issue
100:Reign
57:Reign
1659:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1500:2022
1472:ISBN
1258:LCCN
1140:2024
885:née
877:née
803:and
711:Zand
679:vali
602:vali
468:vali
463:Iran
306:mepe
141:Died
122:Born
1767:in
1528:AST
755:in
461:of
171:or
2183::
1595:.
1591:.
1572:.
1530:.
1434:^
1381:^
1362:^
1347:^
1314:^
1289:^
1270:^
1197:.
1187:^
1178:,
1148:^
1108:^
786:.
511:.
392:.
51:)
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1667:.
1648:.
1627:.
1605:.
1582:.
1540:.
1502:.
1480:.
1264:.
1202:8
1142:.
1057:"
930:(
922:.
869:.
424:.
412:.
343:(
329:(
303:(
271:(
130:)
126:(
47:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
