1337:
326:
614:
51:
1408:
935:
1716:
584:
which approximated to the natural products. His research group synthesised the first free dipeptide (Glycine-Glycine) in 1901. By 1906 about 65 peptides of different chain length and amino acid composition had been made by his research group. His researches made from 1899 to 1906 were published in
589:. Three years later the total number of peptides exceeded 100, with the longest being an 18 amino acid peptide containing 15 glycine and three leucine units. The 18 amino acid peptide gave the standard responses to tests for proteins used by physiological chemists - a positive
400:) producing crystalline solids. The phenylhydrazones of sugars allowed him to develop his work on the synthesis of sugars and purines, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902. Using the phenylhydrazone of piruvic acid, he develop the synthesis of indole.
443:
compounds, and he noted the readiness with which they entered into combination with other substances, giving origin to a wealth of hitherto unknown compounds. Of such condensation products undoubtedly the most important are the
632:. He was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses." He was elected an International Member of the United States
1265:
411:
and
Fischer went there with him to become an assistant in organic chemistry. In 1878 Fischer qualified as a "Privatdozent" at Munich, where he was appointed associate professor of analytical chemistry in 1879.
352:, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms. He also hypothesized lock and key mechanism of enzyme action. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Emil Fischer.
327:
522:, and which, being highly crystalline and readily formed, served to identify such carbohydrates more definitely than had been previously possible. Later, among other work, he is noted for the
511:
and some other compounds of this group. After purine itself was isolated, a variety of derivatives were prepared, some of which were patented in view of possible therapeutical applications.
601:
Fischer married Agnes
Gerlach in 1888. She died seven years later, leaving him a widower with three sons. The younger two died during their military service in World War I, but the oldest,
3166:
3136:
388:. Fischer remained with Baeyer in Strassburg as an independent research student. In the fall of 1874, he was appointed assistant of the organic laboratory. There, he discovered
3176:
3146:
1381:
by Emil
Abderhalden, translated by William Thomas Hall and George Defren; published 1908 by Wiley Company, has many technical references to Fischer's work in Chemistry.
3171:
3181:
1416:
629:
625:
2883:
1483:
1446:
580:
and other nitrogenous compounds, the constitutions of most of which were known, and by bringing about the recombination of these units, he prepared
748:
Horst Kunz (2002). "Emil
Fischer â Unequalled Classicist, Master of Organic Chemistry Research, and Inspired Trailblazer of Biological Chemistry".
1431:
950:
1403:, page 438 abstracts Fischer and Strauss's work on Phenol-Glucosides â Synthetic Production from Berlin d.D Chem. Germany, page 45(1912) No. 12.
1075:"Thirteen decades of peptide synthesis: key developments in solid phase peptide synthesis and amide bond formation utilized in peptide ligation"
483:, and in collaboration with his cousin Otto Fischer, he published papers in 1878 and 1879 which established that these dyes were derivatives of
3161:
1322:"From My Life", an English translation of "Aus Meinem Leben", Emil Fischer's autobiography. D. M. and E. J. Behrman, Springer Verlag, 2022.
480:
672:
3141:
1436:
955:
3186:
372:, but his father compelled him to work in the family business until determining that his son was unsuitable. Fischer then attended the
761:
726:
307:
2876:
1476:
1146:"Contrasts in Scientific Style. Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister: Their Research Groups and Their Theory of Protein Structure"
703:
408:
3121:
3096:
3091:
2991:
893:
637:
1492:
416:
337:
17:
472:, were a confirmation of the views advanced by von Baeyer on the subject of indigo and the many substances related to it.
3156:
884:
783:
Lichtenthaler, F. W. (1992). "Emil
Fischers Beweis der Konfiguration von Zuckern: eine WĂŒrdigung nach hundert Jahren".
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3020:
2869:
1987:
1469:
1354:
677:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3101:
1512:
514:
Fischer is particularly noted for his work on sugars. Among his early discoveries related to hydrazine was that
2925:
2123:
1421:
641:
539:
311:
368:, the son of Laurenz Fischer, a businessman, and his wife Julie Poensgen. After graduating he wished to study
2761:
2693:
687:
428:
31:
1214:
491:. Here the ground had been broken by von Baeyer, but Fischer greatly advanced the field of knowledge of the
3151:
633:
602:
560:, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. Along with the physician
3111:
1128:
912:
908:
852:
695:
303:
164:
1811:
424:
253:
2921:
1924:
1620:
699:
667:
662:
180:
420:
231:
2902:
2529:
2019:
1916:
1496:
1003:"Biochemical correctness: Emil Fischer's lock and key hypothesis, a hundred years after â an essay"
652:
377:
341:
320:
172:
128:
1191:
3131:
3014:
2418:
2310:
1900:
1704:
1604:
1002:
3081:
2966:
2801:
2789:
2777:
1760:
1451:
345:
226:
1628:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1346:
3071:
2171:
2103:
1740:
1681:
1349:
By
Benjamin Harrow pages 216â239, published 1920 by Von Nostrand Company at books.google.com.
682:
188:
2047:
1815:
1461:
940:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3086:
3076:
2955:
2833:
2537:
2330:
2179:
2155:
1912:
1855:
1393:
by
Fielding Hudson Garrison, page 708 refers to Fischer and Merings discovery of the drugs
1373:
792:
605:, became an organic chemist. Emil Fischer died in Berlin on 15 July 1919 at the age of 66.
236:
221:
1369:
8:
2737:
2474:
2442:
2354:
2318:
2011:
439:
He investigated the derivatives of phenylhydriazines, establishing their relation to the
796:
734:
550:
2785:
2713:
2637:
2593:
2565:
2426:
2362:
2191:
2187:
2111:
1995:
1336:
1296:
1165:
1110:
1050:
1033:
657:
373:
349:
124:
2941:
2605:
2573:
2406:
2390:
2246:
2031:
1780:
1568:
1173:
1157:
1114:
1102:
1094:
1055:
1018:
889:
765:
581:
543:
523:
457:
404:
2829:
2825:
2753:
2677:
2641:
2589:
2510:
2398:
2274:
2254:
2230:
2163:
2039:
2023:
1975:
1884:
1732:
1544:
1528:
1305:
1132:
1086:
1045:
1014:
983:
831:
800:
757:
561:
484:
381:
275:
249:
244:
2949:
2553:
2974:
2932:
2813:
2805:
2741:
2725:
2661:
2653:
2621:
2506:
2458:
2434:
2350:
2211:
2095:
1940:
1908:
1851:
1788:
1673:
1600:
1576:
535:
515:
389:
369:
105:
2533:
572:. By the introduction of new methods, he succeeded in breaking down the complex
2841:
2773:
2769:
2689:
2629:
2625:
2502:
2470:
2370:
2346:
2286:
2270:
2238:
2207:
2175:
1971:
1831:
1665:
1560:
1536:
456:. His observations, published in 1886, that such hydrazones, by treatment with
1090:
987:
613:
3065:
2980:
2861:
2849:
2845:
2817:
2793:
2757:
2721:
2697:
2681:
2669:
2577:
2549:
2466:
2378:
2282:
2127:
2119:
2063:
2055:
2003:
1983:
1932:
1756:
1748:
1612:
1552:
1310:
1291:
1239:
1161:
1098:
946:
941:
879:
804:
730:
461:
50:
1074:
2657:
2613:
2597:
2545:
2494:
2438:
2366:
2338:
2322:
2258:
2143:
2135:
2087:
2083:
2075:
1843:
1768:
1584:
1387:
volume 2 by the
American Medical Association also refers to Fischer's work.
1177:
1106:
1059:
769:
593:
test, precipitation by inorganic salts and cleavage by proteolytic enzymes
557:
287:
283:
279:
263:
1355:"The work of Emil Fischer and his school on the chemistry of the proteins"
1331:
762:
10.1002/1521-3773(20021202)41:23<4439::AID-ANIE4439>3.0.CO;2-6
2999:
2893:
2745:
2729:
2709:
2705:
2482:
2454:
2450:
2414:
2382:
2334:
2302:
1835:
1823:
1803:
1689:
1650:
1592:
1034:"The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction"
835:
590:
508:
495:. In 1881 and 1882 he published papers which established the formulae of
959:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 426.
538:
glucoses, and prepared several stereoisomerides, helping to confirm the
2645:
2581:
2561:
2486:
2294:
2199:
2147:
2071:
1952:
1948:
1776:
577:
487:. Emil Fischer's next research was concerned with compounds related to
469:
445:
385:
361:
267:
156:
82:
1169:
1145:
913:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/
2266:
1892:
496:
488:
449:
271:
211:
1032:
López-Muñoz, Francisco; Ucha-Udabe, Ronaldo; Alamo, Cecilio (2005).
971:
819:
1391:
An
Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology
647:
Many names of chemical reactions and concepts are named after him:
565:
504:
500:
476:
393:
1407:
1394:
573:
569:
549:
In the field of enzymology, Fischer is known for his proposal of
531:
519:
492:
453:
365:
333:
143:
888:. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1â5.
618:
465:
397:
139:
101:
1397:(1904) and proponal(1905), published 1921 by Saunders Company.
1491:
440:
1340:
including his Nobel
Lecture Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1902
1031:
587:
Untersuchungen ĂŒber Aminosauren, Polypeptides und Proteine
1401:
1914 Year Book of the American Pharmaceutical Association
1129:
Untersuchungen ĂŒber aminosĂ€uern, polypeptide und proteine
415:
In 1882, he was appointed professor of chemistry at the
1379:
Text-book of Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures
3167:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
3137:
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
630:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899
564:, he helped to launch the first barbiturate sedative,
518:
reacted with sugars to form substances which he named
1352:
3177:
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
3147:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
568:, in 1904. He next carried out pioneering work on
556:Fischer was also instrumental in the discovery of
392:. This compound reacts with carboxylic compounds (
1150:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
636:in 1904, an International Honorary Member of the
534:. He showed how to deduce the formulae of the 16
3063:
380:in 1872. He earned his doctorate in 1874 under
3172:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
2891:
976:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
911:NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023.
624:In 1897 he put forward the idea to create the
608:
332:; 9 October 1852 â 15 July 1919) was a German
3182:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2877:
1477:
1385:American Journal of Diseases of Children 1911
824:Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions
782:
673:Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction
640:in 1908, and an International Member of the
1184:
878:
847:
845:
553:model as a mechanism of substrate binding.
2884:
2870:
1484:
1470:
1335:
747:
721:
719:
706:in Muelheim, and is unrelated to Fischer.
596:
49:
1359:Science Progress in the Twentieth Century
1309:
1049:
818:Forster, Martin Onslow (1 January 1920).
448:, which result from the interaction with
403:In 1875, von Baeyer was asked to succeed
355:
30:For other people named Emil Fischer, see
1073:Jaradat, Daâsan M. M. (1 January 2018).
945:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
842:
612:
1342:Syntheses in the Purine and Sugar Group
1289:
1244:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1072:
969:
817:
750:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
716:
626:International Atomic Weights Commission
14:
3064:
1143:
1038:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1000:
882:(1970â1980). "Fischer, Emil Hermann".
704:Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
2865:
1465:
917:
874:
872:
870:
638:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
319:
3162:Foreign members of the Royal Society
24:
3142:Scientists from the Rhine Province
1353:Aders Plimmer, R. H. (July 1907).
885:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
867:
25:
3198:
3187:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
1325:
507:(achieving the first synthesis),
427:as professor of chemistry at the
1714:
1406:
1370:Guide to the Emil Fischer Papers
933:
1283:
1258:
1232:
1207:
1137:
1121:
1066:
1025:
994:
855:. The Norbel Prize Organization
820:"Emil Fischer memorial lecture"
1422:New International Encyclopedia
1194:. The Nobel Prize Organization
963:
902:
811:
776:
741:
727:"Fellows of the Royal Society"
642:American Philosophical Society
13:
1:
972:"Synthese des Traubenzuckers"
853:"Emil Fischer - Biographical"
709:
678:FischerâSpeier esterification
376:in 1871, but switched to the
56:
32:Emil Fischer (disambiguation)
3122:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
3097:20th-century German chemists
3092:19th-century German chemists
1347:Eminent Chemists of Our Time
1019:10.1016/0031-6865(95)00012-X
1007:Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae
909:Emil Fischer â Biographical.
634:National Academy of Sciences
617:Monument to Emil Fischer in
7:
609:Honours, awards, and legacy
479:(then called "rosaniline")
434:
10:
3203:
1292:"Franz Fischer, 1877â1947"
1144:Fruton, Joseph S. (1985).
468:, the parent substance of
300:Hermann Emil Louis Fischer
69:Hermann Emil Louis Fischer
29:
27:German chemist (1852â1919)
3157:University of Bonn alumni
3009:
2990:
2965:
2940:
2920:
2901:
2520:
2221:
1962:
1723:
1712:
1503:
1091:10.1007/s00726-017-2516-0
1001:Cramer, F. (March 1995).
988:10.1002/cber.189002301126
688:KilianiâFischer synthesis
668:Fischer peptide synthesis
663:Fischer oxazole synthesis
464:, yielded derivatives of
293:
259:
243:
217:
207:
200:
181:Faraday Lectureship Prize
149:
134:
120:
112:
90:
64:
48:
41:
2638:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1917:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1497:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1311:10.1002/cber.19671000642
1290:Pichler, Helmut (1967).
805:10.1002/ange.19921041204
653:Fischer indole synthesis
628:. Fischer was elected a
378:University of Strasbourg
348:. He also developed the
342:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
173:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
129:University of Strasbourg
3127:German organic chemists
1437:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
956:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
696:FischerâTropsch process
597:Personal life and death
540:Le BelâVan 't Hoff rule
423:. In 1892 he succeeded
254:Friedrich August Kekulé
3117:German Nobel laureates
3107:Carbohydrate chemistry
3102:People from Euskirchen
3015:Nobel Prize recipients
2992:Physiology or Medicine
2802:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2790:M. Stanley Whittingham
1761:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1452:Encyclopedia Americana
1440:(11th ed.). 1911.
1192:"Emil Fischer - Facts"
970:Fischer, Emil (1890).
621:
475:He next turned to the
421:University of WĂŒrzburg
417:University of Erlangen
356:Early years and career
346:Fischer esterification
321:[ËeËmiËlËfÉȘÊÉ]
232:University of WĂŒrzburg
227:University of Erlangen
2172:Christian B. Anfinsen
1812:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1411:Texts on Wikisource:
1127:Fischer, Emil (1906)
683:Fischer glycosidation
616:
317:German pronunciation:
189:Elliott Cresson Medal
2956:Charles Albert Gobat
2911:Hermann Emil Fischer
2834:Karl Barry Sharpless
2331:Dudley R. Herschbach
2156:Luis Federico Leloir
1374:The Bancroft Library
1270:search.amphilsoc.org
1266:"APS Member History"
836:10.1039/CT9201701157
585:1907 with the title
429:University of Berlin
409:University of Munich
360:Fischer was born in
344:. He discovered the
237:University of Berlin
222:University of Munich
43:Hermann Emil Fischer
18:Hermann Emil Fischer
3152:Suicides in Germany
2826:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2738:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2475:Jens Christian Skou
2443:F. Sherwood Rowland
2355:Charles J. Pedersen
2319:Herbert A. Hauptman
2012:Vincent du Vigneaud
1629:Richard WillstÀtter
1513:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1304:(6): CXXVIIâCLVII.
797:1992AngCh.104.1577L
419:and in 1885 at the
3112:German biochemists
2786:John B. Goodenough
2714:William E. Moerner
2594:Richard R. Schrock
2566:Roderick MacKinnon
2538:K. Barry Sharpless
2363:Johann Deisenhofer
2192:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2188:Ernst Otto Fischer
2112:Robert S. Mulliken
2048:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂœ
1996:Hermann Staudinger
1816:IrĂšne Joliot-Curie
1334:on Nobelprize.org
1297:Chemische Berichte
700:Franz Emil Fischer
658:Fischer projection
622:
582:synthetic peptides
551:"the lock and key"
384:with his study of
374:University of Bonn
350:Fischer projection
125:University of Bonn
3059:
3058:
2859:
2858:
2842:Moungi G. Bawendi
2762:Richard Henderson
2606:Roger D. Kornberg
2574:Aaron Ciechanover
2407:Rudolph A. Marcus
2311:Robert Merrifield
2247:Peter D. Mitchell
2020:Cyril Hinshelwood
1781:Friedrich Bergius
1705:Richard Zsigmondy
1621:Theodore Richards
1569:Ernest Rutherford
1246:. 9 February 2023
1219:www.nasonline.org
895:978-0-684-10114-9
791:(12): 1577â1593.
785:Angewandte Chemie
756:(23): 4439â4451.
737:on 16 March 2015.
702:, who headed the
544:asymmetric carbon
529:
524:organic synthesis
458:hydrochloric acid
405:Justus von Liebig
297:
296:
260:Doctoral students
202:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3194:
3017:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2850:Alexei I. Ekimov
2836:
2830:Morten P. Meldal
2820:
2808:
2796:
2780:
2764:
2754:Jacques Dubochet
2748:
2732:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2678:Robert Lefkowitz
2672:
2664:
2648:
2642:Thomas A. Steitz
2632:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2590:Robert H. Grubbs
2584:
2568:
2556:
2540:
2513:
2511:Hideki Shirakawa
2497:
2489:
2477:
2461:
2445:
2429:
2421:
2409:
2401:
2399:Richard R. Ernst
2393:
2385:
2373:
2357:
2341:
2325:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2277:
2275:Frederick Sanger
2261:
2255:Herbert C. Brown
2249:
2241:
2233:
2231:William Lipscomb
2214:
2202:
2194:
2182:
2166:
2164:Gerhard Herzberg
2158:
2150:
2138:
2130:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2040:Frederick Sanger
2034:
2026:
2024:Nikolay Semyonov
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1978:
1976:Glenn T. Seaborg
1955:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1903:
1901:Artturi Virtanen
1895:
1887:
1885:George de Hevesy
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1838:
1826:
1818:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1771:
1763:
1751:
1743:
1741:Heinrich Wieland
1735:
1733:Theodor Svedberg
1718:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1545:Adolf von Baeyer
1539:
1531:
1529:Svante Arrhenius
1523:
1515:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1426:
1410:
1366:
1339:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1141:
1135:
1133:Internet Archive
1125:
1119:
1118:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1029:
1023:
1022:
998:
992:
991:
967:
961:
960:
939:
937:
936:
930:
915:
906:
900:
899:
876:
865:
864:
862:
860:
849:
840:
839:
815:
809:
808:
780:
774:
773:
745:
739:
738:
733:. Archived from
723:
562:Josef von Mering
527:
485:triphenylmethane
382:Adolf von Baeyer
370:natural sciences
331:
330:
329:
323:
318:
314:
276:Walter A. Jacobs
250:Adolf von Baeyer
245:Doctoral advisor
193:
185:
177:
169:
161:
97:
85:, Rhine Province
78:
76:
58:
53:
39:
38:
21:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3013:
3005:
3002:(Great Britain)
2986:
2975:Hendrik Lorentz
2961:
2936:
2933:Theodor Mommsen
2916:
2897:
2890:
2860:
2855:
2839:
2823:
2814:David MacMillan
2811:
2806:Jennifer Doudna
2799:
2783:
2767:
2751:
2742:Fraser Stoddart
2735:
2726:Paul L. Modrich
2719:
2703:
2687:
2675:
2667:
2662:Ei-ichi Negishi
2654:Richard F. Heck
2651:
2635:
2622:Osamu Shimomura
2619:
2611:
2603:
2587:
2571:
2559:
2543:
2530:William Knowles
2527:
2516:
2507:Alan MacDiarmid
2500:
2492:
2480:
2464:
2459:Richard Smalley
2448:
2435:Paul J. Crutzen
2432:
2424:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2376:
2360:
2351:Jean-Marie Lehn
2344:
2328:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2280:
2264:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2217:
2212:Vladimir Prelog
2205:
2197:
2185:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2141:
2133:
2117:
2109:
2104:Robert Woodward
2101:
2096:Dorothy Hodgkin
2093:
2081:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1958:
1946:
1941:William Giauque
1938:
1930:
1925:Robert Robinson
1922:
1909:James B. Sumner
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:Leopold RuĆŸiÄka
1852:Adolf Butenandt
1849:
1841:
1829:
1821:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1789:Irving Langmuir
1786:
1774:
1766:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1674:Frederick Soddy
1671:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1601:Victor Grignard
1598:
1590:
1582:
1577:Wilhelm Ostwald
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1499:
1490:
1444:
1429:
1414:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1071:
1067:
1030:
1026:
999:
995:
968:
964:
949:, ed. (1911). "
934:
932:
931:
918:
907:
903:
896:
877:
868:
858:
856:
851:
850:
843:
816:
812:
781:
777:
746:
742:
725:
724:
717:
712:
698:is named after
692:
611:
599:
516:phenylhydrazine
437:
390:phenylhydrazine
358:
325:
324:
316:
302:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
252:
235:
230:
225:
196:
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
127:
121:Alma mater
108:
99:
95:
86:
80:
74:
72:
71:
70:
60:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Stereochemists
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2837:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2781:
2774:Gregory Winter
2770:Frances Arnold
2765:
2749:
2733:
2717:
2701:
2694:Michael Levitt
2690:Martin Karplus
2685:
2673:
2665:
2649:
2633:
2630:Roger Y. Tsien
2626:Martin Chalfie
2617:
2609:
2601:
2585:
2569:
2557:
2541:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2503:Alan J. Heeger
2498:
2490:
2478:
2471:John E. Walker
2462:
2446:
2430:
2422:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2374:
2371:Hartmut Michel
2358:
2347:Donald J. Cram
2342:
2326:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2287:Roald Hoffmann
2278:
2271:Walter Gilbert
2262:
2250:
2242:
2239:Ilya Prigogine
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:John Cornforth
2203:
2195:
2183:
2176:Stanford Moore
2167:
2159:
2151:
2139:
2131:
2124:Ronald Norrish
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2032:Alexander Todd
2027:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1979:
1972:Edwin McMillan
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1839:
1832:Norman Haworth
1827:
1819:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1772:
1764:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1666:Walther Nernst
1661:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1561:Eduard Buchner
1556:
1548:
1540:
1537:William Ramsay
1532:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1350:
1344:
1327:
1326:External links
1324:
1318:
1317:
1282:
1257:
1240:"Emil Fischer"
1231:
1215:"Emil Fischer"
1206:
1183:
1156:(4): 313â370.
1136:
1120:
1065:
1024:
1013:(4): 193â203.
993:
962:
947:Chisholm, Hugh
916:
901:
894:
880:Farber, Eduard
866:
841:
810:
775:
740:
714:
713:
711:
708:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
610:
607:
598:
595:
536:stereoisomeric
436:
433:
357:
354:
338:1902 recipient
295:
294:
291:
290:
261:
257:
256:
247:
241:
240:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
198:
197:
195:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
153:
151:
147:
146:
136:
135:Known for
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
100:
98:(aged 66)
92:
88:
87:
81:
79:9 October 1852
68:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:1919 suicides
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:(Netherlands)
2982:
2981:Pieter Zeeman
2979:
2977:(Netherlands)
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:(Switzerland)
2957:
2954:
2952:(Switzerland)
2951:
2950:Ălie Ducommun
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2846:Louis E. Brus
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:Benjamin List
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:Akira Yoshino
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:Joachim Frank
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Tomas Lindahl
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2698:Arieh Warshel
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2682:Brian Kobilka
2679:
2674:
2671:
2670:Dan Shechtman
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2646:Ada E. Yonath
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:Avram Hershko
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2554:Kurt WĂŒthrich
2551:
2550:Koichi Tanaka
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:Paul D. Boyer
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2419:Michael Smith
2416:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:Sidney Altman
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:Kenichi Fukui
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2180:William Stein
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2128:George Porter
2125:
2121:
2120:Manfred Eigen
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2064:Melvin Calvin
2060:
2057:
2056:Willard Libby
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2004:Linus Pauling
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1988:Richard Synge
1985:
1984:Archer Martin
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1933:Arne Tiselius
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:John Northrop
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:Arthur Harden
1753:
1750:
1749:Adolf Windaus
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:Francis Aston
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1613:Alfred Werner
1609:
1606:
1605:Paul Sabatier
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1553:Henri Moissan
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:Fischer, Emil
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:Fischer, Emil
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:Fischer, Emil
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1300:(in German).
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1044:(4): 329â43.
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
958:
957:
952:
951:Fischer, Emil
948:
943:
942:public domain
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
914:
910:
905:
897:
891:
887:
886:
881:
875:
873:
871:
854:
848:
846:
837:
833:
830:: 1157â1201.
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
731:Royal Society
728:
722:
720:
715:
707:
705:
701:
697:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
615:
606:
604:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:zinc chloride
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
322:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
228:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
190:
187:
182:
179:
174:
171:
166:
163:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
89:
84:
67:
63:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3072:Emil Fischer
3025:
2910:
2778:George Smith
2658:Akira Suzuki
2614:Gerhard Ertl
2598:Yves Chauvin
2546:John B. Fenn
2534:Ryoji Noyori
2521:2001âpresent
2495:Ahmed Zewail
2455:Harold Kroto
2439:Mario Molina
2367:Robert Huber
2339:John Polanyi
2323:Jerome Karle
2259:Georg Wittig
2144:Derek Barton
2136:Lars Onsager
2088:Giulio Natta
2084:Karl Ziegler
2076:John Kendrew
1844:Richard Kuhn
1769:Hans Fischer
1585:Otto Wallach
1521:Emil Fischer
1520:
1450:
1435:
1420:
1365:(5): 88â120.
1362:
1358:
1341:
1332:Emil Fischer
1321:
1301:
1295:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1196:. Retrieved
1186:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1123:
1085:(1): 39â68.
1082:
1078:
1068:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1010:
1006:
996:
979:
975:
965:
954:
904:
883:
857:. Retrieved
827:
823:
813:
788:
784:
778:
753:
749:
743:
735:the original
693:
646:
623:
600:
586:
558:barbiturates
555:
548:
513:
481:magenta dyes
474:
438:
414:
402:
359:
299:
298:
288:Julius Tafel
284:Oskar Piloty
280:Ludwig Knorr
264:Alfred Stock
218:Institutions
201:
96:(1919-07-15)
94:15 July 1919
36:
3087:1919 deaths
3077:1852 births
3000:Ronald Ross
2894:Nobel Prize
2746:Ben Feringa
2730:Aziz Sancar
2710:Stefan Hell
2706:Eric Betzig
2483:Walter Kohn
2451:Robert Curl
2427:George Olah
2415:Kary Mullis
2391:Elias Corey
2383:Thomas Cech
2335:Yuan T. Lee
2303:Henry Taube
1836:Paul Karrer
1824:Peter Debye
1804:Harold Urey
1690:Fritz Pregl
1651:Fritz Haber
1593:Marie Curie
1275:11 December
1250:11 December
1224:11 December
1079:Amino Acids
982:: 799â805.
578:amino acids
509:theobromine
425:von Hofmann
239:(1892â1919)
113:Nationality
3066:Categories
2922:Literature
2582:Irwin Rose
2562:Peter Agre
2487:John Pople
2295:Aaron Klug
2200:Paul Flory
2148:Odd Hassel
2072:Max Perutz
1953:Kurt Alder
1949:Otto Diels
1777:Carl Bosch
729:. London:
710:References
644:in 1909.
446:hydrazones
386:phthaleins
362:Euskirchen
268:Otto Diels
157:Davy Medal
83:Euskirchen
75:1852-10-09
2935:(Germany)
2913:(Germany)
2903:Chemistry
2896:laureates
2267:Paul Berg
2222:1976â2000
1963:1951â1975
1893:Otto Hahn
1724:1926â1950
1504:1901â1925
1493:Laureates
1162:0003-049X
1115:254087824
1099:1438-2199
497:uric acid
489:uric acid
450:aldehydes
394:aldehydes
272:Otto Ruff
234:(1888â92)
229:(1881â88)
224:(1875â81)
212:Chemistry
138:Study of
1198:30 March
1178:11621201
1107:29185032
1060:18568113
859:31 March
770:12458504
574:albumins
570:proteins
566:barbital
520:osazones
505:caffeine
501:xanthine
477:fuchsine
435:Research
165:ForMemRS
55:Fischer
2967:Physics
1495:of the
1455:. 1920.
1425:. 1905.
1395:veronal
1051:2424120
944::
793:Bibcode
603:Hermann
542:of the
532:glucose
493:purines
454:ketones
407:at the
398:ketones
366:Cologne
364:, near
340:of the
334:chemist
144:purines
106:Germany
2840:2023:
2824:2022:
2812:2021:
2800:2020:
2784:2019:
2768:2018:
2752:2017:
2736:2016:
2720:2015:
2704:2014:
2688:2013:
2676:2012:
2668:2011:
2652:2010:
2636:2009:
2620:2008:
2612:2007:
2604:2006:
2588:2005:
2572:2004:
2560:2003:
2544:2002:
2528:2001:
2501:2000:
2493:1999:
2481:1998:
2465:1997:
2449:1996:
2433:1995:
2425:1994:
2413:1993:
2405:1992:
2397:1991:
2389:1990:
2377:1989:
2361:1988:
2345:1987:
2329:1986:
2317:1985:
2309:1984:
2301:1983:
2293:1982:
2281:1981:
2265:1980:
2253:1979:
2245:1978:
2237:1977:
2229:1976:
2206:1975:
2198:1974:
2186:1973:
2170:1972:
2162:1971:
2154:1970:
2142:1969:
2134:1968:
2118:1967:
2110:1966:
2102:1965:
2094:1964:
2082:1963:
2070:1962:
2062:1961:
2054:1960:
2046:1959:
2038:1958:
2030:1957:
2018:1956:
2010:1955:
2002:1954:
1994:1953:
1982:1952:
1970:1951:
1947:1950:
1939:1949:
1931:1948:
1923:1947:
1907:1946:
1899:1945:
1891:1944:
1883:1943:
1850:1939:
1842:1938:
1830:1937:
1822:1936:
1810:1935:
1802:1934:
1787:1932:
1775:1931:
1767:1930:
1755:1929:
1747:1928:
1739:1927:
1731:1926:
1703:1925:
1688:1923:
1680:1922:
1672:1921:
1664:1920:
1649:1918:
1627:1915:
1619:1914:
1611:1913:
1599:1912:
1591:1911:
1583:1910:
1575:1909:
1567:1908:
1559:1907:
1551:1906:
1543:1905:
1535:1904:
1527:1903:
1519:1902:
1511:1901:
1176:
1170:986934
1168:
1160:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1058:
1048:
938:
892:
768:
619:Berlin
591:Biuret
546:atom.
470:indigo
466:indole
208:Fields
192:(1913)
184:(1907)
176:(1902)
168:(1899)
160:(1890)
150:Awards
142:&
140:sugars
116:German
102:Berlin
3026:1902
2942:Peace
2892:1902
1166:JSTOR
1111:S2CID
576:into
530:-(+)-
441:diazo
310:
306:
3051:1907
3046:1906
3041:1905
3036:1904
3031:1903
3021:1901
2926:1902
1877:1942
1870:1941
1863:1940
1796:1933
1697:1924
1658:1919
1643:1917
1636:1916
1277:2023
1252:2023
1226:2023
1204:>
1200:2020
1174:PMID
1158:ISSN
1131:via
1103:PMID
1095:ISSN
1056:PMID
890:ISBN
861:2020
766:PMID
694:The
452:and
396:and
336:and
308:FRSE
91:Died
65:Born
59:1895
1449:".
1434:".
1419:".
1372:at
1306:doi
1302:100
1154:129
1087:doi
1046:PMC
1015:doi
984:doi
953:".
832:doi
828:117
801:doi
789:104
758:doi
526:of
460:or
312:FCS
304:FRS
3068::
2848:/
2844:/
2832:/
2828:/
2816:/
2804:/
2792:/
2788:/
2776:/
2772:/
2760:/
2756:/
2744:/
2740:/
2728:/
2724:/
2712:/
2708:/
2696:/
2692:/
2680:/
2660:/
2656:/
2644:/
2640:/
2628:/
2624:/
2596:/
2592:/
2580:/
2576:/
2564:/
2552:/
2548:/
2536:/
2532:/
2509:/
2505:/
2485:/
2473:/
2469:/
2457:/
2453:/
2441:/
2437:/
2417:/
2381:/
2369:/
2365:/
2353:/
2349:/
2337:/
2333:/
2321:/
2285:/
2273:/
2269:/
2257:/
2210:/
2190:/
2178:/
2174:/
2146:/
2126:/
2122:/
2086:/
2074:/
2022:/
1986:/
1974:/
1951:/
1915:/
1911:/
1854:/
1834:/
1814:/
1779:/
1759:/
1603:/
1361:.
1357:.
1294:.
1268:.
1242:.
1217:.
1172:.
1164:.
1152:.
1148:.
1109:.
1101:.
1093:.
1083:50
1081:.
1077:.
1054:.
1040:.
1036:.
1011:69
1009:.
1005:.
980:23
978:.
974:.
919:^
869:^
844:^
826:.
822:.
799:.
787:.
764:.
754:41
752:.
718:^
503:,
499:,
431:.
104:,
57:c.
2928:)
2924:(
2885:e
2878:t
2871:v
1485:e
1478:t
1471:v
1445:"
1430:"
1415:"
1363:2
1314:.
1308::
1279:.
1254:.
1228:.
1202:.
1180:.
1117:.
1089::
1062:.
1042:1
1021:.
1017::
990:.
986::
898:.
863:.
838:.
834::
807:.
803::
795::
772:.
760::
528:D
315:(
77:)
73:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
