Mercury (planet) - Knowledge

2254:, at either of which, around perihelion in alternate Mercurian years (once a Mercurian day), the Sun passes overhead, then reverses its apparent motion and passes overhead again, then reverses a second time and passes overhead a third time, taking a total of about 16 Earth-days for this entire process. In the other alternate Mercurian years, the same thing happens at the other of these two points. The amplitude of the retrograde motion is small, so the overall effect is that, for two or three weeks, the Sun is almost stationary overhead, and is at its most brilliant because Mercury is at perihelion, its closest to the Sun. This prolonged exposure to the Sun at its brightest makes these two points the hottest places on Mercury. Maximum temperature occurs when the Sun is at an angle of about 25 degrees past noon due to 1735:. The scarps can reach lengths of 1,000 km (620 mi) and heights of 3 km (1.9 mi). These compressional features can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smooth plains, indicating they are more recent. Mapping of the features has suggested a total shrinkage of Mercury's radius in the range of ~1–7 km (0.62–4.35 mi). Most activity along the major thrust systems probably ended about 3.6–3.7 billion years ago. Small-scale thrust fault scarps have been found, tens of meters in height and with lengths in the range of a few kilometers, that appear to be less than 50 million years old, indicating that compression of the interior and consequent surface geological activity continue to the present. 2996: 2965: 2262:

and that is slowly declining: The next approach to within 82,100,000 km (51 million mi) is in 2679, and to within 82,000,000 km (51 million mi) in 4487, but it will not be closer to Earth than 80,000,000 km (50 million mi) until 28,622. Its period of retrograde motion as seen from Earth can vary from 8 to 15 days on either side of an inferior conjunction. This large range arises from the planet's high orbital eccentricity. Essentially, because Mercury is closest to the Sun, when taking an average over time, Mercury is most often the closest planet to the Earth, and—in that measure—it is the closest planet to each of the other planets in the Solar System.

15183: 3029: 2555: 1553: 2520: 1635: 2528: 3194: 2981: 2258:, at 0.4 Mercury days and 0.8 Mercury years past sunrise. Conversely, there are two other points on the equator, 90 degrees of longitude apart from the first ones, where the Sun passes overhead only when the planet is at aphelion in alternate years, when the apparent motion of the Sun in Mercury's sky is relatively rapid. These points, which are the ones on the equator where the apparent retrograde motion of the Sun happens when it is crossing the horizon as described in the preceding paragraph, receive much less solar heat than the first ones described above. 2121: 2921:, showed conclusively that the planet's rotational period was about 59 days. The theory that Mercury's rotation was synchronous had become widely held, and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced. If Mercury were tidally locked, its dark face would be extremely cold, but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected. Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat-distributing winds to explain the observations. 1222: 1623: 1210: 101: 1471: 2359: 2293: 1300: 1784: 2574:. This is because Mercury's maximum western elongation occurs only during early autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas its greatest eastern elongation happens only during late winter in the Southern Hemisphere. In both of these cases, the angle at which the planet's orbit intersects the horizon is maximized, allowing it to rise several hours before sunrise in the former instance and not set until several hours after sundown in the latter from southern mid-latitudes, such as Argentina and South Africa. 2313:

Earth–Moon), when the tidal force, stretching a body along the "center-body" line, exerts a torque that aligns the body's axis of least inertia (the "longest" axis, and the axis of the aforementioned dipole) to always point at the center. However, with noticeable eccentricity, like that of Mercury's orbit, the tidal force has a maximum at perihelion and therefore stabilizes resonances, like 3:2, ensuring that the planet points its axis of least inertia roughly at the Sun when passing through perihelion.

2011: 200: 40: 13525: 2280:, which provides the exact reference point for measuring longitude. The center of Hun Kal defines the 20° west meridian. A 1970 International Astronomical Union resolution suggests that longitudes be measured positively in the westerly direction on Mercury. The two hottest places on the equator are therefore at longitudes 0° W and 180° W, and the coolest points on the equator are at longitudes 90° W and 270° W. However, the 13537: 3018: 1671: 3389: 3365: 11550: 15335: 3413: 2603: 2484:. The mean apparent magnitude is 0.23 while the standard deviation of 1.78 is the largest of any planet. The mean apparent magnitude at superior conjunction is −1.89 while that at inferior conjunction is +5.93. Observation of Mercury is complicated by its proximity to the Sun, as it is lost in the Sun's glare for much of the time. Mercury can be observed for only a brief period during either morning or evening twilight. 1744: 15359: 15159: 3209:(MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging), was launched on August 3, 2004. It made a fly-by of Earth in August 2005, and of Venus in October 2006 and June 2007 to place it onto the correct trajectory to reach an orbit around Mercury. A first fly-by of Mercury occurred on January 14, 2008, a second on October 6, 2008, and a third on September 29, 2009. Most of the hemisphere not imaged by 15311: 15171: 3228: 15347: 3115: 2669: 1769:". The vent floors are at least 1 km (0.62 mi) below their brinks and they bear a closer resemblance to volcanic craters sculpted by explosive eruptions or modified by collapse into void spaces created by magma withdrawal back down into a conduit. Scientists could not quantify the age of the volcanic complex system but reported that it could be on the order of a billion years. 15323: 2455: 2582:

for eye damage. This method bypasses the limitation of twilight observing when the ecliptic is located at a low elevation (e.g. on autumn evenings). The planet is higher in the sky and less atmospheric effects affect the view of the planet. Mercury can be viewed as close as 4° to the Sun near superior conjunction when it is almost at its brightest.

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Some sources precede the cuneiform transcription with "MUL". "MUL" is a cuneiform sign that was used in the Sumerian language to designate a star or planet, but it is not considered part of the actual name. The "4" is a reference number in the Sumero–Akkadian transliteration system to designate which

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The spacecraft made three close approaches to Mercury, the closest of which took it to within 327 km (203 mi) of the surface. At the first close approach, instruments detected a magnetic field, to the great surprise of planetary geologists—Mercury's rotation was expected to be much too slow

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Ground-based optical observations did not shed much further light on Mercury, but radio astronomers using interferometry at microwave wavelengths, a technique that enables removal of the solar radiation, were able to discern physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface layers to a depth of

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and perturbations by the known planets. He suggested, among possible explanations, that another planet (or perhaps instead a series of smaller "corpuscules") might exist in an orbit even closer to the Sun than that of Mercury, to account for this perturbation. Other explanations considered included a

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Mercury appears to have a solid silicate crust and mantle overlying a solid, metallic outer core layer, a deeper liquid core layer, and a solid inner core. The composition of the iron-rich core remains uncertain, but it likely contains nickel, silicon and perhaps sulfur and carbon, plus trace amounts

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Hauck, Steven A.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Solomon, Sean C.; Phillips, Roger J.; Johnson, Catherine L.; Lemoine, Frank G.; Mazarico, Erwan; McCoy, Timothy J.; Padovan, Sebastiano; Peale, Stanton J.; Perry, Mark E.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T. (2013). "The curious case of Mercury's internal structure".

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The mission was designed to clear up six key issues: Mercury's high density, its geological history, the nature of its magnetic field, the structure of its core, whether it has ice at its poles, and where its tenuous atmosphere comes from. To this end, the probe carried imaging devices that gathered

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provided the first close-up images of Mercury's surface, which immediately showed its heavily cratered nature, and revealed many other types of geological features, such as the giant scarps that were later ascribed to the effect of the planet shrinking slightly as its iron core cools. Unfortunately,

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cannot observe Mercury at all, due to safety procedures that prevent its pointing too close to the Sun. Because the shift of 0.15 revolutions of Earth in a Mercurian year makes up a seven-Mercurian-year cycle (0.15 × 7 ≈ 1.0), in the seventh Mercurian year, Mercury follows almost exactly (earlier by

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per century (or 0.43 arcsecond per year, or 0.1035 arcsecond per orbital period) for Mercury; it therefore requires a little over 12.5 million orbits, or 3 million years, for a full excess turn. Similar, but much smaller, effects exist for other Solar System bodies: 8.6247 arcseconds per century for

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Mercury attains an inferior conjunction (nearest approach to Earth) every 116 Earth days on average, but this interval can range from 105 days to 129 days due to the planet's eccentric orbit. Mercury can come as near as 82,200,000 km (0.549 astronomical units; 51.1 million miles) to Earth,

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Although daylight temperatures at the surface of Mercury are generally extremely high, observations strongly suggest that ice (frozen water) exists on Mercury. The floors of deep craters at the poles are never exposed to direct sunlight, and temperatures there remain below 102 K, far lower than

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system. Names coming from people are limited to the deceased. Craters are named for artists, musicians, painters, and authors who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field. Ridges, or dorsa, are named for scientists who have contributed to the study of Mercury. Depressions or

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and "full" at superior conjunction. The planet is rendered invisible from Earth on both of these occasions because of its being obscured by the Sun, except at its new phase during a transit. Mercury is technically brightest as seen from Earth when it is at a full phase. Although Mercury is farthest

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The original reason astronomers thought it was synchronously locked was that, whenever Mercury was best placed for observation, it was always nearly at the same point in its 3:2 resonance, hence showing the same face. This is because, coincidentally, Mercury's rotation period is almost exactly half

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hundreds of kilometers across. They appear in all states of degradation, from relatively fresh rayed craters to highly degraded crater remnants. Mercurian craters differ subtly from lunar craters in that the area blanketed by their ejecta is much smaller, a consequence of Mercury's stronger surface

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during daylight hours when conditions are clear, ideally when it is at its greatest elongation. This allows the planet to be found easily, even when using telescopes with 8 cm (3.1 in) apertures. However, great care must be taken to obstruct the Sun from sight because of the extreme risk

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of the Caloris Basin is a large region of unusual, hilly terrain known as the "Weird Terrain". One hypothesis for its origin is that shock waves generated during the Caloris impact traveled around Mercury, converging at the basin's antipode (180 degrees away). The resulting high stresses fractured

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The 3:2 resonant tidal locking is stabilized by the variance of the tidal force along Mercury's eccentric orbit, acting on a permanent dipole component of Mercury's mass distribution. In a circular orbit there is no such variance, so the only resonance stabilized in such an orbit is at 1:1 (e.g.,

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orbit of all the planets in the Solar System; its eccentricity is 0.21 with its distance from the Sun ranging from 46,000,000 to 70,000,000 km (29,000,000 to 43,000,000 mi). It takes 87.969 Earth days to complete an orbit. The diagram illustrates the effects of the eccentricity, showing

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here means "relative to the stars". Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts for around 176 Earth days: twice the planet's sidereal year. This means that one side of Mercury will remain in sunlight for one Mercurian year of 88 Earth days; while during the next orbit, that

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is expected to reach Mercury in 2025. It will release a magnetometer probe into an elliptical orbit, then chemical rockets will fire to deposit the mapper probe into a circular orbit. Both probes will operate for one terrestrial year. The mapper probe carries an array of spectrometers similar to

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interaction with the perihelion of Jupiter may cause the eccentricity of Mercury's orbit to increase to the point where there is a 1% chance that the orbit will be destabilized in the next five billion years. If this happens, Mercury may fall into the Sun, collide with Venus, be ejected from the

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mean that the two planets are closest over a long period of time. For example, essentially because Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time".

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from the other planets. This was thought to explain Mercury's 3:2 spin-orbit resonance (rather than the more usual 1:1), because this state is more likely to arise during a period of high eccentricity. However, accurate modeling based on a realistic model of tidal response has demonstrated that

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were to be factored out from both planets, the materials of which Mercury is made would be denser than those of Earth, with an uncompressed density of 5.3 g/cm versus Earth's 4.4 g/cm. Mercury's density can be used to infer details of its inner structure. Although Earth's high density

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once for each orbit and always keeping the same face directed towards the Sun, in the same way that the same side of the Moon always faces Earth. Radar observations in 1965 proved that the planet has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, rotating three times for every two revolutions around the Sun. The

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was mapped during these fly-bys. The probe successfully entered an elliptical orbit around the planet on March 18, 2011. The first orbital image of Mercury was obtained on March 29, 2011. The probe finished a one-year mapping mission, and then entered a one-year extended mission into 2013. In

2154:. Mercury's higher velocity when it is near perihelion is clear from the greater distance it covers in each 5-day interval. In the diagram, the varying distance of Mercury to the Sun is represented by the size of the planet, which is inversely proportional to Mercury's distance from the Sun. 1710:

Smooth plains are widespread flat areas that fill depressions of various sizes and bear a strong resemblance to lunar maria. Unlike lunar maria, the smooth plains of Mercury have the same albedo as the older inter-crater plains. Despite a lack of unequivocally volcanic characteristics, the

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phase early in its history. Crystallization of minerals and convective overturn resulted in a layered, chemically heterogeneous crust with large-scale variations in chemical composition observed on the surface. The crust is low in iron but high in sulfur, resulting from the stronger early

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contracted, temperatures near Mercury could have been between 2,500 and 3,500 K and possibly even as high as 10,000 K. Much of Mercury's surface rock could have been vaporized at such temperatures, forming an atmosphere of "rock vapor" that could have been carried away by the

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model. One distinctive feature of Mercury's surface is the presence of numerous narrow ridges, extending up to several hundred kilometers in length. It is thought that these were formed as Mercury's core and mantle cooled and contracted at a time when the crust had already solidified.

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Milillo, A.; Wurz, P.; Orsini, S.; Delcourt, D.; Kallio, E.; Killen, R. M.; Lammer, H.; Massetti, S.; Mura, A.; Barabash, S.; Cremonese, G.; Daglis, I. A.; Angelis, E.; Lellis, A. M.; Livi, S.; Mangano, V.; Torkar, K. (April 2005). "Surface-Exosphere-Magnetosphere System Of Mercury".

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The Sun's total angular displacement during its apparent retrograde motion as seen from the surface of Mercury is ~1.23°, while the Sun's angular diameter when the apparent retrograde motion begins and ends is ~1.71°, increasing to ~1.73° at perihelion (midway through the retrograde

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direction. Four Earth days after perihelion, the Sun's normal apparent motion resumes. A similar effect would have occurred if Mercury had been in synchronous rotation: the alternating gain and loss of rotation over a revolution would have caused a libration of 23.65° in longitude.

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effect. The second close approach was primarily used for imaging, but at the third approach, extensive magnetic data were obtained. The data revealed that the planet's magnetic field is much like Earth's, which deflects the solar wind around the planet. For many years after the

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Fassett, Caleb I.; Head, James W.; Baker, David M. H.; Zuber, Maria T.; Smith, David E.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Solomon, Sean C.; Klimczak, Christian; Strom, Robert G.; Chapman, Clark R.; Prockter, Louise M.; Phillips, Roger J.; Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank (October 2012).

1762:. Fifty-one pyroclastic deposits have been identified, where 90% of them are found within impact craters. A study of the degradation state of the impact craters that host pyroclastic deposits suggests that pyroclastic activity occurred on Mercury over a prolonged interval. 3046:

Reaching Mercury from Earth poses significant technical challenges, because it orbits so much closer to the Sun than Earth. A Mercury-bound spacecraft launched from Earth must travel over 91 million kilometres (57 million miles) into the Sun's gravitational

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localization and rounded, lobate shape of these plains strongly support volcanic origins. All the smooth plains of Mercury formed significantly later than the Caloris basin, as evidenced by appreciably smaller crater densities than on the Caloris ejecta blanket.

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The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F). It never rises above 180 K at the poles, due to the absence of an atmosphere and a steep temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. At

1659:. The floor of the Caloris Basin is filled by a geologically distinct flat plain, broken up by ridges and fractures in a roughly polygonal pattern. It is not clear whether they were volcanic lava flows induced by the impact or a large sheet of impact melt. 11540: 3131:(1974–1975). The spacecraft used the gravity of Venus to adjust its orbital velocity so that it could approach Mercury, making it both the first spacecraft to use this gravitational "slingshot" effect and the first NASA mission to visit multiple planets. 3892:

Margot, Jean-Luc; Peale, Stanton J.; Solomon, Sean C.; Hauck, Steven A.; Ghigo, Frank D.; Jurgens, Raymond F.; Yseboodt, Marie; Giorgini, Jon D.; Padovan, Sebastiano; Campbell, Donald B. (2012). "Mercury's moment of inertia from spin and gravity data".

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Mercury's core has a higher iron content than that of any other planet in the Solar System, and several theories have been proposed to explain this. The most widely accepted theory is that Mercury originally had a metal–silicate ratio similar to common

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are Mercury's oldest visible surfaces, predating the heavily cratered terrain. These inter-crater plains appear to have obliterated many earlier craters, and show a general paucity of smaller craters below about 30 km (19 mi) in diameter.

2417:. Newtonian mechanics, taking into account all the effects from the other planets and including 0.0254 arcseconds per century due to the oblateness of the Sun, predicts a precession of 5,557 arcseconds (1.5436°) per century relative to Earth, or 6409:

Kerber, Laura; Head, James W.; Solomon, Sean C.; Murchie, Scott L.; Blewett, David T. (August 15, 2009). "Explosive volcanic eruptions on Mercury: Eruption conditions, magma volatile content, and implications for interior volatile abundances".

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several meters. Not until the first space probe flew past Mercury did many of its most fundamental morphological properties become known. Moreover, technological advances have led to improved ground-based observations. In 2000, high-resolution

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As of the early 2020s, many broad details of Mercury's geological history are still under investigation or pending data from space probes. Like other planets in the Solar System, Mercury was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Its

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Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Leonard, Gregory J.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Domingue, Deborah; Berman, Daniel C.; Banks, Maria; Zarroca, Mario; Linares, Rogelio; Marchi, Simone; Baker, Victor R.; Webster, Kevin D.; Sykes, Mark (March 16, 2020).

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discovered that Mercury's magnetic field can be extremely "leaky". The spacecraft encountered magnetic "tornadoes"—twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary magnetic field to interplanetary space—that were up to

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creating water out of hydrogen from the solar wind and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O, OH, and

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Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018).

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History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26,

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In astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often means "the two planets that approach each other most closely". In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does

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Sodium, potassium, and calcium were discovered in the atmosphere during the 1980s–1990s, and are thought to result primarily from the vaporization of surface rock struck by micrometeorite impacts including presently from

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across the face of the Sun can only occur when the planet is crossing the plane of the ecliptic at the time it lies between Earth and the Sun, which is in May or November. This occurs about every seven years on average.

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Mercury's mass and several thousand kilometers across. The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle, leaving the core behind as a relatively major component. A similar process, known as the

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Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind around the planet, creating a magnetosphere. The planet's magnetosphere, though small enough to fit within Earth, is strong enough to trap solar wind

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crust and mantle overlying a solid outer core, a deeper liquid core layer, and a solid inner core. There are many competing hypotheses about Mercury's origins and development, some of which incorporate collision with

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orbit and recorded them, but disregarded those seen in the meantime, when Mercury's other face was toward the Sun, because the orbital geometry meant that these observations were made under poor viewing conditions.

11539: 3391: 3367: 1976:. Studies indicate that, at times, sodium emissions are localized at points that correspond to the planet's magnetic poles. This would indicate an interaction between the magnetosphere and the planet's surface. 9953:

Marius noted in the dedication from June 30, 1612, in the Prognosticon auf 1613 "that Mercury is illuminated by the Sun in the same way as the Venus and the Moon" and reports his observations of the brightness.

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At certain points on Mercury's surface, an observer would be able to see the Sun peek up a little more than two-thirds of the way over the horizon, then reverse and set before rising again, all within the same

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was a surprise. Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

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Watters, Thomas R.; Daud, Katie; Banks, Maria E.; Selvans, Michelle M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Ernst, Carolyn M. (September 26, 2016). "Recent tectonic activity on Mercury revealed by small thrust fault scarps".

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spacecraft detected this low energy plasma in the magnetosphere of the planet's nightside. Bursts of energetic particles in the planet's magnetotail indicate a dynamic quality to the planet's magnetosphere.

9162:"A Digital High-Definition Imaging System for Spectral Studies of Extended Planetary Atmospheres. I. Initial Results in White Light Showing Features on the Hemisphere of Mercury Unimaged by Mariner 10" 1983:

instead of a layered atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and high solar radiation. It is unlikely that any living beings can withstand those conditions. Some parts of the subsurface of Mercury may have been

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Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to

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noted that the rotation value was about two-thirds of Mercury's orbital period, and proposed that the planet's orbital and rotational periods were locked into a 3:2 rather than a 1:1 resonance. Data from

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It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ( 4272, 4274, 4275 ). Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.

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Leipold, Manfred E.; Seboldt, W.; Lingner, Stephan; Borg, Erik; Herrmann, Axel Siegfried; Pabsch, Arno; Wagner, O.; Brückner, Johannes (1996). "Mercury sun-synchronous polar orbiter with a solar sail".

2980: 102: 1417:, which will arrive at Mercury in 2025, will make observations to test these hypotheses. The findings so far would seem to favor the third hypothesis; however, further analysis of the data is needed. 2276:, this zero meridian was in darkness, so it was impossible to select a feature on the surface to define the exact position of the meridian. Therefore, a small crater further west was chosen, called 1765:

A "rimless depression" inside the southwest rim of the Caloris Basin consists of at least nine overlapping volcanic vents, each individually up to 8 km (5.0 mi) in diameter. It is thus a "

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of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as comets striking its surface,

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is the Greek name of the planet Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun. It is named after the Greek God of commerce, Ermis or Hermes, who was also the messenger of the Ancient Greek gods.

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is estimated to be 35 km (22 mi) thick. However, this model may be an overestimate and the crust could be 26 ± 11 km (16.2 ± 6.8 mi) thick based on an Airy

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meteorites, thought to be typical of the Solar System's rocky matter, and a mass approximately 2.25 times its current mass. Early in the Solar System's history, Mercury may have been struck by a

8988:(At p. 383 in the same volume Le Verrier's report is followed by another, from Faye, enthusiastically recommending to astronomers to search for a previously undetected intra-mercurial object.) 8554:

Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward L.; Conrad, Albert R.; et al. (2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009".

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Nittler, Larry R.; Chabot, Nancy L.; Grove, Timothy L.; Peplowski, Patrick N. (2018). "The Chemical Composition of Mercury". In Solomon, Sean C.; Nittler, Larry R.; Anderson, Brian J. (eds.).

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and devices to measure velocities of charged particles. Measurements of changes in the probe's orbital velocity were expected to be used to infer details of the planet's interior structure.

7494:"Life on the Planet Mercury? 'It's Not Completely Nuts' – A new explanation for the rocky world's jumbled landscape opens a possibility that it could have had ingredients for habitability" 6727: 2958:

mission. Most of the planet has been mapped by the Arecibo radar telescope, with 5 km (3.1 mi) resolution, including polar deposits in shadowed craters of what may be water ice.

11537: 10150:; Brockelman, Richard A.; Henry, John C.; Hyde, Gerald M.; Kraft, Leon G.; Reid, Wyatt A.; Smith, W. W. (1965). "Radio Echo Observations of Venus and Mercury at 23 cm Wavelength". 2242:

ceases; closer to perihelion, Mercury's angular orbital velocity then exceeds the angular rotational velocity. Thus, to a hypothetical observer on Mercury, the Sun appears to move in a

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Harmon, John K.; Slade, Martin A.; Butler, Bryan J.; Head III, James W.; Rice, Melissa S.; Campbell, Donald B. (2007). "Mercury: Radar images of the equatorial and midlatitude zones".

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Padovan, Sebastiano; Margot, Jean-Luc; Hauck, Steven A.; Moore, William B.; Solomon, Sean C. (April 2014). "The tides of Mercury and possible implications for its interior structure".

5356: 3604:– Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Mercury" and "Center: Sun" should be defaulted to.) Results are instantaneous 1723:, that crisscross the plains. These exist on the Moon, but are much more prominent on Mercury. As Mercury's interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform, creating 11147: 2270:

The longitude convention for Mercury puts the zero of longitude at one of the two hottest points on the surface, as described above. However, when this area was first visited, by

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of other elements. The planet's density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 g/cm, only slightly less than Earth's density of 5.515 g/cm. If the effect of

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mapped the planet more accurately, and suggested that Mercury's rotational period was 88 days, the same as its orbital period due to tidal locking. This phenomenon is known as

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Aharonson, Oded; Zuber, Maria T; Solomon, Sean C (2004). "Crustal remanence in an internally magnetized non-uniform shell: a possible source for Mercury's magnetic field?".

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east and west of the Sun, respectively. At both of these times, Mercury's separation from the Sun ranges anywhere from 17.9° at perihelion to 27.8° at aphelion. At greatest

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observations showed the reconnection rate was ten times higher at Mercury, but its proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by

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effect, in a manner similar to the magnetic field of Earth. This dynamo effect would result from the circulation of the planet's iron-rich liquid core. Particularly strong

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McClintock, William E.; Vervack, Ronald J.; et al. (2009). "MESSENGER Observations of Mercury's Exosphere: Detection of Magnesium and Distribution of Constituents".

3862: 2859:), as seen from Earth. Mercury and Venus occult each other every few centuries, and the event of May 28, 1737, is the only one historically observed, having been seen by 1320:

The radius of Mercury's core is estimated to be 2,020 ± 30 km (1,255 ± 19 mi), based on interior models constrained to be consistent with a

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rules, each new crater must be named after an artist who was famous for more than fifty years, and dead for more than three years, before the date the crater is named.

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used a telescope to discover that the planet had orbital phases similar to Venus and the Moon. The observation demonstrated conclusively that Mercury orbited the Sun.

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10 kg, and Mars's south polar cap contains about 10 kg of water. The origin of the ice on Mercury is not yet known, but the two most likely sources are from

2909:, became the first to bounce a radar signal off Mercury and receive it, starting radar observations of the planet. Three years later, radar observations by Americans 14857: 9586: 8169:

the libration in longitude due to the eccentricity of the orbit amounts to only 47' on either side of the mean position, in the case of Mercury it amounts to 23° 39'

2935:

subsequently confirmed this view. This means that Schiaparelli's and Antoniadi's maps were not "wrong". Instead, the astronomers saw the same features during every

1848:

near the poles. Although ice was not the only possible cause of these reflective regions, astronomers thought it to be the most likely explanation. The presence of

6207:

Schleicher, Lisa S.; Watters, Thomas R.; Martin, Aaron J.; Banks, Maria E. (October 2019). "Wrinkle ridges on Mercury and the Moon within and outside of mascons".

11304: 3257:

final maneuver was on April 24, 2015, and it crashed into Mercury's surface on April 30, 2015. The spacecraft's impact with Mercury occurred at 3:26:01 p.m.

1583:

that ended 3.8 billion years ago. Mercury received impacts over its entire surface during this period of intense crater formation, facilitated by the lack of any

11460: 7677: 4730: 3962: 112: 5178:

Watters, Thomas R.; Robinson, Mark S.; Cook, Anthony C. (November 1998). "Topography of lobate scarps on Mercury; new constraints on the planet's contraction".

7793:

Spohn, Tilman; Sohl, Frank; Wieczerkowski, Karin; Conzelmann, Vera (2001). "The interior structure of Mercury: what we know, what we expect from BepiColombo".

6286:

Dzurisin, Daniel (October 10, 1978). "The tectonic and volcanic history of Mercury as inferred from studies of scarps, ridges, troughs, and other lineaments".

1317:, Mercury is much smaller and its inner regions are not as compressed. Therefore, for it to have such a high density, its core must be large and rich in iron. 1513:

and minerals of mixed magnesium, calcium, and iron-sulfide. The less reflective regions of the crust are high in carbon, most likely in the form of graphite.

3055:

of 47.4 km/s (29.5 mi/s), whereas Earth's orbital speed is 29.8 km/s (18.5 mi/s). Therefore, the spacecraft must make a larger change in

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close approaches. This made close observation of both sides of the planet impossible, and resulted in the mapping of less than 45% of the planet's surface.

2433:

provided the explanation for the observed precession, by formalizing gravitation as being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. The effect is small: just

2309:

eccentricity of Mercury's orbit makes this resonance stable—at perihelion, when the solar tide is strongest, the Sun is nearly stationary in Mercury's sky.

1787:

Composite of the north pole of Mercury, where NASA confirmed the discovery of a large volume of water ice, in permanently dark craters that are found there.

9314: 6900:

Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Svitek, Tomas; Murray, Bruce C. (1992). "Stability of polar frosts in spherical bowl-shaped craters on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars".

2840:

observed the brightness of Mercury varied with the planet's orbital position and concluded it had phases "in the same way as Venus and the Moon". In 1631,

2539:

Mercury is best observed at the first and last quarter, although they are phases of lesser brightness. The first and last quarter phases occur at greatest

7942: 4470: 1686:

has a similar-sized ejecta blanket and a 625 km (388 mi)-diameter rim. Like the Moon, the surface of Mercury has likely incurred the effects of

1405:

Each hypothesis predicts a different surface composition, and two space missions have been tasked with making observations of this composition. The first

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1.5-metre (4.9 ft) Hale telescope. They provided the first views that resolved surface features on the parts of Mercury that were not imaged in the

2665:. He suggested that no transits had been observed either because planets such as Mercury were too small to see, or because transits were too infrequent. 8528: 2333:

Mercury was captured into the 3:2 spin-orbit state at a very early stage of its history, within 20 (more likely, 10) million years after its formation.

1026:, has a diameter of 1,550 km (960 mi), which is about one-third the diameter of the planet (4,880 km or 3,030 mi). Similarly to the 11608: 9965: 4611: 3806:

Mazarico, Erwan; Genova, Antonio; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Zuber, Maria T.; Smith, David E.; Solomon, Sean C. (2014).

11438: 9470: 8707:

Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques (2009). "Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance including the effect of core–mantle friction".

6758: 9884:"Modification of the Earlier Indian Planetary Theory by the Kerala Astronomers (c. 1500 AD) and the Implied Heliocentric Picture of Planetary Motion" 2754:

may have represented Mercury as an owl (or possibly four owls; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening) that served as a messenger to the

2064:

effects caused by the planet's high orbital eccentricity would serve to keep part of the core in the liquid state necessary for this dynamo effect.

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in the 15th century developed a partially heliocentric planetary model in which Mercury orbits the Sun, which in turn orbits Earth, similar to the

6717: 11214: 4961: 7504: 7199:

Zurbuchen TH, Raines JM, et al. (2008). "MESSENGER Observations of the Composition of Mercury's Ionized Exosphere and Plasma Environment".

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that has an ejecta blanket extending up to 500 km (310 mi) from its rim and a floor that has been filled by smooth plains materials.

6588:"Global inventory and characterization of pyroclastic deposits on Mercury: New insights into pyroclastic activity from MESSENGER orbital data" 3650: 1667:

the surface. Alternatively, it has been suggested that this terrain formed as a result of the convergence of ejecta at this basin's antipode.

14645: 10464:

Mitchell, David L.; De Pater, Imke (1994). "Microwave Imaging of Mercury's Thermal Emission at Wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5 cm (1994)".

8760:

Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques (2004). "Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics".

8208:

van Hemerlrijck, E. (August 1983). "On the Variations in the Insolation at Mercury Resulting from Oscillations of the Orbital Eccentricity".

8053:

Margot, J. L.; Peale, S. J.; Jurgens, R. F.; Slade, M. A.; et al. (2007). "Large Longitude Libration of Mercury Reveals a Molten Core".

6878: 5348: 2970:

Transit of Mercury. Mercury is visible as a black dot below and to the left of center. The dark area above the center of the solar disk is a

1651:, or Caloris Basin, with a diameter of 1,550 km (960 mi). The impact that created the Caloris Basin was so powerful that it caused 6264: 5883: 7704: 4865: 9883: 4514:

The symbol for Mercury represents the Caduceus, a wand with two serpents twined around it, which was carried by the messenger of the gods.

3289:, which will orbit Mercury with two probes: one to map the planet and the other to study its magnetosphere. Launched on October 20, 2018, 14790: 11139: 10701: 10633: 2890:, who published a book in 1934 that included both maps and his own observations. Many of the planet's surface features, particularly the 2770: 2169:

of the planet's rotation around its axis, it also results in complex variations of the surface temperature. The resonance makes a single

8921:

Laskar, Jacques; Gastineau, Mickaël (June 11, 2009). "Existence of collisional trajectories of Mercury, Mars and Venus with the Earth".

8124: 8003: 4543: 11674: 11238: 10830: 6993: 2805: 13605: 11113: 9398: 6497: 6083: 3094:

the Solar System completely. As a result, only three space probes have visited it so far. A proposed alternative approach would use a

2789:

observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun", which was later suggested as the transit of Mercury and/or Venus by the

1579:

during and shortly following its formation 4.6 billion years ago, as well as during a possibly separate subsequent episode called the

14556: 10594: 9217: 7337:

Killen, Rosemary M.; Hahn, Joseph M. (December 10, 2014). "Impact Vaporization as a Possible Source of Mercury's Calcium Exosphere".

7173: 4450: 2095:, form open windows in the planet's magnetic shield through which the solar wind may enter and directly impact Mercury's surface via 1544:

are named for ships of scientific expeditions. Valleys or valles are named for abandoned cities, towns, or settlements of antiquity.

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ran out of fuel. Because its orbit could no longer be accurately controlled, mission controllers instructed the probe to shut down.

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of its synodic period with respect to Earth. Due to Mercury's 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, a solar day lasts about 176 Earth days. A

3086:

during one or more fly-bys of Venus. To land safely or enter a stable orbit the spacecraft would rely entirely on rocket motors.

2414: 1146:

The ancients knew Mercury by different names depending on whether it was an evening star or a morning star. By about 350 BC, the

11379: 9293: 8294: 14711: 14356: 14341: 14321: 13627: 13574: 13403: 11727: 11490: 11349: 5639: 2844:

made the first telescopic observations of the transit of a planet across the Sun when he saw a transit of Mercury predicted by

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regions ranging from −170 °C (−270 °F) at night to 420 °C (790 °F) during sunlight. Due to the very small

14655: 14388: 14351: 14346: 13617: 10345: 10243: 10196: 10008: 9934: 9722: 9697: 9670: 9617: 9561: 9350: 9011: 8034: 7625: 7449: 7144: 6872: 6792: 5055: 4594: 4492: 3587: 2255: 11091: 10202: 9940: 8152: 6108:"Large impact basins on Mercury: Global distribution, characteristics, and modification history from MESSENGER orbital data" 5061: 3090:

is ruled out because Mercury has a negligible atmosphere. A trip to Mercury requires more rocket fuel than that required to

15391: 15081: 15018: 14672: 14393: 14331: 14326: 13616: 9342: 4259: 4198:

Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".

13614: 13611: 13607: 13603: 9493: 6587: 15235: 14336: 9109: 7529:"The Chaotic Terrains of Mercury Reveal a History of Planetary Volatile Retention and Loss in the Innermost Solar System" 6150:; Robinson, Mark S. (2008). "Albedo of Immature Mercurian Crustal Materials: Evidence for the Presence of Ferrous Iron". 5793: 5437: 4411: 4403: 3553: 3524: 2878:

used Schröter's drawings to erroneously estimate the rotation period as 24 hours and an axial tilt of 70°. In the 1880s,

2785:, although this insight did not influence his astronomical theory or his astronomical calculations. In the 12th century, 2043:

and nearly aligned with the planet's spin axis (10° dipolar tilt, compared to 11° for Earth). Measurements from both the

17: 13621: 13613: 10655:

Wagner, Sam; Wie, Bong (November 2015). "Hybrid Algorithm for Multiple Gravity-Assist and Impulsive Delta-V Maneuvers".

10419: 8257: 6688: 13610: 11717: 11316: 10898: 10125: 8361: 7976: 7254: 5022: 4734: 2891: 2731: 13628: 13624: 7673: 7150: 7051:

Harmon, John K.; Perillat, Phil J.; Slade, Martin A. (2001). "High-Resolution Radar Imaging of Mercury's North Pole".

3954: 2296:

After one orbit, Mercury has rotated 1.5 times, so after two complete orbits the same hemisphere is again illuminated.

1435:-like plains and heavy cratering, indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years. It is more 14484: 14457: 13619: 10627: 9831: 8118: 4706: 4537: 3490:

However, it turns out that using this time-average definition of 'closeness', Mercury can be the "closest planet" to

876: 1930:, among others. This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. 14872: 13629: 9823: 8813:

Noyelles, B.; Frouard, J.; Makarov, V. V. & Efroimsky, M. (2014). "Spin-orbit evolution of Mercury revisited".

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The difficulties inherent in observing Mercury meant that it was far less studied than the other planets. In 1800,

2353: 1611: 4892: 1678:

Overall, 46 impact basins have been identified. A notable basin is the 400 km (250 mi)-wide, multi-ring

7879: 7587:"Vast Collapsed Terrains on Mercury Might be Windows Into Ancient – Possibly Habitable – Volatile-Rich Materials" 6935:

Slade, Martin A.; Butler, Bryan J.; Muhleman, Duane O. (1992). "Mercury radar imaging – Evidence for polar ice".

6186:

Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior. Proceedings of a workshop held at The Field Museum

3808:"The gravity field, orientation, and ephemeris of Mercury from MESSENGER observations after three years in orbit" 2989:

is the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. Mercury appears close to the Sun.

2196:

is almost zero, with the best measured value as low as 0.027 degrees. This is significantly smaller than that of

386: 14400: 9311: 5487: 5199: 2487:

Ground-based telescope observations of Mercury reveal only an illuminated partial disk with limited detail. The

15051: 14467: 14301: 13335: 13229: 11758: 11748: 11667: 8976:"Lettre de M. Le Verrier à M. Faye sur la théorie de Mercure et sur le mouvement du périhélie de cette planète" 7946: 6445:

Head, James W.; Chapman, Clark R.; Strom, Robert G.; Fassett, Caleb I.; Denevi, Brett W. (September 30, 2011).

5463:. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 19–23, 2012 at The Woodlands, Texas. Vol. 1659. 5249: 1864: 1703: 1451:

features are areas of markedly different reflectivity, which include impact craters, the resulting ejecta, and

832: 249: 11169: 10999: 10804: 10763: 8532: 5517: 4372: 4129: 4099: 4056:

Mallama, Anthony; Wang, Dennis; Howard, Russell A. (2002). "Photometry of Mercury from SOHO/LASCO and Earth".

1385:

before the Sun's energy output had stabilized. It would initially have had twice its present mass, but as the

1199:), whom they equated with the Greek Hermes, because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet. The 14576: 14472: 12066: 5382: 3412: 2508:

more than compensates for the distance. The opposite is true for Venus, which appears brightest when it is a

1859:

The icy crater regions are estimated to contain about 10–10 kg of ice, and may be covered by a layer of

14989: 11605: 10259:

Pettengill, Gordon H.; Dyce, Rolf B. (1965). "A Radar Determination of the Rotation of the Planet Mercury".

4615: 15396: 15076: 14631: 14611: 14506: 13385: 13355: 13249: 13224: 11428: 9420:

Schaefer, Bradley E. (2007). "The Latitude and Epoch for the Origin of the Astronomical Lore in MUL.APIN".

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Stockman, Tom; Monroe, Gabriel; Cordner, Samuel (March 12, 2019). "Venus is not Earth's closest neighbor".

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Cartier, Camille; Wood, Bernard J. (February 2019). "The Role of Reducing Conditions in Building Mercury".

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made observations of surface features, claiming to have observed 20-kilometre-high (12 mi) mountains.

2430: 2391: 1837: 14994: 13626: 12389: 12309: 6559: 3028: 15151: 14677: 14606: 14571: 13604: 13598: 12289: 11732: 11694: 11555: 11032: 10853: 9466: 5709: 4428: 3454: 2864: 2005: 1102: 1090: 14591: 12829: 2018:

Despite its small size and slow 59-day-long rotation, Mercury has a significant, and apparently global,

1402:, which meant that lighter particles were lost from the accreting material and not gathered by Mercury. 15301: 15066: 14867: 14750: 14733: 14699: 13625: 13567: 12834: 12629: 12076: 11176: 10147: 9509:

Goldstein, Bernard R. (1996). "The Pre-telescopic Treatment of the Phases and Apparent Size of Venus".

4423: 3162:

encounters, the origin of Mercury's magnetic field remained the subject of several competing theories.

2762: 2243: 2227: 1464: 12879: 11429:"BepiColombo completes first Mercury flyby, science provides insight into planet's unique environment" 8975: 4915: 4675:. Cambridge Planetary Science Book Series. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–51. 1599:, or "the Spider", which hosts a series of radiating troughs extending outwards from its impact site. 15386: 14909: 14884: 14694: 13528: 12094: 11660: 11574: 11206: 10063:"Announcement of the Discovery of the Rotation Period of Mercury [by Professor Schiaparelli]" 7493: 6732:

Sean C. Solomon, the principal investigator for MESSENGER, said there was enough ice there to encase

2091:

wide or a third of the radius of the planet. These twisted magnetic flux tubes, technically known as

2029: 1606: 1595:, producing smooth plains similar to the maria found on the Moon. One of the most unusual craters is 1309: 13622: 12189: 11401: 8278: 5821: 3915: 1528:

are named for works of architecture. Montes are named for the word "hot" in a variety of languages.

1264:, which means it is a rocky body like Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System, with an 15200: 14805: 13330: 13234: 7999: 6182:

Application of an Updated Impact Cratering Chronology Model to Mercury' s Time-Stratigraphic System

3646: 2949: 2902: 2554: 2390:

led astronomers to place faith in this possible explanation, and the hypothetical planet was named

2329: 1552: 1399: 1321: 624: 580: 13254: 6862: 6005:; Gault, Donald E. (1975). "Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury". 4983:

Padovan, Sebastiano; Wieczorek, Mark A.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Tosi, Nicola; Solomon, Sean C. (2015).

2519: 14889: 14716: 14363: 14267: 14174: 13874: 13724: 13615: 13606: 13484: 12974: 11811: 8451: 8423: 6658:"Prolonged eruptive history of a compound volcano on Mercury: Volcanic and tectonic implications" 6254: 5875: 3564: 3535: 3439: 2914: 1375: 610: 425: 339: 296: 238: 224: 12384: 7700: 7086:

Domingue DL, Koehn PL, et al. (2009). "Mercury's Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere".

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in the 13th century. Most such medieval reports of transits were later taken as observations of

1232:

beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left: Mercury,

1002:), god of commerce and communication, and the messenger of the gods. Mercury is classified as a 14894: 14832: 14780: 14770: 14755: 14706: 14566: 14496: 13912: 13600: 13417: 12784: 11821: 10690: 9898: 9640: 5816: 5274: 3910: 3759:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 3012: 2986: 2540: 2527: 2488: 1985: 1655:

eruptions and left a concentric mountainous ring ~2 km (1.2 mi) tall surrounding the

1634: 1580: 1520: 14815: 13620: 13612: 13609: 12889: 10617: 9578: 5157:

Chronology of Lobate Scarp Thrust Faults and the Mechanical Structure of Mercury's Lithosphere

2072:. This contributes to the space weathering of the planet's surface. Observations taken by the 15381: 15260: 15187: 15061: 14914: 14877: 14765: 14760: 13560: 13159: 12984: 12979: 12914: 12774: 12569: 12374: 12319: 12149: 12129: 11722: 11494: 11464: 11375: 11345: 9447:

Hunger, Hermann; Pingree, David (1989). "MUL.APIN: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform".

9142: 8108: 7282: 6522:

Thomas, Rebecca J.; Rothery, David A.; Conway, Susan J.; Anand, Mahesh (September 16, 2014).

4527: 3282: 3278: 3078:, requiring a delta-v change to do anything other than pass by Mercury. Some portion of this 2879: 2398: 2096: 1829: 1778: 1493:

conditions than is found on other terrestrial planets. The surface is dominated by iron-poor

1229: 758: 398: 14929: 13274: 10976: 10826: 9985: 8221: 7806: 6989: 6676: 6423: 5312:

Weidenschilling, Stuart J. (1987). "Iron/silicate fractionation and the origin of Mercury".

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at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars). It includes

1474: 14822: 14775: 14432: 13884: 13849: 13844: 13738: 13689: 13662: 13618: 13597: 13284: 13264: 13164: 13049: 12729: 12489: 12369: 12334: 12214: 12184: 12179: 11826: 11791: 11771: 11630: 11570: 11117: 10972: 10929: 10736: 10664: 10557: 10512: 10473: 10446: 10374: 10270: 10159: 10074: 10043: 9981: 9856: 9790: 9747: 9518: 9429: 9394: 9375: 9173: 9146: 9134: 9074: 9039: 8932: 8887: 8832: 8771: 8726: 8679: 8614: 8563: 8487: 8217: 8062: 7914: 7837: 7802: 7739: 7542: 7389: 7346: 7291: 7208: 7095: 7060: 7033: 6946: 6909: 6819: 6672: 6602: 6535: 6465: 6446: 6419: 6373: 6334: 6295: 6216: 6189: 6159: 6119: 6065: 6053: 6014: 5926: 5808: 5721: 5670: 5601: 5558: 5464: 5321: 5286: 5233: 5187: 5160: 5137: 5096: 4996: 4927: 4812: 4768: 4686: 4487:. Translated from French by Moore, Patrick. Shaldon, Devon: Keith Reid Ltd. pp. 9–11. 4340: 4294: 4217: 4144: 4130:"Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits" 4065: 4001: 3990:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" 3902: 3822: 3770: 3685: 3434: 3330: 3193: 2910: 2883: 2790: 2643: 2631: 2532: 2500: 2481: 2477: 2174: 2146: 1845: 1596: 1249: 1126: 1074: 865: 260: 13601: 13599: 13039: 12134: 12023: 11872: 9213: 7727: 4446: 2053:

space probes have indicated that the strength and shape of the magnetic field are stable.

1516:

Names for features on Mercury come from a variety of sources and are set according to the

1070:

side will be in darkness all the time until the next sunrise after another 88 Earth days.

8: 15363: 15274: 15163: 15001: 14974: 14924: 14728: 14186: 13879: 13731: 13540: 13372: 13244: 13144: 13139: 13019: 12989: 12944: 12824: 12524: 12424: 12294: 12209: 12169: 12099: 11836: 11796: 11776: 11592: 10584: 10304: 7465: 6362:"Dating long thrust systems on Mercury: New clues on the thermal evolution of the planet" 3727: 3444: 3318:

conducted three of its six planned Mercury flybys from October 1, 2021 to June 19, 2023.

3064: 2906: 2809: 2794: 2661:

wrote about the possibility of planetary transits across the face of the Sun in his work

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transits of the Sun) on Mercury last exactly two Mercury years, or about 176 Earth days.

2092: 1209: 1200: 1190: 999: 350: 14082: 13961: 13009: 12809: 12364: 10933: 10740: 10668: 10561: 10516: 10477: 10450: 10378: 10274: 10163: 10078: 10047: 9860: 9794: 9751: 9522: 9433: 9379: 9177: 9078: 9043: 8936: 8891: 8836: 8775: 8730: 8683: 8618: 8567: 8491: 8066: 7918: 7841: 7743: 7546: 7393: 7350: 7295: 7212: 7099: 7064: 7037: 6950: 6913: 6823: 6606: 6539: 6469: 6377: 6338: 6299: 6220: 6193: 6180:

Wagner, Roland J.; Wolf, Ursula; Ivanov, Boris A.; Neukum, Gerhard (October 4–5, 2001).

6163: 6123: 6069: 6018: 5930: 5812: 5725: 5674: 5605: 5562: 5468: 5325: 5290: 5237: 5191: 5164: 5141: 5000: 4931: 4816: 4690: 4344: 4298: 4148: 4069: 4005: 3906: 3826: 3774: 3261:

on April 30, 2015, leaving a crater estimated to be 16 m (52 ft) in diameter.

3063:) to get to Mercury and then enter orbit, as compared to the delta-v required for, say, 2585:

Mercury can, like several other planets and the brightest stars, be seen during a total

1221: 15351: 15339: 15254: 15124: 15071: 14949: 14919: 14827: 14640: 13771: 13602: 13504: 13380: 13325: 13299: 13219: 13184: 13154: 13149: 12899: 12869: 12769: 12684: 12674: 12659: 12654: 12564: 12464: 12454: 12404: 12359: 12284: 12254: 12244: 12119: 12114: 12089: 12061: 11831: 11801: 11781: 11277: 11244: 11090:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. January 14, 2008. Archived from 10945: 10530: 10392: 10286: 10092: 9868: 9763: 9534: 9336: 9191: 9000: 8956: 8903: 8877: 8848: 8822: 8795: 8742: 8716: 8638: 8587: 8404: 8338: 8265: 8233: 8086: 7853: 7763: 7642: 7563: 7533: 7528: 7499: 7413: 7307: 7232: 7111: 6970: 6843: 6722: 6618: 6551: 6489: 6391: 6232: 6030: 5745: 5686: 5617: 5574: 5014: 4953: 4838: 4784: 4712: 4676: 4310: 4233: 4207: 4036: 3936: 3854: 3788: 3449: 2887: 2721: 2469: 2362: 1602: 1490: 1426: 1257: 1226: 1003: 820: 14055: 14018: 12339: 12224: 10984: 10748: 7814: 2871: 2626:

name used to designate Mercury on the MUL.APIN tablets is transcribed as UDU.IDIM.GU\U

2120: 1484:

The planet's mantle is chemically heterogeneous, suggesting the planet went through a

15114: 14684: 14626: 14417: 14306: 14232: 14167: 13896: 13536: 13119: 13044: 12969: 12909: 12864: 12859: 12849: 12844: 12789: 12694: 12689: 12649: 12584: 12554: 12549: 12539: 12519: 12479: 12439: 12419: 12344: 12304: 12279: 12204: 11892: 11877: 11816: 11806: 11786: 11062: 10949: 10623: 10534: 10341: 10239: 10192: 10096: 10004: 9930: 9847:

Goldstein, Bernard R. (1969). "Some Medieval Reports of Venus and Mercury Transits".

9827: 9802: 9767: 9718: 9693: 9687: 9666: 9634: 9613: 9557: 9538: 9346: 9297: 9007: 8948: 8787: 8630: 8605:

Liu, Han-Shou; O'Keefe, John A. (1965). "Theory of Rotation for the Planet Mercury".

8591: 8579: 8408: 8342: 8330: 8290: 8237: 8114: 8078: 8030: 7755: 7621: 7568: 7445: 7405: 7311: 7236: 7224: 7140: 7115: 6962: 6937: 6921: 6868: 6835: 6810: 6788: 6481: 6395: 6236: 6034: 5842: 5737: 5705: 5690: 5635: 5621: 5578: 5549:

Nittler, Larry R.; Weider, Shoshana Z. (2019). "The Surface Composition of Mercury".

5333: 5298: 5245: 5051: 4788: 4756: 4716: 4702: 4590: 4584: 4533: 4488: 4314: 4160: 4017: 3989: 3928: 3846: 3792: 3757:

Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007).

3258: 3037: 2751: 2747: 2505: 2370: 2340: 2337: 2250:

For the same reason, there are two points on Mercury's equator, 180 degrees apart in

2230:. This is because approximately four Earth days before perihelion, Mercury's angular 1947: 1702:

There are two geologically distinct plains regions on Mercury. Gently rolling, hilly

1443:

or the Moon, both of which contain significant stretches of similar geology, such as

1276: 1110: 1062: 409: 230: 214: 14138: 12949: 12234: 11341: 10335: 10290: 9264:"NASA Reference Publication 1349; Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995–2006" 9195: 8907: 8852: 8746: 8642: 8529:"USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE)" 8182: 7857: 6974: 6847: 6622: 6555: 6054:"A Serenitatis origin for the Imbrian grooves and South Pole-Aitken thorium anomaly" 5018: 4957: 4842: 4612:"MESSENGER Provides New Look at Mercury's Surprising Core and Landscape Curiosities" 4237: 3940: 3858: 3177:

is thought to be still orbiting the Sun, passing close to Mercury every few months.

1097:

could be present in the craters. Above the planet's surface is an extremely tenuous

45: 15315: 15175: 14979: 14969: 14862: 14837: 14247: 14217: 14062: 13936: 13289: 13269: 13179: 13129: 13124: 13109: 13094: 13084: 13064: 13059: 12999: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12929: 12919: 12904: 12874: 12839: 12819: 12759: 12754: 12739: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12639: 12574: 12559: 12534: 12529: 12509: 12494: 12474: 12469: 12444: 12409: 12354: 12349: 12314: 12274: 12239: 12164: 12159: 12124: 12109: 12018: 12008: 11988: 11955: 11950: 11922: 11907: 11887: 11371: 10980: 10937: 10744: 10672: 10565: 10520: 10481: 10396: 10382: 10278: 10261: 10229: 10167: 10110:

Davies, Merton E.; Dwornik, Stephen E.; Gault, Donald E.; Strom, Robert G. (1978).

10082: 10031: 10027: 9864: 9798: 9755: 9526: 9181: 9082: 9047: 8960: 8940: 8923: 8895: 8868: 8840: 8799: 8779: 8762: 8734: 8687: 8663: 8659: 8622: 8571: 8495: 8396: 8376: 8322: 8225: 8090: 8070: 7972: 7922: 7845: 7810: 7767: 7747: 7558: 7550: 7417: 7397: 7362: 7354: 7299: 7216: 7103: 7068: 6954: 6917: 6827: 6733: 6680: 6610: 6543: 6493: 6473: 6427: 6381: 6342: 6303: 6224: 6127: 6073: 6022: 6002: 5834: 5826: 5767: 5749: 5729: 5712:(July 12, 1974). "Mercury's Atmosphere from Mariner 10: Preliminary Results". 5678: 5609: 5566: 5329: 5294: 5241: 5195: 5104: 5004: 4943: 4935: 4828: 4820: 4776: 4694: 4348: 4302: 4225: 4152: 4073: 4009: 3920: 3838: 3830: 3778: 3693: 3605: 3071: 2925: 2875: 2778: 2717: 2069: 1841: 1766: 1755: 1747: 1687: 1648: 1470: 1118: 1023: 847: 741: 566: 375: 207: 157: 120: 70: 8626: 3698: 3673: 1979:

According to NASA, Mercury is not a suitable planet for Earth-like life. It has a

1431:

Mercury's surface is similar in appearance to that of the Moon, showing extensive

199: 15046: 14944: 14852: 14743: 14721: 14518: 14462: 14452: 14242: 14222: 14191: 14179: 14133: 14121: 14025: 14008: 13968: 13946: 13941: 13259: 13214: 13209: 13194: 13189: 13174: 13169: 13099: 13079: 13074: 13029: 13004: 12994: 12934: 12924: 12814: 12744: 12724: 12679: 12644: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12579: 12514: 12504: 12459: 12414: 12399: 12394: 12379: 12299: 12269: 12264: 12219: 12144: 12084: 12056: 12051: 12003: 11993: 11965: 11960: 11912: 11902: 11766: 11612: 10569: 10186: 9924: 9781:

Hartner, Willy (1955). "The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice".

9318: 8899: 8844: 8738: 8478:

Davies, M. E. (June 10, 1975). "Surface Coordinates and Cartography of Mercury".

8298: 8285: 8272: 8261: 8146: 7358: 7021: 6958: 6831: 6808:

Murdock, Thomas L.; Ney, Edward P. (1970). "Mercury: The Dark-Side Temperature".

6360:

Giacomini, L.; Massironi, M.; Galluzzi, V.; Ferrari, S.; Palumbo, P. (May 2020).

6228: 5733: 5128:(March 1994). "Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere". 5045: 4433: 4352: 3091: 2845: 2841: 2813: 2735: 2709: 2650: 2504:

from Earth when it is full, the greater illuminated area that is visible and the

2426: 2358: 2239: 2151: 1683: 1561: 1525: 1343: 1280: 689: 598: 559: 9263: 5830: 4251: 4229: 2292: 1783: 1622: 1455:. Larger albedo features correspond to higher reflectivity plains. Mercury has " 467: 15030: 14810: 14800: 14738: 14601: 14528: 14489: 14410: 14383: 14237: 14211: 14101: 14072: 14050: 14040: 14030: 13983: 13304: 13294: 13279: 13239: 13204: 13199: 13089: 13069: 13054: 13034: 13024: 13014: 12939: 12894: 12884: 12854: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12779: 12749: 12719: 12714: 12669: 12664: 12624: 12614: 12604: 12499: 12484: 12449: 12434: 12329: 12324: 12259: 12229: 12194: 12174: 12154: 12139: 12104: 12028: 11945: 11940: 11854: 9759: 9610:

The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan

9530: 8104: 7554: 6684: 6626: 6431: 5613: 5570: 5109: 5084: 4984: 4035:

Mallama, Anthony (2017). "The spherical bolometric albedo for planet Mercury".

3083: 3079: 3075: 3048: 2829: 2713: 2559: 2301: 2165:

that are about 17 times stronger than the Moon's on Earth. Combined with a 3:2

2019: 1821: 1797: 1759: 1691: 1557: 1395: 1314: 1175: 1147: 942: 314: 276: 193: 10884: 10411: 10111: 9579:"Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism" 9051: 8575: 8457: 8429: 7943:"Space Topics: Compare the Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars" 7303: 7174:"MESSENGER Scientists "Astonished" to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere" 7107: 6386: 6361: 5850: 4698: 4331:

Berezhnoy, Alexey A. (January 2018). "Chemistry of impact events on Mercury".

4306: 4013: 3783: 3758: 2010: 1719:

An unusual feature of Mercury's surface is the numerous compression folds, or

1299: 15375: 15129: 15109: 14689: 14422: 14405: 14226: 14143: 14106: 14077: 14067: 14035: 14013: 13993: 13956: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13309: 13114: 13104: 12764: 12734: 12634: 12619: 12429: 12199: 12046: 11970: 11897: 11882: 11618: 9101: 8583: 8400: 8334: 8326: 8253: 6657: 5785: 5125: 5044:

Solomon, Sean C.; Nittler, Larry R.; Anderson, Brian J. (December 20, 2018).

4419: 4164: 4021: 3932: 3850: 3568: 3539: 3402: 3378: 3340: 3336: 3221: 3052: 2945: 2849: 2692: 2672: 2654: 2586: 2577:

An alternate method for viewing Mercury involves observing the planet with a

2231: 2061: 2057: 1993: 1943: 1931: 1800:

is located at latitude 0°W or 180°W, and it climbs to a temperature of about

1724: 1679: 1656: 1569: 1533: 1456: 1436: 1054: 1015: 989: 327: 11583: 10888: 10115: 9086: 8499: 8357: 8074: 7401: 7366: 7250: 7220: 6477: 6307: 5946:"Ballet isn't rocket science, but the two aren't mutually exclusive, either" 5838: 4128:

Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Paige, David A.; Wood, Stephen E. (February 19, 1999).

2855:

A rare event in astronomy is the passage of one planet in front of another (

2704:). It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the 2328:

from nearly zero (circular) to more than 0.45 over millions of years due to

2180:

Mercury's orbit is inclined by 7 degrees to the plane of Earth's orbit (the

2157:

This varying distance to the Sun leads to Mercury's surface being flexed by

1463:, mountains (montes), plains (planitiae), escarpments (rupes), and valleys ( 15327: 15207: 15193: 14984: 14939: 14596: 14479: 14373: 14313: 14296: 14116: 14094: 14045: 14003: 13988: 13973: 13839: 13798: 13763: 13583: 13134: 12609: 12544: 12249: 11998: 11917: 11558:

was created from a revision of this article dated 16 January 2008

10485: 10225: 8952: 8866:

Laskar, Jacques (March 18, 2008). "Chaotic diffusion in the Solar System".

8791: 8634: 8303: 8082: 7759: 7572: 7409: 7228: 7134: 7072: 6966: 6839: 6485: 6147: 5846: 5789: 5741: 5513: 4156: 4077: 3247: 3243: 2837: 2325: 2318: 2205: 2035: 1732: 1728: 1565: 1382: 1360: 1284: 1261: 1189:). The Romans named the planet after the swift-footed Roman messenger god, 1135: 1058: 1039: 1019: 985: 11114:"MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations" 11009: 10773: 9065:

Gilvarry, John J. (1953). "Relativity Precession of the Asteroid Icarus".

9030:

Clemence, Gerald M. (1947). "The Relativity Effect in Planetary Motions".

5527: 4382: 2547:

elongation, Mercury rises at its earliest before sunrise, and at greatest

2523:

False-color map showing the maximum temperatures of the north polar region

2492:

7 days) the sequence of phenomena it showed seven Mercurian years before.

2132: 15248: 15242: 15025: 15013: 15008: 14959: 14934: 14904: 14899: 14847: 14842: 14667: 14581: 14540: 14501: 14378: 14203: 14126: 14089: 13978: 13450: 10443:

A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury

7927: 7902: 7849: 7129:

Hunten, Donald M.; Shemansky, Donald Eugene; Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1988).

6614: 6547: 6132: 6107: 6078: 6049: 5918: 5009: 3924: 3834: 3504:

of several syllables a certain cuneiform sign is most likely designating.

3303: 3272: 3087: 2918: 2856: 2817: 2742:

for Mercury, and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday. The god

2705: 2680: 2496: 2443: 2158: 1969: 1935: 1879:

of water from the planet's interior and deposition by impacts of comets.

1510: 1485: 1413: 1122: 946: 771: 752: 734: 714: 303: 11624: 8944: 8783: 7751: 7586: 7133:. In Vilas, Faith; Chapman, Clark R.; Shapley Matthews, Mildred (eds.). 5447:

Mercury's crust is more analogous to a marbled cake than a layered cake.

4948: 4833: 3842: 2867:. The next occultation of Mercury by Venus will be on December 3, 2133. 1313:

results appreciably from gravitational compression, particularly at the

39: 15267: 15214: 14954: 14533: 14111: 13435: 12013: 10941: 9969: 8229: 6656:

Rothery, David A.; Thomas, Rebeca J.; Kerber, Laura (January 1, 2014).

6447:"Flood Volcanism in the Northern High Latitudes of Mercury Revealed by 6026: 5682: 4939: 4888: 4824: 4780: 3109: 3095: 2860: 2786: 2766: 2755: 2675:'s model for the appearances of Mercury, showing the multiplication of 2402: 2377:

of Mercury's orbit around the Sun could not be completely explained by

2374: 2201: 2193: 1951: 1887: 1876: 1868: 1793: 1584: 1537: 1506: 1452: 1444: 1432: 1391: 1106: 1086: 1043: 934: 663: 456: 10676: 10282: 9738:

Samsó, Julio; Mielgo, Honorino (1994). "Ibn al-Zarqālluh on Mercury".

9366:

Curtis, A. C. (October 1972). "Finding Venus or Mercury in daylight".

5923:

Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior, Chicago

5483: 3756: 3231:

Topography of Mercury based on MDIS (Mercury Dual Imaging System) data

15228: 15221: 14650: 14616: 14447: 14368: 14291: 14286: 14257: 13998: 13951: 13820: 13803: 13509: 13467: 13443: 10387: 10362: 7440:

Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew (1999).

6346: 6259: 3311: 3188: 3017: 2676: 2635: 2623: 2578: 2324:

Simulations indicate that the orbital eccentricity of Mercury varies

2251: 2170: 1989: 1980: 1956: 1939: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1891: 1670: 1663: 1502: 1407: 1386: 1356: 1098: 926: 906: 895: 50: 14252: 5221: 3298:, and will study the planet at many different wavelengths including 15281: 15119: 14586: 14442: 14427: 14162: 13869: 13717: 13395: 11003: 10767: 10525: 10500: 10171: 10087: 10062: 9554:

Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy

9186: 9161: 9002:

In Search of Planet Vulcan, The Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Machine

8980:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences

8692: 8667: 6188:. Chicago, IL: Lunar and Planetary Science Institute. p. 106. 5521: 4985:"Thickness of the crust of Mercury from geoid-to-topography ratios" 4681: 4376: 4212: 4041: 3299: 3165:

On March 24, 1975, just eight days after its final close approach,

3056: 2782: 2774: 2615: 2509: 2305: 2181: 1895: 1860: 1817: 1805: 1576: 1494: 1460: 1347: 1288: 1204: 1130: 1078: 1061:(58.65 Earth days) are in a 3:2 ratio. This relationship is called 938: 901: 359: 8882: 8827: 8721: 8513:

Davies, M. E.; Dwornik, S. E.; Gault, D. E.; Strom, R. G. (1978).

5771: 5378: 2602: 2344:

Solar System, or even disrupt the rest of the inner Solar System.

1890:

over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded

1541: 1022:

that have accumulated over billions of years. Its largest crater,

14523: 14511: 14437: 13830: 13808: 13683: 13668: 11644: 10920:

Ness, Norman F. (1978). "Mercury – Magnetic field and interior".

10499:

Dantowitz, Ronald F.; Teare, Scott W.; Kozubal, Marek J. (2000).

9160:

Baumgardner, Jeffrey; Mendillo, Michael; Wilson, Jody K. (2000).

8029:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Springer. p. 176. 6359: 5349:"Messenger's message from Mercury: Time to rewrite the textbooks" 3060: 2971: 2833: 2798: 2658: 2619: 2614:

The earliest known recorded observations of Mercury are from the

2513: 2383: 2277: 2197: 2040: 1923: 1911: 1883: 1844:

in the early 1990s revealed that there are patches of high radar

1743: 1674:

Tolstoj basin is along the bottom of this image of Mercury's limb

1588: 1498: 1265: 1082: 1007: 954: 911: 545: 369: 7876:"Magnetic Tornadoes Could Liberate Mercury's Tenuous Atmosphere" 7792: 7277: 7198: 88: 14964: 14155: 14150: 13864: 13859: 13825: 13813: 13758: 13710: 13703: 13678: 13673: 13552: 11636: 9715:

Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore and Calendars

8812: 8553: 6523: 5661:

Strom, Robert G. (1979). "Mercury: a post-Mariner assessment".

3558: 3529: 3335:

On March 5, 2024, NASA released images of transits of the moon

3152: 2684: 2473: 2387: 2150:

Mercury's orbit overlaid with a circular orbit having the same

1907: 1903: 1899: 1448: 1268: 1169: 1047: 977: 916: 890: 885: 725: 493: 172: 135: 11461:"A trio of images highlight BepiColombo's third Mercury flyby" 8358:"BBC Radio 4 – More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets" 7525: 7379: 4084: 3986: 3227: 2184:), the largest of all eight known solar planets. As a result, 1378:, has been proposed to explain the formation of Earth's Moon. 163: 126: 14281: 13854: 13786: 13781: 13696: 13651: 13646: 10619:

Inner Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources

9881: 8166: 7278:"Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exosphere of Mercury" 7024:(1995). "Exogenic Sources of Water for Mercury's Polar Ice". 4412: 4404: 3805: 3609: 3307: 3114: 2739: 2300:

For many years it was thought that Mercury was synchronously

1833: 1820:

on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the

1720: 1592: 1529: 1237: 1233: 1174:, for its fleeting motion, a name that is retained in modern 1167: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1150:

had realized the two stars were one. They knew the planet as

1035: 1027: 950: 930: 217: 11116:. MESSENGER Mission News. September 30, 2009. Archived from 11005:

The Voyage of Mariner 10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury

10769:

The Voyage of Mariner 10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury

9882:

Ramasubramanian, K.; Srinivas, M. S.; Sriram, M. S. (1994).

8379:, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University. 8148:

Popular Astronomy: A Review of Astronomy and Allied Sciences

7276:

Killen, Rosemary; Cremonese, Gabrielle; et al. (2007).

6206: 5523:

The Voyage of Mariner 10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury

5130:

Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

4378:

The Voyage of Mariner 10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury

2886:. The effort to map the surface of Mercury was continued by 2724:

cultures refer to the planet literally as the "water star" (

2668: 2382:

slight oblateness of the Sun. The success of the search for

2138:

Animation of Mercury's and Earth's revolution around the Sun

2032:. The magnetic-field strength at Mercury's equator is about 1342:

missions, in addition to Earth-based observation, Mercury's

79: 13907: 13791: 13656: 11433: 10894: 10697: 10589: 10235: 10121: 9552:

Kelley, David H.; Milone, E. F.; Aveni, Anthony F. (2004).

9498:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. vii, 273. 9310:– Numbers generated using the Solar System Dynamics Group, 5703: 5220:

Benz, W.; Slattery, W. L.; Cameron, Alastair G. W. (1988).

5200:

10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0991:TOLSOM>2.3.CO;2

4759:(1969). "On the Internal Structures of Mercury and Venus". 4670: 3236:

much-higher-resolution images of much more of Mercury than

3216:

addition to continued observations and mapping of Mercury,

2743: 2639: 2480:

and +7.25 (below the limit of naked-eye visibility) around

2014:

Graph showing relative strength of Mercury's magnetic field

1652: 1440: 1394:. A third hypothesis proposes that the solar nebula caused 1245: 1241: 1031: 1011: 958: 922: 518: 178: 175: 141: 138: 91: 15322: 11652: 11063:"MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus" 9663:

Pride of India: A Glimpse Into India's Scientific Heritage

7085: 5636:"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites" 5435:

Morris, Jefferson (November 10, 2008). "Laser Altimetry".

4982: 4801: 3246:

to determine the abundances of elements in the crust, and

3074:

liberated by moving down the Sun's potential well becomes

2828:

The first telescopic observations of Mercury were made by

2750:

was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday. The

2454: 2082:

During its second flyby of the planet on October 6, 2008,

1640:

Perspective view of Caloris Basin – high (red); low (blue)

1125:

early in its history, like the Moon. According to current

13636: 10725: 10547: 10231:

To See the Unseen: A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy

9159: 4639:"Scientists find evidence Mercury has a solid inner core" 4283: 3033: 2913:

and Rolf B. Dyce, using the 300-metre-wide (330 yd)

2425:

per century relative to ICRF. In the early 20th century,

2162: 1849: 1517: 1287:. Mercury consists of approximately 70% metallic and 30% 1271:

of 2,439.7 kilometres (1,516.0 mi). Mercury is also

1121:

is highly homogeneous, which suggests that Mercury had a

1094: 981: 365: 85: 11207:"NASA Mercury Probe Trying to Survive for Another Month" 11088:"Countdown to MESSENGER's Closest Approach with Mercury" 10146: 8547: 8425:

Mercury is the closest planet to all seven other planets

6521: 6408: 5159:. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 1886. 2618:

tablets. These observations were most likely made by an

2056:

It is likely that this magnetic field is generated by a

11239:"NASA's Messenger Mission Is Set to Crash Into Mercury" 10585:"Mercury Passes in Front of the Sun, as Seen From Mars" 10109: 10067:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

10034:(November 1965). "The Rotation of the Planet Mercury". 8512: 8310: 8052: 7827: 6444: 6323: 3891: 2442:

Venus, 3.8387 for Earth, 1.351 for Mars, and 10.05 for

1812:. On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 9129: 9127: 6718:"On Closest Planet to the Sun, NASA Finds Lots of Ice" 6255:"Mercuryquakes May Currently Shake Up the Tiny Planet" 6179: 5043: 3726:

Davis, Phillips; Barnett, Amanda (February 15, 2021).

3098:

to attain a Mercury-synchronous orbit around the Sun.

2321:(the period of rotation) lasts about 58.7 Earth days. 1832:

where ice can accumulate. Water ice strongly reflects

15299: 11336: 11334: 10962: 10498: 8390: 7439: 7128: 6899: 6104: 4279: 4277: 4193: 4191: 4189: 2562:, a tectonic landform—high terrain (red); low (blue). 1605:

range in diameter from small bowl-shaped cavities to

1587:

to slow impactors down. During this time Mercury was

169: 144: 132: 82: 9661:

Pujari, R. M.; Kolhe, Pradeep; Kumar, N. R. (2006).

8250:

Mercury Closest Approaches to Earth generated with:

6757:. Vol. 26. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. 6711: 6709: 5968: 5154: 4167:. Figure 3 with the "TWO model"; Figure 5 for pole. 181: 11305:"Best Determination of MESSENGER's Impact Location" 9397:. Department of Physics at Fizik Bolumu in Turkey. 9124: 8517:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. 8113:. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 56. 7728:"A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field" 7701:"Mercury has molten core, Cornell researcher shows" 7050: 6934: 6655: 5381:. Science & Technology. European Space Agency. 5219: 5177: 5155:Watters, T. R.; Nimmo, F.; Robinson, M. S. (2004). 4858:"Mercury has molten core, Cornell researcher shows" 4733:. US Geological Survey. May 8, 2003. Archived from 2823: 2634:of Mercury date back to the 1st millennium BC. The 2472:is calculated to vary between −2.48 (brighter than 1999: 1772: 166: 160: 129: 123: 76: 73: 11331: 11237: 10622:. Springer International Publishing. p. 154. 9585:. Vol. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. 8999: 8151:. Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College. 1896. 7878:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from 7492: 7019: 6586:Groudge, Timothy A.; Head, James W. (March 2014). 4916:"The curious case of Mercury's internal structure" 4532:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. 4274: 4186: 3665: 3001:Water ice (yellow) at Mercury's north polar region 2566:Mercury is more often and easily visible from the 2099:. This also occurs in Earth's magnetic field. The 2039:. Like that of Earth, Mercury's magnetic field is 1207:; a Christian cross was added in the 16th century: 11082: 11080: 10501:"Ground-based High-Resolution Imaging of Mercury" 9551: 9422:American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, #42.05 9243:Mallama, Anthony (2011). "Planetary magnitudes". 8306:concerns and to support general long-term trends) 7251:"Instrument Shows What Planet Mercury Is Made Of" 6706: 5277:(1985). "The partial volatilization of Mercury". 4127: 4055: 3125:The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA's 2369:In 1859, the French mathematician and astronomer 2110: 15373: 10463: 9660: 7966: 7964: 7900: 6928: 5977:"Bizarre spider scar found on Mercury's surface" 4326: 4324: 2683:, thus eliminating the Ptolemaic eccentrics and 2551:elongation, it sets at its latest after sunset. 1381:Alternatively, Mercury may have formed from the 13596: 10854:"MESSENGER to test theory of shrinking Mercury" 9368:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 8920: 8207: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6581: 6579: 6577: 5794:"Tectonic Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets" 5311: 4795: 4637:Genova, Antonio; et al. (April 17, 2023). 3584:"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Mercury Major Body" 3138:the same face of the planet was lit at each of 2512:, because it is much closer to Earth than when 1808:, this occurs at 90° or 270°W and reaches only 1303:Mercury's internal structure and magnetic field 11162: 11077: 10845: 10576: 10445:(Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. 10258: 10026: 9238: 9236: 9207: 9205: 8658: 8604: 8048: 8046: 7869: 7867: 7373: 6736:, in a frozen block two and a half miles deep. 6438: 6319: 6317: 6248: 6246: 6175: 6173: 6146: 6047: 5406:"Messenger sheds light on Mercury's formation" 5269: 5267: 4049: 3497: 3285:developed and launched a joint mission called 2899:Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics 13757: 13568: 11668: 11264: 11229: 11198: 11132: 10333: 9972:(1986). "John Bevis and a Rare Occultation". 9583:American lectures on the history of religions 9446: 9286: 8759: 8706: 7961: 7026:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 6787:(2nd ed.). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 534. 4976: 3994:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 3799: 3763:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 3561:UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary 2622:astronomer around the 14th century BC. The 2386:based on its perturbations of the orbit of 1946:before later escaping back into space. The 1568:(right) amid volcanic plains (orange) near 1216: 1194: 1184: 1179: 993: 15402:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 13575: 13561: 11675: 11661: 10657:Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 9485: 8973: 7786: 7336: 7269: 7171: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6807: 5403: 4889:"Mercury's Core Molten, Radar Study Shows" 4583:Strom, Robert G.; Sprague, Ann L. 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AIP Publishing. March 12, 2019. 8127:from the original on October 31, 2023 8103: 7615: 6996:from the original on January 31, 2011 6860: 6782: 6715: 6515: 5974: 5944:Ritzel, Rebecca (December 20, 2012). 5886:from the original on December 5, 2020 5660: 5526:. NASA History Office. Archived from 5484:"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature" 5397: 4913: 4561: 4525: 4381:. NASA History Office. Archived from 4359: 4252:"Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies" 4244: 3965:from the original on December 4, 2008 3674:"The solar system's invariable plane" 3672:Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). 3588:JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 3321: 2413:per century relative to the inertial 2394:, but no such planet was ever found. 2022:. According to measurements taken by 1882:Mercury is too small and hot for its 1856:images of craters at the north pole. 1704:plains in the regions between craters 1294: 387:Longitude of ascending node 11501:from the original on August 20, 2023 11441:from the original on October 8, 2022 11204: 11186:from the original on August 22, 2017 10919: 10901:from the original on October 9, 2019 10191:. New York: CRC Press. p. 483. 10128:from the original on October 9, 2019 9922: 9740:Journal for the History of Astronomy 9511:Journal for the History of Astronomy 9343:Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 9274:from the original on August 17, 2000 8668:"The rotation of the planet Mercury" 8180: 8027:Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics 8006:from the original on August 29, 2015 8002:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. 7698: 7597:from the original on August 28, 2022 7490: 7318:from the original on October 9, 2022 6992:. 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US Geological Survey. 5486:. US Geological Survey. 3732:Solar System Exploration 3461: 2950:Mount Wilson Observatory 2903:USSR Academy of Sciences 2535:with Venus and the Moon. 2173:(the length between two 2006:Mercury's magnetic field 1322:moment of inertia factor 1217:Physical characteristics 984:and the smallest in the 833:Absolute magnitude 625:Sidereal rotation period 581:Moment of inertia factor 565:3.7 m/s (0.38 419:Physical characteristics 315:Orbital period (synodic) 15164:Solar System portal 14890:Giant-impact hypothesis 14497:Trans-Neptunian objects 13485:Colonization of Mercury 11170:"MESSENGER: Fact Sheet" 10977:2004E&PSL.218..261A 10801:SP-423 Atlas of Mercury 10416:SP-423 Atlas of Mercury 10185:Moore, Patrick (2000). 9986:1986S&T....72..220S 9230:(look at 1964 and 2013) 9087:10.1103/PhysRev.89.1046 8500:10.1029/JB080i017p02417 8428:(video). Archived from 8222:1983M&P....29...83V 8075:10.1126/science.1140514 7807:2001P&SS...49.1561S 7643:"Planetary Fact Sheets" 7402:10.1126/science.1172525 7221:10.1126/science.1159314 6861:Lewis, John S. (2004). 6783:Lewis, John S. (2004). 6751:Ice in the Solar System 6677:2014E&PSL.385...59R 6478:10.1126/science.1211997 6424:2009E&PSL.285..263K 6308:10.1029/JB083iB10p04883 5275:Cameron, Alastair G. W. 5136:: 1994LPI....25.1203S. 5101:2018E&PSL.489...92S 4773:1969Ap&SS...5...18L 4429:A Greek–English Lexicon 4222:2018A&C....25...10M 4200:Astronomy and Computing 3690:2012A&A...543A.133S 3565:Oxford University Press 3536:Oxford University Press 3440:Colonization of Mercury 3082:can be provided from a 3065:Mars planetary missions 3032:Mercury transiting the 2915:Arecibo radio telescope 2373:reported that the slow 2256:diurnal temperature lag 2126:Orbit of Mercury (2006) 1376:giant impact hypothesis 1256:Mercury is one of four 1138:and rock vaporization. 1073:Combined with its high 611:Synodic rotation period 208:Orbital characteristics 15052:Possible dwarf planets 14895:Gravitational collapse 14833:Circumstellar envelope 13632: 11597:map with feature names 11544: 11523:Listen to this article 10803:. NASA. Archived from 10486:10.1006/icar.1994.1105 10003:. Simon and Schuster. 9608:Crump, Thomas (1992). 9262:Espenak, Fred (1996). 8291:JPL Horizons 1950–2200 8271:March 9, 2012, at the 7703:. Cornell University. 7073:10.1006/icar.2000.6544 4864:. Cornell University. 4614:. NASA. Archived from 4157:10.1006/icar.1999.6175 4078:10.1006/icar.2001.6723 3608:values at the precise 3232: 3202: 3122: 3043: 3025: 3013:Exploration of Mercury 2688: 2611: 2563: 2536: 2524: 2489:Hubble Space Telescope 2465: 2366: 2297: 2015: 1788: 1754:There is evidence for 1751: 1715:Compressional features 1675: 1610:gravity. According to 1581:Late Heavy Bombardment 1572: 1536:in various languages. 1521:planetary nomenclature 1481: 1304: 1253: 1230:planetary-mass objects 1195: 1057:(88.0 Earth days) and 1038:system generated from 994: 871:trace (≲ 0.5 nPa) 15261:Laniakea Supercluster 14878:Sample-return mission 13631: 12830:Kuan Han-Chʻing 11611:May 20, 2016, at the 11588:. NASA. 1978. SP-423. 11543: 11495:European Space Agency 11465:European Space Agency 11376:European Space Agency 11348:. February 26, 2007. 11346:European Space Agency 11146:. November 15, 2011. 10922:Space Science Reviews 9665:. Samskrita Bharati. 9317:July 7, 2015, at the 8672:Astrophysical Journal 8515:NASA Atlas of Mercury 8000:"Transits of Mercury" 7283:Space Science Reviews 7088:Space Science Reviews 5882:. February 28, 2008. 5706:Belton, Michael J. S. 5663:Space Science Reviews 4757:Lyttleton, Raymond A. 4737:on September 29, 2006 4510:Astronomy: A Textbook 4420:Liddell, Henry George 4287:Space Science Reviews 3571:on December 22, 2019. 3532:UK English Dictionary 3283:Japanese Space Agency 3279:European Space Agency 3230: 3196: 3117: 3031: 3020: 2880:Giovanni Schiaparelli 2671: 2605: 2558:False-color image of 2557: 2530: 2522: 2457: 2439:0.001 arcseconds 2399:perihelion precession 2361: 2348:Advance of perihelion 2295: 2222:to 2 degrees across. 2145:Mercury has the most 2097:magnetic reconnection 2013: 1867:. By comparison, the 1786: 1779:Atmosphere of Mercury 1746: 1673: 1555: 1473: 1459:" (dorsa), Moon-like 1302: 1279:in the Solar System, 1224: 1048:impact event remnants 877:Composition by volume 759:blackbody temperature 15176:Astronomy portal 15077:Solar System objects 14823:Circumplanetary disk 12880:Li Chʻing-Chao 11593:Mercury nomenclature 11575:More spoken articles 11378:. December 1, 2016. 11309:messenger.jhuapl.edu 11065:. SpaceRef.com. 2005 11037:NSSDC Master Catalog 11012:on November 17, 2017 10776:on November 17, 2017 10505:Astronomical Journal 10311:. Wolfram Research. 10152:Astronomical Journal 9904:on December 23, 2010 9636:The passing of Korea 9147:Houghton Mifflin Co. 8440:– via YouTube. 7928:10.1029/2003JE002126 7850:10.1002/2013JE004459 7801:(14–15): 1561–1570. 7442:The New Solar System 6615:10.1002/2013JE004480 6548:10.1002/2014GL061224 6366:Geoscience Frontiers 6133:10.1029/2012JE004154 6079:10.1029/2000JE001384 6064:(E11): 27853–27864. 6048:Wieczorek, Mark A.; 5530:on November 17, 2017 5010:10.1002/2014GL062487 4385:on November 17, 2017 3925:10.1029/2012JE004161 3835:10.1002/2014JE004675 3647:"Mercury Fact Sheet" 3445:Mercury in astrology 3435:Astronomy on Mercury 3331:Perseverance (rover) 2911:Gordon H. Pettengill 2884:synchronous rotation 2836:from 1610. In 1612, 2663:Planetary Hypotheses 2533:San Jose, California 2501:inferior conjunction 2482:inferior conjunction 2478:superior conjunction 2423:0.69 arcseconds 2411:0.65 arcseconds 2401:of Mercury is 5,600 2288:Spin-orbit resonance 2266:Longitude convention 2167:spin–orbit resonance 2093:flux transfer events 1852:was confirmed using 1501:, as represented by 1439:than the surface of 1103:faint magnetic field 1091:permanently shadowed 1075:orbital eccentricity 1063:spin–orbit resonance 15397:Terrestrial planets 15275:Observable universe 15072:Solar System models 15002:Protoplanetary disk 14925:Interstellar medium 14885:Frost/Ice/Snow line 13336:Inter-crater plains 11619:3D globe of Mercury 10934:1978SSRv...21..527N 10741:1996AcAau..39..143L 10669:2015JGCD...38.2096W 10562:2007Icar..187..374H 10517:2000AJ....119.2455D 10478:1994Icar..110....2M 10451:1977PhDT.........9G 10379:1965Natur.208..575C 10275:1965Natur.206Q1240P 10164:1965AJ.....70..486E 10079:1890PASP....2...79H 10048:1965SAOSR.188.....C 9923:Gaab, Hans (2018). 9861:1969Cent...14...49G 9795:1955VA......1...84H 9783:Vistas in Astronomy 9752:1994JHA....25..289S 9523:1996JHA....27....1G 9434:2007AAS...210.4205S 9380:1972JBAA...82..438C 9178:2000AJ....119.2458B 9079:1953PhRv...89.1046G 9044:1947RvMP...19..361C 8945:10.1038/nature08096 8937:2009Natur.459..817L 8892:2008Icar..196....1L 8837:2014Icar..241...26N 8784:10.1038/nature02609 8776:2004Natur.429..848C 8731:2009Icar..201....1C 8684:1966ApJ...145..296C 8619:1965Sci...150.1717L 8568:2011CeMDA.109..101A 8535:on October 24, 2011 8492:1975JGR....80.2417D 8460:on October 28, 2021 8432:on October 28, 2021 8067:2007Sci...316..710M 7919:2003JGRE..108.5121V 7842:2014JGRE..119..850P 7752:10.1038/nature05342 7744:2006Natur.444.1056C 7738:(7122): 1056–1058. 7547:2020NatSR..10.4737R 7394:2009Sci...324..610M 7351:2015Icar..250..230K 7296:2007SSRv..132..433K 7213:2008Sci...321...90Z 7100:2007SSRv..131..161D 7065:2001Icar..149....1H 7038:1995DPS....27.2112R 6951:1992Sci...258..635S 6914:1992Icar..100...40I 6824:1970Sci...170..535M 6607:2014JGRE..119..635G 6540:2014GeoRL..41.6084T 6470:2011Sci...333.1853H 6464:(6051): 1853–1856. 6378:2020GeoFr..11..855G 6339:2016NatGe...9..743W 6300:1978JGR....83.4883D 6221:2019Icar..331..226S 6194:2001mses.conf..106W 6164:2008LPI....39.1750D 6124:2012JGRE..117.0L08F 6070:2001JGR...10627853W 6019:1975Moon...12..159S 5950:The Washington Post 5931:2001mses.conf..100S 5813:1981Sci...213...62H 5726:1974Sci...185..166B 5710:McElroy, Michael B. 5675:1979SSRv...24....3S 5606:2019Eleme..15...39C 5563:2019Eleme..15...33N 5469:2012LPI....43.2151H 5326:1978Icar...35...99W 5291:1985Icar...64..285C 5238:1988Icar...74..516B 5192:1998Geo....26..991W 5165:2004LPI....35.1886W 5142:1994LPI....25.1203S 5001:2015GeoRL..42.1029P 4932:2013JGRE..118.1204H 4817:2013JGRE..118.1204H 4691:2018mvam.book...30N 4618:on January 12, 2019 4345:2018Icar..300..210B 4299:2005SSRv..117..397M 4149:1999Icar..141..179V 4102:on January 27, 2023 4070:2002Icar..155..253M 4006:2018CeMDA.130...22A 3907:2012JGRE..117.0L09M 3827:2014JGRE..119.2417M 3775:2007CeMDA..98..155S 2907:Vladimir Kotelnikov 2810:Nilakantha Somayaji 2795:Qotb al-Din Shirazi 2598:Ancient astronomers 2593:Observation history 2568:Southern Hemisphere 2379:Newtonian mechanics 2236:rotational velocity 2234:equals its angular 2186:transits of Mercury 1816:. The intensity of 1491:chemically reducing 1258:terrestrial planets 1201:astronomical symbol 34: 18:Hermiocentric orbit 15255:Virgo Supercluster 15236:Milky Way subgroup 15067:Natural satellites 14950:Nebular hypothesis 14930:Interstellar space 14920:Interstellar cloud 14828:Circumstellar disc 14418:Near-Earth objects 14302:names and meanings 13633: 11599:from the USGS/IAU 11545: 11278:The New York Times 11245:The New York Times 10942:10.1007/BF00240907 9469:. NASA JPL. 2008. 8486:(B17): 2417–2430. 8230:10.1007/BF00928377 7593:. March 16, 2020. 7534:Scientific Reports 7500:The New York Times 6867:. Academic Press. 6723:The New York Times 6294:(B10): 4883–4906. 6027:10.1007/BF00577875 5683:10.1007/BF00221842 4940:10.1002/jgre.20091 4825:10.1002/jgre.20091 4781:10.1007/BF00653933 4485:The Planet Mercury 4449:. April 25, 2010. 3542:on March 27, 2020. 3450:Mercury in fiction 3420:(October 28, 2023) 3418:Transit of Mercury 3406:(February 8, 2024) 3382:(January 19, 2024) 3233: 3220:observed the 2012 3203: 3123: 3044: 3026: 2888:Eugenios Antoniadi 2816:later proposed by 2689: 2638:called the planet 2632:Babylonian records 2612: 2564: 2537: 2525: 2470:apparent magnitude 2466: 2367: 2365:of Mercury's orbit 2363:Apsidal precession 2298: 2238:so that the Sun's 2016: 1789: 1752: 1676: 1603:Craters on Mercury 1573: 1482: 1427:Geology of Mercury 1305: 1295:Internal structure 1277:natural satellites 1254: 1227:Inner Solar System 1004:terrestrial planet 821:Apparent magnitude 32: 15297: 15296: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15115:Lagrangian points 15087:by discovery date 14685:Human spaceflight 14656:historical models 14549: 14548: 14168:S/2015 (136472) 1 13550: 13549: 13493: 13492: 13412: 13411: 13344: 13343: 12390:Chŏng Chʼŏl 12385:Chiang Kʻui 12024:Santa María Rupes 11893:Mearcair Planitia 11878:Borealis Planitia 11873:Apārangi Planitia 11633:by Astronomy Cast 11627:at Solarviews.com 11541: 11497:. June 24, 2022. 11467:. June 20, 2023. 11319:on April 11, 2023 11179:. February 2011. 11033:"Mariner 10" 10807:on March 25, 2008 10729:Acta Astronautica 10677:10.2514/1.G000874 10663:(11): 2096–2107. 10347:978-0-231-03996-3 10337:Flight to Mercury 10283:10.1038/2061240a0 10245:978-0-16-048578-7 10198:978-0-7503-0620-1 10112:"Surface Mapping" 10032:Shapiro, Irwin I. 10028:Colombo, Giuseppe 10010:978-0-684-86580-5 9974:Sky and Telescope 9966:Sinnott, Roger W. 9936:978-3-319-92620-9 9724:978-0-292-75226-9 9699:978-0-521-63280-5 9672:978-81-87276-27-2 9619:978-0-415-05609-0 9563:978-0-387-95310-6 9352:978-0-9738109-3-6 9245:Sky and Telescope 9149:pp. 292–293. 9135:Menzel, Donald H. 9013:978-0-306-45567-4 8986:. Paris: 379–383. 8931:(7248): 817–819. 8770:(6994): 848–850. 8664:Shapiro, Irwin I. 8660:Colombo, Giuseppe 8304:original research 8061:(5825): 710–714. 8036:978-0-7923-5813-8 7627:978-0-534-42111-3 7451:978-0-521-64587-4 7388:(5927): 610–613. 7146:978-0-8165-1085-6 6945:(5082): 635–640. 6874:978-0-12-446744-6 6818:(3957): 535–537. 6794:978-0-12-446744-6 6534:(17): 6084–6092. 6327:Nature Geoscience 6003:Schultz, Peter H. 5720:(4146): 166–169. 5512:Dunne, James A.; 5124:Schenk, Paul M.; 5057:978-1-107-15445-2 4596:978-1-85233-731-5 4494:978-0-904094-02-2 3821:(12): 2417–2436. 3396: 3372: 3201:on April 30, 2015 3051:. Mercury has an 2748:Germanic paganism 2608:Liber astronomiae 2371:Urbain Le Verrier 1948:radioactive decay 1796:, the equatorial 1756:pyroclastic flows 1363:of approximately 1111:natural satellite 1109:. Mercury has no 971: 970: 921:Trace amounts of 814: 813: 16:(Redirected from 15409: 15387:Mercury (planet) 15362: 15361: 15360: 15350: 15349: 15348: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15326: 15325: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15305: 15291: 15289: 15280: 15273: 15266: 15259: 15253: 15247: 15241: 15234: 15227: 15220: 15213: 15206: 15199: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15162: 15161: 15160: 14863:Exozodiacal dust 14553: 14552: 14519:Detached objects 13755: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13595: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13554: 13553: 13539: 13527: 13526: 13423: 13422: 13369: 13368: 12890:Liang Kʻai 12095:Africanus Horton 12019:Resolution Rupes 12009:Enterprise Rupes 11989:Antoniadi Dorsum 11956:Goldstone Vallis 11951:Goldstone Catena 11923:Utaridi Planitia 11908:Stilbon Planitia 11888:Caloris Planitia 11708: 11707: 11677: 11670: 11663: 11654: 11653: 11648:mission web site 11640:mission web site 11589: 11585:Atlas of Mercury 11565: 11563: 11552: 11551: 11542: 11531: 11529: 11524: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11434:NASA Spaceflight 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11338: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11241: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11185: 11174: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10971:(3–4): 261–268. 10960: 10954: 10953: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10890:Atlas of Mercury 10880: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10706: 10695: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10528: 10511:(4): 2455–2457. 10496: 10490: 10489: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10388:10.1038/208575a0 10358: 10352: 10351: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10117:Atlas of Mercury 10107: 10101: 10100: 10090: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10024: 10015: 10014: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9903: 9888: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9332: 9321: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9296:. Archived from 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9240: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9209: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9172:(5): 2458–2464. 9157: 9151: 9150: 9131: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9027: 9018: 9017: 9005: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8885: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8830: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8724: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8531:. Archived from 8525: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8377:David A. Rothery 8371: 8369: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8314: 8308: 8266:Text Output file 8248: 8242: 8241: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8162: 8160: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7949:on July 28, 2011 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7670: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7437: 7422: 7421: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7367:2060/20150010116 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7290:(2–4): 433–509. 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7094:(1–4): 161–186. 7083: 7077: 7076: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7022:Zahnle, Kevin J. 7017: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6990:"Ice on Mercury" 6985: 6979: 6978: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6734:Washington, D.C. 6713: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6662: 6653: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6632:on July 18, 2019 6631: 6625:. Archived from 6592: 6583: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6455: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6418:(3–4): 263–271. 6406: 6400: 6399: 6389: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6347:10.1038/ngeo2814 6321: 6312: 6311: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6148:Denevi, Brett W. 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6081: 6045: 6039: 6038: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5915: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5856:on July 21, 2018 5855: 5849:. Archived from 5839:2060/20020090713 5824: 5798: 5790:Solomon, Sean C. 5782: 5776: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5012: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4951: 4926:(6): 1204–1220. 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4811:(6): 1204–1220. 4799: 4793: 4792: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4684: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4368: 4357: 4356: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4293:(3–4): 397–443. 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4215: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4134: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3918: 3889: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3723: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3642: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3567:. Archived from 3550: 3544: 3543: 3538:. Archived from 3521: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3415: 3398: 3397: 3374: 3373: 3256: 3241: 3214: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3072:potential energy 2998: 2983: 2967: 2957: 2934: 2926:Giuseppe Colombo 2876:Friedrich Bessel 2779:geocentric orbit 2730:), based on the 2729: 2728: 2703: 2702: 2463: 2458:Image mosaic by 2440: 2438: 2424: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2341:orbital resonant 2275: 2232:orbital velocity 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2135: 2123: 2090: 2077: 2048: 2038: 2027: 1874: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1767:compound volcano 1760:shield volcanoes 1731:associated with 1688:space weathering 1649:Caloris Planitia 1637: 1625: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1212: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1024:Caloris Planitia 997: 848:Angular diameter 767: 766: 713:North pole 701: 692: 687:North pole 678: 677: 673: 644: 642: 635: 618: 592: 590: 553: 532: 530: 507: 505: 482: 480: 447: 442: 441: 439: 376:invariable plane 299: 294: 287: 270: 269: 202: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 107: 106: 105: 104: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 42: 35: 31: 21: 15417: 15416: 15412: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15407: 15406: 15372: 15371: 15368: 15358: 15356: 15346: 15344: 15334: 15332: 15320: 15310: 15308: 15300: 15298: 15293: 15287: 15285: 15284: 15278: 15271: 15264: 15257: 15251: 15245: 15239: 15232: 15225: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15182: 15180: 15170: 15168: 15158: 15156: 15143: 15134: 15098: 15035: 15019:vs. Hill sphere 14945:Molecular cloud 14873:Sample curation 14853:Detached object 14792: 14785: 14629: 14621: 14558: 14545: 14490:Neptune trojans 14273: 14271: 14269: 14262: 14198: 13891: 13762: 13744: 13630: 13593: 13586: 13581: 13551: 13546: 13514: 13489: 13473: 13456: 13427: 13408: 13390: 13360: 13340: 13314: 13235:Sholem Aleichem 12071: 12062:Rembrandt Basin 12057:Raditladi Basin 12052:Pantheon Fossae 12039: 12033: 12004:Discovery Rupes 11994:Adventure Rupes 11981: 11975: 11966:Haystack Vallis 11961:Haystack Catena 11933: 11927: 11913:Suisei Planitia 11903:Sobkou Planitia 11865: 11859: 11847: 11841: 11753: 11737: 11718:Albedo features 11699: 11686: 11681: 11613:Wayback Machine 11582: 11579: 11578: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11556:This audio file 11553: 11546: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11514: 11504: 11502: 11489: 11488: 11484: 11474: 11472: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11425: 11421: 11411: 11409: 11400: 11399: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11353: 11340: 11339: 11332: 11322: 11320: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11269: 11265: 11255: 11253: 11234: 11230: 11220: 11218: 11203: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11153: 11151: 11138: 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11120:on May 10, 2013 11112: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11094:on May 13, 2013 11086: 11085: 11078: 11068: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11029: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11000:"Chapter Eight" 10996: 10992: 10961: 10957: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10902: 10881: 10877: 10867: 10865: 10850: 10846: 10836: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10808: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10760: 10756: 10724: 10720: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10684: 10653: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10630: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10581: 10577: 10546: 10542: 10497: 10493: 10462: 10458: 10439: 10435: 10425: 10423: 10408: 10404: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10316: 10303: 10302: 10298: 10269:(1240): 451–2. 10257: 10253: 10246: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10199: 10183: 10179: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10108: 10104: 10059: 10055: 10025: 10018: 10011: 9997: 9993: 9963: 9959: 9946: 9944: 9937: 9921: 9917: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9891:Current Science 9886: 9880: 9876: 9845: 9841: 9834: 9826:. p. 137. 9815: 9811: 9807:at pp. 118–122. 9779: 9775: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9631: 9627: 9620: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9550: 9546: 9507: 9503: 9490: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9465: 9464: 9460: 9445: 9441: 9418: 9414: 9404: 9402: 9391: 9387: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9333: 9324: 9319:Wayback Machine 9303: 9301: 9300:on May 11, 2013 9292: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9260: 9256: 9241: 9234: 9223: 9221: 9210: 9203: 9158: 9154: 9132: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9098: 9094: 9067:Physical Review 9063: 9059: 9028: 9021: 9014: 8996: 8992: 8972: 8968: 8919: 8915: 8864: 8860: 8821:(2014): 26–44. 8811: 8807: 8758: 8754: 8705: 8701: 8657: 8650: 8603: 8599: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8511: 8507: 8476: 8472: 8463: 8461: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8435: 8433: 8420: 8416: 8389: 8385: 8367: 8365: 8354: 8350: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8299:Wayback Machine 8288: 8286:Wayback Machine 8276: 8273:Wayback Machine 8262:Wayback Machine 8251: 8249: 8245: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8179: 8175: 8158: 8156: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8121: 8105:Kaler, James B. 8102: 8098: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7969: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7882:on May 18, 2012 7872: 7865: 7826: 7822: 7791: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7438: 7425: 7378: 7374: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7207:(5885): 90–92. 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7147: 7127: 7123: 7084: 7080: 7049: 7045: 7018: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6986: 6982: 6933: 6929: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6714: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6590: 6584: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6453: 6443: 6439: 6407: 6403: 6358: 6354: 6333:(10): 743–747. 6322: 6315: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6251: 6244: 6205: 6201: 6178: 6171: 6145: 6141: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6050:Zuber, Maria T. 6046: 6042: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5938: 5919:Spudis, Paul D. 5916: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5822:10.1.1.715.4402 5807:(4503): 62–76. 5796: 5783: 5779: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5702: 5698: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5590: 5586: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5518:"Chapter Seven" 5510: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5480: 5476: 5457: 5453: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5410:Chemistry World 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5310: 5306: 5272: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5218: 5207: 5186:(11): 991–994. 5176: 5172: 5153: 5149: 5122: 5118: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4800: 4796: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4709: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4642:(Press release) 4641: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4581: 4562: 4549: 4547: 4540: 4524: 4520: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4481: 4477: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4434:Perseus Project 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4369: 4360: 4329: 4322: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4196: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4132: 4126: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4054: 4050: 4033: 4029: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3916:10.1.1.676.5383 3890: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3707: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3643: 3616: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3576: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3333: 3327: 3275: 3269: 3254: 3237: 3210: 3191: 3185: 3172: 3166: 3157: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3112: 3106: 3042:(June 3, 2014). 3015: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2953: 2930: 2892:albedo features 2872:Johann Schröter 2846:Johannes Kepler 2842:Pierre Gassendi 2826: 2814:Tychonic system 2736:Hindu mythology 2644:their mythology 2629: 2600: 2595: 2459: 2452: 2436: 2434: 2427:Albert Einstein 2420: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2356: 2350: 2290: 2271: 2268: 2240:apparent motion 2218: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2152:semi-major axis 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2113: 2088: 2073: 2044: 2033: 2023: 2008: 2002: 1960: 1942:into Mercury's 1872: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1781: 1775: 1741: 1717: 1700: 1684:Beethoven Basin 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1550: 1429: 1423: 1421:Surface geology 1369: 1365: 1364: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1297: 1219: 1144: 963: 868: 850: 838: 823: 747: 717: 707: 699: 693: 690:right ascension 688: 680: 675: 671: 669: 666: 654: 647: 640: 638: 633: 627: 616: 613: 601: 599:Escape velocity 588: 586: 583: 572: 562: 560:Surface gravity 552:5.427 g/cm 551: 548: 538: 528: 526: 513: 503: 501: 488: 478: 476: 470: 451: 445: 437: 435: 434: 428: 401: 389: 380: 342: 333:47.36 km/s 330: 317: 308: 292: 290: 285: 279: 267: 265: 252: 250:Semi-major axis 159: 155: 153: 122: 118: 100: 99: 72: 68: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15415: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15367: 15366: 15354: 15342: 15330: 15318: 15295: 15294: 15191: 15190: 15178: 15166: 15154: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15140: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15031:Scattered disc 15028: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15011: 15006: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14819: 14818: 14816:Excretion disk 14811:Accretion disk 14808: 14803: 14801:Star formation 14797: 14795: 14787: 14786: 14784: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14725: 14724: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14690:space stations 14682: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14643: 14637: 14635: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14563: 14561: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14529:Scattered disc 14526: 14521: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14316: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14304: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14278: 14276: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14220: 14215: 14208: 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13901: 13899: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13768: 13766: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13580: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13557: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13544: 13532: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13512: 13507: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13481: 13479: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13464: 13462: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13453:(2018–present) 13448: 13440: 13431: 13429: 13420: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13400: 13398: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13377: 13375: 13366: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13352: 13350: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12630:Guido d'Arezzo 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12043: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12029:Victoria Rupes 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11946:Arecibo Vallis 11943: 11941:Arecibo Catena 11937: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11855:Caloris Montes 11851: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11733:Magnetic field 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11705: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11680: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11642: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11603: 11590: 11568: 11554: 11547: 11534: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517:External links 11515: 11513: 11512: 11482: 11452: 11419: 11393: 11363: 11330: 11296: 11263: 11228: 11197: 11161: 11131: 11105: 11076: 11054: 11023: 10990: 10955: 10928:(5): 527–553. 10912: 10875: 10844: 10818: 10787: 10764:"Chapter Four" 10754: 10735:(1): 143–151. 10718: 10682: 10647: 10628: 10608: 10575: 10556:(2): 374–405. 10540: 10526:10.1086/301328 10491: 10456: 10433: 10402: 10353: 10346: 10326: 10296: 10251: 10244: 10216: 10197: 10177: 10172:10.1086/109772 10148:Evans, John V. 10139: 10102: 10088:10.1086/120099 10053: 10016: 10009: 9991: 9957: 9935: 9915: 9874: 9839: 9832: 9809: 9773: 9746:(4): 289–96 . 9730: 9723: 9705: 9698: 9678: 9671: 9653: 9625: 9618: 9600: 9569: 9562: 9556:. Birkhäuser. 9544: 9501: 9484: 9458: 9439: 9412: 9385: 9358: 9351: 9322: 9285: 9254: 9232: 9212:Walker, John. 9201: 9187:10.1086/301323 9152: 9123: 9100:Brown, Kevin. 9092: 9057: 9038:(4): 361–364. 9019: 9012: 8990: 8966: 8913: 8858: 8805: 8752: 8699: 8693:10.1086/148762 8648: 8613:(3704): 1717. 8597: 8562:(2): 101–135. 8546: 8520: 8505: 8470: 8443: 8414: 8383: 8348: 8309: 8301: 8243: 8200: 8173: 8138: 8119: 8096: 8042: 8035: 8017: 7990: 7960: 7934: 7893: 7863: 7836:(4): 850–866. 7820: 7785: 7718: 7691: 7660: 7633: 7626: 7608: 7578: 7541:(4737): 4737. 7518: 7483: 7457: 7450: 7423: 7372: 7329: 7268: 7242: 7191: 7164: 7145: 7121: 7078: 7043: 7007: 6980: 6927: 6892: 6873: 6853: 6800: 6793: 6775: 6740: 6726:. p. A3. 6705: 6643: 6601:(3): 635–658. 6573: 6514: 6437: 6401: 6372:(3): 855–870. 6352: 6313: 6278: 6242: 6199: 6169: 6158:(1391): 1750. 6139: 6097: 6040: 6013:(2): 159–175. 5994: 5967: 5936: 5897: 5867: 5786:Head, James W. 5777: 5755: 5696: 5653: 5627: 5584: 5541: 5501: 5474: 5451: 5427: 5396: 5370: 5339: 5304: 5285:(2): 285–294. 5263: 5232:(3): 516–528. 5205: 5170: 5147: 5126:Melosh, H. Jay 5116: 5075: 5056: 5036: 4975: 4906: 4879: 4848: 4794: 4748: 4722: 4707: 4663: 4629: 4602: 4595: 4560: 4538: 4518: 4500: 4493: 4475: 4438: 4396: 4358: 4320: 4273: 4243: 4185: 4143:(2): 179–193. 4113: 4083: 4064:(2): 253–264. 4048: 4027: 3976: 3946: 3879: 3798: 3769:(3): 155–180. 3749: 3705: 3664: 3614: 3574: 3545: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3329:Main article: 3326: 3320: 3271:Main article: 3268: 3263: 3187:Main article: 3184: 3179: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3100: 3084:gravity assist 3080:delta-v budget 3076:kinetic energy 3049:potential well 3011:Main article: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2830:Thomas Harriot 2825: 2822: 2804:In India, the 2746:(or Woden) of 2738:used the name 2627: 2606:Mercury, from 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2570:than from the 2560:Carnegie Rupes 2451: 2448: 2352:Main article: 2349: 2346: 2304:with the Sun, 2302:tidally locked 2289: 2286: 2267: 2264: 2161:raised by the 2137: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2020:magnetic field 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1994:microorganisms 1988:, and perhaps 1958: 1932:Hydrogen atoms 1863:that inhibits 1822:solar constant 1798:subsolar point 1777:Main article: 1774: 1771: 1748:Picasso crater 1740: 1737: 1725:wrinkle ridges 1716: 1713: 1699: 1696: 1692:micrometeorite 1639: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1564:(center), and 1549: 1546: 1457:wrinkle-ridges 1447:and plateaus. 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1296: 1293: 1218: 1215: 1148:ancient Greeks 1143: 1140: 969: 968: 965: 964: 962: 961: 943:carbon dioxide 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 893: 888: 881: 879: 873: 872: 869: 863: 860: 859: 855: 854: 851: 846: 843: 842: 839: 831: 828: 827: 826:−2.48 to +7.25 824: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 805: 802: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 763: 762: 755: 749: 748: 746: 745: 738: 730: 728: 722: 721: 718: 712: 709: 708: 706: 705: 702: 696: 694: 686: 683: 682: 667: 662: 659: 658: 657:3.026 m/s 655: 652: 649: 648: 646: 645: 636: 630: 628: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 606: 605: 604:4.25 km/s 602: 597: 594: 593: 584: 579: 576: 575: 570: 563: 558: 555: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 537: 536: 533: 523: 521: 515: 514: 512: 511: 508: 498: 496: 490: 489: 487: 486: 483: 473: 471: 466: 463: 462: 459: 453: 452: 450: 449: 443: 431: 429: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 397: 394: 393: 390: 385: 382: 381: 379: 378: 372: 362: 355: 353: 347: 346: 343: 338: 335: 334: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 313: 310: 309: 307: 306: 300: 288: 286:87.9691 d 282: 280: 275: 272: 271: 263: 257: 256: 253: 248: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 229:0.466697 227: 221: 220: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 190: 189: 115: 109: 108: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15414: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15370: 15365: 15355: 15353: 15343: 15341: 15331: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15317: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15292: 15283: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15256: 15250: 15244: 15237: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15209: 15202: 15195: 15189: 15179: 15177: 15167: 15165: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15131: 15130:Tidal locking 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15110:Double planet 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15062:Minor planets 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15003: 15000: 14996: 14995:Merging stars 14993: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14788: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14648: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:Subsatellites 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14560: 14557:Hypothetical 14554: 14551: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14423:Asteroid belt 14421: 14419: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14298: 14297:Minor planets 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14275: 14265: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14173: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14161: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14149: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14088: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14061: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13898: 13894: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13838: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13819: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13765: 13760: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13741: 13740: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13589: 13585: 13578: 13573: 13571: 13566: 13564: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13543: 13542: 13538: 13533: 13531: 13530: 13521: 13520: 13517: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13496: 13486: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13452: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13331:Ghost craters 13329: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12785:Judah Ha-Levi 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12047:Caloris Basin 12045: 12044: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11978: 11972: 11971:Simeiz Vallis 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11898:Odin Planitia 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883:Budh Planitia 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11846:Mountains and 11844: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11673: 11671: 11666: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11557: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11335: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11267: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11240: 11232: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11182: 11178: 11171: 11165: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11124:September 30, 11119: 11115: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11064: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10879: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10848: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10722: 10703: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10635: 10631: 10629:9783319195698 10625: 10621: 10620: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10373:(5010): 575. 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10330: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10255: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10021: 10012: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9954: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9919: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9833:1-4020-0657-8 9829: 9825: 9821: 9813: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9789:(1): 84–138. 9788: 9784: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9726: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9682: 9674: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9565: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9496: 9488: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9237: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9206: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9111: 9108:. MathPages. 9107: 9103: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9024: 9015: 9009: 9004: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8982:(in French). 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8393:Physics Today 8387: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8319:Physics Today 8313: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8188: 8184: 8181:Seligman, C. 8177: 8170: 8168: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8120:9789813143265 8116: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7965: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7868: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 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5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5514:Burgess, Eric 5508: 5506: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5379:"BepiColombo" 5374: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320:(1): 99–111. 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 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4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3404: 3380: 3356: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3248:magnetometers 3245: 3244:spectrometers 3240: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3222:solar maximum 3219: 3213: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:orbital speed 3050: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3014: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2946:lucky imaging 2941: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2850:Giovanni Zupi 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Kerala school 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777:of Mercury's 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732:Five elements 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2693:ancient China 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Ibn al-Shatir 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2590: 2588: 2587:solar eclipse 2583: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2400: 2397:The observed 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2330:perturbations 2327: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:Mercurian day 2223: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2134: 2122: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2062:tidal heating 2059: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:magnetosphere 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1824:(1,370 W·m). 1823: 1819: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1733:thrust faults 1730: 1729:lobate scarps 1726: 1722: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Tolstoj Basin 1672: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657:impact crater 1654: 1650: 1636: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1570:Caloris Basin 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:heterogeneous 1434: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1136:planetesimals 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:sidereal year 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:thrust faults 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:impact events 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 991: 990:ancient Roman 987: 983: 979: 976:is the first 975: 966: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 883: 882: 880: 878: 874: 870: 867: 861: 856: 852: 849: 844: 840: 837: 836: 829: 825: 822: 817: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 773: 769: 768: 764: 760: 756: 754: 750: 743: 739: 736: 732: 731: 729: 727: 723: 719: 716: 710: 703: 698: 697: 695: 691: 684: 668: 665: 660: 656: 650: 637: 634:58.646 d 632: 631: 629: 626: 621: 615: 612: 607: 603: 600: 595: 585: 582: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 556: 550: 547: 541: 534: 525: 524: 522: 520: 516: 509: 500: 499: 497: 495: 491: 484: 475: 474: 472: 469: 464: 460: 458: 454: 444: 433: 432: 430: 427: 422: 417: 413: 411: 407: 403: 400: 395: 391: 388: 383: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 361: 357: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 341: 336: 332: 329: 328:orbital speed 323: 320:115.88 d 319: 316: 311: 305: 301: 298: 289: 284: 283: 281: 278: 273: 264: 262: 258: 254: 251: 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 219: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 186: 149: 116: 114: 110: 103: 96: 67: 65:Pronunciation 63: 58: 53: 52: 47: 41: 36: 30: 19: 15382:Solar System 15369: 15364:Solar system 15286:Each arrow ( 15208:Local Bubble 15194:Solar System 15192: 14985:Planetesimal 14940:Kuiper cliff 14668:Space probes 14641:Colonization 14480:Kirkwood gap 14401:Saturn Moons 14314:Planetesimal 13776: 13772:Terrestrials 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13661: 13641: 13584:Solar System 13534: 13522: 13442: 13434: 13255:Sveinsdóttir 13160:Rachmaninoff 12985:Michelangelo 12980:Mendes Pinto 12915:Ma Chih-Yuan 12570:Gainsborough 12375:Chao Meng-Fu 12320:Brunelleschi 12150:Amru Al-Qays 12130:Al-Hamadhani 11999:Beagle Rupes 11918:Tir Planitia 11812:Michelangelo 11683: 11645: 11637: 11600: 11584: 11503:. 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Retrieved 3577: 3569:the original 3557: 3548: 3540:the original 3528: 3519: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3355:Perseverance 3354: 3345:Perseverance 3344: 3334: 3323:Perseverance 3322: 3315: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3265: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3102: 3069: 3045: 3038: 3021: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2896: 2869: 2854: 2838:Simon Marius 2827: 2803: 2760: 2696: 2690: 2662: 2648: 2613: 2607: 2584: 2576: 2565: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2494: 2486: 2467: 2460: 2396: 2368: 2335: 2323: 2319:sidereal day 2315: 2311: 2299: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2260: 2249: 2224: 2206:angular size 2191: 2179: 2159:tidal bulges 2156: 2144: 2104: 2100: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2024: 2017: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1936:helium atoms 1881: 1858: 1853: 1826: 1790: 1764: 1753: 1718: 1709: 1701: 1677: 1661: 1646: 1601: 1589:volcanically 1574: 1515: 1483: 1478: 1430: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1383:solar nebula 1380: 1361:planetesimal 1353: 1339: 1334: 1319: 1306: 1262:Solar System 1255: 1145: 1142:Nomenclature 1115: 1072: 1066: 1059:sidereal day 1052: 986:Solar System 973: 972: 834: 567: 535:0.055 Earths 510:0.056 Earths 485:0.147 Earths 468:Surface area 340:Mean anomaly 304:synodic days 302:0.5 Mercury 261:Eccentricity 60:Designations 49: 29: 15352:Outer space 15340:Spaceflight 15249:Local Sheet 15243:Local Group 15026:Rubble pile 15014:Roche limit 15009:Ring system 14960:Outer space 14935:Kuiper belt 14905:Hill sphere 14900:Hills cloud 14848:Debris disk 14843:Cosmic dust 14627:Exploration 14582:Planet Nine 14567:Fifth giant 14541:Hills cloud 14502:Kuiper belt 14473:exceptional 14389:Trojan camp 13451:BepiColombo 13447:(2004–2015) 13439:(1973–1975) 13418:Exploration 13285:Villa-Lobos 13265:To Ngoc Van 13230:Shakespeare 13165:Raden Saleh 13050:Mussorgskij 12730:Hovnatanian 12490:Dostoevskij 12370:Chaikovskij 12335:Callicrates 12215:Baranauskas 12185:Aristoxenes 12180:Apollodorus 11932:Canyons and 11822:Shakespeare 11759:Quadrangles 11749:Quadrangles 11646:BepiColombo 10472:(1): 2–32. 10226:"Chapter 5" 10158:: 487–500. 9970:Meeus, Jean 9374:: 438–439. 9251:(1): 51–56. 9073:(5): 1046. 8876:(1): 1–15. 8715:(1): 1–11. 8539:October 22, 8368:January 12, 8131:October 25, 7778:October 29, 7345:: 230–237. 7322:October 16, 7059:(1): 1–15. 6215:: 226–237. 5860:October 25, 5669:(1): 3–70. 4995:(4): 1029. 4339:: 210–222. 3554:"Mercurial" 3525:"Mercurian" 3401:Transit of 3377:Transit of 3339:, the moon 3316:BepiColombo 3304:ultraviolet 3291:BepiColombo 3287:BepiColombo 3273:BepiColombo 3266:BepiColombo 3242:, assorted 3088:Aerobraking 2919:Puerto Rico 2857:occultation 2848:. In 1639, 2818:Tycho Brahe 2808:astronomer 2793:astronomer 2769:astronomer 2706:Five Phases 2681:Tusi couple 2657:astronomer 2636:Babylonians 2450:Observation 2444:1566 Icarus 2326:chaotically 1970:Comet Encke 1865:sublimation 1597:Apollodorus 1538:Escarpments 1511:plagioclase 1486:magma ocean 1453:ray systems 1414:BepiColombo 1123:magma ocean 1107:solar winds 1044:ray systems 1042:and bright 947:water vapor 753:Temperature 715:declination 440:1.0 km 426:Mean radius 351:Inclination 44:Mercury in 15376:Categories 15268:Local Hole 15215:Gould Belt 14955:Oort cloud 14791:Formation, 14781:Deep space 14617:Vulcanoids 14534:Oort cloud 14458:first 1000 14394:Greek camp 14292:Meteoroids 14287:Damocloids 14233:Charikloan 13436:Mariner 10 13245:Stravinsky 13145:Praxiteles 13140:Polygnotus 13020:Monteverdi 12990:Mickiewicz 12945:Mark Twain 12525:Enheduanna 12425:Cunningham 12295:Botticelli 12210:Balanchine 12170:Anguissola 12100:Ahmad Baba 12038:Basins and 12014:Hero Rupes 11980:Ridges and 11864:Plains and 11723:Atmosphere 11571:Audio help 11562:2008-01-16 11505:October 6, 11475:October 6, 11445:October 8, 11323:October 6, 11190:August 21, 9646:January 8, 9593:January 8, 9145:. Boston: 7913:(E11): 7. 7653:August 10, 7601:August 27, 6698:August 20, 6636:August 25, 6507:August 20, 5646:August 20, 5445:(18): 18. 5420:August 21, 5363:August 21, 5256:August 25, 4682:1712.02187 4213:1808.01973 4106:January 3, 4042:1703.02670 3872:August 25, 3606:osculating 3512:References 3239:Mariner 10 3212:Mariner 10 3174:Mariner 10 3168:Mariner 10 3159:Mariner 10 3141:Mariner 10 3134:Mariner 10 3128:Mariner 10 3119:Mariner 10 3110:Mariner 10 3103:Mariner 10 3096:solar sail 2987:Elongation 2955:Mariner 10 2932:Mariner 10 2861:John Bevis 2787:Ibn Bajjah 2767:Andalusian 2756:underworld 2722:Vietnamese 2679:using the 2541:elongation 2468:Mercury's 2461:Mariner 10 2403:arcseconds 2375:precession 2273:Mariner 10 2244:retrograde 2202:arcminutes 2194:axial tilt 2192:Mercury's 2075:Mariner 10 2046:Mariner 10 2025:Mariner 10 1990:life forms 1952:sputtering 1888:atmosphere 1877:outgassing 1846:reflection 1814:110 K 1810:550 K 1802:700 K 1794:perihelion 1585:atmosphere 1507:forsterite 1392:solar wind 1335:Mariner 10 1291:material. 1266:equatorial 1087:axial tilt 1083:equatorial 1053:Mercury's 1046:formed by 935:dinitrogen 858:Atmosphere 679:(to orbit) 664:Axial tilt 617:176 d 531:10 kg 506:10 km 481:10 km 457:Flattening 410:Satellites 358:7.005° to 239:Perihelion 154:Mercurial 117:Mercurian 113:Adjectives 46:true color 15316:Astronomy 15229:Milky Way 15222:Orion Arm 14990:Formation 14975:Migration 14970:Disrupted 14838:Coatlicue 14806:Accretion 14793:evolution 14739:Asteroids 14651:astronomy 14646:Discovery 14507:Cubewanos 14428:Asteroids 14258:Quaoarian 14248:Neptunian 14238:Chironean 14223:Saturnian 13999:Enceladus 13510:Sub-Earth 13468:Mercury-P 13444:MESSENGER 13396:Asteroids 13365:Astronomy 13300:Xiao Zhao 13275:Velázquez 13220:Scarlatti 13185:Rembrandt 13170:Raditladi 13155:Qi Baishi 13150:Prokofiev 12900:Lovecraft 12870:Lermontov 12770:Izquierdo 12685:Hiroshige 12675:Hemingway 12660:Hawthorne 12655:Hauptmann 12565:Futabatei 12465:Derzhavin 12455:Delacroix 12405:Coleridge 12360:Cervantes 12285:Boccaccio 12255:Belinskij 12245:Beethoven 12190:Aśvaghoṣa 12120:Al-Akhtal 12115:Akutagawa 12090:Abu Nuwas 11848:volcanoes 11827:Raditladi 11792:Discovery 11772:Beethoven 11704:Geography 11638:MESSENGER 11621:by Google 11289:April 30, 11256:April 27, 11211:Space.com 10950:120025983 10858:USA Today 10711:April 26, 10691:"Mercury" 10640:March 19, 10535:121483006 10319:April 18, 10305:"Mercury" 10097:122095054 10073:(7): 79. 9947:March 22, 9908:April 23, 9849:Centaurus 9768:118108131 9539:117218196 8883:0802.3371 8828:1307.0136 8722:0901.1843 8592:189842666 8584:0923-2958 8409:241077611 8343:241077611 8335:1945-0699 8238:122761699 7983:April 20, 7953:April 12, 7684:April 21, 7511:March 26, 7466:"Mercury" 7312:121944553 7237:206513512 7116:121301247 6671:: 59–67. 6449:MESSENGER 6396:210298205 6260:Space.com 6237:150072193 6136:. E00L08. 6118:. 15 pp. 6035:121225801 5817:CiteSeerX 5691:122563809 5622:135268415 5579:135051680 5494:April 11, 5095:: 92–99. 4862:Chronicle 4789:122572625 4731:"Mercury" 4717:119021137 4656:April 17, 4622:April 20, 4550:March 19, 4315:122285073 4206:: 10–24. 4165:0019-1035 4022:0923-2958 3933:0148-0227 3911:CiteSeerX 3851:2169-9097 3793:122772353 3742:April 21, 3728:"Mercury" 3657:April 19, 3312:gamma ray 3296:MESSENGER 3294:those on 3252:MESSENGER 3218:MESSENGER 3207:MESSENGER 3199:MESSENGER 3189:MESSENGER 3182:MESSENGER 3039:Curiosity 3022:MESSENGER 2905:, led by 2697:Chen-xing 2677:epicycles 2624:cuneiform 2579:telescope 2476:) around 2282:MESSENGER 2252:longitude 2171:solar day 2147:eccentric 2105:MESSENGER 2101:MESSENGER 2084:MESSENGER 2051:MESSENGER 1986:habitable 1974:MESSENGER 1940:diffusing 1928:hydroxide 1920:magnesium 1916:potassium 1892:exosphere 1869:Antarctic 1854:MESSENGER 1850:water ice 1830:cold trap 1804:. During 1739:Volcanism 1694:impacts. 1577:asteroids 1503:enstatite 1479:MESSENGER 1461:highlands 1408:MESSENGER 1400:accreting 1357:chondrite 1340:MESSENGER 1196:Mercurius 1099:exosphere 1095:water ice 995:Mercurius 980:from the 927:aluminium 907:potassium 896:magnesium 810:106.85 °C 801:85°N, 0°W 787:0°N, 0°W 643:.5 h 374:6.35° to 364:3.38° to 51:MESSENGER 15282:Universe 15120:Moonlets 14700:programs 14673:timeline 14661:timeline 14592:Planet X 14587:Planet V 14524:Sednoids 14512:Plutinos 14485:Centaurs 14463:families 14192:Dysnomia 14180:Xiangliu 14175:Gonggong 14163:Makemake 14122:Kerberos 14009:Hyperion 13947:Callisto 13942:Ganymede 13875:Gonggong 13870:Makemake 13725:Gonggong 13718:Makemake 13529:Category 13478:See also 13461:Proposed 13428:and past 13373:Transits 13250:Sullivan 13225:Schubert 13120:Petrarch 13045:Murasaki 13040:Munkácsy 12970:Melville 12910:Lysippus 12865:Leopardi 12860:Larrocha 12850:Kurosawa 12845:Kunisada 12790:Kalidasa 12695:Hodgkins 12690:Hitomaro 12650:Harunobu 12585:Ghiberti 12555:Flaubert 12550:Firdousi 12540:Faulkner 12520:Eminescu 12480:Dominici 12440:De Graft 12420:Couperin 12345:Carducci 12305:Bramante 12290:Boethius 12280:Bjornson 12205:Balagtas 12135:Al-Jāhiz 11866:plateaus 11837:Victoria 11797:Eminescu 11777:Borealis 11728:Features 11609:Archived 11573: · 11499:Archived 11469:Archived 11439:Archived 11406:Archived 11380:Archived 11350:Archived 11283:Archived 11250:Archived 11221:April 4, 11215:Archived 11181:Archived 11148:Archived 11069:March 2, 11047:April 7, 11041:Archived 11039:. NASA. 11016:July 12, 10899:Archived 10862:Archived 10837:June 18, 10831:Archived 10811:April 7, 10702:Archived 10634:Archived 10601:June 10, 10595:Archived 10426:April 7, 10420:Archived 10313:Archived 10291:31525579 10203:Archived 10126:Archived 9941:Archived 9587:Archived 9477:April 7, 9471:Archived 9399:Archived 9315:Archived 9272:Archived 9270:. NASA. 9218:Archived 9196:17361371 9137:(1964). 9110:Archived 8953:19516336 8908:11586168 8853:53690707 8792:15215857 8747:14778204 8666:(1966). 8643:45608770 8635:17768871 8464:July 22, 8362:Archived 8295:Archived 8282:Archived 8269:Archived 8258:Archived 8254:Solex 10 8193:July 31, 8187:Archived 8153:Archived 8125:Archived 8107:(2016). 8083:17478713 8004:Archived 7977:Archived 7975:. NASA. 7886:July 18, 7858:56282397 7772:Archived 7760:17183319 7711:April 7, 7705:Archived 7678:Archived 7647:Archived 7595:Archived 7573:32179758 7505:Archived 7470:Archived 7410:19407195 7316:Archived 7255:Archived 7229:18599777 7178:Archived 7151:Archived 7032:: 1117. 6994:Archived 6975:34009087 6967:17748898 6879:Archived 6848:38824994 6840:17799708 6768:July 27, 6759:Archived 6728:Archived 6689:Archived 6623:14393394 6566:July 19, 6560:Archived 6556:54683272 6498:Archived 6486:21960625 6265:Archived 6084:Archived 6052:(2001). 5981:Archived 5954:Archived 5890:April 7, 5884:Archived 5847:17741171 5792:(1981). 5742:17810510 5640:Archived 5594:Elements 5551:Elements 5516:(1978). 5488:Archived 5414:Archived 5389:April 7, 5383:Archived 5357:Archived 5250:Archived 5062:Archived 5023:Archived 5019:31442257 4962:Archived 4958:17668886 4893:Archived 4866:Archived 4843:17668886 4650:Archived 4544:Archived 4457:July 14, 4451:Archived 4389:July 12, 4260:Archived 4238:69912809 4169:Archived 3963:Archived 3941:22408219 3863:Archived 3859:42430050 3736:Archived 3651:Archived 3649:. NASA. 3598:April 7, 3592:Archived 3475:motion). 3428:See also 3300:infrared 3281:and the 3057:velocity 2799:sunspots 2775:deferent 2718:Japanese 2655:Egyptian 2620:Assyrian 2616:MUL.APIN 2572:Northern 2510:crescent 2306:rotating 2182:ecliptic 2175:meridian 1896:hydrogen 1861:regolith 1840:and the 1818:sunlight 1806:aphelion 1664:antipode 1560:(left), 1495:pyroxene 1387:protosun 1348:isostacy 1289:silicate 1281:Ganymede 1205:caduceus 1131:silicate 1079:sunlight 1067:sidereal 1016:cratered 939:dioxygen 902:hydrogen 866:pressure 864:Surface 770:Surface 704:281.01° 681:(0.034°) 360:ecliptic 345:174.796° 326:Average 225:Aphelion 54:in 2008) 15302:Portals 15103:Related 15082:by size 14771:Neptune 14756:Jupiter 14707:Mercury 14632:outline 14577:Phaeton 14572:Nemesis 14559:objects 14411:Neptune 14384:Jupiter 14364:Trojans 14357:Neptune 14342:Jupiter 14322:Mercury 14253:Haumean 14243:Uranian 14225: ( 14139:Hiʻiaka 14073:Proteus 14063:Neptune 14051:Miranda 14041:Umbriel 14031:Titania 14019:all 146 13984:Iapetus 13937:Jupiter 13831:Neptune 13809:Jupiter 13777:Mercury 13759:Planets 13684:Neptune 13669:Jupiter 13642:Mercury 13505:Fiction 13498:Related 13470:(~2031) 13426:Current 13326:Geology 13290:Vivaldi 13270:Tolstoj 13180:Raphael 13130:Picasso 13125:Phidias 13110:Oskison 13095:Neumann 13085:Nureyev 13065:Nampeyo 13060:Nabokov 13010:Molière 13000:Mistral 12965:Matisse 12960:Matabei 12955:Martial 12930:Mansart 12920:Machaut 12905:Lu Hsun 12875:Lessing 12840:Kulthum 12820:Kipling 12810:Kertész 12775:Janáček 12760:Imhotep 12755:Ictinus 12740:Hun Kal 12710:Holberg 12705:Holbein 12700:Hokusai 12640:Han Kan 12575:Gauguin 12560:Flaiano 12535:Equiano 12530:Enwonwu 12510:Eastman 12495:Dowland 12475:Dickens 12470:Desprez 12445:Debussy 12410:Copland 12365:Cézanne 12355:Calvino 12350:Carolan 12315:Bruegel 12275:Bernini 12240:Beckett 12165:Angelou 12160:Aneirin 12125:Alencar 12110:Aksakov 12077:Craters 11934:valleys 11832:Tolstoj 11802:Hokusai 11782:Debussy 11742:Regions 11711:General 11695:Outline 11684:Mercury 11631:Mercury 11625:Mercury 11560: ( 11530:minutes 11412:May 29, 11356:May 29, 11098:May 30, 10973:Bibcode 10930:Bibcode 10905:May 30, 10868:May 23, 10780:May 28, 10737:Bibcode 10665:Bibcode 10558:Bibcode 10513:Bibcode 10474:Bibcode 10447:Bibcode 10397:4213296 10375:Bibcode 10271:Bibcode 10160:Bibcode 10132:May 28, 10075:Bibcode 10044:Bibcode 10042:: 188. 9982:Bibcode 9980:: 220. 9857:Bibcode 9791:Bibcode 9748:Bibcode 9519:Bibcode 9430:Bibcode 9428:: 157. 9405:May 24, 9376:Bibcode 9304:May 30, 9278:May 24, 9224:May 29, 9174:Bibcode 9116:May 22, 9075:Bibcode 9040:Bibcode 8961:4416436 8933:Bibcode 8888:Bibcode 8833:Bibcode 8800:9289925 8772:Bibcode 8727:Bibcode 8680:Bibcode 8678:: 296. 8615:Bibcode 8607:Science 8564:Bibcode 8488:Bibcode 8436:May 29, 8360:. BBC. 8293: 8256: 8218:Bibcode 8091:8863681 8063:Bibcode 8055:Science 8010:May 20, 7915:Bibcode 7838:Bibcode 7803:Bibcode 7768:4342216 7740:Bibcode 7564:7075900 7543:Bibcode 7476:July 4, 7418:5578520 7390:Bibcode 7382:Science 7347:Bibcode 7292:Bibcode 7261:May 18, 7209:Bibcode 7201:Science 7184:May 18, 7136:Mercury 7096:Bibcode 7061:Bibcode 7034:Bibcode 7000:May 23, 6947:Bibcode 6938:Science 6910:Bibcode 6885:June 3, 6820:Bibcode 6811:Science 6673:Bibcode 6603:Bibcode 6536:Bibcode 6494:7651992 6466:Bibcode 6458:Science 6420:Bibcode 6374:Bibcode 6335:Bibcode 6296:Bibcode 6217:Bibcode 6190:Bibcode 6160:Bibcode 6120:Bibcode 6090:May 12, 6066:Bibcode 6015:Bibcode 5927:Bibcode 5809:Bibcode 5801:Science 5750:7790470 5722:Bibcode 5714:Science 5671:Bibcode 5602:Bibcode 5559:Bibcode 5534:May 28, 5471:. 2151. 5465:Bibcode 5322:Bibcode 5287:Bibcode 5234:Bibcode 5188:Bibcode 5180:Geology 5161:Bibcode 5138:Bibcode 5097:Bibcode 4997:Bibcode 4968:June 5, 4928:Bibcode 4899:May 12, 4872:May 12, 4813:Bibcode 4769:Bibcode 4687:Bibcode 4432:at the 4406:Στίλβων 4341:Bibcode 4295:Bibcode 4266:May 29, 4218:Bibcode 4145:Bibcode 4066:Bibcode 4002:Bibcode 3969:June 3, 3903:Bibcode 3823:Bibcode 3771:Bibcode 3702:. A133. 3686:Bibcode 3061:delta-v 2972:sunspot 2901:of the 2863:at the 2834:Galileo 2791:Maragha 2710:Chinese 2659:Ptolemy 2549:eastern 2545:western 2514:gibbous 2384:Neptune 2338:secular 2278:Hun Kal 2217:⁄ 2198:Jupiter 2041:dipolar 2030:Earth's 1924:silicon 1912:calcium 1884:gravity 1662:At the 1534:Mercury 1499:olivine 1368:⁄ 1273:smaller 1260:in the 1193:(Latin 1191:Mercury 1158:Stilbōn 1153:Στίλβων 1008:gravity 1000:Mercury 974:Mercury 955:krypton 912:calcium 900:atomic 884:atomic 853:4.5–13″ 804:−193 °C 790:−173 °C 740:0.142 ( 733:0.088 ( 720:61.41° 700:18 44 2 546:density 436:2,439.7 404:29.124° 392:48.331° 370:equator 33:Mercury 15277: 15270: 15263: 15238: 15231: 15224: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15125:Syzygy 15047:Comets 14980:System 14965:Planet 14858:EXCEDE 14766:Uranus 14761:Saturn 14751:Comets 14744:mining 14722:mining 14612:Vulcan 14453:active 14448:Hygiea 14443:Pallas 14406:Uranus 14352:Uranus 14347:Saturn 14282:Comets 14274:bodies 14272:System 14218:Jovian 14156:Weywot 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