2082:
663:
859:. Most day herons and night herons are colonial, or partly colonial depending on circumstances, whereas the bitterns and tiger herons are mostly solitary nesters. Colonies may contain several species, as well as other species of waterbirds. In a study of little egrets and cattle egrets in India, the majority of the colonies surveyed contained both species. Nesting is seasonal in temperate species; in tropical species, it may be seasonal (often coinciding with the rainy season) or year-round. Even in year-round breeders, nesting intensity varies throughout the year. Tropical herons typically have only one breeding season per year, unlike some other tropical birds which may raise up to three broods a year.
866:. Males arrive first and begin the building of the nest, where they display to attract females. During courtship, the male employs a stretch display and uses erectile neck feathers; the neck area may swell. The female risks an aggressive attack if she approaches too soon and may have to wait up to four days. In colonial species, displays involve visual cues, which can include adopting postures or ritual displays, whereas in solitary species, auditory cues, such as the deep booming of the bitterns, are important. The exception to this is the boat-billed heron, which pairs up away from the nesting site. Having paired, they continue to build the nest in almost all species, although in the
2063:
2028:
566:
2123:
606:
763:
840:
2139:
712:
2154:
2100:
129:
2044:
594:, which stands up to 152 cm (60 in) tall. All herons can retract their necks by folding them into a tight S-shape, due to the modified shape of the cervical vertebrae, of which they have 20 or 21; the neck is retracted during flight, unlike most other long-necked birds. The neck is longer in the day herons than the night herons and bitterns. The legs are long and strong, and in almost every species are unfeathered from the lower part of the
782:
896:. Larger clutches are reported in the smaller bitterns and more rarely some of the larger day herons, and single-egg clutches are reported for some of the tiger herons. Clutch size varies by latitude within species, with individuals in temperate climates laying more eggs than tropical ones. On the whole, the eggs are glossy blue or white, with the exception being the large bitterns, which lay olive-brown eggs.
116:
254:
888:
The nests of herons are usually found near or above water. Although the nests of a few species have been found on the ground where suitable trees or shrubs are unavailable, they are typically placed in vegetation. Trees are used by many species, and here they may be placed high up from the ground,
697:
is mostly sedentary in
Britain, but mostly migratory in Scandinavia. Birds are particularly inclined to disperse widely after breeding, but before the annual migration, where the species is colonial, searching out new feeding areas and reducing the pressures on feeding grounds near the colony. The
792:
In addition to sitting and waiting, herons may feed more actively. They may walk slowly, around or less than 60 paces a minute, snatching prey when it is observed. Other active feeding behaviours include foot stirring and probing, where the feet are used to flush out hidden prey. The wings may be
773:
The most common hunting technique is for the bird to sit motionless on the edge of or standing in shallow water and to wait until prey comes within range. Birds may either do this from an upright posture, giving them a wider field of view for seeing prey or from a crouched position, which is more
645:
is usually blue, black, brown, grey, or white, and can often be strikingly complex. Amongst the day herons, little sexual dimorphism in plumage is seen (except in the pond-herons); however, for the night herons and smaller bitterns, plumage differences between the sexes are the rule. Many species
685:
and are present in most habitats except the coldest extremes of the Arctic, extremely high mountains, and the driest deserts. Almost all species are associated with water; they are essentially non-swimming waterbirds that feed on the margins of lakes, rivers, swamps, ponds, and the sea. They are
831:, are less tied to watery environments and may feed far away from water. Cattle egrets improve their foraging success by following large grazing animals, catching insects flushed by their movement. One study found that the success rate of prey capture increased 3.6 times over solitary foraging.
960:) is unclear at the moment, and molecular studies have so far suffered from studying only a small number of taxa. Especially among the subfamily Ardeinae, the relationships are very inadequately resolved. The arrangement presented here should be considered provisional.
2943:
Hackett SJ, Kimball RT, Reddy S, Bowie RC, Braun EL, Braun MJ, Chojnowski JL, Cox WA, Han KL, Harshman J, Huddleston CJ, Marks BD, Miglia KJ, Moore WS, Sheldon FH, Steadman DW, Witt CC, Yuri T (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds
Reveals Their Evolutionary History".
2173:
In
Buddhism, a heron symbolizes purity, transformation and the wisdom of the Buddha. In addition, as a bird that transcends elements – on the earth, in the water and in the air – the heron symbolizes the expansion of awareness and the ubiquity of consciousness.
3039:
Hruska, J.P.; Holmes, J.; Oliveros, C.; Shakya, S.; Lavretsky, P.; McCracken, K.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Moyle, R.G. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae)".
889:
whereas species living in reed beds may nest very close to the ground. Though the majority of nesting of herons is seen in or immediately around water, colonies commonly occur in several cities when human persecution is absent.
637:, which has a broad, thick bill. Herons' bills and other bare parts of the body are usually yellow, black, or brown in colour, although this can vary during the breeding season. The wings are broad and long, exhibiting 10 or 11
328:
do not form a biologically distinct group from herons, and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes in breeding plumage. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks.
774:
cryptic and means the bill is closer to the prey when it is located. Having seen prey, the head is moved from side to side, so that the heron can calculate the position of the prey in the water and compensate for
2281:
2027:
332:
The classification of the individual heron/egret species is fraught with difficulty, and no clear consensus exists about the correct placement of many species into either of the two major genera,
804:
and grey heron, have been documented using bait to lure prey to within striking distance. Herons may use items already in place, or actively add items to the water to attract fish such as the
952:
The night herons may still warrant separation from the day herons and egrets (as subfamily
Nycticoracinae, as it was traditionally done). However, the position of some genera (e.g.
930:
studies, and from skeletal analyses that focussed more on bones of the body and limbs, that two-group division has been revealed to be incorrect. Rather, the similarities in skull
2177:
In some Native
American cultures, this bird symbolizes renewal, rejuvenation and rebirth – an ever present reminder that we are all a part of a larger cycle of life and death.
2748:
2081:
602:). In flight, the legs and feet are generally held in a horizontal position, pointing backwards. Toes are long and thin, with three pointing forwards and one backwards.
986:
study of the
Ardeidae by Jack Hruska and collaborators published in 2023. For several species these results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by
2713:
654:, both dark and light colour morphs exist, and the percentage of each morph varies geographically; its white morphs only occur in areas with coral beaches.
938:
to cope with the different challenges of daytime and nighttime feeding. Today, it is believed that three major groups can be distinguished, which are:
2310:
2122:
476:
3298:
2893:
3337:
2099:
1991:
1963:
641:(the boat-billed heron has only nine), 15–20 secondaries, and 12 rectrices (10 in the bitterns). The feathers of the herons are soft and the
2767:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city"
1970:
1684:
3429:
3424:
2385:
Martínez-Vilalta, Albert; Motis, Anna (1992). "Family
Ardeidae (herons)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
2319:
686:
predominantly found in lowland areas, although some species live in alpine areas, and the majority of species occur in the tropics.
3272:
2062:
3311:
793:
used to frighten prey (or possibly attract it to shade) or to reduce glare; the most extreme example of this is exhibited by the
759:. Even more rarely, herons eating acorns, peas, and grains have been reported, but most vegetable matter consumed is accidental.
2745:
375:, they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have
2197:. (2018) A fossil heron from the early Oligocene of Belgium – the earliest temporally well-constrained record of the Ardeidae.
995:
2401:
2241:
968:
3316:
3109:
2153:
2728:
2387:
2346:
2043:
3091:
3083:
2297:
2138:
1937:
3386:
3251:
2637:
2464:
2418:
3342:
3264:
755:. Many species also opportunistically take larger prey, including birds and bird eggs, rodents, and more rarely
2849:
2805:
2548:
2506:
847:, are solitary breeders. To advertise for mates, males use loud, characteristic calls, referred to as booming.
747:, and aquatic insects. Individual species may be generalists or specialize in certain prey types, such as the
3324:
3078:; with paintings by Robert Gillmor and Peter Hayman, and drawings by Robert Gillmor. London: London Editions
3071:
348:
in the family are not completely resolved. However, one species formerly considered to constitute a separate
553:. A possible further corruption took place in the Norfolk Broads, where the heron is often referred to as a
3194:
3181:
2263:
816:
have been watched repeatedly dropping seeds, insects, flowers, and leaves into the water to catch fish.
3199:
3002:
987:
748:
2926:
3391:
3352:
2289:
2049:
1073:) was ambiguous, but the results suggest that it is probably closely related to members of the genus
788:
fishing, using wings to eliminate reflection from the water, which improves its ability to sight prey
678:
128:
1030:
2315:
1989:
Other prehistoric and fossil species are included in the respective genus accounts. In addition,
1034:
467:
2393:
584:, which measures 25–30 cm (10–12 in) in length, although all the species in the genus
3378:
3121:
983:
662:
647:
614:
576:
The herons are medium- to large-sized birds with long legs and necks. They exhibit very little
20:
2336:
1995:
is a disputed fossil which was variously considered a heron or one of the extinct long-legged
3373:
3303:
2109:
1007:
905:
471:
suggests that herons were given this name because of their habit of defecating when flushed.
3365:
2230:
2212:
3220:
3168:
2955:
2847:
2778:
1058:
1044:
935:
931:
882:
205:
2913:
670:
8:
3006:
2285:
852:
2959:
2782:
3159:
2979:
2891:
2874:
2830:
2691:
2652:
2618:
2575:
2529:
2487:
2445:
1811:– typical night herons (two living species, four recently extinct; sometimes includes
820:
735:
prey. Their diet includes a wide variety of aquatic animals, including fish, reptiles,
651:
610:
266:
123:
3414:
3360:
3207:
3087:
3079:
2971:
2946:
2918:
2397:
2342:
2293:
2237:
972:
785:
634:
577:
353:
2714:"Nesting ecology of Cattle Egrets and Little Egrets in Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India"
2622:
3049:
2983:
2963:
2908:
2822:
2786:
2683:
2610:
2567:
2521:
2479:
2437:
2000:
991:
844:
805:
428:
3053:
1764:– bitterns (14 species, one recently extinct. Includes species formerly placed in
851:
While the family exhibits a range of breeding strategies, overall, the herons are
689:
The herons are a highly mobile family, with most species being at least partially
3419:
3212:
3173:
2894:"Relative Patterns and Rates of Evolution in Heron Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA"
2752:
2008:
1677:
1100:
1080:
1026:
824:
638:
625:
is generally long and harpoon-like. It can vary from extremely narrow, as in the
488:) as originating in the United States, citing a published example from 1853. The
3329:
3186:
698:
migration typically occurs at night, usually as individuals or in small groups.
605:
590:
are small and many broadly overlap in size. The largest species of heron is the
399:
first appeared in the
English language around 1300, originating from Old French
3259:
3246:
3010:
2790:
2419:"Geographical Variation of the Plumage Polymorphism in the eastern reef heron (
2332:
1250:– bitterns (14 species of which 1 extinct, includes species formerly placed in
1066:
964:
915:
867:
809:
732:
690:
569:
180:
504:. This name for a heron is found in a list of game birds in a royal decree of
3408:
2865:
2813:
2766:
2465:"Foraging Implications of Food Usage Patterns in yellow-browned night-herons"
2144:
2113:
2089:
2068:
1980:
1904:
999:
976:
893:
871:
591:
581:
334:
228:
73:
2967:
3144:
2975:
2922:
2765:
Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).
2282:
Webster's Third
International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged
1584:
1053:
828:
813:
801:
599:
372:
321:
313:
222:
1672:
As of August 2024 the IOC lists 74 heron species, divided into 18 genera.
839:
762:
500:
are terms used for herons, and also applied as derogatory terms meaning a
3285:
3153:
2614:
2258:
1851:
1720:
1385:
1326:
1167:
1022:
919:
878:
856:
794:
766:
724:
716:
673:, where they feed on fish and crabs in the intertidal and mangrove areas.
626:
565:
544:
380:
376:
48:
2848:
Sheldon, Frederick H.; McCracken, Kevin G.; Stuebing, Keeley D. (1995).
2803:
2746:
The terminology of courtship, nesting, feeding and maintenance in herons
2037:), demonstrating the retracted neck that is typical of herons in flight.
2878:
2834:
2806:"Molecular and osteological heron phylogenies: sources of incongruence"
2695:
2656:
2579:
2533:
2507:"Additional Observations on "Foot-Stirring" Feeding Behavior in herons"
2491:
2449:
2160:
2012:
1860:
1829:
1820:
1807:
1744:
1706:
1498:
1480:
1287:
1214:
1114:
1039:
775:
740:
694:
682:
666:
630:
586:
214:
93:
58:
3233:
2129:
2016:
1996:
1838:
1794:
1697:
1539:
1344:
1132:
923:
863:
769:
holding wings out to form an umbrella-like canopy under which to hunt
736:
368:
349:
140:
98:
42:
35:
3290:
3277:
3115:
3103:
2892:
Sheldon, Frederick H.; Jones, Clare E.; McCracken, Kevin G. (2000).
2826:
2687:
2571:
2525:
2483:
2441:
3238:
3138:
1891:
1878:
1787:
1773:
1760:
1751:
1273:
1246:
1228:
1016:
728:
509:
505:
384:
359:
Although herons resemble birds in some other families, such as the
160:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1824:– American night herons (one living species, one recently extinct)
781:
711:
2004:
1922:
1913:
1869:
1557:
1430:
1403:
1075:
756:
744:
642:
340:
301:
293:
103:
78:
2638:"Use of bait and lures by green-backed herons in Amazonian Peru"
975:
2670:
Dinsmore, James J. (1973). "Foraging Success of Cattle Egrets,
1896:
1799:
1778:
1734:
1689:
1193:
549:
325:
150:
881:
have reported observing female herons attaching themselves to
253:
115:
3225:
911:
595:
360:
345:
297:
190:
2712:
Hilaluddin, Aisha S.; Khan, A.; Yahya, H.; Kaul, R. (2006).
1842:– green-backed herons (three species; sometimes included in
808:. Items used may be man-made, such as bread; alternatively,
1882:– cattle egrets (one or two species, sometimes included in
752:
622:
446:
437:
364:
285:
170:
3038:
1588:– herons and egrets (16 species, including cattle egrets)
797:, which forms a full canopy with its wings over its body.
434:
927:
3011:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
2942:
727:. The members of this family are mostly associated with
580:
in size. The smallest species is usually considered the
2797:
2711:
963:
A 2008 study suggests that this family belongs to the
2764:
2384:
2011:
that had been assigned to it actually belongs to the
449:
284:
are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal
3001:
2593:
Post, R.; Post, C.; F. Walsh (2009). "Little egret (
2592:
914:, suggested that the Ardeidae could be split into a
885:
mates, then seeking sexual gratification elsewhere.
443:
440:
312:
are referred to as bitterns, and, together with the
2804:McCracken, Kevin G.; Sheldon, Frederick H. (1998).
2707:
2705:
431:
2229:
719:manipulating its prey, a lizard, before swallowing
383:in trees, while others, notably the bitterns, use
2850:"Phylogenetic relationships of the zigzag heron (
1020:. Hruska and collaborators resurrected the genus
751:, which specializes in crustaceans, particularly
3406:
2702:
2311:Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
2168:
477:Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
1833:– Asian and African night herons (four species)
778:, and then the bill is used to spear the prey.
633:. The most atypical heron bill is owned by the
387:. A group of herons has been called a "siege".
356:, is now regarded as a member of the Ardeidae.
1502:– night herons (6 species of which 4 extinct)
1484:– night herons (2 species of which 1 extinct)
1959:(Late Oligocene of Varnsdorf, Czech Republic)
244:
971:reclassified Ardeidae and their sister taxa
484:for the small green heron of North America (
316:, or zigzag bittern, in the monotypic genus
2885:
2841:
2504:
899:
657:
677:The herons are a widespread family with a
304:rather than herons. Members of the genera
252:
114:
3034:
3032:
2912:
2320:Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number
2669:
2635:
2549:"Under-Wing Fishing of the black heron,
2546:
2331:
1949:Fossil herons of unresolved affiliations
1802:, Early Miocene of Djebel Zelten, Libya)
1065:) was not sampled. The placement of the
1029:, 1931 to contain two night herons (the
1014:) were nested with members of the genus
982:The cladogram shown below is based on a
926:group which included the bitterns. From
838:
780:
761:
731:and water and feed on a variety of live
710:
701:
661:
604:
564:
2210:
1692:, Late Miocene of Levy County, Florida)
948:day herons and egrets, and night herons
3407:
3029:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2380:
2378:
2227:
2128:Heron pictured in the coat of arms of
1781:, Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
1701:– typical tiger herons (three species)
996:International Ornithological Committee
681:. They exist on all continents except
344:. Similarly, the relationships of the
3120:
3119:
3017:. International Ornithologists' Union
2914:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026323
2858:) estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization"
2462:
2392:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
1985:(Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
969:International Ornithological Congress
967:. In response to these findings, the
3353:33e1ef1b-7ff3-4daf-b00f-b66d2f24e21b
3265:82e46850-37e3-41db-8f95-062322a50823
2601:) Using Bait for Fishing in Kenya".
2416:
2308:"Shitepoke" and "shiterow" entries,
862:Courtship usually takes part on the
2990:
2278:"Shitepoke" and "Shikepoke" entries
994:and David Donsker on behalf of the
874:, only the male works on the nest.
800:Some species of heron, such as the
296:, some of which are referred to as
13:
3430:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
3425:Extant Paleocene first appearances
3064:
2388:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2355:
2256:
379:. Some members of this group nest
14:
3441:
3097:
1434:– herons and egrets (13 species)
1037:) that were previously placed in
3015:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
2152:
2137:
2121:
2098:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2026:
427:
352:family, the Cochlearidae or the
127:
46:
3112:on the Internet Bird Collection
2936:
2901:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2758:
2738:
2663:
2629:
2586:
2540:
2498:
2456:
1926:– typical egrets (7–13 species)
843:The larger bitterns, like this
3106:Heron Specialist Group of IUCN
2410:
2390:. Volume 1: Ostriches to Ducks
2325:
2302:
2271:
2250:
2221:
2204:
2201:, 161(1) DOI:10.1111/ibi.12600
2187:
1932:Easter Island heron, Ardeidae
910:Analyses of skeletons, mainly
892:Generally, herons lay between
572:with its neck fully retracted.
560:
407:(11th century), from Frankish
261:Global distribution of herons
1:
3086:; New York: Harper & Row
2854:) and white-crested bittern (
2180:
2169:Symbolic meaning in mysticism
1908:– typical herons (16 species)
1079:rather than to the subfamily
942:tiger herons and the boatbill
934:among certain herons reflect
2505:Meyerriecks, Andrew (1966).
1118:– white-crested tiger heron
1051:) was embedded in the genus
723:The herons and bitterns are
7:
3054:10.1093/ornithology/ukad005
2676:American Midland Naturalist
2264:Online Etymology Dictionary
1873:– pond herons (six species)
1710:– white-crested tiger heron
1330:– white-backed night heron
1291:– night herons (2 species)
1136:– tiger herons (3 species)
834:
324:group within the Ardeidae.
10:
3446:
2791:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5
2003:. It is only known from a
1777:– Saint Bathan's bittern (
1561:– pond herons (6 species)
1348:– white-eared night heron
903:
749:yellow-crowned night heron
535:, derived from Old French
18:
3128:
2290:G. and C. Mirriam Company
2211:Berners, Juliana (1486).
2050:Bare-throated tiger heron
1581:
1554:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1495:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1427:
1400:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1341:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1284:
1277:
1243:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1190:
1182:
1164:
1156:
1129:
1111:
1104:
1094:
679:cosmopolitan distribution
617:, the light and the dark.
422:Herons are also known as
272:
265:
260:
251:
241:
236:
220:
213:
124:Scientific classification
122:
113:
30:
3009:, eds. (December 2023).
2341:. Penguin. p. 404.
2214:The Book of Saint Albans
2161:Zagreb Zoological Garden
1715:Subfamily Cochleariinae
1031:white-backed night heron
900:Taxonomy and systematics
658:Distribution and habitat
527:Another former name was
457:, or euphemistically as
3076:The Herons of the World
2968:10.1126/science.1157704
2755:. heronconservation.org
2744:Kushlan, J. A. (2011).
2316:Oxford University Press
2035:Egretta novaehollandiae
1035:white-eared night heron
706:
543:, this name appears in
411:or from Proto-Germanic
403:(12th century), earlier
390:
2856:Tigriornis leucolophus
2232:An Exaltation of Larks
2228:Lipton, James (1991).
984:molecular phylogenetic
848:
789:
770:
720:
674:
618:
598:(the exception is the
573:
34:Temporal range: Early
21:Heron (disambiguation)
3374:Paleobiology Database
3070:Hancock, James &
2636:Robinson, S. (1994).
2551:Melanophoyx ardesiaca
2463:Watts, Bryan (1988).
2110:George Frederic Watts
2087:Eastern great egret (
1543:– herons (3 species)
1071:Zonerodius heliosylus
1012:Ixobrychus involucris
1008:stripe-backed bittern
906:List of heron species
842:
827:, and especially the
784:
765:
714:
702:Behaviour and ecology
665:
629:, to wider as in the
608:
568:
480:describes the use of
292:, with 72 recognised
3260:Fauna Europaea (new)
2615:10.1675/063.032.0311
2547:Delacour, J (1946).
2417:Itoh, Singi (1991).
1729:Subfamily Agamiinae
1171:– boat-billed heron
1059:eastern cattle egret
1045:western cattle egret
936:convergent evolution
894:three and seven eggs
646:also have different
468:Webster's Dictionary
19:For other uses, see
2960:2008Sci...320.1763H
2954:(5884): 1763–1768.
2783:2024UrbEc..27.1279M
2338:The Poetry of Birds
2288:, Editor in Chief,
2286:Philip Babcock Gove
2054:Tigrisoma mexicanum
2033:White-faced heron (
1974:– possibly same as
1929:Genus undetermined
1724:– boat-billed heron
1063:Bubulcus coromandus
819:Three species, the
693:; for example, the
669:are endemic to the
520:is a corruption of
502:thin, weakly person
492:also observes that
486:Butorides virescens
3005:; Donsker, David;
2852:Zebrilus undulatus
2751:2019-10-24 at the
2597:) and grey heron (
2073:Botaurus stellaris
1934:gen. et sp. indet.
1407:– whistling heron
849:
821:black-headed heron
790:
771:
721:
675:
652:Pacific reef heron
619:
611:Pacific reef heron
574:
3402:
3401:
3361:Open Tree of Life
3122:Taxon identifiers
3104:HeronConservation
3007:Rasmussen, Pamela
2403:978-84-87334-10-8
2257:Harper, Douglas.
2243:978-0-670-30044-0
2106:The Wounded Heron
1917:– whistling heron
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1570:
1569:
1511:
1510:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1416:
1415:
1357:
1356:
1263:
1262:
1145:
1144:
1004:Ixobrychus exilis
973:Threskiornithidae
786:Tricoloured heron
671:Galápagos Islands
635:boat-billed heron
578:sexual dimorphism
354:boat-billed heron
279:
278:
209:
3437:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3330:NBNSYS0000159424
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3117:
3116:
3058:
3057:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2925:. Archived from
2916:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2862:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2777:(4): 1279–1290.
2771:Urban Ecosystems
2762:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2727:. Archived from
2718:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2595:Egretta garzetta
2590:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2382:
2353:
2352:
2329:
2323:
2306:
2300:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2156:
2141:
2125:
2102:
2084:
2065:
2046:
2030:
2001:Presbyornithidae
1957:"Anas" basaltica
1864:– forest bittern
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1280:
1279:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1185:
1184:
1159:
1158:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1086:
992:Pamela Rasmussen
845:American bittern
806:banded killifish
639:primary feathers
516:speculates that
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
256:
204:
132:
131:
118:
108:
45:
28:
27:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3124:
3100:
3067:
3065:Further reading
3062:
3061:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3000:
2991:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2827:10.2307/4089118
2808:
2802:
2798:
2763:
2759:
2753:Wayback Machine
2743:
2739:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2688:10.2307/2424157
2668:
2664:
2645:Wilson Bulletin
2640:
2634:
2630:
2591:
2587:
2572:10.2307/4080141
2555:
2545:
2541:
2526:10.2307/4083060
2509:
2503:
2499:
2484:10.2307/1368843
2467:
2461:
2457:
2442:10.2307/1368954
2425:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2383:
2356:
2349:
2333:Armitage, Simon
2330:
2326:
2307:
2303:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2009:tarsometatarsus
1678:Tigriornithinae
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1571:
1512:
1453:
1444:
1417:
1389:– capped heron
1358:
1264:
1232:– zigzag heron
1146:
1101:Tigriornithinae
1081:Tigriornithinae
908:
902:
837:
825:whistling heron
810:striated herons
709:
704:
660:
563:
539:. Corrupted to
508:(1566–1625) of
430:
426:
393:
243:18 extant, see
232:
226:
203:
126:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
32:
24:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3247:Fauna Europaea
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3150:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3098:External links
3096:
3095:
3094:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3048:(2): ukad005.
3028:
2989:
2935:
2932:on 2006-09-07.
2907:(3): 437–450.
2884:
2873:(3): 672–679.
2840:
2821:(1): 127–141.
2796:
2757:
2737:
2734:on 2011-06-10.
2701:
2682:(1): 242–246.
2662:
2651:(3): 569–571.
2628:
2609:(3): 450–452.
2585:
2566:(3): 441–442.
2539:
2520:(3): 471–472.
2497:
2478:(4): 860–865.
2455:
2436:(2): 383–389.
2409:
2402:
2354:
2348:978-0141941868
2347:
2324:
2301:
2270:
2249:
2242:
2220:
2203:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2025:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1855:– capped heron
1847:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1803:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1755:– zigzag heron
1741:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:– agami heron
1189:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1162:Cochleariinae
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1067:forest bittern
965:Pelecaniformes
950:
949:
946:
943:
901:
898:
879:ornithologists
868:little bittern
836:
833:
708:
705:
703:
700:
659:
656:
570:Yellow bittern
562:
559:
392:
389:
288:in the family
277:
276:
270:
269:
263:
262:
258:
257:
249:
248:
239:
238:
234:
233:
227:
218:
217:
211:
210:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
181:Pelecaniformes
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3442:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3092:0-06-011759-1
3089:
3085:
3084:0-905562-05-4
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Elliott, Hugh
3069:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Bubulcus ibis
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:Ardea cinerea
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2421:Egretta sacra
2413:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:0-87779-001-9
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:Squacco heron
2140:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2114:Watts Gallery
2111:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:Ardea modesta
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Great bittern
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1738:– Agami heron
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1237:
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1000:least bittern
997:
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977:Ciconiiformes
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612:
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592:goliath heron
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3129:
3110:Heron videos
3075:
3045:
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3019:. Retrieved
3014:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2927:the original
2904:
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829:cattle egret
818:
802:little egret
799:
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772:
767:Black herons
722:
688:
676:
620:
600:zigzag heron
585:
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401:hairon, eron
400:
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358:
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333:
331:
322:monophyletic
317:
314:zigzag heron
309:
305:
289:
281:
280:
273:
242:
221:
200:
25:
3286:iNaturalist
3154:Wikispecies
3042:Ornithology
3003:Gill, Frank
1992:Proherodius
1964:Ardeagradis
1938:prehistoric
1852:Pilherodius
1721:Cochlearius
1386:Pilherodius
1327:Calherodius
1168:Cochlearius
1023:Calherodius
998:(IOC). The
920:crepuscular
855:and mostly
795:black heron
741:crustaceans
725:carnivorous
717:great egret
667:Lava herons
627:agami heron
561:Description
545:Shakespeare
377:powder down
3409:Categories
2603:Waterbirds
2472:The Condor
2430:The Condor
2236:. Viking.
2181:References
2147:from Egypt
2019:vulturinus
2013:paleognath
1971:Proardeola
1861:Zonerodius
1830:Gorsachius
1821:Nyctanassa
1813:Nyctanassa
1808:Nycticorax
1786:Subfamily
1766:Ixobrychus
1745:Botaurinae
1743:Subfamily
1707:Tigriornis
1685:Taphophoyx
1676:Subfamily
1499:Nycticorax
1481:Nyctanassa
1288:Gorsachius
1252:Ixobrychus
1215:Botaurinae
1188:Agamiinae
1115:Tigriornis
1040:Gorsachius
1006:) and the
988:Frank Gill
932:morphology
904:See also:
853:monogamous
776:refraction
737:amphibians
695:grey heron
683:Antarctica
631:grey heron
587:Ixobrychus
522:shiteheron
459:shikepokes
424:shitepokes
381:colonially
369:spoonbills
310:Ixobrychus
215:Type genus
187:Suborder:
41:32–0
38:–Holocene
2322:76-188038
2193:Mayr, G.
2163:, Croatia
2159:Heron in
2130:Priozersk
2017:Lithornis
1997:waterfowl
1839:Butorides
1795:Zeltornis
1698:Tigrisoma
1540:Butorides
1345:Oroanassa
1133:Tigrisoma
954:Butorides
924:nocturnal
691:migratory
650:. In the
537:heronçeau
529:heronshaw
482:shitepoke
474:The 1971
395:The word
385:reed beds
350:monotypic
320:, form a
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
36:Oligocene
3415:Ardeidae
3187:Ardeidae
3174:Ardeidae
3160:Ardeidae
3139:Wikidata
3130:Ardeidae
3021:4 August
2976:18583609
2923:10723744
2749:Archived
2721:Forktail
2623:85622885
2335:(2009).
2318:, 1971,
2132:, Russia
2112:, 1837 (
1976:Proardea
1892:Proardea
1879:Bubulcus
1788:Ardeinae
1774:Pikaihao
1761:Botaurus
1752:Zebrilus
1274:Ardeinae
1247:Botaurus
1229:Zebrilus
1091:Ardeidae
1033:and the
1017:Botaurus
945:bitterns
883:impotent
857:colonial
835:Breeding
745:molluscs
729:wetlands
613:has two
533:hernshaw
518:shiterow
510:Scotland
506:James VI
498:shederow
494:shiterow
463:shypokes
417:*hraigrô
318:Zebrilus
306:Botaurus
302:bitterns
290:Ardeidae
267:Synonyms
229:Linnaeus
201:Ardeidae
197:Family:
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
3074:(1978)
2984:6472805
2956:Bibcode
2947:Science
2879:4088682
2835:4089118
2779:Bibcode
2696:2424157
2657:4163462
2580:4080141
2560:The Auk
2534:4083060
2514:The Auk
2492:1368843
2450:1368954
2394:376–403
2292:, 1971
2259:"heron"
2005:sternum
1923:Egretta
1914:Syrigma
1870:Ardeola
1558:Ardeola
1431:Egretta
1404:Syrigma
1076:Ardeola
958:Syrigma
916:diurnal
812:in the
757:carrion
733:aquatic
643:plumage
555:harnser
541:handsaw
413:*haigrô
409:haigiro
341:Egretta
294:species
237:Genera
177:Order:
167:Class:
3420:Herons
3392:148747
3366:609781
3350:NZOR:
3317:174771
3304:101354
3239:1ARDEF
3145:Q18789
3090:
3082:
2982:
2974:
2921:
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2833:
2694:
2655:
2621:
2578:
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2448:
2400:
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2240:
1999:, the
1982:Matuku
1920:Genus
1911:Genus
1902:Genus
1897:fossil
1889:Genus
1876:Genus
1867:Genus
1858:Genus
1849:Genus
1836:Genus
1827:Genus
1818:Genus
1805:Genus
1800:fossil
1792:Genus
1779:fossil
1771:Genus
1758:Genus
1749:Genus
1735:Agamia
1732:Genus
1718:Genus
1704:Genus
1695:Genus
1690:fossil
1682:Genus
1194:Agamia
1057:. The
1043:. The
1027:Peters
918:and a
912:skulls
814:Amazon
550:Hamlet
512:. The
405:hairo
373:cranes
371:, and
365:ibises
361:storks
346:genera
326:Egrets
298:egrets
282:Herons
231:, 1758
208:, 1820
31:Herons
3387:WoRMS
3379:39541
3299:IRMNG
3252:10741
2980:S2CID
2930:(PDF)
2897:(PDF)
2875:JSTOR
2861:(PDF)
2831:JSTOR
2809:(PDF)
2732:(PDF)
2717:(PDF)
2692:JSTOR
2653:JSTOR
2641:(PDF)
2619:S2CID
2576:JSTOR
2556:(PDF)
2530:JSTOR
2510:(PDF)
2488:JSTOR
2468:(PDF)
2446:JSTOR
2426:(PDF)
2195:et al
1905:Ardea
1884:Ardea
1844:Ardea
1585:Ardea
1054:Ardea
877:Some
753:crabs
596:tibia
397:heron
335:Ardea
286:birds
223:Ardea
206:Leach
191:Ardei
3343:8899
3338:NCBI
3312:ITIS
3291:4929
3278:3685
3273:GBIF
3234:EPPO
3226:8013
3200:1444
3195:BOLD
3088:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3023:2024
2972:PMID
2919:PMID
2398:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2199:Ibis
2007:; a
870:and
864:nest
707:Diet
623:bill
621:The
609:The
391:Name
338:and
308:and
245:text
171:Aves
49:PreꞒ
3325:NBN
3221:EoL
3213:6PB
3208:CoL
3182:AFD
3169:ADW
3050:doi
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