45:
374:. Part of Herophilos's beliefs about the human body involved the pneuma, which he believed was a substance that flowed through the arteries along with the blood. To make this consistent with medical beliefs at the time, Herophilos stated that diseases occurred when an excess of one of the four humors impeded the pneuma from reaching the brain.
377:
Herophilos also introduced many other scientific terms used to this day to describe anatomical phenomena. He was among the first to introduce the notion of conventional terminology, as opposed to use of "natural names", using terms he created to describe the objects of study, naming them for the
232:
After the death of
Herophilos in 280 BC, his anatomical findings lived on in the works of other important physicians, notably Galen. Even though dissections were performed in the following centuries and medieval times, only a few insights were added. Dissecting with the purpose to gain knowledge
368:. Analysis of the nerves in the cranium allowed him to differentiate between nerves and blood vessels and to discover the differences between motor and sensory nerves. He believed that the sensory and motor nerves shot out from the brain and that the neural transmissions occurred by means of
417:, he discussed phases and duration of pregnancy as well as causes for difficult childbirth. The aim of this work was to help midwives and other doctors of the time more fully understand the process of procreation and pregnancy. He is also credited with the discovery of the
436:
and a healthy diet were integral to an individual's bodily health. He once said that "when health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot become manifest, strength cannot be exerted, wealth is useless, and reason is powerless".
276:
were believed to be filled with blood and a mixture of air and water. Through dissections, Herophilus was able to deduce that veins carried only blood. After studying the flow of blood, he was able to differentiate between
211:
in the second century AD. Herophilos was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. Dissections of human cadavers were banned in most places at the time, except for
Alexandria.
228:
at least 600 live prisoners, though this has been contested as
Herophilos appeared to have believed the arteries contained very little blood which he wouldn't have believed had he performed live dissections.
204:
was his contemporary. Together, they worked at a medical school in
Alexandria that is said to have drawn people from all over the ancient world due to Herophilos's fame.
141:. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He recorded his findings in over nine works, which are now all lost. The
245:
Herophilos emphasised the use of the experimental method in medicine, for he considered it essential to found knowledge on empirical bases. He was a forerunner of the
149:
states that
Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners; however, this account has been disputed by many historians. He is often seen as the father of anatomy.
261:
that anatomy was useless to the therapeutic and clinical practice of medicine, as demonstrated by
Herophilos's own acceptance of humoral pathology.
169:, Turkey), c. 335 BC. Not much is known about his early life other than he moved to Alexandria at a fairly young age to begin his schooling.
351:(a layer between the retina and the sclera comprising connective tissue and blood vessels nourishing the retina). Herophilos used the term
281:
and veins. He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed. He worked out standards for measuring a
446:
818:
Longrigg, James (1981). "Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Alexandrian medical science and modern historical research".
950:
930:
296:. He proposed that the brain housed the intellect rather than the heart. He was the first person to differentiate between the
713:
673:
285:
and could use these standards to aid him in diagnosing sicknesses or diseases. To measure this pulse, he made use of a
413:
Herophilos is credited with learning extensively about the physiology of the female reproductive system. In his book
945:
808:
789:
766:
609:
658:
Connell, S. M. "Aristotle and Galen on sex difference and reproduction: A new approach to an ancient rivalry".
264:
it was useless and epistemologically unsound to try to find causal explanations from the evident to the non-evident.
915:
525:
925:
490:
646:
Dobson, J. F. (1925). Herophilus of
Alexandria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 18, 19-32.
53:
172:
As an adult
Herophilos was a teacher, and an author of at least nine texts ranging from his book titled
897:
von Staden, Heinrich (1982). "Hairesis and Heresy". In Meyer, Ben F.; Sanders, E. P. (eds.).
739:"On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language",
17:
863:
Potter, Paul (1976). "Herophilus of
Chalcedon: an assessment of his place in the history of anatomy".
920:
370:
355:
to describe the retina, from its resemblance to a casting net, giving the origin of the modern term.
331:(the clear part at the front of the eye through which light begins to be focussed into the eye) and
257:
philosophy. However, the
Empirics found Herophilos wanting, mounting two chief attacks against him:
304:, and to place individual importance on each portion. He looked more in depth into the network of
940:
935:
213:
746:
Galen. On the natural faculties. Brock A. J. (trans.) Heinemann, London 1916. p. xii, 233
272:
in which an imbalance between bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood led to sickness or disease.
379:
327:, he discovered its different sections and layers: the "skin" of the eyeball comprising the
827:
635:
631:
Reverón, R. (2015). Herophilos, the great anatomist of antiquity. Anatomy, 9(2), 108-111.
200:, often publicly so that he could explain what he was doing to those who were fascinated.
8:
530:"The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece"
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Science, folklore and ideology : studies in the life sciences in ancient Greece
601:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria: Edition, Translation and Essays
421:, and was the first to make a scientific description of what would later be called
835:
541:
422:
320:
253:, which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical tools borrowed from
234:
70:
507:
702:
599:
475:
395:
250:
899:
Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition in the Graeco-Roman World
884:
Solmsen, Friedrich (1961). "Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves".
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407:
336:
246:
109:
49:
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Herophilos's work on blood and its movements led him to study and analyse the
909:
647:
365:
309:
31:
847:
201:
166:
555:
876:
732:
Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience",
476:
Galen. On Semen. DeLacy P (trans.) Akademie Verlag, 1992. p. 147, line 22
316:
286:
269:
225:
197:
37:"Europhiles" redirects here. For people with pro-European attitudes, see
495:
Clio Medica. Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae. Vol. 11
736:. (November 13, 1999): 1719 Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov. 2008.
301:
254:
221:
193:
162:
146:
138:
347:(containing the cells converting light into neural activity), and the
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324:
158:
134:
38:
315:
Herophilos was particularly interested in the eye. He described the
268:
Conventional medicine of the time revolved around the theory of the
433:
403:
391:
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after him. Torcular is a Latin translation of Herophilos's label,
297:
278:
185:
348:
130:
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332:
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126:
57:
30:
For the man identified by Valerius Maximus as Herophilus, see
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208:
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113:
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Further study of the cranium led Herophilos to describe the
418:
273:
97:
85:
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Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
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Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
233:
about human anatomy started again in early modern times (
91:
76:
660:
Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A
636:
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/371071
718:
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos",
491:"Celsus on Human Vivisection at Ptolemaic Alexandria"
100:
88:
729:, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
94:
82:
705:
Herophilos: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
79:
73:
777:
398:. Other areas of his anatomical study include the
237:), more than 1600 years after Herophilos's death.
323:for eye movements. Through his dissection of the
907:
722:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 699.
390:, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'. He also named the
364:, which he believed was the seat of the human
48:Herophilos (right) teaching Anatomy, 1906, by
761:(Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
485:
483:
339:(the colored part of the eye surrounding the
593:
591:
604:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
447:Timeline of medicine and medical technology
406:, and the alimentary tract, as well as the
249:of medicine, founded by Herophilos's pupil
207:His works are lost but were much quoted by
896:
756:
648:https://doi.org/10.1177/003591572501801704
524:
480:
129:physician regarded as one of the earliest
803:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
759:Women's bodies in classical Greek science
588:
545:
192:, which discussed duration and phases of
817:
534:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
471:
469:
467:
43:
883:
678:McGill - Office for Science and Society
137:, he spent the majority of his life in
14:
908:
862:
597:
798:
775:
464:
865:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
598:Staden, Heinrich von (1989-04-20).
24:
799:Lloyd, G. E. R. (1983).
776:Lloyd, G. E. R. (1973).
750:
707:. Cambridge University Press, 1989
671:
633:https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.15.003
382:in the skull was originally named
25:
962:
69:
951:3rd-century BC Greek physicians
931:4th-century BC Greek physicians
727:Encyclopedia of World Biography
720:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
665:
652:
429:was accepted as a second term.
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625:
575:
562:
518:
500:
196:. In Alexandria, he practiced
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1:
780:Greek science after Aristotle
662:31(3): 405-27, September 2000
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425:, for which in 2001 the term
176:, which explored the flow of
335:(the white of the eye), the
27:Greek physician (335–280 BC)
7:
757:Dean-Jones, Lesley (1994).
743:, Vol. 6, (Oct., 1868) 336.
703:von Staden H. (ed. trans.)
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240:
10:
967:
840:10.1177/007327538101900301
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114:
36:
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432:Herophilos believed that
118:; 335–280 BC), sometimes
946:Ancient ophthalmologists
916:History of neuroscience
394:, which is part of the
157:Herophilos was born in
152:
741:Anthropological Review
674:"Can Women Ejaculate?"
220:and the church leader
61:
926:Ancient Chalcedonians
380:confluence of sinuses
188:, to his book titled
47:
901:. London: SCM Press.
826:(45 pt 3): 155–200.
784:. New York: Norton.
526:von Staden, Heinrich
832:1981HisSc..19..155L
581:Bernardino Fantini
568:Bernardino Fantini
361:calamus scriptorius
319:for seeing and the
54:NOVA Medical School
820:History of Science
452:Alcmaeon of Croton
384:torcular Herophili
62:
886:Museum Helveticum
714:978-0-521-23646-1
16:(Redirected from
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308:located in the
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540:(3): 223–241.
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684:19 December
617:17 November
317:optic nerve
287:water clock
270:four humors
218:De Medicina
198:dissections
910:Categories
892:: 150–197.
734:The Lancet
512:Britannica
458:References
302:cerebellum
255:Pyrrhonist
226:vivisected
222:Tertullian
194:childbirth
163:Asia Minor
147:Tertullian
139:Alexandria
133:. Born in
131:anatomists
123:Herophilus
65:Herophilos
18:Herophilus
415:Midwifery
190:Midwifery
180:from the
174:On Pulses
159:Chalcedon
135:Chalcedon
120:Latinised
39:Europhile
856:29991308
848:11610979
680:. McGill
528:(1992).
441:See also
434:exercise
404:pancreas
392:duodenum
353:retiform
300:and the
298:cerebrum
279:arteries
241:Medicine
235:Vesalius
186:arteries
125:, was a
115:Ἡρόφιλος
828:Bibcode
697:Sources
556:1285450
547:2589595
349:choroid
343:), the
310:cranium
167:Kadıköy
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497:, 1976
402:, the
371:pneuma
345:retina
333:sclera
329:cornea
306:nerves
214:Celsus
58:Lisbon
852:S2CID
572:p 109
400:liver
341:pupil
294:brain
283:pulse
274:Veins
209:Galen
182:heart
178:blood
165:(now
127:Greek
110:Greek
873:PMID
844:PMID
805:ISBN
786:ISBN
763:ISBN
710:ISBN
686:2018
619:2013
606:ISBN
585:p 91
552:PMID
419:ovum
366:soul
337:iris
153:Life
836:doi
542:PMC
325:eye
216:in
161:in
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