198:, but began to become wary of his ideas regarding psychosexual theories, as they sexualized women while also not considering them fully capable people. One of Freud's theories suggests that women are a part of the psyche of men which Hinkle heavily disagreed with, so she moved to create an area of psychology driven by feminism. She turned to analyze and support the ideas of Jungian psychology, which focused on the psychological growth of individuals as well as their creative outlets. In order to perform her psychoanalysis research, she utilized the help of many members of the Heterodoxy Club. Many Heterodites volunteered to, or paid to, participate in her analyses where Hinkle focused on allowing the participant to realize their full potential, open their creative minds, and think about sex and sexuality in a way that opposed the morals regarding sex typically seen during this time period. Through her analyses, she promoted the usefulness and creativity of women, the theory that women are more dominant than men when attempting to change societal views on sex and sexualities, and the idea that women face psychological consequences due to the power complex and social dominance of men. Hinkle critiqued the biases of psychoanalysis through a feminist lens by performing psychoanalysis on members of the Heterodoxy Club, promoting the psychological study of women, allowing women to achieve self-realization, and contradicting the sexism that frequented the psychology field.
139:
views and personal lives with open minds. The majority of the members of the
Heterodoxy had completed an undergraduate education, and many even pursued post-graduate degrees in fields including education, sociology, psychology, and law; moreover, their education arguably allowed them to be prepared to take stances on a multitude of women's rights issues while participating heavily in both political and social activism. Political activism within the club included members of the Heterodoxy fighting to ensure suffrage for all women, promoting the usage of birth control, and evaluating employment disparities between men and women. Social activism within the club revolved around the field of psychoanalysis, where members of the Heterodoxy examined Freudian ideas regarding psychosexual theories in order to form a branch of psychoanalysis that focused on feminism and the psychological disparities between women and men.
55:, who specified only one requirement for membership: that the applicant "not be orthodox in his or her opinion". The club was formed on the basis of the motto: "The only taboo is taboo." The club's members had diverse political views, but used those differing views to focus on a multitude of different political and social issues centered around the rights of women. The membership also included bisexual and lesbian women, in addition to heterosexuals. The luncheon club, which started with 25 members, met every two weeks on Saturdays. Most of the women who belonged in the club were part of the generation born between the 1870-1880s, making this generation the first to emphasize women's rights. The club was disestablished in the 1940s. Group members referred to themselves as "Heterodites".
182:. Women in the Heterodoxy Club also fought for fair employment and fair wages, pushing women to get jobs and dismantling the idea that the man of the house needs to be the only one to provide financial support. Many women in the Heterodoxy Club also supported and advocated for immigrants, specifically immigrant mothers, by helping them find needed resources and reassuring them that their existence and their lives are legitimate.
210:, a play about unorthodox and creative experiments done by women, similar to the types of experiments Hinkle performed. This play reflected on Hinkle's research by showcasing the creative minds of women, which allowed Hinkle's ideas to reach a larger audience and in turn cause more women to emphasize creativity in their lives in order to find self-realization.
194:, a widely recognized member of the Heterodoxy Club, provided a way for the club to participate in social activism; moreover, this specifically includes activism within the field of psychology relating psychological differences between men and women based on self-realization and expression. Hinkle originally studied with
147:
The political activism of the
Heterodoxy Club includes a wide variety of political women's rights issues, including ensuring suffrage, working to create and promote different types of contraceptives, advocating for mothers, advocating against war, fighting for equal work opportunities, and advocating
38:
movements of the time. The heterodoxy club was also known to be a space filled with people living remarkably diverse personal lives, allowing for women to congregate and talk about their experiences with one another in what was considered to be a safe space for conversation and change. The group was
170:
Heterodites often advocated for mothers, providing mothers with psychological evaluations and assistance, sharing how motherhood impacts women's lives, and by pushing the idea that women are not only meant to be mothers, meaning that they have more skills than mothering and can be creative and work
159:
The club promoted and hosted many original members of the birth control movement, like Emma
Goldman, Mary Ware Dennett, and Margaret Sanger. These non-official members of the Heterodoxy Club attended meetings in order to collect ideas from the Heterodites about how women would like to see different
138:
The
Heterodoxy Club provided a safe space for activism to begin and progress, as it was the main feminist group in the early 20th century where diverse types of women could gather weekly to discuss their opinions on issues regarding women's rights while also reflecting on their diverse political
160:
birth control forms being used in the future, discussing reproductive rights as a whole. The platform that the
Heterodoxy Club gave these non-members played a role in Dennett's formation of the Volunteer Parenthood League and National Birth Control League and Sanger's
129:
meetings were valuable sources of information on the struggles for women's rights for its members. Although full of diverse lives and ideas, the women in the group were connected by their passion and desire to think unconventionally.
106:
was another notable
Heterodite, adding credibility to the group by being its only trained psychoanalyst while also examining a subcategory of psychology called feminist psychology. Many non-members addressed the group, including
201:
Hinkle also collaborated with other members of the
Heterodoxy Club to spread awareness about her research on the psychology of women through her psychoanalyses. Her most significant partnership within the club was with
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30:, New York City, in the early 20th century. It was notable for providing a forum for the development of more radical conceptions of feminism than the
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whose suffrage referendum in 1917 was to result in New York becoming the first eastern state to grant women the ballot.
1637:
1419:"The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States"
1069:"The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States"
941:"The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States"
862:"The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States"
707:"The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States"
1612:
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40:
651:
William A Taylor, "The Power of the Word: Greenwich
Village Writers and the Golden Fleece" chapter 8 of
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673:
391:
1220:"Home as an Activist and Feminist Stage: Women's Performative Agency in the Drama of Susan Glaspell"
1116:"Home as an Activist and Feminist Stage: Women's Performative Agency in the Drama of Susan Glaspell"
812:"Home as an Activist and Feminist Stage: Women's Performative Agency in the Drama of Susan Glaspell"
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71:
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174:
Many members of the
Heterodoxy Club identified themselves as pacifists, some in 1915 joining
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371:
296:
281:
236:
153:
226:. While some Heterodites were famous in their own right, little is known of many of them.
8:
1218:
Arciniega, Lourdes (2019), Klein, Emily; Mobley, Jennifer-Scott; Stevenson, Jill (eds.),
1114:
Arciniega, Lourdes (2019), Klein, Emily; Mobley, Jennifer-Scott; Stevenson, Jill (eds.),
810:
Arciniega, Lourdes (2019), Klein, Emily; Mobley, Jennifer-Scott; Stevenson, Jill (eds.),
556:
521:
501:
326:
79:
31:
1371:"The Archivist's Balancing Act: Helping Researchers While Protecting Individual Privacy"
1027:"The Archivist's Balancing Act: Helping Researchers While Protecting Individual Privacy"
773:"The Archivist's Balancing Act: Helping Researchers While Protecting Individual Privacy"
1601:
1511:
1476:
1446:
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1166:"Faint voices from Greenwich Village: Jung's impact on the first American avant-garde1"
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Feminist debating group in
Greenwich Village, New York City, in the early 20th century
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1345:. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. pp. 68–69, 75.
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for immigrants. Many had met as suffragist workers, some joining labor journalist
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Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement
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Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement
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59:
1477:"Beatrice Hinkle and the Early History of Jungian Psychology in New York"
1302:"Katharine Anthony: Feminist Biographer with the "Warmth of an Advocate""
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321:
94:
were arrested in 1917 and 1918 suffrage protests, and served time in the
1561:
The La Follettes of Wisconsin: Love and Politics in Progressive America
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120:
1493:
1275:"Something More: Immigrant Mothers in Anzia Yezierska's Early Fiction"
1000:"Something More: Immigrant Mothers in Anzia Yezierska's Early Fiction"
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331:
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Radical feminists of Heterodoxy : Greenwich Village, 1912-1940
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Radical feminists of Heterodoxy : Greenwich Village, 1912-1940
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75:
23:
218:
The members of Heterodoxy lived primarily in Greenwich Village,
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was the only African American woman who belonged to Heterodoxy.
678:
Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States
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185:
1603:
Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy: Greenwich Village, 1912-1940
1226:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45–64,
1122:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45–64,
818:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45–64,
1342:
Mary Heaton Vorse : the life of an American insurgent
1607:(Rev. ed.). Norwich, VT: New Victoria Publishers.
653:
In Pursuit of Gotham: Culture and Commerce in New York
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all contributing to the legalization of contraceptives
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922:Norwich, Vt. : New Victoria Publishers, 1986.
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1564:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 361.
186:Activism relating to the field of psychology
1633:Feminist organizations in the United States
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1306:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
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655:Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 127
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98:, jail, or prison psychiatric wards.
1359:
1273:Rosbrook, Bernadette (2002-11-01).
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998:Rosbrook, Bernadette (2002-11-01).
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178:, Vorse and others in forming the
51:Heterodoxy was founded in 1912 by
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1182:10.1111/j.1468-5922.2011.01940.x
1170:Journal of Analytical Psychology
1558:Weisberger, Bernard A. (2013).
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1375:The Journal of American History
1332:
1293:
1157:
1031:The Journal of American History
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777:The Journal of American History
751:carol anne douglas Review of
58:Among the notable members were
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672:Margaret Smith Crocco (1998).
645:
367:Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale
1:
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761:, v12 n10 (November 1982): 23
552:Florence Guy Woolston Seabury
7:
1232:10.1007/978-3-030-01581-7_3
1128:10.1007/978-3-030-01581-7_3
824:10.1007/978-3-030-01581-7_3
133:
10:
1654:
1475:Sherry, Jay (2013-08-20).
1423:Journal of Women's History
1417:Wittenstein, Kate (1998).
1073:Journal of Women's History
1067:Wittenstein, Kate (1998).
945:Journal of Women's History
939:Wittenstein, Kate (1998).
866:Journal of Women's History
860:Wittenstein, Kate (1998).
711:Journal of Women's History
705:Wittenstein, Kate (1998).
242:Stella Cominsky Ballantine
213:
46:
22:was the name adopted by a
1638:Feminism in New York City
392:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
162:The Birth Control Review,
1369:Schwarz, Judith (1992).
1025:Schwarz, Judith (1992).
771:Schwarz, Judith (1992).
638:
352:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
272:Elizabeth Ellsworth Cook
68:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
612:Vira Boarman Whitehouse
587:Kathleen de Vere Taylor
582:Vida Ravenscroft Sutton
397:Alison Turnbull Hopkins
287:Maida Castelhun Darnton
190:Psychoanalysis done by
84:Alison Turnbull Hopkins
1435:10.1353/jowh.2010.0376
1339:Garrison, Dee (1989).
1224:Performing Dream Homes
1120:Performing Dream Homes
1085:10.1353/jowh.2010.0376
957:10.1353/jowh.2010.0376
878:10.1353/jowh.2010.0376
816:Performing Dream Homes
723:10.1353/jowh.2010.0376
592:Signe Kristine Toksvig
512:Ruth Pickering Pinchot
342:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
257:Frances Maule Bjorkman
72:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1300:Waitt, Alden (1988).
487:Mary Margaret McBride
1619:(=Thesis M.A., 1977)
1164:Sherry, Jay (2011).
477:Rose Strunsky Lorwin
297:Anna George de Mille
282:Mabel Potter Daggett
237:Sara Josephine Baker
154:Woman Suffrage Party
1481:Behavioral Sciences
602:Elizabeth C. Watson
522:Ida Sedgwick Proper
502:Elsie Clews Parsons
327:Mateel Howe Farnham
180:Woman's Peace Party
1548:, pp. 115–128
577:Rose Pastor Stokes
567:Sarah Field Splint
562:Anne O'Hagan Shinn
527:Nina Wilcox Putnam
452:Alice Mary Kimball
432:Grace Nail Johnson
387:Beatrice M. Hinkle
362:Myran Louise Grant
337:Eleanor Fitzgerald
192:Beatrice M. Hinkle
143:Political activism
104:Beatrice M. Hinkle
100:Grace Nail Johnson
96:Occoquan Workhouse
26:debating group in
1494:10.3390/bs3030492
1352:978-0-87722-601-7
1241:978-3-030-01580-0
1137:978-3-030-01580-0
928:978-0-934678-08-7
833:978-3-030-01580-0
622:Margaret Wycherly
617:Margaret Widdemer
597:Mary Heaton Vorse
507:Mary Field Parton
497:Alice Duer Miller
482:Mabel Dodge Luhan
422:Inez Haynes Irwin
402:Marie Jenney Howe
307:Rheta Childe Dorr
232:Katharine Anthony
150:Mary Heaton Vorse
60:Mary Ware Dennett
53:Marie Jenney Howe
41:American feminism
28:Greenwich Village
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417:Elisabeth Irwin
317:Crystal Eastman
262:Mary Bookstaver
224:Lower East Side
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78:. Heterodites
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1176:(5): 692–707.
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607:Helen Westley
605:
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583:
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572:Doris Stevens
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247:Bessie Beatty
245:
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196:Sigmund Freud
193:
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140:
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77:
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1575:. Retrieved
1560:
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1546:Schwarz 1986
1541:
1534:Schwarz 1986
1529:
1484:
1480:
1429:(2): 38–62.
1426:
1422:
1378:
1374:
1341:
1334:
1312:(1): 72–77.
1309:
1305:
1295:
1278:
1253:, retrieved
1223:
1173:
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1159:
1149:, retrieved
1119:
1109:
1079:(2): 38–62.
1076:
1072:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1003:
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988:, p. 19
986:Schwarz 1986
981:
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919:
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907:Schwarz 1986
902:
872:(2): 38–62.
869:
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815:
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780:
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717:(2): 38–62.
714:
710:
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677:
674:"Heterodoxy"
652:
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517:Grace Potter
412:Fannie Hurst
312:Elsie Dufour
302:Mary Dennett
267:Elinor Byrns
252:Edwine Behre
217:
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206:, who wrote
200:
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137:
125:
117:Emma Goldman
109:Helen Keller
92:Paula Jakobi
57:
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36:women's club
19:
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1536:, p. 1
680:. pp.
442:Edna Kenton
322:Edith Ellis
1627:Categories
1590:References
1577:20 January
1255:2022-12-06
1151:2022-12-06
847:2022-12-06
691:0313293236
547:Lou Rogers
407:Helen Hull
222:, and the
171:as well.
127:Heterodoxy
121:Amy Lowell
20:Heterodoxy
1503:2076-328X
1451:143615016
1443:1527-2036
1287:1913-9330
1250:150687309
1190:0021-8774
1146:150687309
1101:143615016
1093:1527-2036
1012:1913-9330
973:143615016
965:1527-2036
894:143615016
886:1527-2036
842:150687309
739:143615016
731:1527-2036
557:Mary Shaw
542:Netha Roe
372:Ruth Hale
347:Zona Gale
332:Mary Fels
208:The Verge
1599:(1986).
1521:25379251
1198:22039948
532:Ida Rauh
134:Activism
76:Ida Rauh
32:suffrage
24:feminist
1512:4217591
1395:2078473
1326:3345943
1051:2078473
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682:193-194
214:Members
152:in the
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969:S2CID
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838:S2CID
793:JSTOR
735:S2CID
639:Notes
1609:ISBN
1579:2020
1566:ISBN
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