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periods of torpor is interrupted by bouts of endothermic metabolism, called arousals (typically lasting between 4–20 hours). These metabolic arousals cause body temperature to return to euthermic levels 35-37 °C. Most of the energy spent during hibernation is spent in arousals (70-80%), but their function remains unresolved.
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show multi-day torpor bouts during hibernation (up to several weeks) in winter. During these multi-day torpor bouts, body temperature drops to ~1 °C above ambient temperature and metabolism may drop to about 1% of the normal endothermic metabolic rate. Even in these deep hibernators, the long
272:
Regional heterothermy describes organisms that are able to maintain different temperature "zones" in different regions of the body. This usually occurs in the limbs, and is made possible through the use of counter-current heat exchangers, such as the
400:
Tøien, Ø; Blake, J; Edgar, DM; Grahn, DA; Heller, HC; Barnes, BM (Feb 18, 2011). "Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature".
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strategies. These changes in strategies typically occur on a daily basis or on an annual basis. More often than not, it is used as a way to dissociate the fluctuating
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that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it. In other words, they exhibit characteristics of both
357:
Hut, RA; Barnes, BM; Daan, S (Jan 2002). "Body temperature patterns before, during, and after semi-natural hibernation in the
European ground squirrel".
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Shallow hibernation patterns without arousals have been described in large mammals (like the black bear,) or under special environmental circumstances.
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317:("abdomen"); heat is retained in the thorax and lost from the abdomen. Using a very similar mechanism, the internal temperature of a
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species, body temperature and metabolic rate are elevated only during activity. When at rest, these animals reduce their
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drastically, which results in their body temperature dropping to that of the surrounding environment. This makes them
123:
451:
Dausmann, KH; Glos, J; Ganzhorn, JU; Heldmaier, G (Jun 24, 2004). "Physiology: hibernation in a tropical primate".
297:, use the heat exchangers to gather, and retain heat generated by their muscular flippers. There are even some
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use these exchangers to keep their feet at roughly the same temperature as the surrounding ice. This keeps the
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season, this animal shows strongly reduced metabolism each day during the rest phase while it reverts to
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found in tuna and certain birds. These exchangers equalize the temperature between hot
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594:"Heat exchange in relation to blood flow between thorax and abdomen in bumblebees"
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blood coming back, thus reducing heat loss. Penguins and many arctic
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from getting stuck on an ice sheet. Other animals, like the
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Heterothermic animals are those that can switch between
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metabolism during its active phase, leading to normal
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when at rest. This phenomenon has been termed 'daily
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321:'s thorax can exceed 45 °C while in flight.
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555:) in temperate waters off Nova Scotia, Canada"
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549:James, Michael C; Mrosovsky, N (2004-08-01).
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281:blood going out to the extremities and cold
551:"Body temperatures of leatherback turtles (
201:seen in some small mammals and birds (e.g.
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591:
504:"Design of heterothermic muscle in fish"
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249:body temperatures (around 38 °C).
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233:' and was intensively studied in the
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169:"heat") is a physiological term for
359:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
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301:which possess this mechanism (see
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305:), the best-known example being
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598:Journal of Experimental Biology
508:Journal of Experimental Biology
502:Katz, Stephen L. (2002-08-01).
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209:), from those of traditional
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592:Heinrich, B. (1976-06-01).
559:Canadian Journal of Zoology
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520:10.1242/jeb.205.15.2251
422:10.1126/science.1199435
303:insect thermoregulation
295:leatherback sea turtle
642:Thermobiology of bats
371:10.1007/s003600100226
268:Regional heterothermy
252:Larger mammals (e.g.
610:10.1242/jeb.64.3.561
553:Dermochelys coriacea
465:2004Natur.429..825D
414:2011Sci...331..906T
235:Djungarian hamster
165:"other" and θέρμη
657:Animal physiology
514:(15): 2251–2266.
225:when active, and
213:animals. In many
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662:Thermoregulation
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565:(8): 1302–1306.
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459:(6994): 825–6.
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408:(6019): 906–9.
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313:("thorax") and
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199:metabolic rates
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107:Tachymetabolism
102:Bradymetabolism
87:Thermostability
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365:(1): 47–58.
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336:Poikilotherm
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223:homeothermic
211:cold blooded
207:hummingbirds
195:homeothermic
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151:Heterothermy
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97:Kleptothermy
82:Thermolabile
67:Heterothermy
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57:Poikilotherm
243:endothermic
239:hibernation
219:metabolisms
179:homeothermy
62:Homeothermy
651:Categories
342:References
307:bumblebees
185:Definition
72:Stenotherm
25:in animals
618:1477-9145
579:0008-4301
528:1477-9145
331:Mesotherm
247:euthermic
77:Eurytherm
52:Mesotherm
47:Endotherm
42:Ectotherm
536:12110659
481:15215852
438:20829847
430:21330544
379:11824403
325:See also
319:honeybee
315:metasoma
311:mesosoma
279:arterial
489:4366123
461:Bibcode
410:Bibcode
402:Science
387:9491373
299:insects
171:animals
163:heteros
161:ἕτερος
626:945321
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453:Nature
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283:venous
256:) and
231:torpor
167:thermē
157:(from
485:S2CID
434:S2CID
383:S2CID
291:birds
287:birds
159:Greek
622:PMID
614:ISSN
575:ISSN
532:PMID
524:ISSN
477:PMID
426:PMID
375:PMID
258:bats
205:and
203:bats
193:and
177:and
606:doi
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516:doi
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418:doi
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