158:
173:
189:
311:
804:
34:
789:
1301:
262:
This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their
809:
In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of
Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian
310:
157:
255:
literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's
172:
134:– captain. Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the
188:
507:
444:
228:. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the
439:
739:
736:
502:
147:
1831:
1619:
1349:
1237:
1255:
1654:
1196:
259:. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.
1319:
1781:
164:
1674:
888:. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected.
194:
1806:
1786:
1342:
579:
1692:
1826:
1776:
1179:
932:
The title was revived in
Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1920. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported
863:
770:
233:
198:
1801:
1669:
1601:
1152:
316:
251:
From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life.
1791:
1687:
1626:
1335:
1213:
1480:
941:
229:
77:
985:
818:
620:
803:
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The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the
1024:"They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." —
1606:
1569:
589:
564:
76:
since the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the
1811:
1050:
937:
364:
57:
1171:
The Khotyn
Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire
279:
1718:
1649:
1574:
1305:
1002:
89:
81:
1432:
1144:
925:
in 1764. The last Hetman of the
Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was
574:
518:
487:
20:
1821:
1796:
1679:
1358:
1284:
They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.
955:
922:
763:
354:
1816:
1697:
1579:
1005:, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of
252:
179:
843:
1585:
1538:
1030:
871:
847:
547:
434:
272:
42:
537:
8:
1543:
1427:
1279:
907:
851:
655:
527:
404:
369:
1638:
1243:
1231:
945:
867:
855:
795:
650:
610:
542:
497:
339:
268:
38:
1313:
910:, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the
1664:
1175:
1148:
1114:
950:
926:
911:
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559:
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has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples:
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213:
113:
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1273:
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389:
93:
1223:
1765:
1613:
1592:
1402:
1099:
1062:
1038:
896:
660:
645:
492:
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419:
379:
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126:(literally 'father of horsemen'), however it could also come from the German
61:
1438:
1376:
975:
635:
399:
374:
359:
325:
1174:. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107. Helion and Company. p. 209.
1556:
1381:
1327:
1269:
1025:
625:
462:
225:
267:(a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own,
1563:
1469:
1455:
1414:
640:
954:. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new
1738:
1475:
1449:
1421:
701:
129:
97:
33:
16:
Historical political and military title in
Central and Eastern Europe
1724:
1509:
1491:
827:
721:
467:
302:
84:
from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of
1632:
1504:
1006:
998:
971:
892:
726:
711:
706:
686:
85:
73:
60:, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a
1705:
1498:
1485:
1408:
1300:
1072:
1067:
967:
904:
900:
788:
731:
716:
696:
676:
285:
135:
122:
69:
27:
1731:
1312:
691:
961:
1549:
823:
At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the
92:, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern
236:. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a
1278:. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p.
1195:
Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God".
1244:
https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf
958:, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.
116:borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the
141:
1198:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine
1141:Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition
1097:"The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs".
1763:
1218:. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14.
984:is today the term for the elected governor of a
921:, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by
182:wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates
1139:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011).
879:
831:
50:
1138:
944:, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by
1343:
764:
148:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1236:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
286:Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine
127:
989:
979:
850:. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the
1655:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
1357:
1350:
1336:
1167:
936:overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian
771:
757:
1675:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
962:Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia
263:army commanders at any time. In 1648 the
197:, one of the most powerful people in the
32:
1832:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
1764:
1194:
1331:
1323:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.
1268:
1258:. European Commission. April 3, 2024.
874:, a hetman was the head of the whole
929:, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.
248:each for both Poland and Lithuania.
13:
14:
1843:
1782:Military organization of Cossacks
1670:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1293:
317:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
96:, the title is used for regional
1299:
802:
787:
309:
220:) dates from 1505. The title of
187:
171:
156:
224:was given to the leader of the
142:Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania
1282:– via Internet Archive.
1262:
1248:
1205:
1188:
1161:
1132:
1107:
1090:
234:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
230:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
78:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
51:
1:
1212:"The early history of Kiev".
1083:
1012:
819:Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
103:
7:
1807:Military ranks of Lithuania
1787:Military history of Ukraine
1570:First marshal of the empire
1056:
997:For much of the history of
942:Ukrainian People's Republic
914:) and Right-bank Cossacks.
880:
832:
165:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
64:or imperial marshal in the
10:
1848:
1168:Paradowski, Micha (2023).
866:. From 1648, the start of
860:Реєстрове козацьке військо
816:
796:Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky
145:
58:Central and Eastern Europe
56:is a political title from
25:
18:
1827:Military ranks of Belarus
1777:Military ranks of Ukraine
1534:
1527:
1397:
1390:
1365:
1224:10.1515/9781400851515-004
859:
280:Third Partition of Poland
1802:Military ranks of Poland
1719:Supreme Allied Commander
1650:Marshal of the air force
1575:General of the Air Force
1003:Principality of Moldavia
948:, who claimed the title
82:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
26:Not to be confused with
1433:Domestic of the Schools
1320:Encyclopædia Britannica
1145:Oxford University Press
1045:in Polish and coded as
978:(15th century) onward,
852:Registered Cossack Army
565:Colonisation of Siberia
21:Hetman (disambiguation)
1792:Ukrainian noble titles
1680:Field marshal (Uganda)
1359:Highest military ranks
1226:(inactive 2024-06-23).
990:
980:
956:Directorate of Ukraine
923:Catherine II of Russia
217:
128:
46:
1580:General of the Armies
253:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
218:hetman wielki koronny
180:Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
36:
1586:Generalfeldmarschall
1539:Admiral of the fleet
1308:at Wikimedia Commons
1103:. December 21, 1996.
575:Pugachev's Rebellion
455:Other Cossack groups
43:Marcello Bacciarelli
19:For other uses, see
1544:Admiral of the Navy
1428:Constable of France
1119:Cossackweb.narod.ru
1039:Queen (chess piece)
908:Treaty of Andrusovo
891:After the split of
656:Yermak Timofeyevich
528:Registered Cossacks
37:Grand Crown Hetman
1201:. Oxford Academic.
1051:algebraic notation
946:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
868:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
848:Zaporizhian hetman
651:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
611:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
590:Cossacks in the SS
275:for independence.
273:Ukrainian struggle
269:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
210:Grand Crown Hetman
47:
39:Jan Amor Tarnowski
1812:Lithuanian titles
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1665:Marshal of Poland
1523:
1522:
1304:Media related to
951:Hetman of Ukraine
927:Kyrylo Rozumovsky
912:Cossack Hetmanate
886:Cossack Hetmanate
884:and heads of the
844:Christof Kosynsky
794:Ukrainian Hetman
781:
780:
631:Yemelyan Pugachev
621:Petro Sahaidachny
585:De-Cossackization
570:Bulavin Rebellion
208:The Polish title
66:Holy Roman Empire
1839:
1645:Marshal of Italy
1532:
1531:
1463:Magister militum
1395:
1394:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1303:
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1286:
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606:Petro Doroshenko
598:Notable Cossacks
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440:Irkutsk Cossacks
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265:Zaporizhian Host
257:chain of command
195:Janusz Radziwiłł
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1713:Reichsmarschall
1660:Marshal of Peru
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1372:General officer
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1147:. p. 669.
1143:(12 ed.).
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1242:alternate url=
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1614:Grand marshal
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1100:The Economist
1093:
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1078:Hetman's sign
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1063:Acting hetman
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897:Dnieper River
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881:Hetmanshchyna
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669:Cossack terms
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661:Ivan Vyhovsky
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62:field marshal
59:
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1817:Czech titles
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1591:
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1439:Dux bellorum
1437:
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1377:Flag officer
1318:
1283:
1274:
1270:Gorky, Maxim
1264:
1250:
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1170:
1163:
1140:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
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1029:
1017:
1016:
996:
986:Czech region
976:Hussite Wars
966:Used by the
965:
949:
938:Central Rada
931:
916:
899:by the 1667
890:
864:Commonwealth
839:
830:were titled
822:
810:Commonwealth
681:
636:Stepan Razin
315:
277:
261:
250:
245:
241:
238:Great Hetman
237:
221:
209:
207:
199:Commonwealth
121:
109:
107:
49:
48:
1684:Yugoslavia
1557:Dayuanshuai
1382:Air officer
1026:Maxim Gorky
825:Zaporizhian
626:Ivan Mazepa
548:Khmelnytsky
506: [
443: [
435:Zaporozhian
226:Polish Army
201:at the time
1766:Categories
1564:Dai-gensui
1470:Megas doux
1456:Ispahsalar
1415:Autokrator
1084:References
1041:is called
1013:Other uses
895:along the
641:Ivan Sirko
405:Semirechye
1739:Yuanshuai
1481:Rigsmarsk
1476:Polemarch
1450:Imperator
1422:Beylerbey
1256:"Czechia"
1232:cite book
974:from the
862:) of the
856:Ukrainian
702:Oseledets
580:Communism
560:Hetmanate
543:Nalyvaiko
533:Uprisings
463:Albazinan
355:Black Sea
340:Astrakhan
244:(deputy)
130:Hauptmann
108:The term
104:Etymology
98:governors
1725:Taewonsu
1510:Sparapet
1492:Serasker
1272:(1906).
1115:"Ataman"
1057:See also
1001:and the
940:and its
872:uprising
828:Cossacks
722:Stanitsa
538:Kosiński
483:Nekrasov
410:Siberian
395:Orenburg
365:Caucasus
303:Cossacks
295:a series
293:Part of
282:(1795).
232:and the
90:Moldavia
88:and the
80:and the
1772:Hetmans
1746:Marshal
1698:Marshal
1639:Mareşal
1633:Marshal
1607:Marshal
1505:Spahbed
1391:Ancient
1306:Hetmans
1124:July 6,
1049:in the
1007:voivode
999:Romania
981:hejtman
972:Bohemia
917:In the
905:Russian
893:Ukraine
727:Shashka
712:Plastun
707:Papakhi
687:Kontusz
519:History
498:Turkish
488:Persian
468:Bashkir
178:Hetman
163:Hetman
86:Romania
74:Bohemia
1706:Mushir
1528:Modern
1515:Hetman
1499:Shōgun
1486:Sardar
1409:Ataman
1275:Mother
1178:
1151:
1073:Bulawa
1068:Ataman
1043:hetman
1034:(1906)
1031:Mother
1018:Hetman
968:Czechs
901:Polish
840:Hetman
732:Szabla
717:Yesaul
697:Sotnia
682:Hetman
677:Ataman
478:Jewish
473:Danube
425:Ussuri
385:Greben
370:Danube
350:Baikal
246:Hetman
222:Hetman
214:Polish
136:Cumans
123:ataman
120:title
118:Turkic
114:Polish
112:was a
110:hetman
70:Czechs
52:Hetman
45:, 1781
28:Hitman
1732:Wonsu
692:Kurin
510:]
493:Tatar
447:]
430:Volga
415:Terek
390:Kuban
242:Field
1550:Aluf
1238:link
1215:Kiev
1176:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1126:2012
991:kraj
934:coup
420:Ural
380:Free
345:Azov
335:Amur
240:and
1280:372
1220:doi
994:).
970:in
870:'s
838:or
400:Red
375:Don
360:Buh
72:in
41:by
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1317:.
1234:}}
1230:{{
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1053:.
1028:,
1009:.
878:—
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842:;
740:ru
508:ru
445:ru
297:on
216::
138:.
100:.
1351:e
1344:t
1337:v
1240:)
1222::
1184:.
1157:.
1128:.
1047:H
988:(
903:–
854:(
772:e
765:t
758:v
212:(
30:.
23:.
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