Heuristic - Knowledge

1459: 2569:(CEST) is also an adaptive view of heuristic processing. CEST breaks down two systems that process information. At some times, roughly speaking, individuals consider issues rationally, systematically, logically, deliberately, effortfully, and verbally. On other occasions, individuals consider issues intuitively, effortlessly, globally, and emotionally. From this perspective, heuristics are part of a larger experiential processing system that is often adaptive, but vulnerable to error in situations that require logical analysis. 1023:, heuristics are simple, efficient rules, either learned or inculcated by evolutionary processes. These psychological heuristics have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgements, and solve problems. These rules typically come into play when people face complex problems or incomplete information. Researchers employ various methods to test whether people use these rules. The rules have been shown to work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases can lead to systematic errors or 632: 2549:– have been shown to be effective in predictions, particularly in situations of uncertainty. It is often said that heuristics trade accuracy for effort but this is only the case in situations of risk. Risk refers to situations where all possible actions, their outcomes and probabilities are known. In the absence of this information, that is under uncertainty, heuristics can achieve higher accuracy with lower effort. This finding, known as a 2760:

society to trust them with that kind of responsibility. Some proposed changes, however, have included the completion of an alcohol education course rather than the attainment of 21 years of age as the criterion for legal alcohol possession. This would put youth alcohol policy more on a case-by-case basis and less on a heuristic one, since the completion of such a course would presumably be voluntary and not uniform across the population.

2296: 1779: 2591:, which happens without conscious awareness. According to this theory, when somebody makes a judgement (of a "target attribute") that is computationally complex, a more easily calculated "heuristic attribute" is substituted. In effect, a cognitively difficult problem is dealt with by answering a rather simpler problem, without being aware of this happening. This theory explains cases where judgements fail to show 1458: 4054:

Gigerenzer (2021) humans other organisms evolved to acquire what he calls 'embodied heuristics' that can be both innate or learnt rules of thumb, which in turn supply the agility to respond to the lack of information by fast judgement. The 'embodied heuristics' use the mental capacity that includes

2858:

is a type of heuristic that people use to form opinions or make judgements about things they have never seen or experienced. They work as a mental shortcut to assess everything from the social status of a person (based on their actions), to classifying a plant as a tree based on it being tall, having

4378:

TTB consists of three building blocks. (1) Search rule: Search through cues in the order of their validity, a measure of accuracy equal to the proportion of correct decisions made by a cue out of all the times that cue discriminates between pairs of options. (2) Stopping rule: Stop search as soon as

2776:

on their idea, so that they can recoup investment costs and make economic profit for a limited period. In the United States, the length of this temporary monopoly is 20 years from the date the patent application was filed, though the monopoly does not actually begin until the application has matured

1005:

The most fundamental heuristic is trial and error, which can be used in everything from matching nuts and bolts to finding the values of variables in algebra problems. In mathematics, some common heuristics involve the use of visual representations, additional assumptions, forward/backward reasoning

6433:

One of the political heuristics that has been most studied from an evolutionary perspective is the deservingness heuristic. the deservingness heuristic is the psychological tendency of people to base their opinions about welfare programs on the efforts of the recipients. Specifically, the heuristic

5378:

include imitation heuristics, tit-for-tat, the social-circle heuristic, and averaging the judgments of others to exploit the 'wisdom of crowds' (Hertwig & Herzog 2009). Imitate the-successful, for instance, speeds up learning of cue orders and can find orders that excel take-the-best's validity

8006:

Heuristics is a qualitative model of research design developed from humanistic psychology traditions. It embraces the significance of human experience and embodies the spirit of Buber's (1958) "I-Thou" mutuality. The heuristic model is inherently phenomenological in nature, and it seeks to uncover

6590:

Survival of the fittest, which is perhaps the grandest of all optimality principles, was formulated as a qualitative, conceptual cornerstone in Darwin's (1859) theory of evolution. Entropy and least action principles are other broad optimality laws Equilibrium notions and homeostatic behavior can

2828:

Anchoring and adjustment is one of the most extensively researched heuristics in behavioural economics. Anchoring is the tendency of people to make future judgements or conclusions based too heavily on the original information supplied to them. This initial knowledge functions as an anchor, and it

5543:

f a person believes that audience consensus usually offers accurate guidance as to the merits of persuasive messages, then positive audience reaction to a specific message would prompt the individual to accept the speaker's claims. The cognitive heuristic is the holding that audience consensus in

4672:

The priority heuristic, a one-good-reason heuristic with no free parameters (Brandstätter, Gigerenzer, & Hertwig, 2008; Brandstätter et al., 2006) that has similar building blocks to take-the-best, has been shown to imply (not just have parameter sets that are consistent with) several of the

2835:

has been observed in a wide range of decision-making contexts, including financial decision-making, consumer behavior, and negotiation. Researchers have identified a number of strategies that can be used to mitigate the effects of anchoring and adjustment, including providing multiple anchors,

2759:

consumption. However, assuming people mature at different rates, the specific age of 21 would be too late for some and too early for others. In this case, the somewhat arbitrary delineation is used because it is impossible or impractical to tell whether an individual is sufficiently mature for

7964:

he heuristic mode is constrained by basic principles of knowledge activation and use—namely, availability, accessibility, and applicability (e.g., Higgins, 1996). That is, heuristic processing requires that heuristics are stored in memory (i.e., available), are retrieved from memory (i.e.,

2686:

is not given as something to be pursued, or to present an orientation-point for development. Rather, it shows how things would have to be connected, and how one thing would lead to another (often with highly problematic results), if one opted for certain principles and carried them through

4555:

Wubben & Wangenheim (2008) reported that experienced managers use a simple recency-of-last-purchase rule: 'Hiatus heuristic: If a customer has not purchased within a certain number of months (the hiatus), the customer is classified as inactive; otherwise, the customer is classified as

3634:

Shah & Oppenheimer (2008) proposed that all heuristics rely on effort reduction by one or more of the following: (a) examining fewer cues, (b) reducing the effort of retrieving cue values, (c) simplifying the weighting of cues, (d) integrating less information, and (e) examining fewer

2777:

into a patent. However, like the drinking age problem above, the specific length of time would need to be different for every product to be efficient. A 20-year term is used because it is difficult to tell what the number should be for any individual patent. More recently, some, including

7387:

Groner, Rudolf; Groner, Marina (1991). "Heuristische versus algorithmische Orientierung als Dimension des individuellen kognitiven Stils" [Heuristic versus algorithmic orientation as a dimension of the individual cognitive style]. In K. Grawe; N. Semmer; R. Hänni (eds.).

5580:

Lozinski and Collinson (1999, as cited in Giugni, 2006) were the first to employ the concept of an 'epistemological shudder' to describe how one's preferred representations of one's known world can prove incapable of immediately making sense of the 'marvellous' (p.

2750:

The present securities regulation regime largely assumes that all investors act as perfectly rational persons. In truth, actual investors face cognitive limitations from biases, heuristics, and framing effects. For instance, in all states in the United States the

4854:

For two alternatives, the heuristic is defined as (Goldstein & Gigerenzer 2002): 'Recognition heuristic: If one of two alternatives is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized alternative has the higher value with respect to the

5028:'Fluency heuristic: If both alternatives are recognized but one is recognized faster, then infer that this alternative has the higher value with respect to the criterion.' The fluency heuristic builds on earlier work on fluency (Jacoby & Dallas 1981). 3908:

Another negative and substantial consequence was that computational models of heuristics, such as lexicographic rules (Fishburn, 1974) and elimination-by-aspects (Tversky, 1972), became replaced by one-word labels: availability, representativeness, and

7468:

The collection of heuristics and building blocks an individual or a species has at its disposal for constructing heuristics, together with the core mental capacities that building blocks exploit, has been called the adaptive toolbox (Gigerenzer et al.

4436:

Take the best (Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996). Infer which of two alternatives has the higher value by (a) searching through cues in order of validity, (b) stopping the search as soon as a cue discriminates, (c) choosing the alternative this cue

5672:

to refer generally to the relevant elements at the scalar level below that of the aggregate phenomenon. Similarly, we refer generally to the intellectual work involved in characterizing the relevant properties, rules, and behaviors of factors as

4055:

the motor and sensory abilities that start to develop from the moment of birth. 'dual-process theories' we find it helpful to point out that one may distinguish between 'System 1 heuristics' and 'System 2 heuristics' (Kahneman 2011, p. 98).

7223:

In a series of papers beginning in 1980 and represented in his 2007 book, Bill Wimsatt analyzed a series of 'heuristics,' thought of as guides or 'rules of thumb,' which are employed when scientists proceed in a reductionist manner (1980,

5436:

Imitate the majority (Boyd & Richerson, 2005). Look at a majority of people in your peer group, and imitate their behavior. Imitate the successful (Boyd &Richerson, 2005). Look for the most successful person and imitate his or her

2527:

and his research group argued that models of heuristics need to be formal to allow for predictions of behavior that can be tested. They study the fast and frugal heuristics in the "adaptive toolbox" of individuals or institutions, and the

2829:

can influence future judgements even if the anchor is entirely unrelated to the decisions at hand. Adjustment, on the other hand, is the process through which individuals make gradual changes to their initial judgements or conclusions.

4347:

Just as there is a class of such tracking heuristics, there is a class of one-good-reason heuristics, of which take-the-best is one member. These heuristics also have three building blocks: search rules, stopping rules, and decision

7181:

Wimsatt's (, , , ) work on reductionist modelling strategies - also built upon Simon's programme of bounded rationality - provides an alternative starting point that is more useful for understanding the role that heuristics play in

972:

A heuristic is a strategy that ignores part of the information, with the goal of making decisions more quickly, frugally, and/or accurately than more complex methods (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier , p. 454; see also Todd et al. , p.

5622:

The first epistemic heuristic essential to mechanistic reasoning is that students think across scalar levels. Most definitions of mechanistic reasoning (e.g., Grotzer & Perkins, 2000; Machamer et al., 2000) use the term

4732:

Johnson & Raab (2003) proposed a variant of the fluency heuristic when alternatives are sequentially retrieved rather than simultaneously perceived: 'Take-the-first heuristic: Choose the first alternative that comes to

2532:

of these heuristics; that is, the conditions under which a given heuristic is likely to be successful. The descriptive study of the "adaptive toolbox" is done by observation and experiment, while the prescriptive study of

4379:

one cue is found that discriminates between the two options. (3) Decision rule: Select the option to which the discriminating cue points, that is, the option that has the cue value associated with higher criterion values.

7131:

Lakatos () also adopted the term to characterize his methodology of scientific research programmes, which would lead researchers to either avoid or pursue certain lines of inquiry 'negative' and 'positive' heuristics,

6027:

he representativeness heuristicProbabilities are evaluated by the degree to which one thing or event is representative of (resembles) another; the higher the representativeness (resemblance) the higher the probability

3276:, 'to discover'. As a noun it is defined as 'a technique of discovery' and as an adjective, it means 'serving to guide, discover, or reveal'. The more common designation for all of this is 'the discovery method'. 2771:

are justified on the grounds that inventors must be protected so they have incentive to invent. It is therefore argued that it is in society's best interest that inventors receive a temporary government-granted

3534:

Heuristics are commonly understood as economical shortcut procedures that may not lead to optimal or correct results, but will generally produce outcomes that are in some sense satisfactory or 'good enough'.

6530: 549:. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the 3484:

A good error is a consequence of the adaptation of mental heuristics to the structure of environments. This ecological view is illustrated by visual illusions. Not making good errors would destroy human

6921:'To choose a ripe cantaloupe, press the spot on the candidate cantaloupe where it was attached to the plant and smell it; if the spot smells like the inside of a cantaloupe, it's probably ripe' (Pearl ) 6222:

he availability heuristicThe frequency of a class or the probability of an event is assessed according to the ease with which instances or associations can be brought to mind (Tversky and Kahneman )

5262:

where people count the number of arguments (for example, pros and cons) and disregard the relative importance of each argument (Bonnefon, Dubois, Fargier, & Leblois, 2008; Gigerenzer, 2004).

1002:

in human beings, machines and abstract issues. When an individual applies a heuristic in practice, it generally performs as expected. However it can alternatively create systematic errors.

7268:

In summary, Hodgkin and Huxley use heuristics in the Wimsatt sense, and the heuristics fall both into what Wimsatt calls reductionistic heuristics and also nonreductionistic heuristics.

3575:

Hence to paraphrase Polya, heuristic is a science of problem-solving behavior that focuses on plausible, provisional, useful, but fallible, mental operations for discovering solutions.

2553:, would not have been found without formal models. The valuable insight of this program is that heuristics are effective not despite their simplicity – but because of it. Furthermore, 4496:

Take-the-best is a member of the one-good-reason family of heuristics because of its stopping rule: Search is stopped after finding the first cue that enables an inference to be made.

4163:

As Popperians and Lakatosians use the term, a 'justificationist' theory of knowledge is one committed to the existence of foundations of knowledge, at least probabilistic foundations.

2809:. The heuristic is derived by using some function that is put into the system by the designer, or by adjusting the weight of branches based on how likely each branch is to lead to a 2701:, procedure, or method. Philosophers of science have emphasised the importance of heuristics in creative thought and the construction of scientific theories. Seminal works include 7790:

Kahneman, Daniel; Frederick, Shane (2002). "Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". In Thomas Gilovich; Dale Griffin; Daniel Kahneman (eds.).

8257:

This 'bias-variance dilemma' helps to explicate the rationality of simple heuristics and how less can be more (Brighton & Gigerenzer 2008, Gigerenzer & Brighton 2009).

6281:

Max Wertheimer, who was a close friend of Einstein, and his fellow Gestalt psychologists spoke of heuristic methods such as 'looking around' to guide search for information.

2668:, is a heuristic device to enable understanding of what it models. Stories, metaphors, etc., can also be termed heuristic in this sense. A classic example is the notion of 2477:, which denotes a situation in which people seek solutions, or accept choices or judgements, that are "good enough" for their purposes although they could be optimised. 3046: – theory that posits that knowing is inseparable from doing by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts 7323: 8380: 6434:

motivates people to support welfare benefits to recipients who are represented as victims of bad luck and reject benefits to recipients who are represented as lazy.

6335:

In building social theory, Marx used not one (as generally regarded) but three heuristic models: base-superstructure, organic totality, and dialectical development.

8336:

Bodenhausen, Galen V.; et al. (1999). "On the Dialectics of Discrimination: Dual Processes in Social Stereotyping". In Chaiken, Shelly; Trope, Yaacov (eds.).

3435:

Kahneman & Frederick (2002) proposed that a heuristic assesses a target attribute by another property (attribute substitution) that comes more readily to mind.

5759:

The affect heuristic is one of the most common heuristics in individuals, and has been a popular topic in the study of behavioral finance (Finucane et al. 2000).

5978:

Simon's (1955) satisficing heuristic searches through options in any order, stops as soon the first option exceeds an aspiration level, and chooses this option.

6164: 4226:, works well in situations where (a) the decision maker knows little about the validity of the cues, and (b) the costs of cues are rather low (Karelaia, 2006). 4969:

Fluency heuristic (Schooler & Hertwig, 2005). If one alternative is recognized faster than another, infer that it has the higher value on the criterion.

3966: 2944: 4912:

Recognition heuristic (Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002). If one of two alternatives is recognized, infer that it has the higher value on the criterion.

7752:

Epstein, S.; Pacini, R.; Denes-Raj, V.; Heier, H. (1996). "Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles".

8178: 6872:

It is difficult to overstate the influence of Tversky and Kahneman's work and the so-called 'heuristics-and-biases research programme' that followed.

6506:

The focus on unification as a heuristic strategy parallels certain elements of a related type of reasoning, namely that found in robustness analysis.

5668:

second epistemic heuristic: identifying and characterizing relevant elements at a scalar level below that of the target phenomenon. we use the term

6688: 6069:

The belief that a sequence such as 11111111111111111111 is less probable than a sequence such as 66234441536125563152 is often referred to as the

3216: 8285: 5862:

However, a different meaning of 'heuristic' was invoked in psychology with the Gestalt theorists, and later with Simon's notion of 'satisficing'.

5718:

Finally, the third heuristic essential to mechanistic reasoning involves checking how well the underlying mechanisms fit the observed phenomenon.

5206:

Tallying (unit-weight linear model; Dawes, 1979). To estimate a criterion, do not estimate weights but simply count the number of favoring cues.

8041: 2964: 1441: 5919:

Satisficing (Simon, 1955; Todd & Miller, 1999). Search through alternatives, and choose the first one that exceeds your aspiration level.

569:

Induction is the process of discovering general laws Induction tries to find regularity and coherence Its most conspicuous instruments are

8585: 4795:: a class of heuristics that bases judgments on recognition information only, ignoring other cues (e.g., recognition and fluency heuristic) 2565:

Heuristics, through greater refinement and research, have begun to be applied to other theories, or be explained by them. For example, the

7028:

Mauritz Johnson (1966) observes that the idea is hardly new, and that, ignoring the classical accreditation of its use to Socrates in the

2859:

a trunk, and that it has leaves (even though the person making the evaluation might never have seen that particular type of tree before).

2911: 2843:, which refers to the tendency of individuals to categorize objects or events based on how similar they are to typical examples, and the 2836:

encouraging individuals to generate alternative anchors, and providing cognitive prompts to encourage more deliberative decision-making.

2755:

for unsupervised persons is 21 years, because it is argued that people need to be mature enough to make decisions involving the risks of

8556: 7702: 2949: 1705: 7832: 7036:

in 1847 as well as by later writers, Herbert Spencer in 1860, Frank and Charles McMurry in 1897, and William Chandler Babley in 1905.

6114: 4101: 479: 4288:: a class of heuristics that bases judgments on one good reason only, ignoring other cues (e.g., take-the-best and hiatus heuristic) 1513: 5544:

this case is representative of situations in which audience consensus provides a reliable guide (Axsom, Yates, and Chaiken, 1987).

5149:

Trade-offs: a class of heuristics that weights all cues or alternatives equally and thus makes trade-offs (e.g., tallying and 1/N)

3327:, which means 'to find out' or 'to discover.' Heuristics are sometimes also referred to as 'mental shortcuts' or 'rules of thumb.' 8271:"Conceptualizing and studying linguistic representations across multiple levels of analysis: The case of L2 processing research" 8086: 6753:

nfluential heuristics researchers, including George Polya, Herbert Simon, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, and Gerd Gigerenzer.

2821:

Heuristics refers to the cognitive shortcuts that individuals use to simplify decision-making processes in economic situations.

6384:

The continuum limit heuristic is one member of a more general class of heuristics for variable reduction (Wilson , pp. 184-92).

4673:

major violations simultaneously, including the Allais paradox and the fourfold pattern (Katsikopoulos & Gigerenzer, 2008).

3151: 8374: 8347: 8161: 7807: 7630: 7589: 7560: 7405: 7301: 6664: 3960: 3933: 3730: 3656: 3309: 2872:(1922), are the pictures we have in our heads that are built around experiences as well as what we are told about the world. 2197: 1162: 3223:'guiding discovery' or 'improving problem solving' its origin in ancient Greece where the verb 'heuriskein' means to find. 7317: 6811:

has been a best seller since its first printing in 1945-copies sold number in the hundreds of thousands. Complementary to

3691: 2303: 1786: 8028: 2434: 6558:

As with any heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman 1974), however, the optimality approach is prone to systematic biases 1.

2847:, which refers to the tendency of individuals to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind. 3376:

Not only is 'heuristic' used in diverse ways across and within disciplines, but its meaning has evolved over the years.

2566: 2172: 1761: 1483: 1434: 1187: 920: 226: 109: 6635:

Minsky's (1961 b) subject bibliography lists Polya (1945) as the earliest reference to heuristic in the AI literature.

8565: 8541: 5494:

Tit-for-tat (Axelrod, 1984). Cooperate first, keep a memory of Size 1, and then imitate your partner's last behavior.

2932: 2707: 2491:, proposing a cognitive style "heuristic versus algorithmic thinking", which can be assessed by means of a validated 8410: 8628: 2465:. Simon's original primary object of research was problem solving that showed that we operate within what he calls 1935: 866: 834: 5627:

to describe the kinds of things that must be identified and characterized in order to explain a target phenomenon.

2825:

is a field that integrates insights from psychology and economics to better understand how people make decisions.

5813:

Adaptive heuristics commonly appear in behavioral models, such as reinforcement, feedback, and stimulus-response.

3950: 8211: 7482: 7422: 7241:"Theories, Models, and Equations in Biology: The Heuristic Search for Emergent Simplifications in Neurobiology" 7196:"Theories, Models, and Equations in Biology: The Heuristic Search for Emergent Simplifications in Neurobiology" 6235: 5932: 5332: 5103: 4982: 4808: 4746: 4686: 4509: 4239: 3754: 3588: 3389: 1604: 1518: 1063: 807: 393: 7528:

Core capacities include recognition memory, frequency monitoring, object tracking, and the ability to imitate.

5090:

The gaze heuristic introduced earlier has three building blocks. there is a class of such tracking heuristics

3289: 2557:

and Wolfgang Gaissmaier found that both individuals and organisations rely on heuristics in an adaptive way.

1695: 1427: 1182: 472: 264: 260: 168: 8618: 2840: 2810: 2798: 2103: 1837: 1827: 1233: 995: 8193: 7892: 7648: 3064: 2084: 1720: 998:. These strategies depend on using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control 113: 6695:

The methods of analysis and synthesis appear later in almost every treatise on problem-solving methods .

7285: 5044: 4626: 4450: 4301: 4176: 3862: 2794: 2778: 2615: 2592: 89: 31: 17: 8270: 5319:

1/N; equality heuristic (DeMiguel et al., 2006). Allocate resources equally to each of N alternatives.

8613: 6398:"Evolutionary Political Psychology: On the Origin and Structure of Heuristics and Biases in Politics" 5244: 3800:

Heuristics are a subset of strategies; strategies also include complex regression or Bayesian models.

2985: 2377: 2136: – Discursive method of arriving at the truth by way of reasoned contradiction and argumentation 1478: 1293: 1192: 534: 201: 8023: 7852: 7351: 5731: 4088: 3040: – SCAMPER is an acronym for the creative development process proposed by Alex Faickney Osborn. 8518:

Rather, as rules, heuristics are procedures that can be specified and applied in a given situation.

8007:

the meaning and essence of human experience from the frame of reference of the experiencing person.

7397: 3008: 2832: 2781:

law professor Eric E. Johnson, have argued that patents in different kinds of industries – such as

1408: 1152: 1127: 465: 452: 342: 206: 176: 122: 7614: 5691:"Identifying Essential Epistemic Heuristics for Guiding Mechanistic Reasoning in Science Learning" 5641:"Identifying Essential Epistemic Heuristics for Guiding Mechanistic Reasoning in Science Learning" 5595:"Identifying Essential Epistemic Heuristics for Guiding Mechanistic Reasoning in Science Learning" 5220:"They Might Be a Liar But They're My Liar: Source Evaluation and the Prevalence of Misinformation" 3849:

In a recent review article written with Wolfgang Gaissmaier, the following definition is proposed:

8633: 8582: 7552: 2802: 2747:

would be impractical, insofar as "practicality" is defined by the interests of a governing body.

2542: 2488: 2459: 2209: 2121: 1866: 1816: 1503: 1378: 1373: 1303: 1053: 861: 230: 181: 144: 81: 6651: 5558:"Epistemological shudders as productive aporia: A heuristic for transformative teacher learning" 3717: 7847: 4083: 3144: 2844: 2665: 2609: 2587: 2534: 2529: 2483:

analysed the history of heuristics from its roots in ancient Greece up to contemporary work in

2268: 2215: 2109: 2023: 1754: 1690: 913: 546: 515: 443: 8364: 7799: 7687: 6464:

The even simpler Minimalist heuristic, which searches through available cues in a random order

4613:

Default heuristic (Johnson & Goldstein, 2003). If there is a default, do nothing about it.

2595:. Heuristics can be considered to reduce the complexity of clinical judgments in health care. 2868: 2546: 2538: 2047: 1904: 1614: 1488: 1413: 1403: 1058: 875: 852: 789: 438: 371: 366: 234: 7791: 7738: 2224: – When the ratio of reactants to products of a chemical reaction is constant with time 6591:

also be interpreted as general optimality principles, covering wide domains of application.

4068: 2899: 2822: 2484: 2382: 2264: 2221: 2167: 2060: 1947: 1831: 1629: 1624: 1288: 1248: 1238: 884: 699: 650: 631: 8236: 7905: 7873: 7670: 7622: 7507: 7447: 6260: 5957: 5357: 5128: 5069: 5007: 4833: 4771: 4711: 4651: 4534: 4475: 4326: 4264: 4201: 3887: 3779: 3613: 3414: 8: 8623: 8019: 2678: 2550: 2467: 2162: 2156: 2075: – Process where information about current status is used to influence future status 2003: 1523: 1398: 1318: 1313: 1298: 1009: 961: 798: 744: 731: 577:, analogy. Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems preserved in the 562: 447: 422: 405: 314: 214: 148: 71: 8227: 7661: 7498: 7438: 6251: 5948: 5348: 5119: 4998: 4824: 4762: 4702: 4525: 4255: 3770: 3604: 3405: 8502: 8130: 7990: 7948: 7890:

Cioffi, Jane (1997). "Heuristics, servants to intuition, in clinical decision making".

7730: 7339: 7165: 7115: 7069: 7012: 6954: 6905: 6856: 6791: 6737: 6623: 6497: 6417: 6368: 6319: 6206: 6011: 5895: 5846: 5797: 5527: 5470: 5412: 5295: 5249: 5182: 4945: 4888: 4589: 4412: 4147: 4012: 3833: 3563: 3518: 3468: 3360: 3301: 3256: 3183: 3070: 3043: 3014: 2926: 2752: 2720: 2397: 2367: 2178: 2151: 1884: 1634: 1498: 1013: 965: 839: 726: 668: 664: 417: 338: 334: 276: 268: 139: 6136: 2507:

contains strategies for fabricating heuristic devices. The core mental capacities are

8571: 8561: 8547: 8537: 8456: 8370: 8343: 8241: 8157: 8078: 8070: 8033: 7909: 7865: 7813: 7803: 7792: 7769: 7722: 7683: 7675: 7626: 7585: 7556: 7512: 7452: 7401: 7297: 6660: 6607: 6447: 6265: 6156: 6152: 6106: 6086: 5962: 5903: 5891: 5793: 5478: 5466: 5420: 5408: 5362: 5303: 5291: 5218:

Swire-Thompson, Briony; Ecker, Ullrich; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Berinsky, Adam (2020).

5190: 5178: 5133: 5074: 5060: 5012: 4953: 4941: 4896: 4884: 4838: 4776: 4716: 4656: 4642: 4597: 4585: 4539: 4480: 4466: 4420: 4408: 4361: 4331: 4317: 4269: 4206: 4192: 4016: 4004: 3956: 3929: 3892: 3878: 3784: 3726: 3662: 3652: 3618: 3547: 3419: 3305: 3167: 3058: 3052: 3031: 3025: 3002: 2736: 2516: 1984: 1913: 1747: 1669: 949: 906: 812: 659: 655: 615: 250: 210: 101: 85: 54: 8134: 7734: 7646:

Gigerenzer, Gerd; Gaissmaier, Wolfgang (January 2011). "Heuristic Decision Making".

3952:

Heuristic Reasoning: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics

1994: – Behaviour in which an individual observes and replicates another's behaviour 1358: 8494: 8448: 8318: 8231: 8223: 8120: 8066: 7940: 7901: 7857: 7761: 7714: 7665: 7657: 7618: 7610: 7502: 7494: 7442: 7434: 7373: 7289: 7252: 7207: 7157: 7107: 7061: 7004: 6946: 6897: 6848: 6783: 6729: 6619: 6542: 6489: 6409: 6360: 6311: 6255: 6247: 6198: 6148: 6098: 6057: 6053: 6003: 5952: 5944: 5887: 5838: 5789: 5743: 5702: 5652: 5606: 5569: 5519: 5462: 5404: 5352: 5344: 5287: 5239: 5231: 5174: 5123: 5115: 5064: 5056: 5002: 4994: 4937: 4880: 4828: 4820: 4766: 4758: 4706: 4698: 4646: 4638: 4581: 4529: 4521: 4470: 4462: 4404: 4321: 4313: 4259: 4251: 4196: 4188: 4139: 4093: 4043: 3996: 3882: 3874: 3825: 3774: 3766: 3608: 3600: 3559: 3510: 3460: 3409: 3401: 3352: 3297: 3248: 3179: 3105: 3034: – Systematic logical process capable of deriving a conclusion from hypotheses 2905: 2462: 2387: 2337: 2307: 2066: 2016: 1849: 1790: 1700: 1685: 1644: 1574: 1528: 1343: 1308: 991: 987: 753: 722: 383: 358: 326: 284: 222: 97: 5747: 5706: 5656: 5610: 8608: 8589: 8337: 7540: 6807:

The most important work in heuristic teaching has been done by George Polya. His

6041: 3019: 2999: – Concept in behavioral economics, political theory and behavioral sciences 2991: 2979: 2920: 2863: 2782: 2622: 2582: 2578: 2554: 2537:

requires mathematical analysis and computer simulation. Heuristics – such as the

2524: 2508: 2455: 2447: 2427: 2372: 2352: 2342: 2139: 2127: 1594: 1564: 1533: 1112: 999: 934: 803: 767: 713: 704: 673: 593: 554: 526: 509: 354: 350: 280: 218: 172: 134: 117: 105: 76: 7965:

accessible), and are relevant (i.e., applicable) to the judgmental task at hand.

6647: 5732:"Most common heuristics and biases in nascent entrepreneurs' marketing behavior" 5690: 5640: 5594: 3713: 2952: – Simple strategies or mental processes involved in making quick decisions 1208: 589: 8593: 8125: 8109:"Heuristic, Methodology or Logic of Discovery? Lakatos on Patterns of Thinking" 8108: 7944: 7861: 7765: 5574: 5557: 4048: 4031: 3683: 2806: 2756: 2716: 2661: 2041: 1942: 1878: 1735: 1664: 1348: 1024: 879: 870: 785: 740: 717: 695: 570: 550: 413: 346: 300: 93: 40: 7032:, one finds an early discussion of discovery learning by David P. Page in his 6546: 6493: 4097: 4000: 2653:

exists to enable understanding of, or knowledge concerning, some other entity

8602: 8322: 8309:

Dale, Sarah (2015). "Heuristics and biases: The science of decision-making".

8082: 8037: 7869: 7718: 7365: 7293: 6160: 6110: 5730:

Nouri, Pouria; Imanipour, Narges; Talebi, Kambiz; Zali, Mohammadreza (2018).

3666: 2967: – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment 2698: 2492: 2480: 2407: 2191: 2145: 2078: 1589: 1579: 1559: 1368: 1353: 1132: 1117: 1087: 938: 857: 843: 830: 542: 521: 493: 289: 156: 7817: 4143: 8551: 8460: 8245: 7979:"Chapter 7: Heuristic Scholar: Heuristic Inquiry and the Heuristic Scholar" 7726: 7679: 7516: 7456: 6970:'Start in the centre square when beginning a game of tic-tac-toe' (Dunbar ) 6269: 5966: 5907: 5482: 5424: 5366: 5307: 5194: 5137: 5078: 5016: 4957: 4900: 4842: 4780: 4720: 4660: 4601: 4543: 4484: 4424: 4335: 4273: 4210: 4069:"How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear: Beyond "Heuristics and Biases"" 4008: 3896: 3788: 3622: 3423: 2996: 2988: – Terms to describe a conditional relationship between two statements 2732: 2712: 2451: 2402: 2392: 2362: 2347: 2332: 2260: 1900:

A class that's function is to determine and filter out superfluous things.

1725: 1549: 1508: 1043: 888: 758: 574: 409: 239: 160: 8498: 7913: 7773: 7161: 7111: 6950: 6901: 6852: 6733: 6364: 6202: 6042:"Probability & Perception: The Representativeness Heuristic in Action" 6007: 5842: 3829: 3725:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 113, 114, 117, 132. 3514: 3464: 3356: 8402: 8062: 3921: 2938: 2908: – Optimization by eliminating non optimal solutions to sub-problems 2744: 2702: 2473: 2357: 2227: 2097: 1997: 1820: 1730: 1639: 1569: 1493: 1253: 1228: 1142: 1102: 1082: 794: 677: 538: 433: 397: 388: 362: 330: 309: 304: 272: 164: 8506: 7994: 7539: 7169: 7119: 6958: 6909: 6860: 6741: 6501: 6421: 6372: 6210: 6015: 5899: 5850: 5474: 5416: 5299: 5186: 4949: 4892: 4593: 4416: 3837: 3522: 3472: 3364: 8482: 7978: 7952: 7544: 7145: 7095: 7073: 7016: 7008: 6934: 6885: 6836: 6795: 6787: 6717: 6477: 6413: 6397: 6348: 6323: 6186: 5991: 5875: 5826: 5801: 5523: 5450: 5392: 5275: 5253: 5235: 5162: 4925: 4868: 4569: 4392: 4032:"A brief history of heuristics: how did research on heuristics evolve?" 3813: 3498: 3448: 3340: 3260: 3252: 2973: 2958: 2855: 2764: 2633: 2230: – State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things 1609: 1584: 1554: 1363: 1223: 1147: 1137: 1122: 1097: 1020: 762: 749: 708: 530: 196: 152: 7928: 6992: 6771: 5777: 5531: 5219: 5217: 4151: 3926:

Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving

3236: 2159: – Condition of being deserving of something, whether good or bad 8153: 7581: 7280:

Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos, eds. (30 April 1982).

6478:"Unification beyond Justification: A Strategy for Theory Development" 6102: 5507: 4127: 3157: 2893: 2520: 2512: 2280: 2254: 2133: 2115: 1991: 1960: 1925: 1855: 1659: 1649: 1599: 1338: 1243: 1213: 1157: 1092: 401: 192: 59: 7605:

Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hertwig, Ralph; Pachur, Thorsten (15 April 2011).

7065: 6315: 8452: 7256: 7211: 3082: 2773: 2276: 2248: 2175: – Idea of connecting all of physics into one set of equations 2100: – Cognitive heuristic of searching for an acceptable decision 2072: 2035: 1715: 1654: 1619: 942: 646: 623: 606: 322: 8536:, Zbigniew Michalewicz and David B. Fogel, Springer Verlag, 2000. 7833:"Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics" 7049: 6299: 3294:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

2044: – Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted 8436: 7240: 7195: 6137:"Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability" 3037: 2233: 2029: 1107: 735: 580: 566: 318: 255: 8575: 3955:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–2. 2263:

studied and published on heuristics in 1945. Polya (1945) cites

8369:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 135. 6040:

Lu, Yun; Vasko, Francis; Drummond, Trevor; Vasko, Lisa (2014).

3166:

Romanycia, Marc; Pelletier, Francis; Pelletier, Jeffry (1985).

2768: 2669: 2628: 2450:

was developed in the 1970s and the 1980s, by the psychologists

1810: 1268: 1258: 1203: 2881: 2839:

Other heuristics studied in behavioral economics include the

2673: 2458:, although the concept had been originally introduced by the 2212: – Phrase to describe the mechanism of natural selection 2038: – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance 1263: 6531:"The quest for optimality: A positive heuristic of science?" 5689:

Krist, Christina; Schwarz, Christina; Reiser, Brian (2018).

5639:

Krist, Christina; Schwarz, Christina; Reiser, Brian (2018).

5593:

Krist, Christina; Schwarz, Christina; Reiser, Brian (2018).

2585:

proposed that cognitive heuristics work by a process called

7927:

Chen, Serena; Duckworth, Kimberly; Chaiken, Shelly (1999).

7794:

Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment

7751: 5045:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 4627:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 4451:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 4302:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 4177:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 3863:"Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences" 3323:

The origin of the term goes back to the Ancient Greek verb

3165: 3076: 2914: – Thought experiment, to justify Bayesian probability 2797:

gives insight into describing the less-is-more strategy. A

2694: 2420: 2081: – Consequence affecting an organism's future behavior 1710: 1218: 892: 848: 6659:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 141. 3272:

The word heuristic is taken directly from the Greek verb,

3114: 3651:(Tenth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 94. 3132: 3123: 3111: 2740: 1987: – Decision-making processes in social environments 7146:"Heuristics and Meta-Heuristics in Scientific Judgement" 7096:"Heuristics and Meta-Heuristics in Scientific Judgement" 6837:"Heuristics and Meta-Heuristics in Scientific Judgement" 6687:

Groner, Rudolf; Groner, Marina; Bischof, Walter (2014).

6349:"Heuristics and Meta-Heuristics in Scientific Judgement" 5729: 5508:"Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues" 3215:

Groner, Rudolf; Groner, Marina; Bischof, Walter (2014).

3061: – Decision-making processes in social environments 2032: – That which makes or defines an entity what it is 7604: 6448:"Heuristics for Ordering Cue Search in Decision Making" 4362:"Heuristics for Ordering Cue Search in Decision Making" 2969:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2954:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2916:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2275:. Pappus' heuristic problem-solving methods consist of 2000: – English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation" 8186:

Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal

7798:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2902: – Application of epistemology in specific fields 7279: 3135: 3126: 2982: – School of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome 2941: – Mathematical models of strategic interactions 2785:– should be protected for different lengths of time. 2560: 986:

Heuristics are strategies based on rules to generate

8209: 7926: 7645: 7480: 7420: 6233: 6073:(Kahneman and Tversky 1972; Shaughnessy 1977, 1992). 6039: 5930: 5330: 5101: 4980: 4806: 4744: 4684: 4507: 4237: 3752: 3586: 3387: 3129: 3120: 3048:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2945:

Heuristic-systematic model of information processing

2886:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2631:. Heuristics are inherently phenomenological, e.g., 1909:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

8437:"Heuristic Medicine: The Methodists and Metalepsis" 7364: 6686: 3214: 3117: 3108: 2106: – Tool for assisting judgement in uncertainty 8342:. New York, NY: Guilford Press. pp. 271–292. 7050:"A Heuristic Principle in Complex Function Theory" 6605: 5688: 5638: 5592: 5042: 4624: 4448: 4299: 4174: 3948: 3860: 3545: 2889:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 2682:. This means that the "ideal city" as depicted in 2181: – Process of reasoning backwards in sequence 2112: – Bias towards recently acquired information 2050: – Heuristic ranking science research results 2006: – Collective perception of a group of people 8487:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 8148:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Engel, Christoph, eds. (2007). 7789: 7576:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Selten, Reinhard, eds. (2002). 7150:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 7100:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6939:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6890:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6841:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6722:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6452:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 6353:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6191:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 5996:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 5831:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 4366:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4132:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 3818:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 3503:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 3345:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 980:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 8600: 7607:Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Behavior 7575: 5736:Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 2218: – When the net force on a particle is zero 1836:Lakatosian heuristics is based on the key term: 8147: 7929:"Motivated Heuristic and Systematic Processing" 7390:Über die richtige Art, Psychologie zu betreiben 6134: 6084: 3678: 3676: 3055: – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono 6135:Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1973-09-01). 2965:List of biases in judgment and decision making 2862:Stereotypes, as first described by journalist 1895: 948:Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier (2011) state that 8546: 8061: 7368:; Groner, Marina; Bischof, Walter F. (1983). 6445: 6085:Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (July 1973). 4359: 4128:"Lakatosian Heuristics and Epistemic Support" 4036:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 3928:. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. p. vii. 3287: 2935: – Analysis of potential system failures 1907: – Decision-making Concept in Psychology 1881: – Tendency to accept the default option 1755: 1435: 914: 473: 7785: 7783: 7754:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7386: 6765: 6763: 6761: 5562:International Journal of Qualitative Methods 3673: 2923: – Branch of applied probability theory 2148: – Technique in personality development 2118: – Perception or knowledge of something 1858:that are made of three rules: search rules, 8335: 6601: 6599: 3987:Sunstein, Cass (2005). "Moral Heuristics". 2912:Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy) 8557:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 8430: 8428: 8339:Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology 6815:are two other works, each in two volumes: 6528: 5873: 5448: 5390: 5273: 5258:This also could be in accordance with the 5160: 5043:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 4923: 4866: 4625:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 4567: 4449:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 4390: 4300:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 4175:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 4066: 4029: 3861:Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). 3446: 2950:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making 2788: 2236: – Property of a thermodynamic system 2124: – Model of society in Marxist theory 2087: – Conceptual framework in psychology 1762: 1748: 1706:List of concept- and mind-mapping software 1442: 1428: 1030: 921: 907: 541:, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an 480: 466: 8235: 8124: 8018: 7851: 7780: 7669: 7615:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744282.001.0001 7578:Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox 7506: 7446: 7238: 7193: 6758: 6259: 5956: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5573: 5555: 5356: 5245:1983/27f75033-2ac4-4249-b1cc-ae076b96f013 5243: 5127: 5068: 5006: 4832: 4770: 4710: 4650: 4533: 4474: 4325: 4263: 4200: 4087: 4047: 3886: 3778: 3612: 3413: 3288:Hertwig, Ralph; Pachur, Thorsten (2015). 2896: – Sequence of operations for a task 2666:it is never identical with what it models 2572: 2142: – Continuum limit in lattice models 978:S. Chow, "Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'", 7830: 7273: 6596: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6395: 6297: 5038: 5036: 3986: 3085: – Type of educational intervention 2816: 2614:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2253:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2196:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2069: – Mental shortcut based on emotion 2015:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1924:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1815:For broader coverage of this topic, see 933:For broader coverage of this topic, see 8434: 8425: 8210:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 8176: 7700: 7481:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 7421:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 7234: 7232: 7047: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6234:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 5931:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 5331:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 5102:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4981:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4807:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4745:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4685:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4508:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4238:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 4125: 3753:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 3587:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 3388:Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). 2598: 2054: 2010: 1843: 14: 8601: 8400: 8268: 8024:"Defaults in Semantics and Pragmatics" 7889: 6990: 6769: 6572:Teleological description of the system 5764: 5505: 3234: 3022: – Theory of behavioral economics 1919: 561:Heuristic reasoning is often based on 7906:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997026203.x 7707:Perspectives on Psychological Science 7547:; and the ABC Research Group (1999). 6646: 6606:Romanycia, M.; Pelletier, F. (1985). 6511: 5880:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5455:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5397:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5280:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5167:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5033: 4930:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4873:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4574:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4397:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4107:from the original on 5 September 2012 4030:Hjeij, Mohamad; Vilks, Arnis (2023). 3920: 3712: 3694:from the original on 21 December 2021 3684:"Heuristics—Explanation and examples" 3646: 3546:Romanycia, M.; Pelletier, F. (1985). 2198:List of metaphor-based metaheuristics 8480: 8362: 8308: 8106: 7976: 7703:"Cognitive experiential self theory" 7549:Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart 7394:About the right way to do psychology 7229: 6975: 6932: 6883: 6715: 6700: 6300:"Heuristic Models in Marxian Theory" 6286: 6184: 5989: 5824: 5775: 5379:order (Garcia-Retamero et al. 2009). 4076:European Review of Social Psychology 3811: 3496: 3338: 3011: – Principle of social research 2290: 2130: – Model of social interactions 1979: 1773: 8228:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 8075:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8029:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7662:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 7499:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 7439:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 7319:Heuristics and heuristic evaluation 7143: 7093: 6993:"Heuristic Teaching in Mathematics" 6834: 6821:Mathematics And Plausible Reasoning 6772:"Heuristic Teaching in Mathematics" 6475: 6346: 6252:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 5949:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 5349:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 5120:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4999:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4825:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4763:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4703:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4526:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 4256:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 3771:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 3605:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 3406:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346 3237:"Heuristic Teaching in Mathematics" 2498: 2435:Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning 1875:: a "recency-of-last-purchase rule" 24: 8560:(4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. 8534:How To Solve It: Modern Heuristics 8527: 8401:Gökçen, Sinan (20 November 2007). 7831:Kahneman, Daniel (December 2003). 6997:Educational Studies in Mathematics 6776:Educational Studies in Mathematics 6624:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00058.x 3564:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00058.x 3302:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03221-9 3241:Educational Studies in Mathematics 3184:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00058.x 3067: – Concept in decision theory 2567:cognitive-experiential self-theory 2561:Cognitive-experiential self-theory 2173:Unification of theories in physics 227:Evolutionary developmental biology 25: 8645: 8413:from the original on 14 July 2015 7054:The American Mathematical Monthly 6087:"On the psychology of prediction" 3989:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3202:(Latin): 'to find out, discover.' 2933:Failure mode and effects analysis 2708:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 2446:The study of heuristics in human 2185: 8583:The Problem of Thinking Too Much 8474: 8394: 8356: 8329: 8302: 8262: 8203: 8170: 8141: 8100: 8055: 7701:De Neys, Wim (18 October 2008). 7326:from the original on 5 July 2015 5892:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 5794:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00625.x 5695:Journal of the Learning Sciences 5645:Journal of the Learning Sciences 5599:Journal of the Learning Sciences 5467:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 5409:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 5292:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 5179:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 5061:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 4942:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 4885:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 4643:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 4586:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 4467:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 4409:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x 4318:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 4193:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 3879:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x 3104: 3005: – Theory of brain function 2929: – Interdisciplinary theory 2294: 1950: – Railway safety technique 1869: – Decision-making strategy 1777: 1457: 630: 8383:from the original on 2023-10-28 8291:from the original on 2023-06-14 8089:from the original on 2021-06-03 8044:from the original on 2021-06-08 8012: 7970: 7920: 7883: 7824: 7745: 7694: 7639: 7598: 7569: 7533: 7474: 7414: 7380: 7358: 7310: 7187: 7137: 7087: 7041: 7034:Theory and Practice of Teaching 6926: 6877: 6828: 6680: 6640: 6584:Further refinement of the model 6576:Search for the optimal solution 6469: 6439: 6389: 6340: 6227: 6178: 6167:from the original on 2023-10-28 6128: 6117:from the original on 2023-10-28 6078: 6033: 5983: 5924: 5867: 5818: 5723: 5682: 5632: 5586: 5549: 5499: 5442: 5384: 5324: 5267: 5211: 5154: 5095: 4974: 4917: 4860: 4800: 4738: 4678: 4618: 4561: 4501: 4442: 4384: 4353: 4293: 4231: 4168: 4119: 4060: 4023: 3980: 3969:from the original on 2019-07-11 3942: 3914: 3854: 3805: 3746: 3706: 3640: 3580: 3028: – Type of computer system 2850: 2441: 2026: – Concept in epistemology 1862:(stopping), and decision rules 394:Ordinary differential equations 8483:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 8237:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 8179:"Calibrating Patent Lifetimes" 7671:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 7623:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F172-8 7508:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 7448:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 7396:] (in German). Göttingen: 6935:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 6886:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 6718:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 6564:Bounding the domain of inquiry 6446:Todd, P; Dieckmann, A (2004). 6261:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 6187:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 6058:10.5951/mathteacher.108.2.0126 5992:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 5958:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 5827:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 5358:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 5129:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 5070:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 5008:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4834:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4772:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4712:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4652:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 4535:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4476:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 4360:Todd, P; Dieckmann, A (2004). 4327:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 4265:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 4202:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 3888:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 3814:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 3780:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 3614:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 3539: 3499:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 3490: 3440: 3415:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5 3381: 3341:"Many Meanings of 'Heuristic'" 3332: 3281: 3228: 3208: 3096: 3073: – Hypothetical situation 2763:The same reasoning applies to 2735:, especially in the theory of 1519:Ontology (information science) 1188:Analytic–synthetic distinction 265:Partial differential equations 13: 1: 6568:Selection of salient features 6535:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5748:10.1080/08276331.2018.1427406 5707:10.1080/10508406.2018.1510404 5657:10.1080/10508406.2018.1510404 5611:10.1080/10508406.2018.1510404 4222:This stopping rule, termed a 3089: 3079: – Problem-solving tools 2739:, heuristics are used in the 2640: 2627:A heuristic is stored in the 2603: 1963: – Situational decision 6588:Generation of new hypotheses 6153:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 6071:representativeness heuristic 5556:Charteris, Jennifer (2014). 3164: 'method of discovery' 2841:representativeness heuristic 2104:Representativeness heuristic 1954: 1838:Justification (epistemology) 1828:Heuristic (computer science) 996:utility maximization problem 7: 8407:European Roma Rights Centre 8311:Business Information Review 8216:Annual Review of Psychology 8212:"Heuristic Decision Making" 7893:Journal of Advanced Nursing 7649:Annual Review of Psychology 7609:. Oxford University Press. 7487:Annual Review of Psychology 7483:"Heuristic Decision Making" 7427:Annual Review of Psychology 7423:"Heuristic Decision Making" 7239:Schaffner, Kenneth (2008). 7194:Schaffner, Kenneth (2008). 6240:Annual Review of Psychology 6236:"Heuristic Decision Making" 5937:Annual Review of Psychology 5933:"Heuristic Decision Making" 5337:Annual Review of Psychology 5333:"Heuristic Decision Making" 5108:Annual Review of Psychology 5104:"Heuristic Decision Making" 5049:Topics in Cognitive Science 4987:Annual Review of Psychology 4983:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4813:Annual Review of Psychology 4809:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4793:Recognition-based decisions 4751:Annual Review of Psychology 4747:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4691:Annual Review of Psychology 4687:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4631:Topics in Cognitive Science 4514:Annual Review of Psychology 4510:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4455:Topics in Cognitive Science 4306:Topics in Cognitive Science 4244:Annual Review of Psychology 4240:"Heuristic Decision Making" 4181:Topics in Cognitive Science 3949:Emiliano, Ippoliti (2015). 3867:Topics in Cognitive Science 3759:Annual Review of Psychology 3755:"Heuristic Decision Making" 3593:Annual Review of Psychology 3589:"Heuristic Decision Making" 3394:Annual Review of Psychology 3390:"Heuristic Decision Making" 3065:Subjective expected utility 2875: 1896:Recognition-based decisions 1721:Problem structuring methods 114:Particle swarm optimization 10: 8650: 8126:10.1162/posc.2006.14.3.302 7945:10.1207/s15327965pli1001_6 7862:10.1257/000282803322655392 7766:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390 7286:Cambridge University Press 7282:Judgment Under Uncertainty 7048:Zalcman, Lawrence (1975). 6612:Computational Intelligence 6396:Petersen, Michael (2015). 5575:10.1177/160940691401300102 4049:10.1057/s41599-023-01542-z 3552:Computational Intelligence 3449:"I Think, Therefore I Err" 3172:Computational Intelligence 3150: 2805:systems while searching a 2779:University of North Dakota 2620: 2616:Phenomenology (psychology) 2613: 2607: 2593:regression toward the mean 2326: 2286: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2195: 2189: 2058: 2014: 1923: 1847: 1825: 1814: 1808: 932: 604: 600: 491: 261:Reaction–diffusion systems 90:Self-organized criticality 32:Heuristic (disambiguation) 29: 8366:Hate Prejudice and Racism 8192:: 269–314. Archived from 8177:Johnson, Eric E. (2006). 6991:Hughes, Barnabas (1974). 6770:Hughes, Barnabas (1974). 6547:10.1017/S0140525X00066140 6529:Schoemaker, Paul (1991). 6494:10.1007/s11229-017-1515-8 5874:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 5449:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 5391:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 5274:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 5161:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 4924:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 4867:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 4568:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 4391:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2008). 4098:10.1080/14792779143000033 4067:Gigerenzer, Gerd (1991). 4001:10.1017/S0140525X05000099 3447:Gigerenzer, Gerd (2005). 3235:Hughes, Barnabas (1974). 2986:Necessity and sufficiency 2378:Charles Alexander McMurry 2091: 1854:One-reason decisions are 1696:Entity–relationship model 1479:Business decision mapping 1294:Evolutionary epistemology 533:method that is not fully 202:Artificial neural network 8323:10.1177/0266382115592536 7840:American Economic Review 7719:10.1177/1745691611429354 7294:10.1017/cbo9780511809477 5506:Mondak, Jeffery (1993). 4126:Nickles, Thomas (1987). 3647:Myers, David G. (2010). 3290:"Heuristics, history of" 3009:Principle of good enough 2976: – Figure of speech 2961: – Typological term 2833:Anchoring and adjustment 2693:is also often used as a 2413: 1890:Take-the-first heuristic 1409:Philosophy of perception 492:Not to be confused with 453:Evolutionary game theory 343:Second-order cybernetics 207:Evolutionary computation 123:Collective consciousness 8629:Problem solving methods 8435:Webster, Colin (2015). 8403:"Pictures in Our Heads" 8269:Bhatia, Sudeep (2015). 8113:Perspectives on Science 7553:Oxford University Press 6298:Wacquant, Loic (1985). 6046:The Mathematics Teacher 2803:artificial intelligence 2789:Artificial intelligence 2649:is used when an entity 2543:take-the-best heuristic 2489:artificial intelligence 2210:Survival of the fittest 2122:Base and superstructure 2085:Stimulus–response model 1867:Take-the-best heuristic 1817:Expectation (epistemic) 1504:Knowledge visualization 1304:Historical epistemology 1031:Heuristic rigour models 231:Artificial intelligence 145:Social network analysis 110:Ant colony optimization 82:Collective intelligence 8481:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 8150:Heuristics and the Law 6933:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 6884:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 6817:Mathematical Discovery 6716:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 6608:"What is a heuristic?" 6185:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 5990:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 5825:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 3812:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 3548:"What is a heuristic?" 3497:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 3339:Chow, Sheldon (2015). 3168:"What is a heuristic?" 2845:availability heuristic 2795:bias–variance tradeoff 2726: 2610:Heuristic (psychology) 2588:attribute substitution 2573:Attribute substitution 2535:ecological rationality 2530:ecological rationality 2216:Mechanical equilibrium 2110:Availability heuristic 2024:Propositional attitude 1691:Diagrammatic reasoning 1514:Morphological analysis 984: 598: 547:attribute substitution 444:Rational choice theory 269:Dissipative structures 27:Problem-solving method 8363:Kleg, Milton (1993). 7933:Psychological Inquiry 7370:Methods of Heuristics 7245:Philosophy of Science 7200:Philosophy of Science 7144:Hey, Spencer (2016). 7094:Hey, Spencer (2016). 6835:Hey, Spencer (2016). 6690:Methods of heuristics 6580:Empirical comparisons 6560:Posing a why question 6347:Hey, Spencer (2016). 5876:"Why Heuristics Work" 5778:"Adaptive Heuristics" 5776:Hart, Sergiu (2005). 5451:"Why Heuristics Work" 5393:"Why Heuristics Work" 5276:"Why Heuristics Work" 5163:"Why Heuristics Work" 4926:"Why Heuristics Work" 4869:"Why Heuristics Work" 4570:"Why Heuristics Work" 4393:"Why Heuristics Work" 4144:10.1093/bjps/38.2.181 3465:10.1353/sor.2005.0029 3218:Methods of heuristics 2817:Behavioural economics 2745:case-by-case analysis 2547:fast-and-frugal trees 2539:recognition heuristic 2471:. He coined the term 2048:Hierarchy of evidence 1905:Recognition heuristic 1716:Ontology (philosophy) 1615:Layered graph drawing 1489:Graphic communication 1414:Philosophy of science 970: 876:Business Model Canvas 853:Managerial grid model 790:Competitive advantage 559: 525:) is any approach to 372:Theory of computation 235:Evolutionary robotics 102:Agent-based modelling 8592:, 11 December 2002, 7879:on 19 February 2018. 6402:Political Psychology 6141:Cognitive Psychology 6091:Psychological Review 5224:Political Psychology 4286:One-reason decisions 3198:(ancient Greek) and 2900:Applied epistemology 2823:Behavioral economics 2676:'s best-known work, 2660:A good example is a 2599:Academic disciplines 2485:cognitive psychology 2383:Frank Morton McMurry 2308:adding missing items 2267:as having written a 2265:Pappus of Alexandria 2222:Chemical equilibrium 2168:Minimalist heuristic 2061:Behavioral economics 2055:Behavioral economics 2011:Epistemic heuristics 1948:Pointing and calling 1844:One-reason decisions 1832:Heuristic evaluation 1791:adding missing items 1630:Organizational chart 1625:Object-role modeling 1542:Node–link approaches 1289:Applied epistemology 1006:and simplification. 885:Strategic Grid Model 825:Frameworks and tools 700:Rita Gunther McGrath 651:Strategic management 423:Coupled map lattices 389:Time series analysis 149:Small-world networks 30:For other uses, see 8619:Ecogeographic rules 8499:10.1093/bjps/axu028 8107:Kiss, Olga (2006). 8071:"Models in Science" 7162:10.1093/bjps/axu045 7112:10.1093/bjps/axu045 6951:10.1093/bjps/axu028 6902:10.1093/bjps/axu028 6853:10.1093/bjps/axu045 6734:10.1093/bjps/axu028 6476:Kao, Molly (2019). 6365:10.1093/bjps/axu045 6203:10.1093/bjps/axu028 6008:10.1093/bjps/axu028 5843:10.1093/bjps/axu028 3830:10.1093/bjps/axu028 3515:10.1093/bjps/axu028 3357:10.1093/bjps/axu028 2551:less-is-more effect 2468:bounded rationality 2163:Less-is-more effect 2157:Desert (philosophy) 2004:Wisdom of the crowd 1932:Tracking heuristics 1920:Tracking heuristics 1524:Schema (psychology) 1466:Information mapping 1399:Epistemic cognition 1319:Virtue epistemology 1314:Social epistemology 1299:Formal epistemology 1038:Part of a series on 1014:embodied heuristics 1010:Dual process theory 962:regression analysis 862:Growth–share matrix 806: • 799:Performance effects 797: • 788: • 761: • 752: • 745:Alfred Thayer Mahan 743: • 734: • 732:Carl von Clausewitz 725: • 716: • 707: • 698: • 676: • 667: • 658: • 649: • 505:heuristic technique 448:Bounded rationality 406:Population dynamics 315:Conversation theory 215:Genetic programming 140:Scale-free networks 72:Collective behavior 8588:2013-10-19 at the 8548:Russell, Stuart J. 7977:Bach, Lee (2002). 7009:10.1007/BF00684704 6788:10.1007/BF00684704 6414:10.1111/pops.12237 5524:10.1007/BF00993852 5512:Political Behavior 5260:tallying heuristic 5236:10.1111/pops.12586 3253:10.1007/BF00684704 3071:Thought experiment 3044:Situated cognition 3015:Priority heuristic 2927:Embodied cognition 2753:legal drinking age 2721:William C. Wimsatt 2398:William C. Wimsatt 2368:David Perkins Page 2306:; you can help by 2179:Backward induction 2152:Social rationality 1972:Equality heuristic 1967:Tallying heuristic 1885:Priority heuristic 1860:confirmation rules 1789:; you can help by 1635:Pathfinder network 1499:Information design 1484:Data visualization 966:Bayesian inference 891: • 887: • 878: • 869: • 860: • 851: • 842: • 840:Balanced scorecard 833: • 808:Generic strategies 669:Strategic thinking 665:Strategic planning 439:Prisoner's dilemma 384:Nonlinear dynamics 339:Operationalization 335:Information theory 211:Genetic algorithms 8376:978-0-79141-536-8 8349:978-1-57230-421-5 8278:Cognitive Science 8163:978-0-262-07275-5 8152:. Cambridge, MA: 8067:Hartmann, Stephan 7809:978-0-52179-679-8 7632:978-0-19989-472-7 7591:978-0-26257-164-7 7580:. Cambridge, MA: 7562:978-0-19512-156-8 7407:978-3-80170-415-5 7372:. Hillsdale, NJ: 7303:978-0-52128-414-1 7284:. Cambridge, UK: 6666:978-0-691-16407-6 4224:confirmation rule 3962:978-3-319-09159-4 3935:978-0-201-05594-8 3732:978-0-691-16407-6 3658:978-0-07337-066-8 3649:Social psychology 3311:978-0-08-097087-5 3059:Social heuristics 3053:Six Thinking Hats 3032:Rule of inference 3026:Rule-based system 3003:Predictive coding 2737:law and economics 2517:object permanence 2324: 2323: 1985:Social heuristics 1980:Social heuristics 1914:Fluency heuristic 1807: 1806: 1772: 1771: 1471:Topics and fields 1452: 1451: 988:optimal decisions 931: 930: 813:Mission statement 660:Strategic studies 656:Military strategy 555:making a decision 490: 489: 277:Cellular automata 251:Pattern formation 182:Adaptive networks 86:Collective action 55:Self-organization 16:(Redirected from 8641: 8614:Biological rules 8579: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8513: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8275: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8252: 8239: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8183: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8020:Jaszczolt, K. M. 8016: 8010: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7961: 7959: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7872:. Archived from 7855: 7846:(5): 1449–1475. 7837: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7797: 7787: 7778: 7777: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7741:on 31 July 2013. 7737:. Archived from 7698: 7692: 7691: 7673: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7541:Gigerenzer, Gerd 7537: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7510: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7450: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7374:Lawrence Erlbaum 7362: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7025: 7023: 6988: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6804: 6802: 6767: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6713: 6698: 6697: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6555: 6553: 6526: 6509: 6508: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6295: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6103:10.1037/h0034747 6082: 6076: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6022: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5960: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5773: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5665: 5663: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5360: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5247: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5072: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5010: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4836: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4787: 4774: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4654: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4329: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4280: 4267: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4051: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3890: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3417: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3192: 3190: 3161: 3154: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3100: 3049: 2970: 2955: 2917: 2906:Branch and bound 2890: 2887: 2884: – software 2783:software patents 2672:as described in 2647:heuristic device 2505:adaptive toolbox 2499:Adaptive toolbox 2463:Herbert A. Simon 2388:Lawrence Zalcman 2338:Herbert A. Simon 2319: 2316: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2271:that Polya dubs 2067:Affect heuristic 2017:Tacit assumption 1910: 1873:Hiatus heuristic 1850:Optimal stopping 1802: 1799: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1701:Geovisualization 1686:Design rationale 1645:Semantic network 1575:Conceptual graph 1529:Visual analytics 1461: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1344:Sextus Empiricus 1309:Metaepistemology 1035: 1034: 1025:cognitive biases 992:anchoring effect 982: 923: 916: 909: 754:Adrian Slywotzky 641:Analysis methods 634: 611: 610: 596: 537:, perfected, or 482: 475: 468: 359:Systems thinking 285:Self-replication 223:Machine learning 177:Dynamic networks 98:Phase transition 37: 36: 21: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8599: 8598: 8590:Wayback Machine 8568: 8530: 8528:Further reading 8525: 8524: 8511: 8509: 8493:(4): 977–1016. 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8433: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8334: 8330: 8307: 8303: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8250: 8248: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8146: 8142: 8105: 8101: 8092: 8090: 8060: 8056: 8047: 8045: 8017: 8013: 7999: 7997: 7975: 7971: 7957: 7955: 7925: 7921: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7853:10.1.1.194.6554 7835: 7829: 7825: 7810: 7788: 7781: 7750: 7746: 7699: 7695: 7644: 7640: 7633: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7538: 7534: 7521: 7519: 7479: 7475: 7461: 7459: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7385: 7381: 7363: 7359: 7347: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7278: 7274: 7261: 7259: 7237: 7230: 7216: 7214: 7192: 7188: 7174: 7172: 7142: 7138: 7124: 7122: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7066:10.2307/2319796 7046: 7042: 7021: 7019: 6989: 6976: 6963: 6961: 6945:(4): 977–1016. 6931: 6927: 6914: 6912: 6896:(4): 977–1016. 6882: 6878: 6865: 6863: 6833: 6829: 6813:How To Solve It 6809:How To Solve It 6800: 6798: 6768: 6759: 6746: 6744: 6728:(4): 977–1016. 6714: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6656: 6653:How to Solve It 6645: 6641: 6628: 6626: 6604: 6597: 6551: 6549: 6527: 6512: 6474: 6470: 6457: 6455: 6444: 6440: 6426: 6424: 6394: 6390: 6377: 6375: 6345: 6341: 6328: 6326: 6316:10.2307/2578970 6296: 6287: 6274: 6272: 6232: 6228: 6215: 6213: 6197:(4): 977–1016. 6183: 6179: 6170: 6168: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6083: 6079: 6062: 6060: 6038: 6034: 6020: 6018: 6002:(4): 977–1016. 5988: 5984: 5971: 5969: 5929: 5925: 5912: 5910: 5872: 5868: 5855: 5853: 5837:(4): 977–1016. 5823: 5819: 5806: 5804: 5774: 5765: 5752: 5750: 5728: 5724: 5711: 5709: 5687: 5683: 5661: 5659: 5637: 5633: 5615: 5613: 5591: 5587: 5554: 5550: 5536: 5534: 5504: 5500: 5487: 5485: 5447: 5443: 5429: 5427: 5389: 5385: 5371: 5369: 5329: 5325: 5312: 5310: 5272: 5268: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5197: 5159: 5155: 5142: 5140: 5100: 5096: 5083: 5081: 5041: 5034: 5021: 5019: 4979: 4975: 4962: 4960: 4922: 4918: 4905: 4903: 4865: 4861: 4847: 4845: 4805: 4801: 4785: 4783: 4743: 4739: 4725: 4723: 4683: 4679: 4665: 4663: 4623: 4619: 4606: 4604: 4566: 4562: 4548: 4546: 4506: 4502: 4489: 4487: 4447: 4443: 4429: 4427: 4389: 4385: 4371: 4369: 4358: 4354: 4340: 4338: 4298: 4294: 4278: 4276: 4236: 4232: 4215: 4213: 4173: 4169: 4156: 4154: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4089:10.1.1.336.9826 4071: 4065: 4061: 4028: 4024: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3919: 3915: 3901: 3899: 3859: 3855: 3842: 3840: 3824:(4): 977–1016. 3810: 3806: 3793: 3791: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3722: 3719:How to Solve It 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3659: 3645: 3641: 3627: 3625: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3566: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3525: 3509:(4): 977–1016. 3495: 3491: 3477: 3475: 3453:Social Research 3445: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3386: 3382: 3369: 3367: 3351:(4): 977–1016. 3337: 3333: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3286: 3282: 3265: 3263: 3233: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3188: 3186: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3047: 3020:Prospect theory 2992:Neuroheuristics 2980:Methodic school 2968: 2953: 2921:Decision theory 2915: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2864:Walter Lippmann 2853: 2819: 2801:can be used in 2791: 2729: 2643: 2625: 2623:Decision-making 2619: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2583:Shane Frederick 2579:Daniel Kahneman 2575: 2563: 2525:Gerd Gigerenzer 2509:recall (memory) 2501: 2456:Daniel Kahneman 2448:decision-making 2444: 2428:How to solve it 2416: 2373:Herbert Spencer 2353:Gerd Gigerenzer 2343:Daniel Kahneman 2329: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2140:Continuum limit 2128:Social organism 2094: 2063: 2057: 2020: 2013: 1982: 1957: 1938:of heuristics. 1929: 1922: 1908: 1898: 1852: 1846: 1834: 1824: 1813: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1778: 1768: 1595:Hyperbolic tree 1565:Concept lattice 1534:Visual language 1448: 1419: 1418: 1404:Epistemic logic 1394: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1334: 1333: 1332:Epistemologists 1324: 1323: 1284: 1283: 1274: 1273: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1113:Foundationalism 1078: 1077: 1068: 1033: 1000:problem solving 983: 977: 946: 935:Trial and error 927: 898: 897: 826: 818: 817: 804:Core competency 781: 773: 772: 768:Henry Mintzberg 714:Candace A. Yano 705:Bruce Henderson 691: 683: 682: 674:Decision theory 642: 609: 603: 597: 594:How to Solve It 588: 529:that employs a 527:problem solving 516:mental shortcut 510:problem solving 497: 486: 457: 456: 455: 450: 446: 441: 436: 426: 425: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 386: 376: 375: 374: 369: 365: 361: 357: 355:Systems science 353: 351:System dynamics 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 307: 293: 292: 287: 283: 281:Spatial ecology 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 253: 243: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 219:Artificial life 217: 213: 209: 204: 199: 185: 184: 179: 175: 173:Systems biology 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 137: 127: 126: 125: 120: 118:Swarm behaviour 116: 112: 108: 106:Synchronization 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77:Social dynamics 74: 64: 63: 62: 57: 41:Complex systems 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8647: 8637: 8636: 8634:Rules of thumb 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8597: 8596: 8594:Persi Diaconis 8580: 8566: 8552:Norvig, Peter. 8544: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8473: 8453:10.1086/683530 8424: 8393: 8375: 8355: 8348: 8328: 8301: 8261: 8202: 8199:on 2011-10-05. 8169: 8162: 8140: 8119:(3): 302–317. 8099: 8054: 8011: 7969: 7919: 7900:(1): 203–208. 7882: 7823: 7808: 7779: 7760:(2): 390–405. 7744: 7693: 7638: 7631: 7597: 7590: 7568: 7561: 7551:. Oxford, UK: 7545:Todd, Peter M. 7532: 7473: 7413: 7406: 7379: 7366:Groner, Rudolf 7357: 7348:|website= 7309: 7302: 7272: 7257:10.1086/594542 7251:(5): 1008–21. 7228: 7212:10.1086/594542 7206:(5): 1008–21. 7186: 7136: 7132:respectively). 7086: 7040: 6974: 6925: 6876: 6827: 6757: 6699: 6679: 6665: 6639: 6595: 6541:(2): 205–245. 6510: 6488:(8): 3263–78. 6468: 6438: 6388: 6339: 6285: 6226: 6177: 6147:(2): 207–232. 6127: 6097:(4): 237–251. 6077: 6032: 5982: 5923: 5866: 5817: 5788:(5): 1401–30. 5763: 5742:(6): 451–472. 5722: 5701:(2): 160–205. 5681: 5677:those factors. 5651:(2): 160–205. 5631: 5605:(2): 160–205. 5585: 5568:(1): 104–121. 5548: 5498: 5441: 5383: 5323: 5266: 5210: 5153: 5094: 5055:(1): 107–143. 5032: 4973: 4916: 4859: 4799: 4737: 4677: 4637:(1): 107–143. 4617: 4560: 4500: 4461:(1): 107–143. 4441: 4383: 4352: 4312:(1): 107–143. 4292: 4230: 4187:(1): 107–143. 4167: 4138:(2): 181–205. 4118: 4059: 4022: 3995:(4): 531–542. 3979: 3961: 3941: 3934: 3913: 3873:(1): 107–143. 3853: 3804: 3745: 3731: 3705: 3672: 3657: 3639: 3579: 3538: 3489: 3459:(1): 195–218. 3439: 3380: 3331: 3310: 3280: 3227: 3207: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2877: 2874: 2869:Public Opinion 2852: 2849: 2818: 2815: 2807:solution space 2790: 2787: 2728: 2725: 2717:Lindley Darden 2711:and others by 2697:to describe a 2642: 2639: 2608:Main article: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2574: 2571: 2562: 2559: 2500: 2497: 2460:Nobel laureate 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2301: 2299: 2288: 2285: 2247:Main article: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2190:Main article: 2187: 2186:Meta-heuristic 2184: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2059:Main article: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2042:Falsifiability 2039: 2033: 2027: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943:Gaze heuristic 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1879:Default effect 1876: 1870: 1845: 1842: 1809:Main article: 1805: 1804: 1784: 1782: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736:Wicked problem 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1665:Tree structure 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1392:Related fields 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1374:W. V. O. Quine 1371: 1366: 1361: 1359:René Descartes 1356: 1351: 1349:Edmund Gettier 1346: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 975: 929: 928: 926: 925: 918: 911: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 882: 880:Kraljic matrix 873: 871:MECE principle 864: 855: 846: 837: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 801: 792: 786:Business model 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 756: 747: 741:Julian Corbett 738: 729: 720: 718:C. K. Prahalad 711: 702: 696:Michael Porter 692: 690:Major thinkers 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 671: 662: 653: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 627: 626: 620: 619: 605:Main article: 602: 599: 586: 575:specialization 571:generalization 551:cognitive load 488: 487: 485: 484: 477: 470: 462: 459: 458: 437: 432: 431: 428: 427: 414:Multistability 387: 382: 381: 378: 377: 347:Self-reference 308: 301:Systems theory 299: 298: 295: 294: 254: 249: 248: 245: 244: 200: 191: 190: 187: 186: 138: 133: 132: 129: 128: 94:Herd mentality 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 58: 53: 52: 49: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8646: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8567:9780134610993 8563: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8542:3-540-66061-5 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8519: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8447:(3): 657–68. 8446: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8429: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8008: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7983:Counterpoints 7980: 7973: 7966: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7886: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7529: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7353: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7225: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156:(2): 471–95. 7155: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7106:(2): 471–95. 7105: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060:(8): 813–18. 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7003:(3): 291–99. 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847:(2): 471–95. 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6782:(3): 291–99. 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6696: 6693:. Routledge. 6692: 6691: 6683: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6648:Polya, George 6643: 6636: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359:(2): 471–95. 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304:Social Forces 6301: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6059: 6055: 6052:(2): 126–31. 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5626: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5518:(2): 167–92. 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714:Polya, George 3709: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3635:alternatives. 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3485:intelligence. 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247:(3): 291–99. 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3221:. Routledge. 3220: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145:Ancient Greek 3140: 3099: 3095: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2699:rule of thumb 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2493:questionnaire 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:Rudolf Groner 2478: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2408:Andrew Huxley 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2302:This list is 2300: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2192:Metaheuristic 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146:Johari window 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079:Reinforcement 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1785:This list is 1783: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Graph drawing 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1580:Decision tree 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560:Cognitive map 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:Immanuel Kant 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354:Wang Yangming 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234:Justification 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1163:Structuralism 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:Perspectivism 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118:Infallibilism 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1088:Contextualism 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 944: 940: 939:Rule of thumb 936: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 904: 902: 901: 894: 890: 886: 883: 881: 877: 874: 872: 868: 865: 863: 859: 858:PEST analysis 856: 854: 850: 847: 845: 844:Ansoff matrix 841: 838: 836: 832: 829: 828: 822: 821: 814: 811: 809: 805: 802: 800: 796: 793: 791: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776: 769: 766: 764: 760: 757: 755: 751: 748: 746: 742: 739: 737: 733: 730: 728: 724: 721: 719: 715: 712: 710: 706: 703: 701: 697: 694: 693: 687: 686: 679: 675: 672: 670: 666: 663: 661: 657: 654: 652: 648: 645: 644: 638: 637: 633: 629: 628: 625: 622: 621: 617: 613: 612: 608: 595: 591: 585: 583: 582: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:approximation 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 522:rule of thumb 518: 517: 512: 511: 506: 502: 495: 494:Eureka (word) 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 463: 461: 460: 454: 451: 449: 445: 440: 435: 430: 429: 424: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 385: 380: 379: 373: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327:Goal-oriented 324: 320: 316: 311: 306: 302: 297: 296: 291: 290:Geomorphology 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 252: 247: 246: 241: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 198: 194: 189: 188: 183: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 136: 131: 130: 124: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 73: 68: 67: 61: 56: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 33: 19: 8555: 8533: 8517: 8510:. Retrieved 8490: 8486: 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8444: 8440: 8415:. Retrieved 8406: 8396: 8385:. Retrieved 8365: 8358: 8338: 8331: 8317:(2): 93–99. 8314: 8310: 8304: 8293:. Retrieved 8281: 8277: 8264: 8256: 8249:. Retrieved 8219: 8215: 8205: 8194:the original 8189: 8185: 8172: 8149: 8143: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8091:. Retrieved 8074: 8063:Frigg, Roman 8057: 8046:. Retrieved 8027: 8014: 8005: 7998:. Retrieved 7986: 7982: 7972: 7963: 7956:. Retrieved 7939:(1): 44–49. 7936: 7932: 7922: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7874:the original 7843: 7839: 7826: 7793: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7739:the original 7713:(1): 28–38. 7710: 7706: 7696: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7606: 7600: 7577: 7571: 7548: 7535: 7527: 7520:. Retrieved 7490: 7486: 7476: 7467: 7460:. Retrieved 7430: 7426: 7416: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7369: 7360: 7328:. Retrieved 7318: 7312: 7281: 7275: 7267: 7260:. Retrieved 7248: 7244: 7222: 7215:. Retrieved 7203: 7199: 7189: 7180: 7173:. Retrieved 7153: 7149: 7139: 7130: 7123:. Retrieved 7103: 7099: 7089: 7077:. Retrieved 7057: 7053: 7043: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7020:. Retrieved 7000: 6996: 6969: 6962:. Retrieved 6942: 6938: 6928: 6920: 6913:. Retrieved 6893: 6889: 6879: 6871: 6864:. Retrieved 6844: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6799:. Retrieved 6779: 6775: 6752: 6745:. Retrieved 6725: 6721: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6652: 6642: 6634: 6627:. Retrieved 6618:(1): 47–58. 6615: 6611: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6550:. Retrieved 6538: 6534: 6505: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6463: 6456:. Retrieved 6451: 6441: 6432: 6425:. Retrieved 6408:(1): 45–78. 6405: 6401: 6391: 6383: 6376:. Retrieved 6356: 6352: 6342: 6334: 6327:. Retrieved 6310:(1): 17–45. 6307: 6303: 6280: 6273:. Retrieved 6243: 6239: 6229: 6221: 6214:. Retrieved 6194: 6190: 6180: 6169:. Retrieved 6144: 6140: 6130: 6119:. Retrieved 6094: 6090: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6061:. Retrieved 6049: 6045: 6035: 6026: 6019:. Retrieved 5999: 5995: 5985: 5977: 5970:. Retrieved 5940: 5936: 5926: 5918: 5911:. Retrieved 5886:(1): 20–29. 5883: 5879: 5869: 5861: 5854:. Retrieved 5834: 5830: 5820: 5812: 5805:. Retrieved 5785: 5782:Econometrica 5781: 5758: 5751:. Retrieved 5739: 5735: 5725: 5717: 5710:. Retrieved 5698: 5694: 5684: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5660:. Retrieved 5648: 5644: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5614:. Retrieved 5602: 5598: 5588: 5579: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5542: 5535:. Retrieved 5515: 5511: 5501: 5493: 5486:. Retrieved 5461:(1): 20–29. 5458: 5454: 5444: 5435: 5428:. Retrieved 5403:(1): 20–29. 5400: 5396: 5386: 5377: 5370:. Retrieved 5340: 5336: 5326: 5318: 5311:. Retrieved 5286:(1): 20–29. 5283: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5205: 5198:. Retrieved 5173:(1): 20–29. 5170: 5166: 5156: 5148: 5141:. Retrieved 5111: 5107: 5097: 5089: 5082:. Retrieved 5052: 5048: 5027: 5020:. Retrieved 4990: 4986: 4976: 4968: 4961:. Retrieved 4936:(1): 20–29. 4933: 4929: 4919: 4911: 4904:. Retrieved 4879:(1): 20–29. 4876: 4872: 4862: 4853: 4846:. Retrieved 4816: 4812: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4784:. Retrieved 4754: 4750: 4740: 4731: 4724:. Retrieved 4694: 4690: 4680: 4671: 4664:. Retrieved 4634: 4630: 4620: 4612: 4605:. Retrieved 4580:(1): 20–29. 4577: 4573: 4563: 4554: 4547:. Retrieved 4517: 4513: 4503: 4495: 4488:. Retrieved 4458: 4454: 4444: 4435: 4428:. Retrieved 4403:(1): 20–29. 4400: 4396: 4386: 4377: 4370:. Retrieved 4365: 4355: 4346: 4339:. Retrieved 4309: 4305: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4277:. Retrieved 4247: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4214:. Retrieved 4184: 4180: 4170: 4162: 4155:. Retrieved 4135: 4131: 4121: 4109:. Retrieved 4079: 4075: 4062: 4053: 4039: 4035: 4025: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3971:. Retrieved 3951: 3944: 3925: 3922:Pearl, Judea 3916: 3907: 3900:. Retrieved 3870: 3866: 3856: 3848: 3841:. Retrieved 3821: 3817: 3807: 3799: 3792:. Retrieved 3762: 3758: 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3718: 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3688:Conceptually 3687: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3626:. Retrieved 3596: 3592: 3582: 3574: 3567:. Retrieved 3558:(1): 47–58. 3555: 3551: 3541: 3533: 3526:. Retrieved 3506: 3502: 3492: 3483: 3476:. Retrieved 3456: 3452: 3442: 3434: 3427:. Retrieved 3397: 3393: 3383: 3375: 3368:. Retrieved 3348: 3344: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3315:. Retrieved 3293: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3264:. Retrieved 3244: 3240: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3187:. Retrieved 3178:(1): 47–58. 3175: 3171: 3158: 3155: 3148: 3098: 2997:Nudge theory 2867: 2866:in his book 2861: 2856:Stereotyping 2854: 2851:Stereotyping 2838: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2792: 2762: 2749: 2733:legal theory 2730: 2713:Imre Lakatos 2706: 2690: 2689: 2687:rigorously. 2684:The Republic 2683: 2679:The Republic 2677: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2632: 2626: 2586: 2576: 2564: 2504: 2502: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2452:Amos Tversky 2445: 2442:Contemporary 2433: 2426: 2419: 2403:Alan Hodgkin 2393:Imre Lakatos 2363:Robin Dunbar 2348:Amos Tversky 2333:George Polya 2312: 2272: 2261:George Polya 2259: 2204: 1983: 1971: 1966: 1931: 1930: 1899: 1889: 1872: 1859: 1853: 1835: 1795: 1726:Semantic Web 1550:Argument map 1509:Mental model 1494:Infographics 1198:a posteriori 1197: 1193: 1044:Epistemology 1018: 1008: 1004: 985: 979: 971: 957: 953: 947: 889:Strategy map 759:Sharon Oster 727:Liddell Hart 590:George Pólya 578: 560: 539:rationalized 520: 514: 508: 504: 500: 498: 442: 392: 313: 259: 240:Evolvability 205: 161:Graph theory 143: 80: 8284:: 122–148. 8222:: 451–482. 7656:: 451–482. 7493:: 451–482. 7433:: 451–482. 7330:1 September 6246:: 451–482. 5943:: 451–482. 5343:: 451–482. 5114:: 451–482. 4993:: 451–482. 4855:criterion.' 4819:: 451–482. 4757:: 451–482. 4697:: 451–482. 4520:: 451–482. 4250:: 451–482. 4042:(1): 1–15. 3765:: 451–482. 3599:: 451–482. 3400:: 451–482. 3296:: 829–835. 3200:heurisricus 3143:; from 2939:Game theory 2703:Karl Popper 2474:satisficing 2358:Judea Pearl 2228:Homeostasis 2098:Satisficing 1998:Tit for tat 1821:Cybernetics 1731:Treemapping 1640:Radial tree 1570:Concept map 1254:Rationality 1229:Information 1143:Rationalism 1103:Fallibilism 1083:Coherentism 990:, like the 835:Five forces 795:Value chain 723:Jim Collins 678:Game theory 434:Game theory 418:Bifurcation 398:Phase space 363:Sensemaking 331:Homeostasis 310:Autopoiesis 305:cybernetics 273:Percolation 8624:Heuristics 8603:Categories 8387:2015-03-24 8295:2023-04-20 8093:2021-06-08 8048:2021-06-08 7989:: 91–102. 6171:2023-08-24 6121:2023-05-09 6028:estimation 5625:underlying 4111:14 October 4082:: 83–115. 3973:2015-11-24 3909:anchoring. 3698:23 October 3325:heuriskein 3274:heuriskein 3196:heuriskein 3090:References 2974:Metalepsis 2959:Ideal type 2765:patent law 2641:Philosophy 2634:I and Thou 2621:See also: 2604:Psychology 2555:Gigerenzer 2304:incomplete 2205:Optimality 1856:algorithms 1848:See also: 1826:See also: 1787:incomplete 1610:Issue tree 1585:Dendrogram 1555:Cladistics 1364:David Hume 1224:Experience 1153:Skepticism 1148:Relativism 1138:Pragmatism 1128:Naturalism 1123:Infinitism 1098:Empiricism 1021:psychology 958:heuristics 763:Chris Zook 750:J.C. Wylie 709:Gary Hamel 579:wisdom of 402:Attractors 197:adaptation 169:Robustness 153:Centrality 18:Heuristics 8154:MIT Press 8083:1095-5054 8038:1095-5054 7870:0002-8282 7848:CiteSeerX 7582:MIT Press 7350:ignored ( 7340:cite book 6161:0010-0285 6111:1939-1471 5675:unpacking 5437:behavior. 5230:: 21–34. 4084:CiteSeerX 4017:231738548 3667:667213323 2894:Algorithm 2811:goal node 2799:heuristic 2691:Heuristic 2664:that, as 2577:In 2002, 2521:imitation 2513:frequency 2281:synthesis 2273:Heuristic 2255:Dialectic 2134:Dialectic 2116:Awareness 1992:Imitation 1961:Trade-off 1955:Trade-off 1926:Predation 1660:Topic map 1650:Sociogram 1605:Issue map 1600:Hypertext 1339:Aristotle 1244:Knowledge 1239:Induction 1214:Certainty 1158:Solipsism 1093:Dogmatism 1012:concerns 563:induction 535:optimized 531:pragmatic 501:heuristic 193:Evolution 60:Emergence 8586:Archived 8576:20190474 8554:(2021). 8507:24562967 8461:26685524 8417:24 March 8411:Archived 8381:Archived 8286:Archived 8246:21126183 8135:57559578 8087:Archived 8069:(2006). 8042:Archived 8022:(2006). 7995:42976833 7818:47364085 7735:32261626 7727:26168420 7680:21126183 7517:21126183 7457:21126183 7324:Archived 7182:science. 7170:43946078 7120:43946078 6959:24562967 6910:24562967 6861:43946078 6742:24562967 6650:(1945). 6502:45215151 6482:Synthese 6422:43783844 6373:43946078 6270:21126183 6211:24562967 6165:Archived 6115:Archived 6016:24562967 5967:21126183 5908:26158666 5900:40212224 5851:24562967 5483:26158666 5475:40212224 5425:26158666 5417:40212224 5367:21126183 5308:26158666 5300:40212224 5195:26158666 5187:40212224 5138:21126183 5079:25164802 5017:21126183 4958:26158666 4950:40212224 4901:26158666 4893:40212224 4843:21126183 4781:21126183 4721:21126183 4661:25164802 4602:26158666 4594:40212224 4556:active.' 4544:21126183 4485:25164802 4425:26158666 4417:40212224 4336:25164802 4274:21126183 4211:25164802 4102:Archived 4009:16209802 3967:Archived 3924:(1983). 3897:25164802 3838:24562967 3789:21126183 3716:(1945). 3692:Archived 3623:21126183 3523:24562967 3473:40972008 3424:21126183 3365:24562967 3159:heurískō 3083:Tutorial 2876:See also 2774:monopoly 2315:May 2024 2277:analysis 2249:Analysis 2073:Feedback 2036:Analysis 1798:May 2024 1678:See also 1655:Timeline 1620:Mind map 1209:Credence 1194:A priori 1176:Concepts 1059:Category 976:— 956:include 954:strategy 950:sub-sets 943:Guessing 780:Concepts 647:Strategy 624:Strategy 616:a series 614:Part of 607:Strategy 587:— 581:proverbs 565:, or on 323:Feedback 256:Fractals 135:Networks 7953:1449522 7914:9231296 7774:8765488 7688:1722019 7398:Hogrefe 7074:2319796 7017:3482053 6796:3482053 6552:27 July 6454:: 13–18 6324:2578970 5802:3598879 5254:4529525 4437:favors. 4368:: 13–18 3261:3482053 3152:εὑρίσκω 3038:SCAMPER 2769:Patents 2757:alcohol 2327:Figures 2287:Notable 2243:History 2234:Entropy 2030:Essence 1379:more... 1282:Domains 1249:Meaning 1108:Fideism 1076:Schools 1054:Outline 736:Sun Tzu 601:Context 567:analogy 367:Variety 319:Entropy 165:Scaling 8609:Adages 8574: 8564: 8540: 8505: 8459: 8373: 8346: 8244: 8160: 8133: 8081: 8036: 7993: 7951: 7912: 7868: 7850: 7816: 7806: 7772: 7733: 7725: 7686: 7678: 7629: 7588: 7559: 7515: 7469:1999). 7455: 7404: 7300: 7224:2007). 7168: 7118: 7072: 7015: 6957: 6908: 6859: 6794: 6740: 6672:10 May 6663: 6500: 6420: 6371: 6322: 6268: 6209: 6159: 6109: 6014: 5965: 5906: 5898: 5849: 5800: 5753:11 May 5712:11 May 5670:factor 5662:11 May 5616:11 May 5532:586448 5530: 5481: 5473: 5423: 5415: 5365: 5306: 5298: 5252: 5193: 5185: 5136: 5077: 5015: 4956: 4948: 4899: 4891: 4841: 4779: 4733:mind.' 4719: 4659: 4600: 4592: 4542: 4483: 4423: 4415: 4348:rules. 4334: 4272: 4209: 4152:687047 4150: 4086: 4015: 4007: 3959: 3932: 3895: 3836: 3787: 3738:10 May 3729: 3665: 3655: 3621: 3521: 3471: 3422: 3363: 3317:10 May 3308: 3259: 3189:11 May 2719:, and 2670:utopia 2629:memory 2541:, the 2519:, and 2092:Others 1811:Rigour 1670:ZigZag 1269:Wisdom 1259:Reason 1204:Belief 1183:Action 964:, and 941:, and 157:Motifs 47:Topics 8512:5 May 8503:JSTOR 8466:5 May 8289:(PDF) 8274:(PDF) 8251:6 May 8197:(PDF) 8182:(PDF) 8131:S2CID 8000:6 May 7991:JSTOR 7958:5 May 7949:JSTOR 7877:(PDF) 7836:(PDF) 7802:–81. 7731:S2CID 7522:6 May 7462:6 May 7392:[ 7262:5 May 7217:5 May 7175:5 May 7166:JSTOR 7125:5 May 7116:JSTOR 7079:5 May 7070:JSTOR 7022:5 May 7013:JSTOR 6964:5 May 6955:JSTOR 6915:5 May 6906:JSTOR 6866:5 May 6857:JSTOR 6801:5 May 6792:JSTOR 6747:5 May 6738:JSTOR 6657:(PDF) 6629:7 May 6498:JSTOR 6458:6 May 6427:5 May 6418:JSTOR 6378:5 May 6369:JSTOR 6329:6 May 6320:JSTOR 6275:6 May 6216:5 May 6207:JSTOR 6063:5 May 6021:5 May 6012:JSTOR 5972:6 May 5913:5 May 5896:JSTOR 5856:5 May 5847:JSTOR 5807:6 May 5798:JSTOR 5581:101). 5537:7 May 5528:JSTOR 5488:5 May 5471:JSTOR 5430:5 May 5413:JSTOR 5372:6 May 5313:5 May 5296:JSTOR 5250:JSTOR 5200:5 May 5183:JSTOR 5143:6 May 5084:6 May 5022:6 May 4963:5 May 4946:JSTOR 4906:5 May 4889:JSTOR 4848:6 May 4786:6 May 4726:6 May 4666:6 May 4607:5 May 4590:JSTOR 4549:6 May 4490:6 May 4430:5 May 4413:JSTOR 4372:6 May 4341:6 May 4279:6 May 4216:6 May 4157:5 May 4148:JSTOR 4105:(PDF) 4072:(PDF) 4013:S2CID 3902:6 May 3843:5 May 3834:JSTOR 3794:6 May 3723:(PDF) 3628:6 May 3569:7 May 3528:5 May 3519:JSTOR 3478:5 May 3469:JSTOR 3429:6 May 3370:5 May 3361:JSTOR 3266:5 May 3257:JSTOR 3147: 2882:ACT-R 2743:when 2674:Plato 2662:model 2414:Works 1936:class 1934:is a 1264:Truth 1064:Index 410:Chaos 8572:LCCN 8562:ISBN 8538:ISBN 8514:2024 8468:2024 8457:PMID 8441:Isis 8419:2015 8371:ISBN 8344:ISBN 8253:2024 8242:PMID 8158:ISBN 8079:ISSN 8034:ISSN 8002:2024 7960:2024 7910:PMID 7866:ISSN 7814:OCLC 7804:ISBN 7770:PMID 7723:PMID 7684:SSRN 7676:PMID 7627:ISBN 7586:ISBN 7557:ISBN 7524:2024 7513:PMID 7464:2024 7453:PMID 7402:ISBN 7352:help 7332:2013 7298:ISBN 7264:2024 7219:2024 7177:2024 7127:2024 7081:2024 7030:Meno 7024:2024 6966:2024 6917:2024 6868:2024 6819:and 6803:2024 6749:2024 6674:2024 6661:ISBN 6631:2024 6554:2024 6460:2024 6429:2024 6380:2024 6331:2024 6277:2024 6266:PMID 6218:2024 6157:ISSN 6107:ISSN 6065:2024 6023:2024 5974:2024 5963:PMID 5915:2024 5904:PMID 5858:2024 5809:2024 5755:2024 5714:2024 5664:2024 5618:2024 5539:2024 5490:2024 5479:PMID 5432:2024 5421:PMID 5374:2024 5363:PMID 5315:2024 5304:PMID 5202:2024 5191:PMID 5145:2024 5134:PMID 5086:2024 5075:PMID 5024:2024 5013:PMID 4965:2024 4954:PMID 4908:2024 4897:PMID 4850:2024 4839:PMID 4788:2024 4777:PMID 4728:2024 4717:PMID 4668:2024 4657:PMID 4609:2024 4598:PMID 4551:2024 4540:PMID 4492:2024 4481:PMID 4432:2024 4421:PMID 4374:2024 4343:2024 4332:PMID 4281:2024 4270:PMID 4218:2024 4207:PMID 4159:2024 4113:2012 4005:PMID 3957:ISBN 3930:ISBN 3904:2024 3893:PMID 3845:2024 3796:2024 3785:PMID 3740:2024 3727:ISBN 3700:2019 3663:OCLC 3653:ISBN 3630:2024 3619:PMID 3571:2024 3530:2024 3480:2024 3431:2024 3420:PMID 3372:2024 3319:2024 3306:ISBN 3268:2024 3191:2024 3077:TRIZ 2793:The 2695:noun 2581:and 2545:and 2503:The 2487:and 2454:and 2421:Meno 2279:and 2269:text 1830:and 1819:and 1711:Olog 1219:Data 1196:and 994:and 893:VRIO 849:OGSM 831:SWOT 303:and 195:and 8495:doi 8449:doi 8445:106 8319:doi 8232:hdl 8224:doi 8121:doi 7987:183 7941:doi 7902:doi 7858:doi 7762:doi 7715:doi 7666:hdl 7658:doi 7619:hdl 7611:doi 7503:hdl 7495:doi 7443:hdl 7435:doi 7290:doi 7253:doi 7208:doi 7158:doi 7108:doi 7062:doi 7005:doi 6947:doi 6898:doi 6849:doi 6784:doi 6730:doi 6620:doi 6586:8. 6582:7. 6578:6. 6574:5. 6570:4. 6566:3. 6562:2. 6543:doi 6490:doi 6486:196 6410:doi 6361:doi 6312:doi 6256:hdl 6248:doi 6199:doi 6149:doi 6099:doi 6054:doi 6050:108 6004:doi 5953:hdl 5945:doi 5888:doi 5839:doi 5790:doi 5744:doi 5703:doi 5653:doi 5607:doi 5570:doi 5520:doi 5463:doi 5405:doi 5353:hdl 5345:doi 5288:doi 5240:hdl 5232:doi 5175:doi 5124:hdl 5116:doi 5065:hdl 5057:doi 5003:hdl 4995:doi 4938:doi 4881:doi 4829:hdl 4821:doi 4767:hdl 4759:doi 4707:hdl 4699:doi 4647:hdl 4639:doi 4582:doi 4530:hdl 4522:doi 4471:hdl 4463:doi 4405:doi 4322:hdl 4314:doi 4260:hdl 4252:doi 4197:hdl 4189:doi 4140:doi 4094:doi 4044:doi 3997:doi 3883:hdl 3875:doi 3826:doi 3775:hdl 3767:doi 3609:hdl 3601:doi 3560:doi 3511:doi 3461:doi 3410:hdl 3402:doi 3353:doi 3298:doi 3249:doi 3180:doi 2741:law 2731:In 2727:Law 2705:'s 2310:. 1793:. 1019:In 973:7). 952:of 867:STP 553:of 545:or 503:or 8605:: 8570:. 8550:; 8516:. 8501:. 8491:66 8489:. 8485:. 8455:. 8443:. 8439:. 8427:^ 8409:. 8405:. 8379:. 8315:32 8313:. 8282:39 8280:. 8276:. 8255:. 8240:. 8230:. 8220:62 8218:. 8214:. 8190:22 8188:. 8184:. 8156:. 8129:. 8117:14 8115:. 8111:. 8085:. 8077:. 8073:. 8065:; 8040:. 8032:. 8026:. 8004:. 7985:. 7981:. 7962:. 7947:. 7937:10 7935:. 7931:. 7908:. 7898:26 7896:. 7864:. 7856:. 7844:93 7842:. 7838:. 7812:. 7800:49 7782:^ 7768:. 7758:71 7756:. 7729:. 7721:. 7709:. 7705:. 7682:. 7674:. 7664:. 7654:62 7652:. 7625:. 7617:. 7584:. 7555:. 7543:; 7526:. 7511:. 7501:. 7491:62 7489:. 7485:. 7466:. 7451:. 7441:. 7431:62 7429:. 7425:. 7400:. 7344:: 7342:}} 7338:{{ 7322:. 7296:. 7288:. 7266:. 7249:75 7247:. 7243:. 7231:^ 7221:. 7204:75 7202:. 7198:. 7179:. 7164:. 7154:67 7152:. 7148:. 7129:. 7114:. 7104:67 7102:. 7098:. 7068:. 7058:82 7056:. 7052:. 7026:. 7011:. 6999:. 6995:. 6977:^ 6968:. 6953:. 6943:66 6941:. 6937:. 6919:. 6904:. 6894:66 6892:. 6888:. 6870:. 6855:. 6845:67 6843:. 6839:. 6805:. 6790:. 6778:. 6774:. 6760:^ 6751:. 6736:. 6726:66 6724:. 6720:. 6702:^ 6633:. 6614:. 6610:. 6598:^ 6556:. 6539:14 6537:. 6533:. 6513:^ 6504:. 6496:. 6484:. 6480:. 6462:. 6450:. 6431:. 6416:. 6406:36 6404:. 6400:. 6382:. 6367:. 6357:67 6355:. 6351:. 6333:. 6318:. 6308:64 6306:. 6302:. 6288:^ 6279:. 6264:. 6254:. 6244:62 6242:. 6238:. 6220:. 6205:. 6195:66 6193:. 6189:. 6163:. 6155:. 6143:. 6139:. 6113:. 6105:. 6095:80 6093:. 6089:. 6067:. 6048:. 6044:. 6025:. 6010:. 6000:66 5998:. 5994:. 5976:. 5961:. 5951:. 5941:62 5939:. 5935:. 5917:. 5902:. 5894:. 5882:. 5878:. 5860:. 5845:. 5835:66 5833:. 5829:. 5811:. 5796:. 5786:73 5784:. 5780:. 5766:^ 5757:. 5740:30 5738:. 5734:. 5716:. 5699:28 5697:. 5693:. 5666:. 5649:28 5647:. 5643:. 5620:. 5603:28 5601:. 5597:. 5578:. 5566:13 5564:. 5560:. 5541:. 5526:. 5516:15 5514:. 5510:. 5492:. 5477:. 5469:. 5457:. 5453:. 5434:. 5419:. 5411:. 5399:. 5395:. 5376:. 5361:. 5351:. 5341:62 5339:. 5335:. 5317:. 5302:. 5294:. 5282:. 5278:. 5256:. 5248:. 5238:. 5228:41 5226:. 5222:. 5204:. 5189:. 5181:. 5169:. 5165:. 5147:. 5132:. 5122:. 5112:62 5110:. 5106:. 5088:. 5073:. 5063:. 5051:. 5047:. 5035:^ 5026:. 5011:. 5001:. 4991:62 4989:. 4985:. 4967:. 4952:. 4944:. 4932:. 4928:. 4910:. 4895:. 4887:. 4875:. 4871:. 4852:. 4837:. 4827:. 4817:62 4815:. 4811:. 4790:. 4775:. 4765:. 4755:62 4753:. 4749:. 4730:. 4715:. 4705:. 4695:62 4693:. 4689:. 4670:. 4655:. 4645:. 4633:. 4629:. 4611:. 4596:. 4588:. 4576:. 4572:. 4553:. 4538:. 4528:. 4518:62 4516:. 4512:. 4494:. 4479:. 4469:. 4457:. 4453:. 4434:. 4419:. 4411:. 4399:. 4395:. 4376:. 4364:. 4345:. 4330:. 4320:. 4308:. 4304:. 4283:. 4268:. 4258:. 4248:62 4246:. 4242:. 4220:. 4205:. 4195:. 4183:. 4179:. 4161:. 4146:. 4136:38 4134:. 4130:. 4100:. 4092:. 4078:. 4074:. 4052:. 4040:10 4038:. 4034:. 4011:. 4003:. 3993:28 3991:. 3965:. 3906:. 3891:. 3881:. 3869:. 3865:. 3847:. 3832:. 3822:66 3820:. 3816:. 3798:. 3783:. 3773:. 3763:62 3761:. 3757:. 3690:. 3686:. 3675:^ 3661:. 3632:. 3617:. 3607:. 3597:62 3595:. 3591:. 3573:. 3554:. 3550:. 3532:. 3517:. 3507:66 3505:. 3501:. 3482:. 3467:. 3457:72 3455:. 3451:. 3433:. 3418:. 3408:. 3398:62 3396:. 3392:. 3374:. 3359:. 3349:66 3347:. 3343:. 3321:. 3304:. 3292:. 3270:. 3255:. 3243:. 3239:. 3193:. 3174:. 3170:. 2813:. 2767:. 2723:. 2715:, 2657:. 2645:A 2637:. 2523:. 2515:, 2511:, 2495:. 2283:. 1840:. 1027:. 1016:. 968:. 960:, 937:, 618:on 592:, 573:, 557:. 519:, 513:, 499:A 8578:. 8497:: 8470:. 8451:: 8421:. 8390:. 8352:. 8325:. 8321:: 8298:. 8234:: 8226:: 8166:. 8137:. 8123:: 8096:. 8051:. 7943:: 7916:. 7904:: 7860:: 7820:. 7776:. 7764:: 7717:: 7711:7 7690:. 7668:: 7660:: 7635:. 7621:: 7613:: 7594:. 7565:. 7505:: 7497:: 7445:: 7437:: 7410:. 7376:. 7354:) 7334:. 7306:. 7292:: 7255:: 7210:: 7160:: 7110:: 7083:. 7064:: 7007:: 7001:5 6949:: 6900:: 6851:: 6823:. 6786:: 6780:5 6732:: 6676:. 6622:: 6616:1 6545:: 6492:: 6412:: 6363:: 6314:: 6258:: 6250:: 6201:: 6174:. 6151:: 6145:5 6124:. 6101:: 6056:: 6006:: 5955:: 5947:: 5890:: 5884:3 5841:: 5792:: 5746:: 5705:: 5655:: 5609:: 5572:: 5522:: 5465:: 5459:3 5407:: 5401:3 5355:: 5347:: 5290:: 5284:3 5242:: 5234:: 5177:: 5171:3 5126:: 5118:: 5067:: 5059:: 5053:1 5005:: 4997:: 4940:: 4934:3 4883:: 4877:3 4831:: 4823:: 4769:: 4761:: 4709:: 4701:: 4649:: 4641:: 4635:1 4584:: 4578:3 4532:: 4524:: 4473:: 4465:: 4459:1 4407:: 4401:3 4324:: 4316:: 4310:1 4262:: 4254:: 4199:: 4191:: 4185:1 4142:: 4115:. 4096:: 4080:2 4046:: 4019:. 3999:: 3976:. 3938:. 3885:: 3877:: 3871:1 3828:: 3777:: 3769:: 3742:. 3702:. 3669:. 3611:: 3603:: 3562:: 3556:1 3513:: 3463:: 3412:: 3404:: 3355:: 3300:: 3251:: 3245:5 3205:) 3182:: 3176:1 3162:) 3156:( 3139:/ 3136:k 3133:ɪ 3130:t 3127:s 3124:ɪ 3121:r 3118:ˈ 3115:ʊ 3112:j 3109:h 3106:/ 3102:( 2655:Y 2651:X 2618:. 2317:) 2313:( 2257:. 2200:. 2019:. 1928:. 1823:. 1800:) 1796:( 1763:e 1756:t 1749:v 1443:e 1436:t 1429:v 945:. 922:e 915:t 908:v 584:. 507:( 496:. 481:e 474:t 467:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.