784:
727:
22:
631:
the Syrian-controlled Beqaa Valley, where they organized training camps. Under the supervision of the
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), the fighters underwent guerrilla training, and military material was established in the Bekaa Valley in 1982. Iran sent a contingent of Revolutionary Guards to Lebanon, ostensibly to combat the Israeli invaders. Iran provided financial support to the newly-formed Islamist groups, including Hezbollah.
765:
Iran. The bombing is the deadliest terrorist incident in
Argentina. In 2006, Argentine authorities issued an international arrest warrant for Ali Fallahian, the head of Iranian intelligence, accusing him of orchestrating the operation. Subsequently, in 2007, INTERPOL added Ali Fallahian, along with four other Iranian officials and one Hezbollah member, to its most wanted list, citing their purported involvement in the bombing.
1244:
674:
familial routes, Iranian ideology permeated
Lebanon through official channels, with the IRGC in Lebanon providing not only paramilitary and terrorist skills but also political and religious indoctrination. In 1987, the CIA emphasized that while an independent Islamic fundamentalist movement might have emerged in Lebanon, Iranian support significantly accelerated its development.
811:
During a 2007 interview with the
Iranian Arabic-language TV station al-Qawthar, Hezbollah Deputy Secretary-General Naim Kassem stated that the endorsement of the ayatollahs in Tehran is necessary for all suicide bombings and other operations in Lebanon. In 2008, Iran commemorated a recently deceased
764:
On July 18, 1998, in
Islamic Jihad took credit for a blast outside the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association in Buenos Aires, resulting in 95 fatalities and 200 injuries. In 2004, Argentine intelligence determined that a 21-year-old Hezbollah operative executed the attack with logistical support from
702:
This increased funding is thought to align with Iran's interest in destabilizing the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, according to US intelligence, Hezbollah serves as a key proxy in achieving this objective. The support extends beyond cash funds, with Iranian cargo planes delivering weapons, including
673:
The close connection between the Shi’a religious hierarchy in
Lebanon and Iran is also historical and through familial ties, involving the training of Lebanese clerics in Iran, intermarriage with Iranian clerical families, and the propagation of Iranian theological discourse. Beyond educational and
710:
Iran provides financial and material aid and offers training, establishing training programs and camps. For instance, as of August 2002, Iran was reported to have financed and established terrorist training camps in the Syrian-controlled Beka'a Valley to train
Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic
630:
In July 1982, Iran reacted to the war by deploying 1,500 Islamic
Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) advisers to Lebanon's Bekaa Valley with the aim of establishing and training a new Shiite militia, which later transformed into Hezbollah. The approximately 1,500 Pasdaran set up their headquarters in
791:
Jane's
Defence Weekly, a defense industry magazine, disclosed on August 4, 2006, that during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah formally requested Iran to provide a continuous stream of weapons to bolster its operations against Israel. According to Western diplomatic sources cited in the
706:
Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, including 11,500 missiles deployed in southern Lebanon. 3,000 Hezbollah militants have undergone training in Iran, covering various skills such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, unmanned drone operation, naval warfare, and
798:
has denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons. Multiple reports have consistently pointed to the contrary. Mohtashami Pur, a former ambassador to Lebanon and the current secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference,' stated in an Iranian newspaper that Iran had supplied the missiles to the Shiite
669:
Hezbollah embraced Ayatollah Khomeini's revolutionary message and its clerics committed to establishing a fundamentalist state on a global scale. The early growth of Hezbollah can be attributed to the influence of Iranian-trained clerics and a dedication to Ayatollah Khomeini and the mission of
657:
Iranian embassy officials in Damascus and the IRGC were actively involved in coordinating radical Shi’a activities through the Council of Lebanon, within Lebanon. According to US intelligence, thus solidifying Hezbollah as a significant arm of Iran's military apparatus. Iranian auxiliaries were
734:
Hezbollah has obtained weaponry supplied by Iran, with 11,500 missiles already positioned in southern Lebanon. 3,000 Hezbollah militants have completed training in Iran, covering various aspects such as guerrilla warfare, missile and rocket artillery firing, operation of unmanned drones, naval
649:
In 1983 the CIA reported that Islamic Jihad “more likely is a cover used by Iran for its terrorist operations, whether employing local Shias in Lebanon or locally recruited agents of other nationalities” and that “urrogates provide Iran with an excellent means for creating the illusion that an
738:
Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured by the IDF in August 2006 for his involvement in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers during a cross-border raid on July 12, confessed during his interrogation to receiving weapons training and religious instruction in Iran. He informed
882:
April 14, 2014: In Southeast Asia, a Hezbollah network involved in a failed truck-bombing targeting the Israeli embassy in Bangkok had close ties to Iranian intelligence agents, indicating the interconnected nature of their operations. These instances highlight the direct contacts each
610:
Hezbollah's forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Revolutionary Guards from Iran, with permission from the Syrian government. They were allowed to transit through the eastern highlands of Syrian-controlled Lebanon and establish a base in the Bekaa Valley during Lebanon's
634:
In 1985, Hezbollah officially aligned itself with the Iranian regime and Ayatollah Khomeini's leadership. Hezbollah has functioned as Iran's proxy since its inception, and it is estimated that Iran provides substantial financial support, ranging from $ 700 million to $ 1 billion annually.
653:
The use of the Islamic Jihad alias was an attempt to create the illusion of an independent, international organization working against U.S. interests. While initially loosely organized, Iran played a key role in transforming Islamic Jihad into the organized entity known as Hezbollah. The
603:, and its founders chose the name "Hezbollah" as instructed by Khomeini. Lebanese Hezbollah, or the "Party of God," emerged from an Iranian initiative to unite various militant Shi’a groups in Lebanon during a period of domestic and regional instability, particularly the country's
752:
In June 1985, Hezbollah hijacked TWA Flight 847, demanding the release of 700 Shiite Muslims. The hijackers, with logistical support from Iran, engaged in a campaign that included killing a U.S. Navy diver and threatening Jewish passengers. Hezbollah has denied its involvement.
618:
and financial aid, played a significant role in Hezbollah's formation and development. Initially, Hezbollah operated as a network of radical Shia paramilitary groups with shared strategic goals, such as establishing an Islamic republic, but differing on tactical matters.
682:
Hezbollah has sought to present an image of autonomy. The organization's founding statement “to determine our fate by our own hands”. Hezbollah, whilst advocating an Iran-inspired Islamist regime, states that it wishes for the Lebanese to have freedom of determination.
711:
Jihad (PIJ), and PFLP-GC terrorists. Iran has consistently supported Hezbollah's involvement in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, assigning Imad Mughniyeh, Hezbollah's international operations commander, to assist Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas and PIJ.
771:
June 25, 1996: Hezbollah, with Iranian support, claimed responsibility for a truck bombing near Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, killing 19 and injuring 500. In 2001, a US federal court alleged that an Iranian officer was involved in the directing of the operation.
698:
Iran is believed to provide substantial financial support to Hezbollah, ranging from at least $ 100 million to a potentially higher figure of around $ 200 million annually. In 2020 according to the state department, Hezbollah received US$ 700 million from Iran.
578:
Iran considers its relationship with Hezbollah as crucial, as it provides Iran with a means to expand its influence in the Levant, exert pressure on Israel and US interests, discourage any attempts at regime change, and uphold its ideological commitments.
760:
and the Israeli intelligence found that the highest levels of the Iranian government had authorized the attack. Seven Iranian diplomats were expelled from Argentina after the Argentine government stated they had convincing proof of Iranian involvement.
626:
marked by Israel's invasion of Lebanon some 800 Revolutionary Guards were sent to Lebanon through Syria to help recruit Hezbollahi, provide political and religious indoctrination and military training, including instruction in terrorist tactics.
717:
Iran according to the US indirectly funds al-Manar, contributing to its approximately $ 15 million annual budget, with estimates suggesting Iran provides $ 100–200 million per year to Hezbollah, which is then transferred to the TV station.
575:, and its forces were trained by a contingent of Revolutionary Guards from Iran. Hezbollah officially aligned itself with the Iranian regime in 1985, and the close relationship between Hezbollah and Iran has persisted ever since.
582:
Hezbollah has received substantial financial support from Iran, estimated to range from $ 700 million to $ 1 billion annually. Additionally, Iran provides weapons, training, and other forms of assistance to Hezbollah.
913:
February 9, 2022: Nasrallah said “a strong regional state and any war with it will blow up the entire region”, he denied automatic obedience to Tehran, stating Hezbollah's actions are for Lebanon's sake.
739:
interrogators that he traveled in a civilian car to Damascus and then flew to Iran. Apart from the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache consists entirely of Iranian-made weapons.
768:
May 17, 1995: Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei appointed Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah and Shura Council member Mohammad Yazbek as his religious representatives in Lebanon.
756:
On March 27, 1992, Islamic Jihad, a group linked to Hezbollah, claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing outside the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, resulting in 20 deaths and 252 injuries. The US
666:
Iranian influence took shape through shared ideological, cultural, and religious principles derived from the Iranian Revolution and the concept of waliyat al-faqih (guardianship of the jurist).
2707:
2555:
2494:
560:, and training, has played an important role in Hezbollah's formation and development. Hezbollah has functioned as Iran's proxy since its inception, and is considered to be part of the "
916:
October 12, 2023: Iranian Foreign Minister met Nasrallah in Beirut to discuss the war between Hamas and Israel, in the meeting, Hezbollah expressed readiness to respond to Israeli acts.
646:
Despite attempts to maintain separation, evidence, including declassified information, revealed the close relationship between Hezbollah, its Islamic Jihad terrorist wing, and Iran.
2689:
919:
July 10, 2024: Newly elected Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian promises support to Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and other Islamic resistance and jihadi groups according to
703:
rockets and small arms, to Hezbollah in Lebanon. Material assistance is also channeled through purportedly private charities closely affiliated with Iran's revolutionary elite.
2671:
866:
February 13, 2012: Coordinated bombing attempts in India and Georgia targeted Israeli embassy personnel, with Israel attributing the operations to Tehran and Hezbollah.
2335:
2512:
2579:
2476:
863:
February 7, 2012: Nasrallah acknowledged Iran's comprehensive support for Hezbollah since 1982, rejecting U.S. allegations of money laundering and drug smuggling.
654:
formalization and professionalization of Hezbollah occurred through substantial support from Iran, including money, weaponry, personnel, training, and guidance.
2732:
567:
Hezbollah itself, founded in 1982, originated as an Iranian-backed Shi'ite militant group in Lebanon. The organization's founders adopted the model outlined by
2456:
2822:
903:
September 2019: With the support of Iran, Hezbollah reportedly established a facility in the Bekaa Valley for manufacturing precision-guided missiles.
607:. The organization is considered by some an attempt by Lebanon's historically marginalized Shi’a Muslims to assert economic and political influence
250:
1672:
1647:
1568:"CIA, Report, Lebanons Hizballah ::The Rising Tide of Shia Radicalism, October 1985, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST"
1428:"CIA, Report, Lebanons Hizballah ::The Rising Tide of Shia Radicalism, October 1985, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST"
910:, Hezbollah Secretary General, Hassan Nasrallah pledged to push U.S. forces out of the Middle East to avenge Gen. Qassem Soleimani's killing.
876:
October 11, 2012: Nasrallah confirmed Hezbollah's drone incursion into Israel, boasting of Iran's support in assembling the drone in Lebanon.
235:
185:
2779:
2432:
808:
that "we should consider that what we are facing in Lebanon is not a militia but rather a special forces brigade of the Iranian Army."
1396:"CIA, Memorandum, Iranian Involvement With Terrorism in Lebanon, June 26, 1985, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST"
860:
December 16, 2010: Iran reportedly reduced funding to Hezbollah by 40 percent due to international sanctions over its nuclear program.
835:
May 2008: Hezbollah operatives planned a bomb attack against the Israeli embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan in retaliation of the killing of
2001:"■ Norton, Augustus Richard, 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 187 pp. ISBN 9780691131245"
1882:
1824:"U.S. Designates Al-Manar as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Entity Television Station is Arm of Hizballah Terrorist Network"
714:
Iran's financially supports Hezbollah affiliated media, notably the television station al-Manar, called the "station of resistance."
138:
2210:
2046:
2408:
1698:
839:, but Azerbaijani authorities foiled the plot, revealing alleged IRGC-ordered attacks against U.S., Israeli, and Western embassies.
802:
The Israel Defense Forces regard Hezbollah as virtually an arm of the Iranian armed forces; a senior Israeli defence official told
1460:"CIA, Memorandum, Terrorist Groups and Activities in Europe, May 22, 1984, Top Secret [codewords not declassified], CREST"
2873:
327:
1261:
799:
militia. He further emphasized that Hezbollah had the endorsement of his country to deploy the weapons in defense of Lebanon.
783:
201:
1978:
1089:
1051:
643:
Hezbollah adopted the alias Islamic Jihad Organization to create plausible deniability and obscure its connection with Iran.
240:
21:
2384:
2628:
222:
2878:
879:
May 25, 2013: Nasrallah admitted Hezbollah's involvement in Syria, emphasizing Syria's role as the resistance's backbone.
792:
report, Iranian authorities assured Hezbollah of an ongoing supply of weapons for "the next stage of the confrontation".
543:
207:
2142:
1902:
893:
January 18, 2015: Israeli airstrike killed IRGC General Allah-Dadi and six Hezbollah fighters in Syria's Golan Heights.
255:
1300:"CIA, Report, Terrorism as a Political Weapon ::Four Middle Eastern Case Studies, April 23, 1985, Secret, CREST"
887:
726:
615:
557:
1492:"CIA, Report, Amal and Hizballah ::The Line Between Politics and Terrorism, August 16, 1985, Top Secret, CREST"
1106:
2646:
1742:
380:
128:
121:
2360:
166:
2756:
1111:
938:
920:
321:
933:
99:
2186:
2531:
1922:
943:
153:
2162:
1799:
1676:
1651:
2603:
1722:
1225:
890:
General claimed Iran provided Hezbollah with Fateh missiles capable of reaching any target in Israel.
306:
1623:
804:
757:
490:
274:
217:
148:
133:
1525:"Iran-Hezbollah Alliance Reconsidered: What Contributes to the Survival of State-Proxy Alliance?"
870:
536:
2731:
Fernando Alfonso III; Ivana Kottasová; Amir Vera; Jessie Yeung; Eliza Mackintosh (2020-01-05).
873:
killed six Israeli tourists and a Bulgarian driver, leading Israel to blame Hezbollah and Iran.
109:
1003:
775:
Aug. 1, 2005: Nasrallah met with Supreme Leader Khamenei and President Ahmadinejad in Tehran.
2841:
2311:
1043:
143:
80:
1800:"Parliamentary question | Al-Manar Hizbullah Television | E-0909/2005 | European Parliament"
1031:
1524:
279:
104:
85:
2260:
8:
2214:
2147:
2050:
1907:
1766:
1229:
897:
826:
2730:
1778:
2846:
2028:
1823:
1363:
1200:
604:
600:
572:
561:
529:
420:
178:
62:
1491:
1459:
1427:
1395:
1375:
883:
Hezbollah cell maintains with senior Hezbollah and/or Iranian intelligence operatives.
2797:
2580:"Hezbollah Members Arrested in Thailand Admit to Planning Attack on Israeli Tourists"
2259:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.
2258:
2032:
2020:
1974:
1864:
1797:
1546:
1503:
1471:
1439:
1407:
1332:"CIA, Report, Bombings in Kuwait, 12 December 1983, December 15, 1983, Secret, CREST"
1233:
1192:
1157:
1085:
1047:
596:
591:
Hezbollah was established in 1982 by young Shi’a Lebanese clerics who had studied in
568:
90:
2012:
1966:
1856:
1774:
1575:
1536:
1499:
1467:
1435:
1403:
1371:
1339:
1307:
1184:
1147:
1039:
623:
507:
494:
481:
468:
450:
411:
407:
398:
389:
228:
212:
190:
30:
2071:
2000:
1599:
1567:
1331:
1299:
1177:"Money, Media and Policy Consensus: The Washington Institute for near East Policy"
963:
695:
regime in Syria, the Lebanese diaspora, international crime and legal businesses.
2823:"Iran FM meets Nasrallah, says terror proxies in region 'fully ready' to respond"
2016:
1579:
1343:
1311:
1285:
1081:
907:
843:
692:
394:
2118:
1936:
906:
January 5, 2020: Following the killing of Iranian Revolutionary Guards’ general
836:
503:
2867:
2024:
1958:
1868:
1550:
1541:
1248:
1196:
1161:
1139:
658:
embedded within Hezbollah units, sharing communication and support networks.
459:
441:
316:
42:
1970:
1237:
1152:
650:
independent, international organization is at work against U.S. interests.”
2780:"Nasrallah: If Israel attacks Iran, Hezbollah won't necessarily join fight"
2385:"Is Israel Facing War with Hizbullah and Syria? | The Washington Institute"
1848:
1218:
Mason, Robert Scott (1989). "National Security". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.).
850:
356:
26:
2092:
1860:
2495:"At least 7 killed in Bulgaria in blast on bus carrying Israeli tourists"
2211:"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News – Hezbollah's transformation"
446:
436:
311:
2047:"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs"
1116:
2477:"Israel blames Iran for India and Georgia bombings; Tehran denies role"
1204:
854:
849:
October 13–14, 2010: President Ahmadinejad visited Lebanon, expressing
477:
464:
2235:
900:, an Iranian ally in their victory against rebels in a pivotal battle.
2842:"Iran's new president vows to back Hezbollah and other terror groups"
1286:"HEZBOLLAH'S REGIONAL ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF IRAN'S PROXY NETWORKS"
1262:"Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks"
1219:
1176:
70:
52:
1188:
822:
346:
45:
2757:"Lebanon:Sayyed Nasrallah's Full Speech at the Memorial Servi..."
2733:"Hezbollah leader vows to drive US forces out of the Middle East"
2461:
1887:
1247:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
351:
48:
2532:"Hezbollah leader acknowledges fighters' presence in Syria town"
1074:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
988:
Routledge Handbook of International Relations in the Middle East
832:
2010: The leaders of Hezbollah, Syria and Iran meet in Damascus.
2604:"Did "The A-Team of Terrorists" just chalk up another failure?"
1959:"Western Responses to the Hostage-Crisis and Crisis-Management"
1798:
Jas GAWRONSKI; Timothy Charles Ayrton TANNOCK; Jana HYBÁŠKOVÁ.
1077:
986:
Akbarzadeh, S. (2019). Proxy Relations: Iran and Hezbollah. In
2629:"Iran said to give Hezbollah missiles that 'can reach Dimona'"
691:
Hezbollah receives funding from several sources including the
1767:"Israel bans Hamas-affiliated Palestinian station Al-Quds TV"
1364:"cia report terrorism review march 1 1984 secretnoforn crest"
896:
December 22, 2016: Hezbollah played a key role in aiding the
592:
2690:"Hezbollah, other Shi'ite allies helped Assad win in Aleppo"
1699:"Iran's Proxies in Syria Move Toward Escalation With Israel"
1696:
1004:"Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East | Wilson Center"
2798:"Iranian FM met with Hezbollah leader Nasrallah in Lebanon"
795:
38:
2163:"Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics | Wilson Center"
1737:
1735:
1743:"Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7 | The Washington Institute"
2672:"Israeli strike in Syria kills senior Hezbollah figures"
2236:"Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post"
556:
Iranian support, including financial aid, deployment of
1732:
661:
2529:
2513:"Hezbollah confirms it sent drone downed over Israel"
2409:"Zionists will disappear, Ahmadinejad tells Lebanese"
16:
Bilateral relations and Iranian support for Hezbollah
2457:"Hezbollah says gets support, not orders, from Iran"
787:
An Iranian missile, found in a Hezbollah stash, 2006
2336:"Assad Hosts Nasrallah, Ahmadinejad for 3-way Meet"
1965:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 134–177,
1903:"Hizbollah fighter tells Israel he trained in Iran"
1529:
Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs
846:
hosted Iranian President Ahmadinejad and Nasrallah.
638:
2433:"Iran cuts Hezbollah funds, Israel says - UPI.com"
2093:"Interpol seeks 6 over '94 Jewish center bombing"
1883:"Lebanon's Hezbollah: What weapons does it have?"
595:. The organization adopted the model outlined by
2865:
2647:"Iran's Growing Toll in Syria | The Iran Primer"
1036:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
2261:"Chapter 6 – State Sponsors of Terror Overview"
1572:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1496:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1464:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1432:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1400:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1336:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
1304:U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East, 1945–2009
871:suicide bombing at Sarafovo Airport in Bulgaria
735:warfare, and conventional military operations.
2116:
1697:Kasra Aarabi; Jason M. Brodsky (2023-12-27).
1140:"Une expérience politique islamique au Liban"
812:Hezbollah leader by issuing a postage stamp.
614:Iranian support, including the deployment of
537:
1522:
1032:"Arab-Israeli Wars and US Foreign Relations"
1998:
670:sparking an Islamic revolution in Lebanon.
1104:
544:
530:
2839:
2312:"Ahmadinejad, Nasrallah meet in Damascus"
1849:"Iran will acquire more Russian weaponry"
1540:
1523:Khan, Akbar; Zhaoying, Han (April 2020).
1151:
25:A meeting between Supreme Leader of Iran
1956:
825:, Syria, meeting with Iranian President
782:
725:
20:
2682:
2358:
1562:
1560:
1098:
1029:
2866:
2530:Amir Ahmed; Tom Watkins (2013-05-25).
2361:"Alleged Hezbollah plot in Azerbaijan"
1368:U.S. Intelligence on Europe, 1945–1995
1174:
1044:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.756
2309:
2296:Israel to counter Hizbullah forces",
2283:Israel to counter Hizbullah forces",
1217:
1071:
677:
139:2006–2008 Lebanese political protests
2117:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (2006-08-01).
1673:"Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)"
1648:"Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)"
1557:
1137:
1025:
1023:
998:
996:
842:February 26, 2010: Syrian President
686:
2143:"Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack"
1937:"Germans release Lebanese hijacker"
1923:"Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 — FBI"
1779:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1323-20180156
1624:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2021"
778:
662:Ideological and religious influence
29:and Secretary general of Hezbollah
13:
2072:"Buenos Aires bomber 'identified'"
1999:Jensehaugen, Jørgen (2009-06-29).
707:conventional military operations.
256:2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike
202:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
14:
2890:
2359:Rotella, Sebastian (2009-05-30).
1628:United States Department of State
1376:10.1163/9789004287648.useo_b09121
1211:
1020:
993:
1504:10.1163/9789004249028.umeob08196
1472:10.1163/9789004249028.umeob08124
1440:10.1163/9789004249028.umeob08200
1408:10.1163/9789004249028.umeob08187
1242:
639:Islamic Jihad Organisation proxy
223:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
2833:
2815:
2790:
2772:
2749:
2724:
2700:
2664:
2639:
2621:
2596:
2572:
2548:
2523:
2505:
2487:
2469:
2449:
2425:
2401:
2377:
2352:
2328:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2252:
2228:
2203:
2187:"Nasrallah holds talks in Iran"
2179:
2155:
2135:
2110:
2085:
2064:
2039:
1992:
1950:
1929:
1915:
1895:
1875:
1841:
1828:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1816:
1791:
1759:
1715:
1690:
1665:
1640:
1616:
1592:
1516:
1484:
1452:
1420:
1388:
1356:
1324:
1292:
1278:
1254:
1232:. pp. 202, 208, 239, 243.
208:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
2874:Foreign relations of Hezbollah
2840:Frantzman, Seth (2024-07-10).
2802:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1168:
1131:
1065:
980:
956:
129:Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc
1:
1771:Human Rights Documents Online
1175:Beinin, Joel (January 1993).
949:
747:
730:Missiles found abroad Francop
622:Following the opening of the
586:
2213:. 2006-07-20. Archived from
2049:. 2006-11-19. Archived from
2017:10.1177/00223433090460040813
1675:. 2007-03-02. Archived from
1650:. 2007-03-02. Archived from
1604:Council on Foreign Relations
1580:10.1163/9789004249028.b08200
1344:10.1163/9789004249028.b08079
1312:10.1163/9789004249028.b08172
1112:The New York Review of Books
1105:Adam Shatz (29 April 2004).
1030:Anziska, Seth (2019-08-28),
968:Council on Foreign Relations
939:Iranian influence in Lebanon
322:Lebanese Communication Group
7:
2389:www.washingtoninstitute.org
1747:www.washingtoninstitute.org
1038:, Oxford University Press,
934:Hezbollah Foreign Relations
927:
857:and meeting with Nasrallah.
815:
10:
2895:
2310:Cohen, Dudi (2007-07-19).
1723:"Hezbollah's media empire"
1138:Raad, Samih (2007-12-15).
742:
721:
328:Islamic Resistance Support
154:Hezbollah-Russia relations
2760:english.alahednews.com.lb
2708:"Mimecast TTP Web Portal"
2556:"Mimecast TTP Web Portal"
2005:Journal of Peace Research
1957:Ranstorp, Magnus (1997),
1226:Federal Research Division
990:(pp. 321-329). Routledge.
307:Hezbollah social services
2712:security-us.mimecast.com
2560:security-us.mimecast.com
1853:Emerald Expert Briefings
1542:10.1177/2347797020906654
1221:Lebanon: a country study
1107:"In Search of Hezbollah"
821:2007: Nasrallah visited
758:National Security Agency
218:2008 conflict in Lebanon
149:Hezbollah-Iran relations
134:2008 conflict in Lebanon
39:Islamic Republic of Iran
1971:10.1057/9780230377509_5
1153:10.4000/leportique.1408
601:1979 Iranian Revolution
573:1979 Iranian Revolution
186:1983 US Embassy bombing
41:is a key patron of the
2879:Iran–Lebanon relations
1804:www.europarl.europa.eu
944:Iran–Lebanon relations
923:, Iranian state media.
788:
731:
34:
2298:Jane's Defence Weekly
2285:Jane's Defence Weekly
2119:"Hizballah: A Primer"
1963:Hizb'allah in Lebanon
1861:10.1108/oxan-db278366
1266:Middle East Institute
1072:Hirst, David (2010).
805:Jane's Defence Weekly
786:
729:
236:Hezbollah involvement
24:
2167:www.wilsoncenter.org
1600:"What Is Hezbollah?"
1224:. Washington, D.C.:
1008:www.wilsoncenter.org
964:"What Is Hezbollah?"
616:Revolutionary Guards
558:Revolutionary Guards
280:Imam al-Mahdi Scouts
251:2023 border conflict
241:Spillover in Lebanon
122:Political activities
51:and political party
2651:iranprimer.usip.org
2265:2001-2009.state.gov
2148:The Washington Post
1908:The Washington Post
1230:Library of Congress
886:November 22, 2014:
381:Secretaries-General
330:Organization (IRSO)
167:Military activities
2847:The Jerusalem Post
1181:Middle East Report
789:
732:
678:Hezbollah autonomy
597:Ayatollah Khomeini
569:Ayatollah Khomeini
562:Axis of Resistance
421:Hashim Safi Al Din
179:Lebanese Civil War
35:
2365:Los Angeles Times
1980:978-0-333-68401-6
1119:on 22 August 2006
1091:978-0-571-23741-8
1053:978-0-19-932917-5
898:Syrian government
869:July 18, 2012: A
687:Financial Funding
554:
553:
519:
518:
364:
363:
288:
287:
100:Foreign relations
2886:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1115:. Archived from
1102:
1096:
1095:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
991:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
960:
908:Qassem Soleimani
779:2006 Lebanon war
546:
539:
532:
512:
499:
486:
473:
455:
429:Senior officials
416:
408:Hassan Nasrallah
403:
390:Subhi al-Tufayli
377:
376:
301:
300:
229:Syrian civil war
213:2006 Lebanon War
191:War of the Camps
172:
171:
58:
57:
31:Hassan Nasrallah
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2827:Times of Israel
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:Times of Israel
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2633:Times of Israel
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1216:
1212:
1189:10.2307/3013225
1173:
1169:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1082:Faber and Faber
1070:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
994:
985:
981:
972:
970:
962:
961:
957:
952:
930:
844:Bashar al-Assad
818:
781:
750:
745:
724:
693:Bashar Al-Assad
689:
680:
664:
641:
589:
550:
521:
520:
508:
495:
482:
469:
451:
412:
399:
395:Abbas al-Musawi
374:
366:
365:
332:
329:
298:
290:
289:
284:
247:
246:
204:
197:
196:
169:
159:
158:
124:
114:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2860:
2859:
2832:
2814:
2789:
2771:
2748:
2723:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2638:
2620:
2595:
2571:
2547:
2522:
2504:
2499:washingtonpost
2486:
2481:washingtonpost
2468:
2448:
2424:
2400:
2376:
2351:
2327:
2302:
2300:, 26 July 2006
2289:
2287:, 26 July 2006
2276:
2251:
2227:
2202:
2178:
2154:
2134:
2109:
2084:
2063:
2038:
1991:
1979:
1949:
1928:
1914:
1894:
1874:
1855:. 2023-04-20.
1840:
1815:
1790:
1758:
1731:
1714:
1703:Foreign Policy
1689:
1664:
1639:
1615:
1591:
1556:
1535:(1): 101–123.
1515:
1483:
1451:
1419:
1387:
1355:
1323:
1291:
1277:
1253:
1210:
1183:(180): 10–15.
1167:
1130:
1097:
1090:
1064:
1052:
1019:
992:
979:
954:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
917:
914:
911:
904:
901:
894:
891:
884:
880:
877:
874:
867:
864:
861:
858:
853:sentiments in
847:
840:
837:Imad Mughniyah
833:
830:
817:
814:
780:
777:
749:
746:
744:
741:
723:
720:
688:
685:
679:
676:
663:
660:
640:
637:
588:
585:
552:
551:
549:
548:
541:
534:
526:
523:
522:
517:
516:
515:
514:
504:Imad Mughniyeh
501:
488:
475:
462:
457:
444:
439:
431:
430:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
405:
392:
384:
383:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
333:
326:
324:
319:
314:
309:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
275:Armed strength
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
248:
245:
244:
238:
231:
227:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:
195:
194:
188:
181:
177:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
144:Doha Agreement
141:
136:
131:
125:
120:
119:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
96:
94:
93:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2891:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2217:on 2006-07-20
2216:
2212:
2206:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2053:on 2006-11-19
2052:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1679:on 2007-03-02
1678:
1674:
1668:
1654:on 2007-03-02
1653:
1649:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1249:public domain
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
989:
983:
969:
965:
959:
955:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
922:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
819:
813:
809:
807:
806:
800:
797:
793:
785:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
754:
740:
736:
728:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
684:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
636:
632:
628:
625:
620:
617:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
527:
525:
524:
513:
511:
505:
502:
500:
498:
492:
489:
487:
485:
479:
476:
474:
472:
466:
463:
461:
460:Talal Hamiyah
458:
456:
454:
448:
445:
443:
442:Mohammad Raad
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
419:
417:
415:
409:
406:
404:
402:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
370:
369:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
338:
337:
331:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Jihad al-Bina
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:Organizations
294:
293:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
265:
264:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
242:
239:
237:
233:
232:
230:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
203:
199:
192:
189:
187:
183:
182:
180:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
162:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
123:
118:
117:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
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