1617:
1640:
2284:
1428:
134:
155:
1290:
1875:
180:
4396:
687:
2628:
765:
4699:
2416:, which involves raking, would have become significantly less effective the larger the animal grew since a larger and larger portion of its prey would be small enough to pass between its sweep-feeding spines. Any specimen over the size of a metre (3.2 ft) which continued to feed on small invertebrates would need modified sweep-feeding appendages or would need to employ a different feeding method altogether. As such, it is more than possible that later
2716:. The tracks indicate a lumbering, jerky and dragging movement. Scarps with crescent-shapes were left by the outer limbs, inner markings were made by the keeled belly and the telson carved a central groove. The slow progression and dragging of the tail indicate that the animal responsible was moving out of water. The presence of terrestrial tracks indicate that
1907:, ornamentation consisting of scales or other similar structures on the exoskeleton, the fourth pair of appendages possessing spines, the more posterior tergites of the abdomen possessing tongue-shaped scales near their edges and there being lobes positioned posterolaterally (posteriorly on both sides) on the prosoma. Historically, the morphology of
1331:(segments from the back of the animal), of a large and strange arthropod discovered in deposits in Scotland of Lower Carboniferous age, but did not assign a name to the fossils. Through Scouler's examination, the fossils represent the second eurypterid to be scientifically studied, just six years after the 1825 description of
1537:
represented yet another name applied to some scattered segments, a practice they deemed "taxonomically unsound". Though they suggested that further research was required to determine whether or not the taxon was valid at all, they did note that the presence of a fringe to the segments formed by their
2825:
has been discovered, also preserves a diverse
Carboniferous fauna and some species of plants. Interpreted as having been a large and open fresh to brackish water lake, with possibly occasional influences by storms and glacial processes, fossil remains recovered is most commonly that of various types
752:
was very deep-bodied and compact in comparison to other eurypterids and the mass of the specimen in question would likely have rivalled that of other giant eurypterids (and other giant arthropods), if not surpassed them. In addition to fossil finds of large specimens, fossil trackways attributed to
846:
The status of the 10 species listed below follow a 2018 survey by German paleontologists Jason A. Dunlop and Denise Jekel and
British paleontologist David Penney and size- and temporal ranges follow a 2009 study by American paleontologists James Lamsdell and Simon J. Braddy unless otherwise noted.
2646:
were sweep-feeders, having modified spines on their forward-facing prosomal appendages that allowed them to rake through the substrate of their living environments. Though sweep-feeding was used as a strategy by many genera within the
Stylonurina, it was most developed within the hibbertopterids,
633:
of the environments in which it lived in search for small invertebrates to eat, which it could then push towards its mouth. Though long hypothesised, the fact that eurypterids were capable of terrestrial locomotion was definitely proven through the discovery of a fossil trackway made by
833:
had extensions at their base and lacked longitudinal posterior grooves in all of its podomeres (leg segments). Some of these characteristics, in particular the shape of the telson, are thought to have been shared by other hibbertopterids, which are much less well preserved than
1850:, is remarkably complete, preserving not only the prosoma, the telson and several tergites, but also coxae and even part of the digestive system. The discovery was also important for eurypterid research in general, since it represents one of the few eurypterids known from the
863:
follow the 1968 description of these species. The descriptors, Norwegian paleontologist Leif Størmer and
British paleontologist Charles D. Waterston, did not consider these species to represent eurypterids, though any emended diagnosis of them is yet to be published.
3030:
2688:
could sweep up small animals from the soft sediments of shallow bodies of water, presumably small crustaceans and other arthropods, and could then sweep them into its mouth when it detected them. Through the different adaptations of juveniles and adults
799:
of its environment in search for food. The fourth pair of appendages, though used in feeding like the second and third pairs, was also used for locomotion and the two final pairs of legs (pairs five and six overall) were solely locomotory. As such,
2480:, a more primitid mycteropoid eurypterid, large-scale changes in the developments of the appendages over the course of the life of a single animal have been proven to have happened in some eurypterids. One of the key features distinguishing
735:
was unusually wide relative to its length for a eurypterid, the animal in question would probably have measured around 180–200 centimetres (5.9–6.6 ft) in length. Even though there were eurypterids of greater length (such as
2712:. The trackway found was roughly 6 metres (20 ft) long and 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide, and suggests that the eurypterid responsible was 160 centimetres (5.2 ft) long, consistent with other giant sizes attributed to
677:
changed significantly over the course of its life, from simpler raking organs present in younger specimens to specialised comb-like organs capable of trapping prey (rather than simply pushing it towards the mouth) in adults.
1583:
was more narrow, had a subelliptical (almost elliptical) shape and had its widest point in the middle rather than at the base. Further differences were noted in the position and shape of the animal's compound eyes, which in
2720:
was able to survive on land at least briefly, possible due to the probability that their gills could function in air as long as they remained wet. Additionally, some studies suggest that eurypterids possessed a dual
2679:
wasn't preying on large animals is also supported by the complete lack of adaptations towards any organs used for trapping prey in younger specimens (though they are present on adult specimens once referred to
2663:
animal, as modern filter feeding crustaceans, but the robust and massive nature of the genus (in contrast to modern filter feeding crustaceans which are typically very small) makes such a conclusion unlikely.
3603:
1814:
was also known only from a single specimen, a fragment of an appendage described in 1951. No distinguishing features were given for the species, and the authors noted that it was possibly synonymous with
2432:
2389:
would have had further adaptations towards sweep-feeding than any other hibbertopterid, with its blades modified into comb-like rachis that could entrap smaller prey or other organic food particles.
1424:
but since the parts of the body preserved in the fossils described don't completely overlap it is impossible to say if Peach's diagnostic characteristics actually apply to the two original species.
646:
could survive on land, however briefly, is unknown but it might have been possible through either its gills being able to function in air as long as they were wet or by the animal possessing a dual
2863:. Plant fossils in the Waaiport Formation are notably less diverse than those of preceding ages in the same location, possibly because of climate reasons. Among the genera present are the common
1416:
is highly problematic; some of the diagnostic characteristics used when describing it are either questionable or outright meaningless. For instance, the original description had been based on
2740:
contains deposits that were once a freshwater lake near a volcano. The locality has preserved a diverse fauna of the Viséan age of the
Carboniferous (about 335 million years ago). Other than
2651:
and other sweep-feeders was probably composed of what they could find raking through its living environment, likely primarily small invertebrates. This method of feeding is quite similar to
2916:
Tetlie, O. E. (2008). "Hallipterus excelsior, a
Stylonurid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Late Devonian Catskill Delta Complex, and Its Phylogenetic Position in the Hardieopteridae".
1529:. Scottish paleontologists Lyall I. Anderson and Nigel H. Trewin and German paleontologist Jason A. Dunlop noted in 2000 that Kjellesvig-Waerings acception of the original designation for
3556:"Redescription of Drepanopterus pentlandicus Laurie, 1892, the earliest known mycteropoid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the early Silurian (Llandovery) of the Pentland Hills, Scotland"
1521:
by
American paleontologist Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1964 as part of a greater re-examination of the various species assigned to the family Pterygotidae. Kjellesvig-Waering retained
2599:. The same conclusions and suggestions were also published in a later 2020 conference abstract, co-authored by Hughes and James Lamsdell. However, a 2023 study describing a new species
994:
is too limited to confidently establish any distinguishing features, though it can be confidently be assigned to the genus based on its "striking similarities" to the other species.
1926:
makes it clear that both genera represent hibbertopterid eurypterids, but the incomplete nature of all fossil specimens referred to them make any further study of the precise
1678:
prompted
Norwegian paleontologist Leif Størmer and British paleontologist Charles D. Waterston to in 1968 re-examine the various species that had been referred to it. Because
2851:. Among the palaeoniscoids, eight distinct genera have been identified. Several of these palaeoniscoid genera also occur in deposits of similar age in Scotland. Other than
2458:. The three fragmentary genera were suggested to by synonyms of each other by American paleontologist James Lamsdell in 2010, which would have meant the oldest name,
2392:
It was suggested as early as 1993 by
American paleontologist Paul Selden and British paleontologist Andrew J. Jeram that these adaptations might not have been due to
1854:, where eurypterid finds are rare and usually fragmentary. The presence of the gut in the fossil proves that the specimen represents a dead individual, and not only
791:(leg segments) of these three pairs of limbs were covered with long spines, and the end of each limb was covered with sensory organs. These adaptations suggest that
2693:"), individuals of different ages would possibly have preferred different types of prey, which would have reduced competition between members of the same genus.
1835:
638:
in
Scotland. The trackway showed that an animal measuring around 160 centimetres (5.2 ft) had slowly lumbered across a stretch of land, dragging its
2875:
1128:
are the large number filaments on its first pair of appendages and the longer filaments on the second pair of appendages, which also have large fulcra.
2500:
is not surprising as movements of the eyes through ontogeny has been described in other eurypterid genera. Lamsdell considered it almost certain that
3879:
3777:
2865:
811:
Although not enough fossil material is known of the other hibbertopterid eurypterids to discuss the differences between them with full confidence,
4762:
2790:
3943:
Evans, Francis John (1999). "Palaeobiology of Early Carboniferous lacustrine biota of the Waaipoort Formation (Witteberg Group), South Africa".
757:
from South Africa indicates an animal around 250 centimetres (8.2 ft) in length (the same size attributed to the largest known eurypterid,
3599:
Laurie, 1892, the earliest known mycteropoid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the early Silurian (Llandovery) of the Pentland Hills, Scotland"
1467:
1448:
1196:
is the precise arrangement of lunules (crescent-shaped markings) on said leg segments, forming rows. This is different from, for an example,
596:
could reach lengths around 180–200 centimetres (5.9–6.6 ft). Though this is significantly smaller than the largest eurypterid overall,
2492:
suggest might have been a feature which appeared late in an animal's life cycle. Differences in the positions of the eyes in specimens of
4803:
3156:
Waterston, Charles D.; Størmer, Leif (1968). "IV. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., a large late Palaeozoic Arthropod with pectinate Appendages*".
1720:(named in honour of Ben Peach), as its type. Both of these species were based on fragmentary fossil remains. Furthermore, the species
2583:. In particular, she noted that though the feeding appendages were different, the ornamentation and form of the raking tools seen in
1438:
Though only represented by two small, jointed and vaguely cylindrical fossil fragments (both discovered in the Portage sandstones of
1446:
has had a complicated taxonomic history. Originally described in 1881 as a species of plant, the fragmentary fossil referred to as "
4749:
761:), though the largest known fossil specimens of the species only appear to have reached lengths of 135 centimetres (4.43 ft).
3914:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 244. Geological Society of America Special Publication. pp. 13–24.
3906:
Rolfe, W. D. I.; Durant, G. P.; Fallick, A. E.; Hall, A. J.; Large, D. J.; Scott, A. C.; Smithson, T. R.; Walkden, G. M. (1990).
1903:. The hibbertopterids are united as a group by being large mycteropoids with broad prosomas, a hastate telson similar to that of
17:
2647:
which possessed blades on the second, third and fourth pair of appendages. Inhabiting freshwater swamps and rivers, the diet of
1236:
can be distinguished from other species by the oval shape of its ocellar node (the raised portion of the carapace on which the
1158:
Size estimate is based on a complete carapace. As the type species, no particular distinguishing features are established for
4475:
4465:
3987:
3341:"Cyrtoctenus wittebergensis sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Eurypterida), a large sweep-feeder from the Carboniferous of South Africa"
795:, like other hibbertopterids, would have fed by a method referred to as sweep-feeding, using its limbs to sweep through the
3288:
3050:
829:
sword) and had a keel running down the middle, with in turn had a small indentation in its own centre. The walking legs of
2842:. Among the acanthodians, at least three genera have been identified from fossil scales and spines, including the derived
2283:
1888:
is classified as part of the family Hibbertopteridae, which it also lends its name to, a family of eurypterids within the
4818:
3086:
4823:
4427:
2400:
representing more derived genera of hibbertopterids, but rather due to both genera perhaps representing adult forms of
1806:
other than the unique fragmentary type specimen, which at this point had been plastically preserved in sandstone. Like
1616:
3252:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)".
1639:
4442:
3927:
926:) of its second pair of appendages and the presence of small cone-shaped fulcra (supportive tissue) along the limbs.
2838:. Though shark material is too fragmentary to be identifiable, at least some fossils might represent the remains of
1533:
was "burdensome" as it is based on highly fragmentary material. They noted that like many other pterygotid species,
2369:(various hardened body parts) which have little diagnostic potential and are poorly known in fossils attributed to
1911:
and the other hibbertopterids has been seen as so unusual that they have been thought to be an order separate from
3907:
1192:
Fragmentary fossils known from Scotland. Known primarily from leg segments, the primary distinguishing feature of
4686:
4470:
4412:
2897:
1858:, and scientists examining it could conclude that it had been preserved as lying on its back. The description of
1934:
itself, though the highly incomplete nature of their remains again makes that hypothesis impossible to confirm.
1790:
fossils represented remains of a new order of aquatic arthropods which they dubbed "Cyrtoctenida". The species
1786:, respectively. Despite noting the presence of eurypterid-type tergites, Størmer and Waterston thought that the
1482:
was probably based on the slightly spinose surface of the fossils, but in 1888 Hall and American paleontologist
1232:
The lower size estimate follows known fossil evidence. The higher size estimate derives from trackway evidence.
4833:
4828:
4460:
4450:
4404:
2956:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
4422:
4417:
3517:
Tollerton, V P (1989). "Morphology, Taxonomy, and Classification of the Order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843".
2929:
1490:
actually had spines similar to what Woodward and Jones suggested and as such, reassigned the species back to
1364:
by later researchers although it had not originally been designated as such) in 1882. The genus was based on
1270:
Isolated podomeres of a prosomal appendage have been discovered in the United States. The fossil material of
4455:
4432:
179:
1937:
The cladogram below is adapted from Lamsdell (2012), collapsed to only show the superfamily Mycteropoidea.
3853:
2361:
were congeneric (e.g. synonymous) was first suggested by British geologist Charles D. Waterston in 1985.
1834:
known from reasonably complete remains other than the type species itself. The fossil, discovered in the
1454:
1631:
1462:
1294:
3642:
Discerning the Diets of Sweep-Feeding Eurypterids Through Analyses of Mesh-Modified Appendage Armature
1732:
was its comb-like first appendages. Waterston remarked in another 1968 paper that the "controversial"
1506:
in 1912, though no distinguishing features of the fossils were given due to their fragmentary nature.
1274:
is too limited to confidently establish any distinguishing features, but it is noted to be similar to
4813:
4088:
3980:
3042:
3003:
2892:
653:
Though sometimes, and often historically, treated as distinct genera, the hibbertopterid eurypterids
3381:
Waterston, Charles D. (1968). "I.—Further Observations on the Scottish Carboniferous Eurypterids*".
2764:. Several terrestrial invertebrates are also known from the location, including several species of
1930:
relationships within the Hibbertopteridae difficult. Both genera could even represent synonyms of
673:. The features of fossils associated with these genera suggest that the sweep-feeding strategy of
3519:
1794:
had originally been described as the fragmentary remains of a eurypterid in 1889 was assigned to
45:
2298:
as composing three separate, but closely related, hibbertopterid genera. In these arrangements,
1024:
The only known specimen, discovered in Ireland, is probably lost and was originally assigned to
708:
was a large, broad-bodied and heavy animal. It was the largest known eurypterid of the suborder
4780:
4717:
4395:
3687:
Braddy, Simon J.; Lerner, Allan J.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2023). "A new species of the eurypterid
3460:
2709:
1889:
4767:
4775:
3771:
3482:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1959). "A Taxonomic Review of Some Late Paleozoic Eurypterida".
3046:
1514:
1240:
are located) and by the many crenulations present on the distal margins of its leg segments.
4808:
4702:
3973:
3806:
3128:
1253:
1213:
1175:
1141:
1103:
1069:
1007:
973:
939:
901:
1162:. Its latest published diagnosis is simply the same as the diagnosis of the genus itself.
8:
3082:"The systematics and phylogeny of the Stylonurina (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Eurypterida)"
2839:
2737:
1851:
1377:
1338:
796:
630:
567:
3810:
3424:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). "The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland".
2431:
1427:
3952:
3877:
Tetlie, O E (2007). "Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)".
3832:
3754:
3727:
3708:
3620:
3575:
3536:
3499:
3441:
3406:
3360:
3316:
3269:
3231:
3181:
3105:
3079:
2990:
2933:
2722:
1798:
on the basis of the perceived filaments present on its appendages, similar to those of
1453:" was noted to represent the fossil remains of a eurypterid by American paleontologist
647:
467:
174:
3204:"A Middle Devonian chasmataspid arthropod from Achanarras Quarry, Caithness, Scotland"
1380:
in 1863. This designation was reinforced with more fossil fragments discovered in the
4291:
4224:
4216:
3923:
3824:
3759:
3712:
3659:
3594:
3555:
3491:
3433:
3410:
3398:
3364:
3340:
3320:
3308:
3261:
3235:
3223:
3185:
3173:
2995:
2977:
2827:
2675:
would probably have been incapable of preying on larger animals. The conclusion that
2417:
1819:, but they chose to maintain it as distinct due to the very limited fossil material.
1483:
666:
133:
3956:
3624:
3579:
3540:
3109:
2955:
2937:
2671:
were weak and they would not have been able to grasp any potential prey which means
606:
is likely to have been the heaviest due to its broad and compact body. Furthermore,
4631:
4345:
4337:
4327:
4319:
4299:
4270:
4186:
4135:
3915:
3888:
3836:
3814:
3797:
3749:
3741:
3700:
3669:
3612:
3567:
3528:
3390:
3352:
3300:
3215:
3203:
3165:
3095:
2985:
2969:
2925:
2729:
2166:
1499:
1494:, interpreting the fossils as fragments of the long walking legs. An assignment to
698:
260:
154:
3704:
3054:
1289:
625:
fed through a method called sweep-feeding. It used its specialised forward-facing
4660:
4506:
4363:
4304:
4260:
4163:
4150:
3892:
3732:
2960:
2560:
2471:
2180:
2061:
1954:
1567:
1439:
607:
41:
3725:
3673:
2587:
were probably the precursors of the more moveable finger-like organs present in
2404:. In this case, the development of the more specialized sweep-feeding method of
1874:
960:
is the presence of ~110 filaments in every row of its comb-like feeding organs.
4576:
4492:
4355:
4282:
4242:
4234:
4158:
2880:
2843:
2815:
2770:
2745:
2652:
1674:
549:
3641:
3616:
3604:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3571:
3560:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3532:
3394:
3383:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3356:
3304:
3169:
3158:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3100:
3081:
3035:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1200:, in which these lunules are more in number and not as well sorted into rows.
4797:
4740:
4583:
4555:
4548:
4520:
4499:
4252:
4191:
4181:
4173:
4127:
4117:
4109:
4065:
4029:
3691:
from the Carboniferous of New Mexico, and a review of the Hibbertopteridae".
3661:
Evidence for Synonymy and Ontogenetic Shifts Among Hibbertopterid Eurypterids
3495:
3437:
3402:
3312:
3265:
3227:
3177:
2981:
2870:
2847:
2784:
2757:
2476:
2047:
2009:
1992:
1968:
1944:
1927:
1892:
1843:
1696:
1306:
777:
738:
725:
626:
598:
575:
541:
537:
247:
91:
4541:
4373:
4309:
4265:
4140:
3828:
3763:
3745:
2999:
2973:
2835:
2802:
2660:
1847:
1472:
1393:
1320:
1086:
Fossil isolated rachis found in the Czech Republic. The fossil material of
826:
553:
286:
2408:
can directly be explained by the larger size of the specimens referred to
686:
4638:
4615:
4513:
4207:
4100:
4038:
4020:
2811:
1912:
1839:
1773:
1226:
1124:
Fossil isolated rachis found in Scotland. The distinguishing features of
1114:
1018:
819:(the posteriormost division of the body) was hastate (e.g. shaped like a
744:
717:
709:
642:(the posteriormost division of its body) across the ground after it. How
589:
221:
66:
3908:"An early terrestrial biota preserved by Visean vulcanicity in Scotland"
3219:
2627:
4754:
4604:
4590:
4569:
4562:
4527:
4368:
4056:
4047:
3996:
3919:
3503:
3445:
3338:
3273:
2753:
2725:, which would allow short periods of time in terrestrial environments.
2697:
2595:, due to its distinct ornamentation, represented a genus distinct from
2126:
1475:
1381:
1333:
1311:
1080:
956:
Fossil isolated rachis found in Belgium. The distinguishing feature of
701:
562:
513:
234:
111:
76:
53:
1588:
are surrounded by a ring-like shape of hardened integument (absent in
764:
4681:
4665:
4655:
4014:
3202:
Trewin, Nigel H.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Anderson, Lyall I. (2000-11-01).
3031:"Eurypterids from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland"
2860:
2796:
2779:
2765:
2749:
2733:
2553:
2109:
2085:
1866:-type eurypterids, not representatives of a new order of arthropods.
1694:
had been designated the type species of a distinct eurypterid genus,
1353:
1264:
1090:
is too limited to confidently establish any distinguishing features.
950:
602:, which could reach lengths of around 250 centimetres (8.2 ft),
517:
211:
191:
116:
60:
4711:
3819:
3792:
2782:. The site also preserves abundant plant life, including the genera
2571:
due to the "strong morphological similarities" between them, and as
1186:
1152:
1118:
912:
772:, the largest species known from fossil remains, compared to a human
4734:
4624:
4597:
3339:
D. Waterston, C; W. Oelofsen, B; D. F. Oosthuizen, R (1985-01-01).
3289:"Chelicerata from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland"
2856:
2775:
2761:
2632:
2366:
1623:
1565:
had already been referred to (considered a species of) the related
1409:
1405:
1328:
990:
Fossil isolated tergites found in Scotland. The fossil material of
984:
805:
788:
728:
713:
533:
525:
142:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
49:
3728:"The true identity of the supposed giant fossil spider Megarachne"
2778:
proven to have been terrestrial) and early representatives of the
2563:, American geologist Emily Hughes suggested the synonymization of
815:
is defined based on a collection of definite characteristics. The
1855:
1646:
1397:
1324:
821:
545:
529:
163:
121:
96:
3080:
James C. Lamsdell, Simon J. Braddy & O. Erik Tetlie (2010).
2385:, particularly in their adaptations to sweep-feeding. If valid,
1457:
in 1884, three years later. Though Hall assigned the species to
712:, composed of those eurypterids that lacked swimming paddles. A
4008:
1302:
1237:
816:
785:
650:, theorised to have been present in at least some eurypterids.
639:
201:
3965:
3345:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
3293:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
2488:
is the presence of grooves on its podomeres, which studies on
2294:
Many analyses and overviews treat the ten species assigned to
1596:
are also located near the center of the head whereas those of
574:, coined more than a century later, combines his name and the
560:, was first named as a species of the significantly different
2831:
2684:) and a lack of swimming adaptations. Through sweep-feeding,
2540:
specimens are more complete than the known fossil remains of
1736:
was similar to the unusual and massive prosomal appendage of
1315:(with swimming paddles and unspecialised walking appendages).
922:
is distinguished by the long filaments (longer than those of
1513:(a species described from Ireland by British paleontologist
1341:
redescribed the same fossil specimens, giving them the name
784:(pairs 2, 3 and 4) were specialised for gathering food. The
592:
suborder, with the largest fossil specimens suggesting that
2701:
2552:
specimens represent the actual mortalities, susceptible to
1323:
described the remains, consisting of a massive and unusual
629:(limbs), equipped with several spines, to rake through the
2744:, the fauna includes several terrestrial animals, such as
1802:. Størmer and Waterston disregarded specimens referred to
3726:
Selden, P.A., Corronca, J.A. & Hünicken, M.A (2005).
1465:
and Thomas Rupert Jones assigned the fossil to the genus
2930:
10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[19:HEASCE]2.0.CO;2
2435:
More fossil spines and fossil ornamentation referred to
2855:, the only known invertebrates are two rare species of
2732:
of Scotland, 27 kilometres (16.8 miles) to the west of
3905:
3131:. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern
3793:"Palaeoecology: A gigantic fossil arthropod trackway"
2446:
frequently occur together with fragments referred to
2428:
to be able to continue to feed at larger body sizes.
1337:
itself. Five years later, in 1836, British geologist
3334:
3332:
3330:
3201:
3129:
A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives
2760:, representing some of the oldest known terrestrial
1664:
was questionable at best and that its type species,
3646:
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports
1498:was affirmed by Clarke and American paleontologist
731:, measures 65 centimetres (26 in) wide. Since
3481:
3465:Memoir (New York State Museum and Science Service)
3423:
3251:
2381:does suggest that they were more specialised than
1542:, but "strikingly similar" to what was present in
524:have been discovered in deposits ranging from the
3880:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3686:
3327:
2918:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
1862:affirmed that the "cyrtoctenids" were definitely
1604:was selected to honor the original descriptor of
1575:as distinct from the type species of that genus,
1538:ornamentation was absent in all other species of
4795:
3155:
3127:Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018.
2655:. This has led some researchers to suggest that
2365:is known from very fragmentary material, mainly
1822:Known from a single specimen described in 1985,
1708:was to be part of a new genus, which they named
720:which covered the head) referred to the species
3458:
1724:, named in 1936, was referred to the new genus
1716:, a curved comb) and they named a new species,
3657:
3516:
3459:Clarke, John Mason; Ruedemann, Rudolf (1912).
2953:
2548:specimens would then represent exuviae whilst
2272:
3981:
2954:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
2314:being the type and only species of the genus
1571:for some time. Kjellesvig-Waering recognised
1557:When Kjellesvig-Waering designated the genus
1509:Though no specification was given as to why,
3910:. In Lockley, Martin G.; Rice, Alan (eds.).
3776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
422:(Waterston, Oelofsen & Oosthuizen, 1985)
3876:
2806:. Locally, the strange fossil carapaces of
2575:was found to be paraphyletic in regards to
1700:. Størmer and Waterston concluded that the
1600:are located further back. The generic name
3988:
3974:
3029:Jeram, Andrew J.; Selden, Paul A. (1993).
2373:. The morphology of fossils attributed to
1686:, the genus itself became synonymous with
1672:) had recently been referred to the genus
918:Fossil isolated rachis found in Scotland.
153:
132:
3818:
3753:
3380:
3286:
3099:
2989:
1461:, that same year British paleontologists
1056:Tail spine, ventral keels, and trackways
1032:in 1964 with no specification as to why.
621:Like many other stylonurine eurypterids,
610:indicates that the South African species
3592:
3553:
2626:
2430:
2282:
1873:
1426:
1288:
763:
685:
3658:Hughes, Emily; Lamsdell, James (2020).
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
2516:in turn represented junior synonyms of
2474:. Following studies on the ontogeny of
2302:is typically restricted to the species
665:have been suggested to represent adult
14:
4796:
2915:
1471:, believing the fossils represented a
1284:
614:might have reached lengths similar to
588:was the largest eurypterid within the
4716:
4715:
3969:
3942:
3854:"Giant Water Scorpion Walked on Land"
3848:
3846:
3790:
3636:
3634:
3376:
3374:
3247:
3245:
3197:
3195:
3123:
3121:
3119:
2544:, often fragmentary. The majority of
2520:, which would subsume all three into
2462:, taking priority and subsuming both
1431:The two fossil fragments referred to
1210:Waterston, Oelofsen & Oosthuizen
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3060:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2949:
2947:
2579:, all three were subsumed into just
1372:, previously described as the plant
3547:
3452:
3087:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1442:), the species today recognised as
841:
24:
4804:Carboniferous arthropods of Europe
3870:
3843:
3784:
3631:
3586:
3371:
3280:
3242:
3192:
3116:
2696:A fossil trackway discovered near
1712:(the name deriving from the Greek
25:
4845:
3134:
3010:
2944:
2909:
2424:developed the structures seen in
1869:
4698:
4697:
4394:
3664:. Geological Society of America
3640:Hughes, Emily Samantha (2019), "
2814:"Scouler's heids" ("heid" being
2708:was capable of at least limited
2622:
1763:, further species were added to
1728:. The key diagnostic feature of
1638:
1615:
1360:(treated as the type species of
1293:Outdated 1872 reconstruction by
178:
64:
4687:Timeline of eurypterid research
3995:
3936:
3899:
3719:
3680:
3651:
3510:
3475:
3417:
2898:Timeline of eurypterid research
2826:of fish. Among these types are
2821:The Waaipoort Formation, where
2536:would also explain why smaller
1352:was named by British geologist
847:The distinguishing features of
411:(Størmer & Waterston, 1968)
3287:Waterston, Charles D. (1985).
2631:Fossil trackway discovered in
1690:. That same year, the species
1668:, (and other species, such as
1546:. Subsequent research treated
1486:pointed out that no described
681:
13:
1:
3705:10.1080/08912963.2022.2032690
3461:"The Eurypterida of New York"
2903:
1356:, who also named the species
1319:In 1831, Scottish naturalist
1206:Hibbertopterus wittebergensis
516:, a group of extinct aquatic
481:Størmer & Waterston, 1968
3893:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
2667:The chelicerae (pincers) of
2342:being referred to the genus
1778:, described in 1951, became
1368:and the fragmentary species
400:(Augusta & Přibyl, 1951)
7:
3593:Lamsdell, James C. (2012).
3208:Scottish Journal of Geology
2886:
2611:should be synonymized with
2010:Drepanopterus odontospathus
1517:in 1872) was reassigned to
1504:The Eurypterida of New York
1062:Hibbertopterus ostraviensis
27:Extinct genus of arthropods
10:
4850:
4819:Prehistoric life of Europe
3912:Volcanism and Fossil Biota
3597:Drepanopterus pentlandicus
2222:Cyrtoctenus wittebergensis
1969:Drepanopterus pentlandicus
1880:Cyrtoctenus wittebergensis
1828:Cyrtoctenus wittebergensis
1767:by Størmer and Waterston;
1388:. In 1887 Peach described
1386:Glyptoscorpius caledonicus
1384:, which Peach referred to
1376:by English paleontologist
1246:Hibbertopterus wrightianus
894:Hibbertopterus caledonicus
570:in 1836. The generic name
4824:Carboniferous eurypterids
4724:
4695:
4674:
4648:
4614:
4484:
4441:
4403:
4392:
4354:
4336:
4318:
4290:
4279:
4251:
4233:
4215:
4204:
4172:
4149:
4126:
4108:
4097:
4089:List of eurypterid genera
4081:
4074:
4003:
3674:10.1130/abs/2020AM-353747
3617:10.1017/S1755691012000072
3572:10.1017/S1755691012000072
3533:10.1017/S0022336000041275
3395:10.1017/S0080456800014472
3357:10.1017/S0263593300010555
3305:10.1017/S0263593300010269
3170:10.1017/S0080456800014563
3101:10.1080/14772011003603564
3047:10.1017/S0263593300006118
2893:List of eurypterid genera
2869:(possibly representing a
2704:, Scotland, reveals that
2218:
2201:
2194:
2177:
2170:
2123:
2106:
2099:
2082:
2075:
2062:Woodwardopterus scabrosus
2058:
2051:
2041:
2006:
1989:
1982:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1830:) is the only species of
1771:, described in 1889, and
1579:, in that the prosoma of
1168:Hibbertopterus stevensoni
1000:Hibbertopterus hibernicus
887:
884:
473:
466:
311:
306:
292:
285:
175:Scientific classification
173:
161:
152:
140:
131:
34:
3945:Palaeontologica Africana
3554:Lamsdell, James (2012).
2859:, possibly representing
2642:Hibbertopterids such as
2591:. Hughes suggested that
2504:was a junior synonym of
2181:Campylocephalus oculatus
1682:was the type species of
1573:Campylocephalus scouleri
1100:Størmer & Waterston
1038:Hibbertopterus lamsdelli
932:Hibbertopterus dewalquei
888:Notes & description
872:
280:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959
3666:Abstracts with Programs
3520:Journal of Paleontology
3484:Journal of Paleontology
3426:Journal of Paleontology
3254:Journal of Paleontology
2205:Hibbertopterus scouleri
1993:Drepanopterus abonensis
1895:, alongside the genera
1750:Dunsopterus wrightianus
1740:and as such reassigned
1433:Cyrtoctenus wrightianus
1134:Hibbertopterus scouleri
18:Hibbertopterus scouleri
3746:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0272
2974:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
2710:terrestrial locomotion
2639:
2439:
2437:Dunsopterus stevensoni
2350:is the type species).
2291:
2289:Dunsopterus stevensoni
1882:
1734:Stylonurus wrightianus
1435:
1316:
773:
694:
4834:Eurypterids of Africa
4829:Eurypterids of Europe
4776:Paleobiology Database
3791:Whyte, M. A. (2005).
3004:Supplemental material
2774:(one of the earliest
2630:
2619:is distinct from it.
2434:
2286:
1877:
1780:Cyrtoctenus dewalquei
1515:William Hellier Baily
1511:Pterygotus hibernicus
1502:in their influential
1430:
1374:Cycadites caledonicus
1348:The eurypterid genus
1292:
1096:Hibbertopterus peachi
1066:Augusta & Přibyl
1028:. It was referred to
767:
689:
2810:have been given the
2442:Fossil specimens of
1769:Eurypterus dewalquei
1478:. The assignment to
966:Hibbertopterus dicki
556:. The type species,
544:period in Scotland,
458:(Etheridge Jr, 1877)
3811:2005Natur.438..576W
3220:10.1144/sjg36020151
2738:East Kirkton Quarry
2310:, with the species
2127:Megarachne servinei
1852:southern hemisphere
1836:Waaipoort Formation
1653:, drawn by Woodward
1563:Eurypterus scouleri
1378:John William Salter
1343:Eurypterus scouleri
1327:(head) and several
1285:History of research
1053:Late Carboniferous
808:(six-legged) gait.
776:The forward-facing
296:Eurypterus scouleri
4217:Onychopterelloidea
3920:10.1130/SPE244-p13
3693:Historical Biology
3595:"Redescription of
2723:respiratory system
2659:would have been a
2640:
2440:
2418:ontogenetic stages
2292:
2086:Mycterops mathieui
1883:
1608:, Samuel Hibbert.
1436:
1317:
1309:based on those of
804:would have used a
774:
695:
667:ontogenetic stages
648:respiratory system
582:) meaning "wing".
418:H. wittebergensis
4791:
4790:
4718:Taxon identifiers
4709:
4708:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4338:Adelophthalmoidea
4320:Waeringopteroidea
4292:Carcinosomatoidea
4225:Onychopterellidae
4200:
4199:
2879:(a small type of
2876:Archaeosigillaria
2853:H. wittebergensis
2823:H. wittebergensis
2340:H. wittebergensis
2287:Fossil spines of
2269:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2020:
1860:H. wittebergensis
1824:H. wittebergensis
1692:G. minutisculptus
1484:John Mason Clarke
1390:G. minutisculptus
1282:
1281:
1234:H. wittebergensis
755:H. wittebergensis
716:(the part of the
697:Like other known
612:H. wittebergensis
608:trackway evidence
505:
504:
499:
490:
482:
459:
446:
434:
423:
412:
401:
390:
379:
368:
355:
344:
333:
322:
281:
59:387.7–323.2
16:(Redirected from
4841:
4814:Fossil trackways
4784:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4700:
4675:Related articles
4632:Merostomichnites
4398:
4346:Adelophthalmidae
4328:Waeringopteridae
4300:Carcinosomatidae
4288:
4287:
4271:Strobilopteridae
4213:
4212:
4187:Hibbertopteridae
4136:Parastylonuridae
4106:
4105:
4079:
4078:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3887:(3–4): 557–574.
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3822:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3757:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3668:. Vol. 52.
3655:
3649:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3351:(2–3): 339–358.
3336:
3325:
3324:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3153:
3132:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3077:
3058:
3041:(3-4): 301–308.
3027:
3008:
3007:
2993:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2913:
2840:protacrodontoids
2635:, attributed to
2412:. The method of
2318:and the species
2197:
2196:
2173:
2172:
2167:Hibbertopteridae
2110:Hastimima whitei
2102:
2101:
2078:
2077:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2043:
1985:
1984:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1918:The features of
1642:
1619:
1550:as a species of
1531:Pterygotus dicki
1500:Rudolf Ruedemann
1229:(Carboniferous)
1189:(Carboniferous)
1155:(Carboniferous)
1121:(Carboniferous)
1083:(Carboniferous)
1021:(Carboniferous)
915:(Carboniferous)
867:
866:
842:Table of species
497:
488:
480:
457:
441:
432:
421:
410:
399:
396:H. ostraviensis
388:
378:(Fraipont, 1889)
377:
366:
350:
342:
331:
320:
279:
272:
261:Hibbertopteridae
259:
246:
233:
183:
182:
157:
136:
126:
63:
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4691:
4670:
4661:Chasmataspidida
4644:
4610:
4507:Campylocephalus
4480:
4437:
4399:
4378:
4364:Hughmilleriidae
4350:
4332:
4314:
4305:Megalograptidae
4281:
4275:
4261:Dolichopteridae
4247:
4235:Moselopteroidea
4229:
4206:
4196:
4182:Drepanopteridae
4168:
4164:Hardieopteridae
4151:Kokomopteroidea
4145:
4122:
4099:
4093:
4070:
3999:
3994:
3964:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3904:
3900:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3820:10.1038/438576a
3789:
3785:
3769:
3768:
3733:Biology Letters
3724:
3720:
3685:
3681:
3656:
3652:
3639:
3632:
3591:
3587:
3552:
3548:
3515:
3511:
3480:
3476:
3457:
3453:
3422:
3418:
3379:
3372:
3337:
3328:
3285:
3281:
3250:
3243:
3200:
3193:
3154:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3078:
3061:
3028:
3011:
2961:Biology Letters
2952:
2945:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2889:
2625:
2561:graduate thesis
2524:. Synonymizing
2472:junior synonyms
2332:H. ostraviensis
2281:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2031:
2022:
1955:Drepanopteridae
1920:Campylocephalus
1897:Campylocephalus
1878:Restoration of
1872:
1812:C. ostraviensis
1784:C. ostraviensis
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1622:Drawing of the
1620:
1598:Campylocephalus
1592:). The eyes of
1590:Campylocephalus
1581:Campylocephalus
1568:Campylocephalus
1440:Italy, New York
1287:
1222:
1172:Etheridge, Jr.
1088:H. ostraviensis
885:Temporal range
857:H. ostraviensis
844:
690:Restoration of
684:
489:Waterston, 1968
462:
448:
447:
437:
363:H. caledonicus
357:
356:
332:(Hibbert, 1836)
302:
299:
278:
270:
257:
244:
231:
177:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
42:Middle Devonian
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4772:
4759:
4746:
4730:
4728:
4726:Hibbertopterus
4722:
4721:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4649:Related groups
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4577:Onychopterella
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4535:Hibbertopterus
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4493:Adelophthalmus
4488:
4486:
4485:Notable genera
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4356:Pterygotioidea
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4283:Diploperculata
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4243:Moselopteridae
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:Kokomopteridae
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4110:Rhenopteroidea
4103:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3935:
3928:
3898:
3869:
3842:
3783:
3718:
3699:(2): 257–263.
3689:Hibbertopterus
3679:
3650:
3630:
3585:
3546:
3527:(5): 642–657.
3509:
3490:(2): 251–256.
3474:
3451:
3432:(4): 789–835.
3416:
3370:
3326:
3279:
3260:(2): 331–361.
3241:
3214:(2): 151–158.
3191:
3133:
3115:
3059:
3009:
2968:(2): 265–269.
2943:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2866:Praeramunculus
2828:palaeoniscoids
2771:Gigantoscorpio
2730:Midland Valley
2718:Hibbertopterus
2714:Hibbertopterus
2706:Hibbertopterus
2686:Hibbertopterus
2677:Hibbertopterus
2673:Hibbertopterus
2669:Hibbertopterus
2657:Hibbertopterus
2653:filter feeding
2649:Hibbertopterus
2644:Hibbertopterus
2637:Hibbertopterus
2624:
2621:
2613:Hibbertopterus
2597:Hibbertopterus
2585:Hibbertopterus
2581:Hibbertopterus
2565:Hibbertopterus
2546:Hibbertopterus
2538:Hibbertopterus
2526:Hibbertopterus
2522:Hibbertopterus
2506:Hibbertopterus
2494:Hibbertopterus
2486:Hibbertopterus
2444:Hibbertopterus
2422:Hibbertopterus
2414:Hibbertopterus
2402:Hibbertopterus
2353:The idea that
2320:H. caledonicus
2300:Hibbertopterus
2296:Hibbertopterus
2280:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1932:Hibbertopterus
1909:Hibbertopterus
1905:Hibbertopterus
1886:Hibbertopterus
1871:
1870:Classification
1868:
1864:Hibbertopterus
1832:Hibbertopterus
1826:(described as
1808:C. caledonicus
1804:C. caledonicus
1761:C. caledonicus
1742:S. wrightianus
1706:G. caledonicus
1702:Glyptoscorpius
1688:Adelophthalmus
1684:Glyptoscorpius
1675:Adelophthalmus
1662:Glyptoscorpius
1660:The fact that
1644:
1637:
1636:
1632:Henry Woodward
1621:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1602:Hibbertopterus
1594:Hibbertopterus
1586:Hibbertopterus
1559:Hibbertopterus
1519:Hibbertopterus
1463:Henry Woodward
1444:H. wrightianus
1418:G. caledonicus
1414:Glyptoscorpius
1370:G. caledonicus
1362:Glyptoscorpius
1350:Glyptoscorpius
1339:Samuel Hibbert
1295:Henry Woodward
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:H. wrightianus
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:Braddy et al.
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:Hibbertopterus
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
982:
979:
976:
971:
968:
962:
961:
954:
948:
945:
942:
937:
934:
928:
927:
920:H. caledonicus
916:
910:
907:
904:
899:
896:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
849:H. caledonicus
843:
840:
836:Hibbertopterus
831:Hibbertopterus
813:Hibbertopterus
802:Hibbertopterus
793:Hibbertopterus
782:Hibbertopterus
750:Hibbertopterus
733:Hibbertopterus
706:Hibbertopterus
699:hibbertopterid
683:
680:
675:Hibbertopterus
671:Hibbertopterus
644:Hibbertopterus
636:Hibbertopterus
623:Hibbertopterus
604:Hibbertopterus
586:Hibbertopterus
572:Hibbertopterus
568:Samuel Hibbert
550:Czech Republic
522:Hibbertopterus
512:is a genus of
509:Hibbertopterus
503:
502:
501:
500:
491:
483:
471:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
440:
439:
438:
436:
435:
433:(Dawson, 1881)
429:H. wrightianus
424:
413:
402:
391:
380:
369:
367:(Salter, 1863)
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
343:(Braddy, 2023)
334:
323:
309:
308:
304:
303:
300:
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:Hibbertopterus
268:
264:
263:
255:
251:
250:
242:
238:
237:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
171:
170:
159:
158:
150:
149:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
39:
36:Hibbertopterus
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4846:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:Pentecopterus
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:Megalograptus
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:Jaekelopterus
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:Drepanopterus
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:Brachyopterus
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4476:South America
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:North America
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:Carboniferous
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4405:Geochronology
4402:
4397:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4253:Eurypteroidea
4250:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4193:
4192:Mycteroptidae
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4174:Mycteropoidea
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:Stylonuroidea
4125:
4119:
4118:Rhenopteridae
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4066:Sclerophorata
4063:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Euchelicerata
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3929:9780813722443
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:(7068): 576.
3804:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:(4): 63–104.
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:progymnosperm
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:Gyracanthides
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:for "head").
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:Lepidophloios
2787:
2786:
2785:Lepidodendron
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:temnospondyls
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:anthracosaurs
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2623:Palaeoecology
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:Vernonopterus
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Vernonopterus
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:Vernonopterus
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:Drepanopterus
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2477:Drepanopterus
2473:
2469:
2468:Vernonopterus
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:Vernonopterus
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:H. stevensoni
2309:
2308:H. hibernicus
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:Mycteroptidae
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:Mycteropoidea
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Vernonopterus
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:Vernonopterus
1898:
1894:
1893:Mycteropoidea
1891:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Cape Province
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:G. stevensoni
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1697:Vernonopterus
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:G. perornatus
1677:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:G. perornatus
1663:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:G. perornatus
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Coomsdon Burn
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:G. perornatus
1363:
1359:
1358:G. perornatus
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1277:
1276:H. stevensoni
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
771:
766:
762:
760:
759:Jaekelopterus
756:
751:
747:
746:
741:
740:
739:Jaekelopterus
734:
730:
727:
726:Carboniferous
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
693:
688:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:Jaekelopterus
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
599:Jaekelopterus
595:
591:
587:
583:
581:
578:word πτερόν (
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Carboniferous
539:
538:United States
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:. Fossils of
519:
515:
511:
510:
495:
494:Vernonopterus
492:
487:
484:
478:
475:
474:
472:
469:
465:
456:
455:
454:H. stevensoni
450:
449:
445:
431:
430:
425:
420:
419:
414:
409:
408:
403:
398:
397:
392:
389:(Peach, 1883)
387:
386:
381:
376:
375:
374:H. dewalquei
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
354:
341:
340:
335:
330:
329:
324:
321:(Baily, 1872)
319:
318:
317:H. hibernicus
313:
312:
310:
305:
301:Hibbert, 1836
298:
297:
291:
288:
284:
277:
276:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:Mycteropoidea
243:
241:Superfamily:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
172:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
55:
51:
47:
46:Pennsylvanian
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4725:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4542:Hughmilleria
4540:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4374:Pterygotidae
4310:Mixopteridae
4266:Eurypteridae
4141:Stylonuridae
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3911:
3901:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3858:Live Science
3857:
3802:
3796:
3786:
3772:cite journal
3740:(1): 44–48.
3737:
3731:
3721:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3386:
3382:
3348:
3344:
3299:(1): 25–33.
3296:
3292:
3282:
3257:
3253:
3211:
3207:
3161:
3157:
3094:(1): 49–61.
3091:
3085:
3038:
3034:
2965:
2959:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2874:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2844:climatiiform
2836:acanthodians
2822:
2820:
2807:
2803:Sphenopteris
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2741:
2727:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:argued that
2601:H. lamsdelli
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:H. dewalquei
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2179:
2178:
2125:
2124:
2108:
2107:
2084:
2083:
2060:
2059:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1990:
1967:
1966:
1936:
1931:
1928:phylogenetic
1923:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1848:South Africa
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:C. dewalquei
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:ostraviensis
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1627:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1394:Mount Vernon
1389:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1321:John Scouler
1318:
1310:
1298:
1275:
1271:
1245:
1233:
1205:
1197:
1194:H. stevesoni
1193:
1167:
1159:
1133:
1125:
1095:
1087:
1061:
1037:
1029:
1025:
999:
991:
965:
958:H. dewalquei
957:
931:
923:
919:
893:
860:
856:
853:H. dewalquei
852:
848:
845:
835:
830:
820:
812:
810:
801:
792:
781:
775:
769:
768:The size of
758:
754:
753:the species
749:
743:
737:
732:
721:
705:
696:
691:
674:
670:
661:
660:
655:
654:
652:
643:
635:
622:
620:
615:
611:
603:
597:
593:
585:
584:
579:
571:
561:
557:
554:South Africa
521:
508:
507:
506:
493:
485:
476:
453:
452:
443:
442:Also called
428:
427:
417:
416:
406:
405:
395:
394:
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
352:
351:Also called
339:H. lamsdelli
338:
337:
327:
326:
316:
315:
295:
294:
287:Type species
274:
273:
167:
146:
35:
29:
4809:Stylonurina
4639:Palmichnium
4616:Ichnogenera
4514:Carcinosoma
4208:Eurypterina
4101:Stylonurina
4039:Prosomapoda
4021:Chelicerata
4019:Subphylum:
3997:Eurypterids
3389:(1): 1–20.
2812:common name
2808:H. scouleri
2742:H. scouleri
2691:Cyrtoctenus
2682:Cyrtoctenus
2617:Cyrtoctenus
2605:Dunsopterus
2589:Cyrtoctenus
2577:Cyrtoctenus
2573:Dunsopterus
2569:Dunsopterus
2550:Cyrtoctenus
2542:Cyrtoctenus
2534:Dunsopterus
2530:Cyrtoctenus
2518:Dunsopterus
2510:Cyrtoctenus
2502:Dunsopterus
2498:Cyrtoctenus
2482:Cyrtoctenus
2464:Cyrtoctenus
2460:Dunsopterus
2452:Dunsopterus
2448:Cyrtoctenus
2426:Cyrtoctenus
2410:Cyrtoctenus
2406:Cyrtoctenus
2398:Cyrtoctenus
2394:Dunsopterus
2387:Cyrtoctenus
2383:H. scouleri
2379:Cyrtoctenus
2375:Dunsopterus
2371:Cyrtoctenus
2363:Dunsopterus
2359:Cyrtoctenus
2355:Dunsopterus
2344:Cyrtoctenus
2316:Dunsopterus
2304:H. scouleri
2278:Dunsopterus
2274:Cyrtoctenus
1913:Eurypterida
1890:superfamily
1840:Klaarstroom
1796:Cyrtoctenus
1788:Cyrtoctenus
1774:Ctenopterus
1765:Cyrtoctenus
1755:Other than
1748:, creating
1746:Dunsopterus
1738:Dunsopterus
1730:Cyrtoctenus
1726:Dunsopterus
1714:Cyrtoctenos
1710:Cyrtoctenus
1670:G. kidstoni
1651:H. scouleri
1628:H. scouleri
1606:H. scouleri
1577:C. oculatus
1552:Cyrtoctenus
1544:Cyrtoctenus
1525:as part of
1488:Echinocaris
1480:Echinocaris
1473:phyllocarid
1468:Echinocaris
1449:Equisetides
1402:G. kidstoni
1299:H. scouleri
1267:(Devonian)
1227:Tournaisian
1160:H. scouleri
1115:Tournaisian
1019:Tournaisian
987:(Devonian)
953:(Devonian)
780:(limbs) of
770:H. scouleri
745:Carcinosoma
722:H. scouleri
718:exoskeleton
710:Stylonurina
702:eurypterids
692:H. scouleri
682:Description
662:Dunsopterus
656:Cyrtoctenus
594:H. scouleri
590:stylonurine
558:H. scouleri
498:Peach, 1905
486:Dunsopterus
477:Cyrtoctenus
444:Dunsopterus
353:Cyrtoctenus
328:H. scouleri
235:Eurypterida
222:Chelicerata
218:Subphylum:
168:H. scouleri
147:H. scouleri
4798:Categories
4605:Stylonurus
4591:Pterygotus
4570:Mixopterus
4563:Megarachne
4528:Eurypterus
4413:Ordovician
4369:Slimonidae
4280:Infraorder
4057:Dekatriata
4048:Planaterga
4015:Arthropoda
3863:2017-12-28
3611:: 77–103.
3566:: 77–103.
2904:References
2766:millipedes
2698:St Andrews
2559:In a 2019
2554:scavengers
1540:Pterygotus
1527:Pterygotus
1496:Stylonurus
1492:Stylonurus
1476:crustacean
1459:Stylonurus
1455:James Hall
1451:wrightiana
1412:. Peach's
1334:Eurypterus
1312:Eurypterus
1307:appendages
1258:Uncertain
1081:Bashkirian
1026:Pterygotus
1012:Uncertain
778:appendages
627:appendages
563:Eurypterus
528:period in
518:arthropods
514:eurypterid
212:Arthropoda
54:Bashkirian
4682:Metastoma
4666:Xiphosura
4656:Arachnida
4443:Geography
4007:Kingdom:
3713:246819305
3496:0022-3360
3438:0022-3360
3411:130931651
3403:2053-5945
3365:129589593
3321:128557225
3313:0263-5933
3266:0022-3360
3236:140167776
3228:0036-9276
3186:131694288
3178:2053-5945
3055:1755-6929
2982:1744-9561
2924:: 19–99.
2797:Stigmaria
2780:Opiliones
2776:scorpions
2762:tetrapods
2754:baphetids
2750:aistopods
2734:Edinburgh
2508:and that
2367:sclerites
2348:H. peachi
2336:H. peachi
1817:C. peachi
1800:C. peachi
1757:C. peachi
1718:C. peachi
1561:in 1959,
1354:Ben Peach
1265:Famennian
1223:(250 cm)
1198:H. peachi
1126:H. peachi
951:Famennian
936:Fraipont
924:H. peachi
861:H. peachi
806:hexapodal
797:substrate
789:podomeres
631:substrate
407:H. peachi
385:H. dicki
198:Kingdom:
192:Eukaryota
4735:Wikidata
4703:Category
4625:Arcuites
4598:Slimonia
4423:Devonian
4418:Silurian
4205:Suborder
4098:Suborder
4075:Taxonomy
4013:Phylum:
4009:Animalia
3957:56354233
3829:16319874
3764:17148124
3625:84151264
3580:84151264
3541:46953627
3110:85398946
3000:19828493
2938:85862868
2887:See also
2861:unionids
2857:bivalves
2633:Scotland
2615:, while
2328:H. dicki
1704:species
1647:tergites
1624:carapace
1548:P. dicki
1535:P. dicki
1523:P. dicki
1410:Somerset
1406:Radstock
1329:tergites
1138:Hibbert
992:H. dicki
985:Givetian
870:Species
838:itself.
729:Scotland
714:carapace
536:and the
534:Scotland
526:Devonian
468:Synonyms
307:Species
254:Family:
208:Phylum:
202:Animalia
188:Domain:
164:tergites
143:carapace
50:Givetian
4768:1055858
4755:4650096
4741:Q141251
4471:Oceania
4433:Permian
3951:: 1–6.
3837:4422644
3807:Bibcode
3755:1629066
3648:. 3890.
3504:1300755
3446:1301214
3274:1301554
2991:2865068
2881:lycopod
2728:In the
2661:pelagic
2346:(where
1856:exuviae
1645:Fossil
1398:Glasgow
1325:prosoma
1301:with a
1261:120 cm
1250:Dawson
1149:180 cm
898:Salter
882:Length
879:Status
873:Author
822:gladius
724:, from
546:Ireland
540:to the
530:Belgium
267:Genus:
228:Order:
162:Fossil
141:Fossil
4461:Europe
4451:Africa
4082:Genera
3955:
3926:
3835:
3827:
3798:Nature
3762:
3752:
3711:
3623:
3578:
3539:
3502:
3494:
3444:
3436:
3409:
3401:
3363:
3319:
3311:
3272:
3264:
3234:
3226:
3184:
3176:
3108:
3053:
2998:
2988:
2980:
2936:
2873:) and
2832:sharks
1400:, and
1303:telson
1238:ocelli
1221:135 cm
1218:Valid
1187:Viséan
1183:80 cm
1180:Valid
1153:Viséan
1146:Valid
1119:Viséan
1108:Valid
1074:Valid
1048:Valid
1004:Baily
978:Valid
970:Peach
944:Valid
913:Viséan
906:Valid
817:telson
786:distal
640:telson
580:pteron
548:, the
4781:18973
4763:IRMNG
4062:Clade
4053:Clade
4044:Clade
4035:Clade
4026:Clade
3953:S2CID
3833:S2CID
3709:S2CID
3621:S2CID
3576:S2CID
3537:S2CID
3500:JSTOR
3442:JSTOR
3407:S2CID
3361:S2CID
3317:S2CID
3270:JSTOR
3232:S2CID
3182:S2CID
3106:S2CID
2934:S2CID
2816:Scots
2528:with
2484:from
1838:near
1404:from
1392:from
1045:2023
876:Year
827:Roman
576:Greek
4750:GBIF
4456:Asia
3924:ISBN
3825:PMID
3778:link
3760:PMID
3492:ISSN
3434:ISSN
3399:ISSN
3309:ISSN
3262:ISSN
3224:ISSN
3174:ISSN
3051:ISSN
2996:PMID
2978:ISSN
2834:and
2800:and
2756:and
2702:Fife
2607:and
2567:and
2532:and
2512:and
2496:and
2466:and
2454:and
2396:and
2377:and
2357:and
2338:and
2306:and
2276:and
1922:and
1899:and
1782:and
1759:and
1420:and
1305:and
1254:1881
1214:1985
1176:1877
1142:1836
1104:1968
1070:1951
1008:1872
974:1883
940:1889
902:1863
859:and
825:, a
742:and
659:and
552:and
67:PreꞒ
3916:doi
3889:doi
3885:252
3815:doi
3803:438
3750:PMC
3742:doi
3701:doi
3670:doi
3644:".
3613:doi
3609:103
3568:doi
3564:103
3529:doi
3391:doi
3353:doi
3301:doi
3216:doi
3166:doi
3096:doi
3043:doi
2986:PMC
2970:doi
2926:doi
2883:).
2700:in
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