348:
332:" model. The study added several basins as remains of this LIP event, including the north-west part of the Central Pacific, Nauru, East Mariana, and Lyra basins — submarine volcanism that must have covered 1% of Earth's surface and had a dramatic impact on life on Earth. The samples so far taken from the three plateaus are all consistent with ages of initial formation about 124 million years ago. There are, nevertheless, traces in seamounts on Hikurangi of a second Late Cretaceous magmatic event contemporaneous with volcanism on New Zealand and associated with the final break-up of Gondwana.
220:
1055:
367:
The
Hikurangi Plateau first subducted beneath New Zealand around 100 Ma during the Gondwana collision and it is currently subducting a second time as part of the convergence between the Pacific and Australian plates. These subducted parts are reaching 37–140 km (23–87 mi) into the
343:
of New
Zealand to a depth of 65 km (40 mi). With these missing portions of the plateau added to it, the Hikurangi Plateau originally must have covered 800,000 km (310,000 sq mi), an area similar to that of the Manihiki Plateau 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to the north.
321:(84–121 Ma) before colliding with Gondwana. This later model (which does not exclude its initiation from a mantle plume) is the only one consistent with the current best fit Pacific Plate reference frame tectonics model where the
339:, probably during the Cretaceous, and probably resulting in a slab more than 150 km (93 mi) long. The western margin of the plateau is actively subducting under the
1124:
1118:
387:. The Hikurangi Plateau alters this subduction beneath North Island, at the Hikurangi subduction zone, where the buoyancy of the slab has resulted in the exposure of a
1379:
1344:
347:
490:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Steinberger, Bernhard; Shephard, Grace E.; Doubrovine, Pavel V.; Gaina, Carmen; Domeier, Mathew; Conrad, Clinton P.; Sager, William W. (2019).
1492:
1091:
1414:
1286:
1169:
380:
in central South Island are being uplifted along the plate boundary there, a fault zone which parallels the western edge of the slab of the
Hikurangi Plateau.
1444:
1394:
1239:
1174:
274:
The
Hikurangi Plateau covers approximately 400,000 km (150,000 sq mi) and reaches 2,500–3,000 m (8,200–9,800 ft) below sea level.
1547:
1219:
1459:
1349:
1319:
1229:
1409:
1404:
1149:
1144:
806:
549:
Timm, Christian; Hoernle, Kaj; Werner, Reinhard; Hauff, Folkmar; van den
Bogaard, Paul; Michael, Peter; Coffin, Millard F.; Koppers, Anthony (2011).
1314:
1266:
1224:
325:
is modelled as a spreading centre between the
Manihiki Plate and the Hikurangi Plate which later became fixed components of today's Pacific Plate.
1419:
1384:
1359:
1354:
1339:
1334:
1309:
1204:
1184:
1179:
1434:
1424:
1209:
1389:
1369:
1364:
1324:
1261:
1619:
1329:
1084:
309:
from
Antarctica 107 Ma. Alternatively, it could have formed together with other Pacific plateaux around 120 Ma as part of the
1030:
301:
Two models have been proposed for the formation of
Hikurangi. It could be derived from the mantle plume that caused the break-up of
887:
1624:
1077:
892:
799:
677:
Hoernle, K.; Hauff, F.; van den
Bogaard, P.; Werner, R.; Mortimer, N.; Geldmacher, J.; Garbe-Schönberg, D.; Davy, B. (2010).
116:
400,000 km (150,000 sq mi), but was 800,000 km (310,000 sq mi) before more recent subduction
259:
206:
909:
857:
415:
862:
1629:
958:
914:
852:
792:
1429:
987:
943:
897:
258:, now located 3,000 km (1,900 mi) and 3,500 km (2,200 mi) north of Hikurangi respectively.
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1487:
992:
398:
384:
148:
1634:
678:
228:, the Hikurangi Plateau (top right) drifted south and collided with parts of the mostly submerged continent.
141:
1015:
872:
550:
317:-Hikurangi mega-plateau, in which case Hikurangi must have drifted thousands of kilometres during the
639:"Kinking of the subducting slab by escalator normal faulting beneath the North Island of New Zealand"
329:
1552:
1517:
948:
551:"Age and geochemistry of the oceanic Manihiki Plateau, SW Pacific: New evidence for a plume origin"
491:
738:
372:. The extent of the Hikurangi Plateau slab suggests that it has played a significant role in the
318:
963:
831:
815:
392:
373:
247:
1040:
1035:
982:
977:
306:
225:
758:
566:
1588:
1512:
970:
867:
754:
693:
650:
562:
503:
420:
266:
the first part of the North Island to emerge from the ocean, gave its name to the plateau.
8:
1502:
997:
902:
847:
721:
679:"Age and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Hikurangi and Manihiki oceanic plateaus"
360:
310:
255:
697:
654:
507:
1522:
1159:
531:
637:
Henrys, S.; Reyners, M.; Pecher, I.; Bannister, S.; Nishimura, Y.; Maslen, G. (2006).
290:
263:
210:
1482:
1374:
1234:
931:
742:
638:
578:
535:
1573:
1439:
1281:
1249:
1154:
1001:
953:
762:
701:
658:
570:
521:
511:
410:
356:
314:
286:
251:
1583:
1291:
1135:
921:
826:
278:
239:
1069:
351:
Locations of oceanic plateaus in the
Australia-New Zealand region. The southern
293:
before crossing the plateau and ending in the South-west Pacific abyssal plain.
1598:
1593:
1578:
1507:
1454:
1449:
1253:
1199:
1059:
1025:
882:
842:
766:
574:
322:
705:
1613:
1497:
1399:
1301:
1271:
1214:
582:
377:
219:
163:
150:
65:
27:
492:"Pacific‐Panthalassic reconstructions: Overview, errata and the way forward"
1568:
1276:
1194:
1164:
1100:
1020:
1010:
936:
926:
877:
743:"Tracking repeated subduction of the Hikurangi Plateau beneath New Zealand"
369:
340:
336:
243:
784:
516:
191:
40:
282:
1477:
526:
85:
50:
1054:
1104:
835:
662:
90:
34:
489:
16:
A large igneous province and subsurface plateau in the Pacific Ocean
1469:
302:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
277:
Hikurangi Plateau is cut by the Hikurangi Channel, a 2000 km
736:
676:
607:
595:
466:
449:
388:
95:
70:
452:, Geological overview, morphology and rock types, pp. 7198–7200
129:
328:
A 2010 study of isotopic data supported the mega-plateau or "
636:
619:
383:
The Australian and Pacific plates converge obliquely in the
213:
the first part of the North Island to emerge from the ocean
335:
The Hikurangi Plateau has been partly subducted under the
720:
Lewis, Keith; Nodder, Scott D.; Carter, Lionel (2009).
548:
1099:
719:
478:
445:
443:
441:
1611:
608:Reyners, Eberhart-Phillips & Bannister 2011
596:Reyners, Eberhart-Phillips & Bannister 2011
462:
460:
458:
438:
1085:
800:
368:mantle beneath the North Island and northern
455:
355:is related historically geologically to the
814:
391:and hence earthquakes such as the 7.8
1092:
1078:
807:
793:
724:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
483:
218:
525:
515:
385:Tonga-Kermadec-Hikurangi subduction zone
346:
722:"Sea floor geology – Hikurangi Plateau"
542:
242:in the South Pacific Ocean east of the
1612:
1073:
788:
296:
269:
496:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1620:Geography of the New Zealand seabed
747:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
622:, Hikurangi subduction zone, p. 777
555:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
13:
416:Large low-shear-velocity provinces
376:during the past 100 Ma. The
14:
1646:
246:of New Zealand. It is part of a
1053:
38:
686:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
479:Lewis, Nodder & Carter 2009
1543:South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts
613:
601:
589:
472:
224:One of the major divisions of
1:
1625:Plateaus of the Pacific Ocean
888:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
469:, Introduction, pp. 7196–7198
426:
7:
404:
399:1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake
10:
1651:
767:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.011
629:
575:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.01.025
1561:
1468:
1300:
1248:
1134:
1111:
1049:
822:
706:10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.030
610:, Discussion, pp. 170–171
330:Greater Ontong Java Event
217:
202:
197:
187:
179:
140:
135:
125:
120:
112:
104:
26:
21:
1553:Tasmantid Seamount Chain
1518:Lord Howe Seamount Chain
1380:Middleton Seafloor Basin
1345:Deepwater Taranaki Basin
741:; Bannister, S. (2011).
431:
319:Cretaceous silent period
1630:Large igneous provinces
816:Large igneous provinces
759:2011E&PSL.311..165R
567:2011E&PSL.304..135T
832:Northeast Georgia Rise
374:geology of New Zealand
364:
305:and the separation of
248:large igneous province
739:Eberhart-Phillips, D.
350:
1635:Geology of Zealandia
1589:Macquarie Fault Zone
1513:James Healy Seamount
1415:Outer Campbell Basin
1287:New Caledonia Trough
1170:Chesterfield Plateau
971:Mackenzie dike swarm
517:10.1029/2019GC008402
421:Tonga-Kermadec Ridge
250:(LIP) together with
1528:Rumble III Seamount
1503:Graveyard Seamounts
1445:South Loyalty Basin
1395:New Caledonia Basin
1138:, ridges, and rises
1016:Paraná and Etendeka
903:Franklin dike swarm
893:Equatorial Atlantic
848:Brazilian Highlands
698:2010GeCoA..74.7196H
655:2006Geo....34..777H
508:2019GGG....20.3659T
467:Hoernle et al. 2010
450:Hoernle et al. 2010
361:Ontong Java Plateau
285:and runs along the
183:South Pacific Ocean
160: /
28:Stratigraphic range
1533:Rumble IV Seamount
1493:Flinder's Seamount
1240:West Norfolk Ridge
1175:Colville-Lau Ridge
1160:Challenger Plateau
1060:Geology portal
620:Henrys et al. 2006
365:
297:Tectonic evolution
270:Geological setting
1607:
1606:
1548:Tangaroa Seamount
1538:Rumble V Seamount
1483:Brothers Seamount
1375:Great South Basin
1235:Three Kings Ridge
1220:Northland Plateau
1190:Hikurangi Plateau
1127:(South Zealandia)
1121:(North Zealandia)
1067:
1066:
692:(24): 7196–7219.
353:Hikurangi Plateau
236:Hikurangi Plateau
232:
231:
22:Hikurangi Plateau
1642:
1574:Hikurangi Margin
1523:Monowai Seamount
1460:West Coast Basin
1440:South Fiji Basin
1350:East Coast Basin
1320:Canterbury Basin
1282:Hikurangi Trough
1230:Resolution Ridge
1155:Campbell Plateau
1125:Eastern Province
1119:Western Province
1101:Oceanic features
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
973:
966:
964:Coppermine River
939:
917:
905:
858:Central Atlantic
838:
809:
802:
795:
786:
785:
777:
775:
773:
733:
731:
729:
716:
714:
712:
683:
673:
671:
669:
663:10.1130/G22594.1
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
586:
561:(1–2): 135-146.
546:
540:
539:
529:
519:
502:(7): 3659–3689.
487:
481:
476:
470:
464:
453:
447:
411:Campbell Plateau
287:Hikurangi Trough
222:
175:
174:
172:
171:
170:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
100:
37:
19:
18:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1584:Maari oil field
1557:
1464:
1430:Raukumara Basin
1410:Northland Basin
1405:Northeast Slope
1296:
1292:Puysegur Trench
1244:
1150:Bounty Platform
1145:Bellona Plateau
1130:
1112:Major divisions
1107:
1098:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1045:
969:
962:
935:
913:
901:
868:Circum-Superior
863:Central Iapetus
830:
818:
813:
782:
780:
771:
769:
727:
725:
710:
708:
681:
667:
665:
632:
627:
626:
618:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
547:
543:
488:
484:
477:
473:
465:
456:
448:
439:
434:
429:
407:
396:
299:
291:Māhia Peninsula
281:that starts at
279:abyssal channel
272:
264:Māori mythology
260:Mount Hikurangi
240:oceanic plateau
223:
211:Māori mythology
207:Mount Hikurangi
168:
166:
162:
159:
154:
151:
149:
147:
146:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
32:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1599:Pohokura field
1596:
1594:Maui gas field
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Kermadec Plate
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Havre Seamount
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Clark Seamount
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1455:Wanganui Basin
1452:
1450:Taranaki Basin
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Campbell Basin
1312:
1306:
1304:
1302:Oceanic basins
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Bellona Trough
1264:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Puysegur Ridge
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Lord Howe Rise
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
995:
990:
988:North Atlantic
985:
980:
975:
967:
956:
951:
946:
941:
929:
924:
919:
915:Sverdrup Basin
907:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:Columbia River
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
823:
820:
819:
812:
811:
804:
797:
789:
779:
778:
753:(1): 165–171.
734:
717:
674:
649:(9): 777–780.
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
612:
600:
588:
541:
482:
471:
454:
436:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
406:
403:
394:
323:Osbourn Trough
298:
295:
289:as far as the
271:
268:
230:
229:
215:
214:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Gifford Guyot
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Pegasus Basin
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Norfolk Basin
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Monowai Basin
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Fairway Basin
1358:
1356:
1355:Emerald Basin
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Dampier Basin
1338:
1336:
1335:Chatham Slope
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Bellona Basin
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Bounty Trough
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Norfolk Ridge
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Loyalty Ridge
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Fairway Ridge
1183:
1181:
1180:Dampier Ridge
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
972:
968:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
833:
828:
825:
824:
821:
817:
810:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
790:
787:
783:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:Reyners, M.;
735:
723:
718:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
675:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
634:
621:
616:
609:
604:
597:
592:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
537:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
480:
475:
468:
463:
461:
459:
451:
446:
444:
442:
437:
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30:: Cretaceous
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1569:Alpine Fault
1435:Reinga Basin
1425:Pukaki Basin
1277:Havre Trough
1210:Mellish Rise
1195:Kenn Plateau
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1165:Chatham Rise
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937:Broken Ridge
927:Karoo-Ferrar
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370:South Island
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337:Chatham Rise
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244:North Island
235:
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198:Type section
33:126–84
1390:Moore Basin
1370:Gower Basin
1365:Faust Basin
1325:Capel Basin
1262:Bellona Gap
998:Ontong Java
910:High Arctic
772:11 December
728:11 December
711:11 December
668:11 December
527:10852/73922
311:Ontong Java
256:Ontong Java
192:New Zealand
167: /
142:Coordinates
1614:Categories
1478:Banc Capel
1330:Cato Basin
983:Mistassini
978:Matachewan
954:Long Range
949:Keweenawan
598:, Abstract
427:References
164:40°S 179°E
1470:Seamounts
1105:Zealandia
1031:Skagerrak
1006:Hikurangi
959:Mackenzie
932:Kerguelen
853:Caribbean
836:Maud Rise
583:0012-821X
536:198414127
307:Zealandia
226:Zealandia
203:Named for
121:Lithology
1254:trenches
1136:Plateaux
1041:Winagami
1026:Siberian
1002:Manihiki
944:Marathon
898:Franklin
883:Emeishan
405:See also
357:Manihiki
315:Manihiki
303:Gondwana
283:Kaikōura
252:Manihiki
169:-40; 179
136:Location
1250:Troughs
1021:Shatsky
993:Ongeluk
922:Iceland
827:Agulhas
755:Bibcode
694:Bibcode
651:Bibcode
643:Geology
630:Sources
563:Bibcode
504:Bibcode
389:forearc
188:Country
126:Primary
108:Igneous
1036:Ungava
1011:Panjal
878:Deccan
843:Azores
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238:is an
180:Region
130:Basalt
1562:Other
682:(PDF)
532:S2CID
432:Notes
262:, in
209:, in
155:179°E
1252:and
774:2016
730:2016
713:2016
670:2016
579:ISSN
359:and
254:and
234:The
152:40°S
113:Area
105:Type
41:PreꞒ
1103:of
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