679:
349:
647:
44:
57:
541:. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allows it to out-compete native plants. Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding. Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators (e.g. insects) at the expense of indigenous species. It is considered a "prohibited noxious weed" under the
356:
556:. These plants were all promoted at the time as having the virtues of "herculean proportions" and "splendid invasiveness" which meant that ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. Within ten years, however, Himalayan balsam had escaped from the confines of cultivation and begun to spread along the river systems of England.
667:
336:
580:, thereby permitting the better-adapted local vegetation, that gets outgrown by the balsam on watercourses with high nutrient load, to rebound naturally. The researchers caution that their conclusions probably do not hold true for stands of the plant at forest edges and meadow habitats, where manual destruction is still the best approach.
288:
In Europe, Himalayan balsam has been included since 2017 in the list of
Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that the species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the
525:
In North
America it has been found in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. In the United States it is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes.
559:
It has now spread across most of the UK, and some local wildlife trusts organise "balsam bashing" events to help control the plant. However, a study by Hejda and Pyšek (2006) concluded that, in some circumstances, such efforts may cause more harm than good. Destroying
337:
338:
1346:
522:, professor of medicine at King's College, London who became Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur, India. It has now become naturalized and widespread across riverbanks. At present it can be found almost everywhere across the continent.
587:, Germany, is trying to establish a self-sufficient means of conserving their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Himalayan balsam flowers. If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication.
340:
484:
were taken into account, it dropped out of the top ten for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten for per-day nectar production per flower, with the exception of common
537:
Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the
British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a
769:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
339:
480:
plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect
Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and
1002:
Clements, David R; Feenstra, Kathleen R; Jones, Karen; Staniforth, Richard (April 2008). "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 9. Impatiens glandulifera Royle".
1408:
576:, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants. The research suggests that the best way to control the spread of riparian Himalayan balsam is to decrease
1268:
511:. In its native range it is usually found at altitudes between 2000 and 2500 m above sea level, although it has been reported at up to 4000 m above sea level.
1414:
853:
1081:"The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems"
1423:
827:
1641:
1716:
1242:
646:
1300:
678:
1824:
598:
in
Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex in the United Kingdom as part of field trials into the biological control of Himalayan balsam.
1566:
707:
1667:
1592:
1739:
1118:"The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species"
1803:
609:, which means that it excretes toxins that negatively affect neighboring plants, thus increasing its competitive advantage.
367:
5 to 23 cm (2.0 to 9.1 in) long. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. Below the leaf stems the plant has
1672:
1392:
1216:
990:
815:
1275:
934:
Pyšek, Petr; Prach, Karel (1995). "Invasion dynamics of
Impatiens glandulifera – A century of spreading reconstructed".
1540:
768:
363:
It typically grows to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate
1886:
1721:
1579:
1472:
617:
17:
1924:
1628:
1117:
620:
recommend that pulling and cutting is the main method of non-chemical control, and usually the most appropriate.
1842:
782:
1744:
1703:
857:
882:
Beerling, David J.; Perrins, James M. (June 1993). "Impatiens
Glandulifera Royle (Impatiens Roylei Walp.)".
1558:
1493:
1368:
746:
1654:
1318:
613:
1919:
1837:
1597:
281:. Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an
56:
1891:
1731:
1162:
1155:
465:
The green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible. The flowers can be turned into a
1793:
1339:
1934:
1695:
1080:
1929:
621:
572:
and aid in seed dispersal by dropped seeds sticking to shoes. Riparian habitat is suboptimal for
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1646:
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685:
173:
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891:
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8:
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1393:
https://www.foragingcoursecompany.co.uk/post/articles-invasive-edibles-himalayan-balsam#
1095:
1029:
947:
895:
828:"Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat"
711:
1914:
1873:
1137:
907:
197:
51:
640:
Himalayan Balsam is edible, but should be eaten in moderation as it contains oxalates
1765:
1501:
1294:
1190:
1054:
986:
955:
811:
747:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission"
569:
553:
519:
189:
1780:
1141:
420:
After flowering between June and
October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm (
1878:
1506:
1129:
1011:
951:
899:
414:
313:
282:
1584:
1752:
529:
In New
Zealand it is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands.
476:
The plant was rated in first place for per day nectar production per flower in a
466:
348:
285:
in many areas. Uprooting or cutting the plants is an effective means of control.
94:
1865:
1708:
1682:
1116:
Thijs, Koen W.; Brys, Rein; Verboven, Hans A. F.; Hermy, Martin (30 July 2011).
1811:
625:
577:
565:
515:
503:
Himalayan balsam is native to the
Himalayas, specifically to the areas between
368:
81:
1133:
43:
1908:
1545:
1457:
666:
629:
595:
549:
140:
1659:
1314:
274:
1855:
1690:
1605:
1466:
606:
508:
1757:
1483:
1424:
The UK Environment Agency's guide to managing invasive non-native plants
1571:
911:
657:
564:
stands of Himalayan balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive
548:
In the UK, the plant was first introduced in 1839, at the same time as
1243:"CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam"
1015:
1610:
1527:
1347:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management
653:
584:
481:
278:
150:
1428:
1030:"Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae"
903:
1850:
1451:
985:
The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.
561:
355:
130:
120:
107:
1633:
1532:
504:
486:
470:
924:
Valerie Porter, "The Second Field Book of Country Queries" p. 93
1519:
1001:
372:
371:
that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar. The
68:
1079:
Greenwood, Phillip; Fister, Wolfgang; Kuhn, Nikolas (2014).
628:, to largely eradicate Himalayan balsam from reaches of the
538:
459:
364:
624:
has used manual methods, such as pulling plants and using
983:
Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-East of Ireland.
413: in) broad; the flower shape has been compared to a
375:
are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm (
477:
1115:
856:. Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from
708:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
1078:
1156:"Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants"
514:In Europe the plant was first introduced into the
309:refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant.
877:
875:
583:The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds project, in
305:refer to the plant's native Himalayan mountains.
1906:
881:
872:
854:"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?"
732:Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996.
972:Dublin. Published by the Stationery Office.
498:
933:
927:
846:
736:. Dundalgan Press (W.Tempest) Ltd. Dundalk
42:
1409:Identifying and removing Himalayan Balsam
995:
970:Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland.
968:Scannell, M.J.P. and Synnott, D.M. 1972.
1184:
1182:
1180:
783:"Himalayan balsam | The Wildlife Trusts"
354:
347:
334:
1340:"Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam"
1022:
14:
1907:
1299:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1059:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
1433:
1432:
1188:
1177:
1047:
1732:7e8acc28-f54b-49a5-8eda-e2f686efba9c
1374:. Natural Resources Wales. p. 6
444: in) long and 8 mm broad (
808:Wild Belfast on safari in the city.
532:
24:
1843:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30221088-2
25:
1946:
1402:
1004:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
601:Some research also suggests that
1369:"Cyfoeth Issue 3 September 2013"
1221:British Isles: A Natural History
677:
665:
645:
618:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
55:
1386:
1361:
1332:
1307:
1261:
1235:
1209:
1189:Mabey, Richard (25 July 2011).
1148:
1109:
1072:
975:
962:
918:
458:when disturbed, scattering the
1088:Geophysical Research Abstracts
820:
800:
775:
761:
739:
726:
700:
403: in) tall and 2 cm (
330:
13:
1:
693:
543:Alberta Weed Control Act 2010
956:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00013-T
292:
7:
1319:Royal Horticultural Society
1217:"Wanted!: Himalayan Balsam"
614:Royal Horticultural Society
323:meaning 'small gland', and
10:
1951:
462:up to 7 metres (23 feet).
1441:
1163:Wheatland County, Alberta
1134:10.1007/s10530-011-0067-y
203:
196:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1055:"Impatiens glandulifera"
499:Distribution and habitat
319:is a compound word from
936:Biological Conservation
635:
622:Natural Resources Wales
303:kiss-me-on-the-mountain
1925:Flora of West Himalaya
1794:Impatiens glandulifera
1781:Impatiens_glandulifera
1473:Impatiens glandulifera
1443:Impatiens glandulifera
1417:Impatiens glandulifera
1411:on businesslink.gov.uk
1249:. CABI. 26 August 2014
981:Hackney, P. (Ed)1992.
884:The Journal of Ecology
686:Deschambault-Grondines
360:
352:
345:
266:Impatiens glandulifera
216:Balsamina glandulifera
183:Impatiens glandulifera
36:Impatiens glandulifera
1223:. The Open University
749:. European Commission
660:, Lancashire, England
358:
351:
343:
1122:Biological Invasions
492:Symphytum officinale
344:Scattering its seeds
307:Ornamental jewelweed
240:Impatiens macrochila
224:Balsamina macrochila
165:I. glandulifera
1096:2014EGUGA..16.2698P
948:1995BCons..74...41P
896:1993JEcol..81..367B
860:on 14 December 2019
834:. 13 September 2011
327:meaning 'to bear'.
1415:Himalayan balsam (
1315:"Himalayan Balsam"
810:Blackstaff Press.
787:wildlifetrusts.org
652:Himalayan balsam,
415:policeman's helmet
361:
353:
346:
1920:Flora of Pakistan
1902:
1901:
1766:Open Tree of Life
1435:Taxon identifiers
1195:Mabey in the wild
1016:10.4141/CJPS06040
570:Japanese knotweed
554:Japanese knotweed
520:John Forbes Royle
454: in), which
341:
297:The common names
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16:(Redirected from
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1274:. Archived from
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710:. Archived from
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688:, Quebec, Canada
681:
669:
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590:In August 2014,
533:Invasive species
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314:specific epithet
299:Himalayan balsam
289:European Union.
283:invasive species
271:Himalayan balsam
250:
248:Impatiens roylei
242:
234:
232:Balsamina roylei
226:
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185:
60:
59:
46:
32:
31:
27:Species of plant
21:
18:Himalayan balsam
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1269:"Archived copy"
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1191:"Indian Balsam"
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1930:Flora of Nepal
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1349:. 8 March 2013
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1281:on 31 May 2014
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1128:(2): 355–365.
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890:(2): 367–382.
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734:An Irish Flora
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1606:iNaturalist
1467:Wikispecies
1064:20 November
1039:20 November
1034:EDDMapS.org
792:9 September
684:Flowers in
607:allelopathy
596:rust fungus
594:released a
509:Uttarakhand
331:Description
95:Angiosperms
1909:Categories
1812:Plant List
1491:Calflora:
1227:4 December
864:18 October
694:References
658:Bretherton
1915:Impatiens
1559:242423079
654:Bank Hall
626:strimmers
585:Wiesbaden
482:phenology
293:Etymology
279:Himalayas
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152:Impatiens
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198:Synonyms
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131:Ericales
121:Asterids
108:Eudicots
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1378:12 June
1201:24 July
1169:28 July
1092:Bibcode
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912:2261507
892:Bibcode
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718:7 April
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487:comfrey
471:parfait
456:explode
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365:leaves
359:Glands
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1771:15716
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1673:29187
1660:28766
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1159:(PDF)
1138:S2CID
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908:JSTOR
460:seeds
325:ferre
251:Walp.
190:Royle
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1866:3657
1838:POWO
1830:IMGL
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1789:PfaF
1758:6896
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1668:ITIS
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1593:GRIN
1580:GISD
1567:GBIF
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1326:2014
1301:link
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1103:2015
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794:2020
755:2021
720:2014
636:Uses
612:The
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552:and
539:weed
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301:and
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