Hindenburg Line - Knowledge

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2nd Australian Division and the 62nd Division; serious losses had been inflicted on the 1st Australian and 7th divisions. The German 27th, 3rd Guard, 2nd Guard Reserve divisions and a regiment of the 207th Division had made six big counter-attacks and also had many casualties. The British attacked again on 7 May with the 7th Division towards Bullecourt and the 1st Australian Brigade west along the Hindenburg trenches, which met at the second objective. Next day the "Red Patch" was attacked again and a small part held after German counter-attacks. The 5th Australian Division relieved the 2nd Australian Division by 10 May, while the battle in Bullecourt continued to the west, the 7th Division capturing the village except for the Red Patch on 12 May, while the 62nd Division advance was pushed back. The 58th Division relieved the Australians and British attacks on 13 May failed. A final German counter-attack was made to recapture all of Bullecourt and the Hindenburg trenches on 15 May. The attack failed except at Bullecourt where the west of the village was regained. The 7th Division was relieved by part of the 58th Division, which attacked the Red Patch again on 17 May and captured the ruins, just before the Germans were able to withdraw, which ended the battle. The Fifth Army lost

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swift and the amount of artillery fire was so small, that telephone wires were cut far less frequently than expected. German troop movements were well concealed and rarely seen from the air and it was usually ground fire that alerted aircrew to their presence. Pilots flew low over villages and strong points to invite German ground fire for their observers to plot, although this practice gave no indication of the strength of rearguards. A few attacks were made on German cavalry and infantry caught in the open but this had little influence on ground operations. The artillery wireless organisation broke down at times, due to delays in setting up ground stations, which led to missed opportunities for the direction of artillery fire from the air. The main influence of air operations was exerted through message carrying and reconnaissance, particularly in observing ground conditions in front of the advance and intermittent co-operation with artillery. Distant reconnaissance, some by single-seat fighters, found no evidence of German defences beyond the Hindenburg Line but many new aerodromes and supply dumps, indicating the permanence of the new position.

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using ground for cover and a number of outflanking moves had succeeded. Combined operations with infantry, cavalry, cyclists, armoured cars and aircraft had also occurred. The most successful divisions in the pursuit were those that had been on the Somme for a considerable time, rather than the newer divisions, which were fresh and had trained for open warfare in England. Many of the British attacks had substantial casualties, mostly from German machine-gun fire, although artillery casualties were also high. Attacks on similar objectives using different methods had similar casualties, which suggested that losses were determined by the German defence, rather than unsatisfactory British methods. British field artillery had been supplied with an adequate amount of ammunition, despite the transport difficulties but much heavy artillery was left behind.

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declare war on 6 April and failed to isolate Britain from its overseas sources of supply. The bombing offensive against Britain, acted to divert Anglo-French air defence resources, which slowed the rate at which the German air service was outnumbered in France. By the end of the Third Battle of Ypres in November 1917, the effectiveness of the methods of defence introduced in 1917 had been eroded and continuation of a defensive strategy in the west was made impossible. The defeat of Russia gave the German leadership a final opportunity to avoid defeat, rather than the attempts to compete with Allied numerical and industrial superiority, through economic warfare in the Atlantic and the domestic initiatives of the Hindenburg Programme, the Auxiliary Service Law and temporary demobilisation of skilled workers from the army.

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captured Metz en Couture in a snowstorm. Ronssoy, Basse Boulogne and Lempire were captured after house-to-house fighting but an attack on le Verguier failed. The villages still held by the Germans were found to be in a much better state of defence, with much more barbed wire around them. An attack on Fresnoy Le Petit, late on 5 April, was hampered by uncut wire and a second attack the next night was stopped halfway through the village, the defenders holding out until 7 April; an attack on Vadencourt also failed. On 9 April the Fourth Army began a bombardment of the Hindenburg Line, with such heavy artillery that was in range, as the Third and First armies began the offensive at Arras to the north. Fighting on the Fourth Army front, for the remaining outpost villages, went on until the end of April.

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over the winter appear unremarkable. German digging behind existing fortifications had taken place several times during the Somme battle and led British Intelligence to interpret the evidence of fortification-building further back from the Somme front, as an extension of the construction already being watched. In late December 1916, reports from witnesses led to British and French air reconnaissance further to the south and in mid-January 1917 British intelligence concluded that a new line was being built from Arras to Laon. By February, the line was known to be near completion and by 25 February, the local withdrawals on the Fifth Army front and prisoner interrogations, led the Anglo-French to anticipate a gradual German withdrawal to the new line.

2528: 2163:. British engineers improvised sleds to move guns and wagons, with pack-mules being used to carry food and ammunition and on 8 March, ammunition lorries were able to move forward in the V Corps area. Behind the old British front line, the thaw badly affected roads, which had been in a very poor condition at the end of 1916, many were closed and others were limited to horse-drawn traffic. Railway transport was even worse affected, with Boulogne harbour blocked, the number of trains and wagons on the northern French railways far short of British requirements, the lines being congested and subject to traffic restrictions. Supply difficulties had also begun to increase on the Third Army and Fourth Army fronts before the German withdrawals. 1573:

5.0 mi (8 km) deep, to the rear edge of the German defences would achieve the breakthrough. The infantry advance was to reach the German heavy artillery in one attack and then widen the breach with lateral attacks. A strategic reserve would then move through the gap and destroy the German reserves in open warfare. The original French attacks between the Somme and Oise were reduced in size and the secondary attack between Soissons and Rheims was reinforced to become the main offensive. The Nivelle Offensive was planned to begin with a British attack on the Bapaume salient in early April 1917, to assist the main French attacks a week later by holding German troops on the Arras front and diverting reserves from the Aisne.

1058: 2788:(Hindenburg Line) and then attacking the position from Bullecourt to Quéant, which was 3.5 mi (5.6 km) from the main Arras–Cambrai road. The German outpost villages from Doignies to Croisilles were captured on 2 April and an attack on a 3,500 yd (2.0 mi; 3.2 km) front, with Bullecourt in the centre was planned. The wire-cutting bombardment was delayed by transport difficulties behind the new British front line and the attack of the Third Army, which was originally intended to be simultaneous, took place on 9 April. A tank attack by the Fifth Army was improvised for 10 April on a front of 1,500 yd (1,400 m) to capture Riencourt and Hendecourt. 2072: 2552:

conformed to this model. General Franchet d'Espérey proposed an improvised offensive to Nivelle, who rejected the idea, in favour of strengthening the main French front on the Aisne. British heavy artillery had been moved north from the Fifth Army in January, ready for the offensive at Arras and had been partly replaced by inexperienced units from Britain. Divisions from the Fourth Army had been moved south, to take over former French positions and I Anzac Corps had been transferred to the Fifth Army to compensate for divisions sent north to the Third Army by 6 February, which left the Anglo-French forces in the area depleted.

2444: 2865:(Hindenburg Line) from Havrincourt to Quéant to occupy Noreuil, Lagnicourt, Morchies, Boursies, Doignies, Demicourt and Hermies until nightfall, to inflict casualties, destroy British artillery to make a British attack in the area impossible and to attract British reserves from the Arras front further north. Lagnicourt was occupied for a short time and five British guns destroyed but the rest of the attack failed. Co-ordination between German infantry and artillery suffered from the hasty nature of the attack, for which planning had begun on 13 April. Several units were late and attacked on unfamiliar ground, with 1624:

garrisons to occupy the front trench. The main line of defence was the second line, which was equipped with dugouts for most of the front garrison. Fields of barbed wire up to 100 yd (91 m) deep, were fixed with screw pickets in three belts 10–15 yd (9.1–13.7 m) wide and 5 yd (4.6 m) apart, in a zig-zag so that machine-guns could sweep the sides, placed in front of the trench system. Artillery observation posts and machine-gun nests were built in front of and behind the trench lines. Where the lay of the land gave observation from behind the system, it was built on reverse slopes (a

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as possible. Squadrons would not need to move every day and could arrange temporary landing-grounds. On 21 March 1917 the use of temporary facilities was ordered with portable hangars to be built near corps headquarters and aircraft flown back to their normal aerodromes at night. IV and V Brigades were involved in the advance, with their squadrons attached to divisions for contact-patrols. Two cavalry divisions were attached to the Fourth and Fifth armies for the advance, with aircraft for reconnaissance of the ground that the cavalry was to traverse and to help the cavalry maintain touch with the rear.

2138:(Trench II Position). The British opposite the 1st Army, received indications that a withdrawal was imminent on 20 and 21 February, when intercepted wireless messages were decoded, ordering German wireless stations at Achiet le Petit, Grévillers and the vicinity of Bapaume, to close and prepare to move back. After this period, information from prisoners and the evidence of German demolitions, indicated that a longer retirement was planned but the existence of three German reserve lines 5–6 mi (8.0–9.7 km) behind the front line, made a local German retirement seem more likely than a longer one. 1966: 1167: 3028:, which had been built on the east side of the St Quentin canal on this part of the front. Preparations for a further advance were hampered by the obstacles of the Hindenburg defences, which had been crossed but which limited the routes by which the most advanced British forces could be supplied. The German defence quickly recovered and on 30 November began a counter-offensive, using a similar short bombardment, air attacks and storm troop infantry tactics, which was contained by the British, in some parts of the battlefield using the Hindenburg Line defences captured earlier. 2021:

attached to useful items like stove chimneys and loot; trip-wires on the stairs of dugouts were connected to bundles of hand-grenades. On some roads, heavy-artillery shells were buried with contact-fuzes, which would only be triggered by the weight of a lorry. British engineers and tunnelling companies scoured areas as they were occupied and disabled many of the explosives. Roads were flooded by destroying drains and water-courses; wells sabotaged by drilling a shaft next to them and exploding a charge, permanently ruining the well. Much of the explosive used by the Germans (

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March, killing Australian troops and two French Deputies; French civilians were left behind at Bouvincourt, Vraignes and Tincourt on 26 March and Villers Faucon, Saulcourt and Guyencourt were lost on 27 March, to attacks by British cavalry and armoured cars. Supplies of armour-piercing bullets had been sent forward by the Germans after Roisel was captured the day before, resulting in the armoured cars being peppered with bullet-holes. The armoured cars decoyed the German defenders, while cavalry got round the flanks and captured the villages. Outpost villages close to the

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wing of the 6th Army, began to withdraw from the old front-line (110 mi (180 km) in length, 65 mi (105 km) as the crow flies). Soissons was abandoned, roads leading out of Noyon were flooded, railway bridges were blown and the Somme River and canal crossings from Offoy to Péronne were destroyed. Roads built on causeways over marshy ground between the river and canal, caused water to form pools 0.5 mi (0.80 km) wide, making crossings practical only at the causeways. The bridges over the rivers Germaine, Omignon, Cologne, Tortille and the

1598:(Siegfried Position, later known by the Allied powers as the Hindenburg Line) was drawn up by Colonel Kraemer, an engineer from supreme headquarters (OHL) and General Lauter, the Inspector General of Artillery. Construction was organised by Rupprecht and Kuhl; when the plans were ready the line was divided into sectors and officers from the General Staff, gunners and engineers were appointed to oversee construction, which was expected to take five months. The defences were built by German construction companies, who brought skilled workmen to fabricate 2434:

had reached Germaine and the Fourth Army infantry outposts were established on high ground 2.5–3 mi (4.0–4.8 km) east of the Somme. "Ward's Force" was formed with corps cavalry, cyclists and two batteries of field artillery, two sections of engineers, a battalion of infantry from the 48th Division on 22 March as a precaution after cavalry was forced out of Poeuilly and neighbouring villages by a counter-attack and the corps cavalry relieved by the 5th Cavalry Division. The villages were reoccupied next day. The German retirement from the

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others dug in temporarily as a precaution. Information that the Germans were burning villages behind the Hindenburg Line, led Gough to order II Corps and V Corps and the Lucknow Cavalry Brigade to advance vigorously on 19 March, with the support of the reinforced mobile columns to Ecoust St Mein, Croisilles, Lagnicourt and Hénin sur Cojeul. Next day the brigade groups were to support the cavalry drive the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line, which led the 2nd Australian Division force to attack Noreuil on 20 March. The attack was repulsed with

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were hampered by mist, snow, rain, low cloud and an extremely determined German air defence. British air reconnaissance discovered diggings between Drocourt and Vitry en Artois at the end of January and on 15 February, found a line between Quéant and Etaing. The British were able to trace the new line (named the Drocourt–Quéant Switch) south to Bellicourt on 15 February and St Quentin on 25 February, the day after the first German withdrawal on the Ancre. British aircraft losses on these flights were severe due to the presence of

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opportunity to attack the flanks of the withdrawal area. Nivelle had already decided to use the French troops released by the shorter front to reinforce the line in Champagne. British preparations for the attack at Arras were to proceed, with a watch kept for a possible German attack in Flanders and preparations for the attack on Messines Ridge were to continue. The pursuit of the German army was to be made in the Fourth Army area with advanced guards covered by the cavalry and cyclists attached to each corps and the

2496: 2321: 3038: 1410: 1131:(Siegfried Position/Hindenburg Line) began. On 21 September, after the battle of Flers–Courcelette (15–22 September), Hindenburg ordered that the Somme front would have priority in the west for troops and supplies. By the end of the Battle of Morval (25–28 September) Rupprecht had no reserves left on the Somme. During September, the Germans sent another thirteen fresh divisions to the British sector and scraped up troops wherever they could be found. The German artillery fired 2506:

German air units were concentrated around Arras and the Aisne, which left few to operate over the Noyon Salient during the retirement. When the retirement began British squadrons in the area were instructed to keep German rearguards under constant observation, harass German troops by ground attacks and to make long-range reconnaissance to search the area east of the Hindenburg Line, for signs of more defensive positions and indications that a further retreat was contemplated.

2356:(GAN), south of the junction with the British Fourth Army at Roye, was ordered to follow up a German retirement. By 18 March the German 6th, 1st, 2nd and 7th armies were withdrawing and British and French cavalry patrols met in Nesle, 9.5 mi (15.3 km) behind the old front line. When French troops entered Lassigny they caused a traffic jam and vehicles that tried to skirt the jam bogged in mud. GAN had been on ten-day's notice to attack (about fourteen days before 1106:(Third OHL, the new supreme command) ordered an end to attacks at Verdun and the dispatch of troops from there to Romania and the Somme front. On 5 September, proposals for a new shorter defensive position to be built in France were requested from the commanders of the western armies, who met Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Cambrai on 8 September. The western front commanders were told that no reserves were available for offensive operations, except those planned for Romania. 2947:

hold German troops in the area and assist the French army attacks on the Aisne. Two divisions were involved in the attack with the first objective at the second Hindenburg trench on a front of 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km), a second objective at the Fontaine–Quéant road and the final objective at the villages of Riencourt and Hendecourt. Many of the British transport and supply difficulties had been remedied, with the extension of railways and roads into the "

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counter-attacks that continued on 9 February. On 21 and 22 February, Australian troops captured more of Stormy Trench despite rain, which made the ground even more "appalling", than before the freeze in January and early February. On 23 February, British and Australian troops on the south side of the Ancre, sent patrols forward to investigate fires seen in German trenches and discovered the German withdrawal. Reports began to reach British commanders by

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considered that the Somme front, the area between Arras and Lille, the Aisne front, Lorraine and Flanders were particularly threatened. Prisoner interrogation, postal analysis, espionage and air reconnaissance were used to identify the probable sites of Anglo-French offensives. March was considered the earliest that the Anglo-French could attack, with a possible delay if a Russian offensive was also planned. The chief of staff of Army Group Rupprecht,

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the pursuit had diverted a minimum of one division to work on road repairs and bridging, the thaw making the effect of German demolitions far worse. In the Fifth Army area, repair work was concentrated on the railway up the Ancre valley, the Candas–Acheux line, two light railways and the Albert–Bapaume, Hamel–Achiet le Petit–Achiet le Grand and Serre–Puisieux–Bucquoy–Ablainzevelle roads, most of the labour coming from front-line divisions.

1143:(26–28 September) and the number of casualties (September was the costliest month of the battle for the German armies) were severe blows to German morale. On 7 October, Rupprecht anticipated a British attack north of the Ancre River in mid-October, anxiety about the situation at Verdun also increased. On 19 October, the dispatch of reinforcements from Verdun to the Somme was suspended. Defeats inflicted south of the Somme by the French 1877:

Marcoing reported nothing unusual, despite flying over the new diggings. German fighter opposition in the area became much worse, with more aircraft and the arrival in service of superior aircraft types in the late summer of 1916. Three intermediate defensive lines begun in late 1916, much closer to the Somme front, were observed by British reconnaissance aircraft, which made fragmentary reports of digging further back unexceptional.

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Ludendorff could be found by combing out rear-area units but most would have to be drawn from the pool of replacements, which had been depleted by the losses of 1916 and although new classes of conscripts would top up the pool, casualty replacement would become much more difficult once the pool had to maintain a larger number of divisions. By calling up the 1898 class of recruits early in November 1916, the pool was increased to

1747:(Principles of Field Fortification) was published in January 1917, in which instructions were given for the construction of defences in depth, according to the principles of greater depth and of disguise by dispersal and camouflage. Trench-lines were mainly intended for accommodation, dumps of supplies and as decoys, rather than firing lines. Deep dug-outs in the front line were to be replaced by many more smaller, shallow 1516:

exhaust the troops for nothing. On 29 January, Ludendorff ruled that a withdrawal could not be ordered on political as well as military grounds, then on 31 January, discussed withdrawal with Kuhl, while the 1st and 2nd Army commanders on the Somme front opposed a retirement. Resources continued to be directed to the Somme defences during January and February and on 6 February, the 1st Army HQ requested three divisions and

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twelve months. Optimistic claims by the navy were less important to the decision than the "desperate" position of the western armies and the decrepitude of Germany's allies. Another front in the west was to be opened by the resumption of air attacks on Britain. New aircraft had become available to replace airships, which had become too vulnerable to British counter-measures in 1916. Planning began in late 1916 and

2039:) had the property of water-absorption so could be neutralised by dousing. Some British booby-trap patrols made German prisoners go first, who revealed traps rather than be blown up and British tunnellers removed 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) of explosives. (In some areas no booby-traps were found, as German divisional commanders had been allowed to choose whether to mine their areas and some refused.) 2919:(GAR) began on 16 April between Vailly and Rheims. The French breakthrough attempt was defeated but forced the Germans to abandon the area between Braye, Condé and Laffaux and withdraw to the Hindenburg Line from Laffaux Mill, along the Chemin des Dames to Courtecon. The German armies in France were still short of reserves, despite the retirements to the Hindenburg Line and divisions depleted by 3342:"Zones" were based on lettered squares of the army 1:40,000 map; each map square was divided into four sections 3,000 yd (2,700 m) square. The observer used a call sign of the map square letter and the zone letter to signal to the artillery. All guns and howitzers up to 6 in (150 mm) able to bear on the target, opened rapid fire using corrections of aim from the air observer. 2582:

British lines, forfeiting opportunities to force German withdrawals and artillery had been reluctant to push forward. Liaison between divisional engineers and artillery had been poor, advanced guards had not known the importance of reporting on the condition of roads, ground and the accuracy of maps; the cavalry element of advanced guards was also criticised for hesitancy although in contrast,

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a German retreat was seen on 14 March when fires were seen in St Pierre Vaast Wood. Later in the day, the British entered Saillisel and by 16 March, most of the wood had been occupied. The British Fourth and Fifth armies organised all-arms forces of cavalry squadrons, infantry and cyclist battalions and artillery batteries, some of which had armoured-car units attached. On 15 March the French

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pursuit by French cavalry and cyclists on 22 March failed, when they were forced back over the Crozat canal by a German counter-attack, with many casualties. On 28 March the British precautionary line of resistance was moved forward to a line Germaine–Caulaincourt–Bernes–Marquaix–Lieramont–Nurlu–Equancourt–Bertincourt while the outposts of cavalry, cyclists and some infantry mostly paused.

1815:(Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles) on 30 January 1917. The document advocated the rigid holding of the front line by its garrison, to keep the defence organised under the control of battalion commanders. Lossberg and Hoen doubted that relief divisions could arrive quickly enough to counter-attack before Allied infantry had consolidated. They predicted that 51: 1362:(MGA, machine-gun sharpshooter detachments) to be increased. The greater output was insufficient to equip the new divisions; existing divisions, which still had two artillery brigades with two regiments each, lost a regiment and the brigade headquarters, leaving three regiments. Against the new scales of equipment, British divisions in early 1917 had 1785:) rather than the battalion the basic tactical unit. Small, advanced garrisons were to repulse attacks and penetrations were to be cut off and counter-attacked immediately, without waiting for orders. Front line troops were allowed to move away from fire, preferably by advancing into no man's land but moves to the flanks and rear were also allowed. 3048:

Corps) attacked the Hindenburg Line from Holnon north to Vendhuille while the French First Army attacked the area from St Quentin to the south. The British Third Army attacked further north and crossed the Canal du Nord at Masnières. In nine days British, French and US forces crossed the Canal du Nord, broke through the Hindenburg Line and took

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attacks risked using up reserves needed for defence against the expected Anglo-French spring offensives. Local attacks like those at Bouchavesnes and La Maisonette on the Somme in late 1916, which could be mounted without reinforcements, were all that could be considered. Ludendorff accepted the analysis that no offensive was possible.

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of preparation, which retained considerable powers of manoeuvre and counter-attack. Belated awareness of the significance of the building work along the base of the Noyon Salient, has also been given as a reason for a cautious pursuit deliberately chosen, rather than an inept and failed attempt to intercept the German retirement. In

1763:(groups), responsible for the administrative tasks in an area into which divisions would be moved for periods, before being withdrawn to rest, train and be brought up to strength. Command of areas rather than units was also introduced in divisions, with command of regiments devolved to the front battalion commander (KTK 2670:

French armies resorted to a strategy of "healing and defence". Continuous and methodical battles were replaced by limited attacks followed by consolidation. A massive rearmament programme was begun to produce aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks and chemicals, which had similar goals to the Hindenburg Programme.

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existing demand and the extra 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) of output demanded by Hindenburg and Ludendorff could never match the doubling and trebling of artillery, machine-guns and trench mortars. The industrial mobilisation needed to fulfil the Hindenburg Programme increased demand for skilled workers,

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German divisions to hold. The Allied spring offensive had been forestalled and the subsidiary French attack up the Oise valley negated. The main French breakthrough offensive on the Aisne (the Nivelle Offensive), forced the Germans to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line defences behind the existing front

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Falls rejected claims that British methods were predictable, noting that attacks had been made at dawn, noon, afternoon and at night. Bombardments had been fired before some attacks, during attacks on other occasions, on call from the infantry or were dispensed with. Attacks had been made indirectly,

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The boundary of the Fourth Army and French Third Army was set from south of Nesle, through Offroy to St Quentin. In the Fifth Army area from Bapaume to the north, the advance to the Hindenburg Line needed to be completed in time to conduct supporting operations for the Third Army attack, due at Arras

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In early March, instructions were given by the British Fourth Army corps commanders, for advanced guards to maintain contact should the Germans retreat, with larger forces to follow and dig in behind them on defensible ground, so that the advanced guards could fall back if attacked. The first sign of

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Booby-traps were devised with delayed-action fuzes used a striker on a spring, held back by a wire. Acid ate through the wire, to release the striker and detonate the explosive. A number of devices with such fuzes were planted in bunkers but most booby-traps had simple pressure detonators. Wires were

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and made Flanders the subject of most of their long-range reconnaissance flights. Rupprecht, the northern army group commander on the Western Front, was made responsible for planning the devastation of the infrastructure within the Noyon Salient and the retirement to new defensive positions along the

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a British attack captured the Triangle and Muck Trench, covering the flank of an attack on Munich Trench during the day; British troops edged forward over Redan Ridge for the rest of the month. A fall in temperature added to German difficulties, by freezing the mud in the Ancre valley, making it much

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The line was 90 mi (140 km) long and built for a garrison of twenty divisions, one every 4.5 mi (7.2 km). Telephone cables were deeply buried and light railways built to carry supplies to the defences. The position had two trenches about 200 yd (180 m) apart, with sentry

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of November 1916 the Allies agreed to mount another general offensive. The Anglo-French contribution was to be a resumption of the Somme offensive with much larger forces, extending the attack north to Arras and south to the Oise, followed by a French attack between Soissons and Rheims. The British

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The Battle of Cambrai began with a secret deployment of British reinforcements for the attack. Instead of a long period of artillery registration (firing ranging shots before the attack) and wire-cutting, which would have warned the German defence that an assault was being prepared, massed artillery

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the battle in the 2nd Australian Division sector continued and the foothold in the Hindenburg Line was extended. The 7th Division continued to try to reach British parties, which had got into Bullecourt and been isolated. A German counter-attack on 6 May was defeated but the engagement exhausted the

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On the right flank, IV Corps had to advance about 14 mi (23 km) over cratered and blocked roads to reach the Somme but Corps Mounted Troops and cyclists arrived on 18 March to find German rearguards also mounted on bicycles. Infantry crossed the river on 20 March by when the mounted troops

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After 18 March the main body of the Fifth Army was ordered to dig in temporarily from Bancourt to Bapaume, Achiet-le-Grand and Ablainzevelle and the advanced guards, which were large enough to be mobile columns, be reinforced to the strength of brigade groups. Some of the columns advanced boldly and

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On 17 March Haig and the British army commanders met and discussed the effect of the German retirement. The precedent of a German withdrawal to a prepared position followed by a counter-attack, which had occurred in 1914 was noted and that reserves, freed by the retirement, would give the Germans an

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Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition, the garrisons were exhausted and postal censors reported tiredness and low morale, which left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The German defences

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to centralise the command of the remaining artillery for counter-battery fire and to use reinforcements of aircraft to increase the amount of observed artillery fire, which had little effect on Allied air superiority but did eventually increase the accuracy and efficiency of German bombardments. The

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A sequence of Allied offensives began with attacks by American and French armies on 26 September 1918 from Rheims to the Meuse, two British armies at Cambrai on 27 September, British, Belgian and French armies in Flanders on 28 September; on 29 September the British Fourth Army (including the US II

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The German defensive strategy on the Western Front in 1917, succeeded in resisting the increase in the offensive power of the Entente, without the loss of vital territory but the attrition of German manpower was slowed rather than reversed. Unrestricted submarine warfare caused the United States to

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In the case of an organised withdrawal, Haig described a cautious follow up by advanced guards, in front of a main force moving periodically from defensive position to defensive position, always providing a firm base on which the advanced guards could retire. The conduct of the Anglo-French pursuit

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The success of the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line has been explained as an Allied failure to anticipate the retirement and in being unable seriously to impede it. Another view is that the Anglo-French were not pursuing a broken enemy but an army making a deliberate withdrawal after months

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A policy on rapid movement had been devised in September 1916, in which the Army Wing and Corps Wings not attached to the corps moving forward, would move with army headquarters and the Corps Wings attached to the corps that were advancing, would keep as close to their associated corps headquarters

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By 1 April, the British and French were ready to begin operations against outpost villages, still occupied by the Germans, west of the Hindenburg Line. The French Third Army prepared to attack at St Quentin on 10 April, for which the preliminary bombardment began on 4 April. The British Fourth Army

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and an advance on Ecoust and Croisilles by infantry of the 18th (Eastern) Division with cavalry and artillery on the flanks was repulsed by fire from about fifteen machine-guns and six field guns; Gough ordered that attacks on the German outpost line were to stop until more artillery was available.

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to co-operate with the British to investigate German defensive systems that spies and repatriated civilians had reported. Not until 26 January, did a British intelligence summary report a new line of defence between Arras and Laon. In February, attempts to send more aircraft to reconnoitre the line

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divisions, for the co-ordinated offensives. A British operation in Flanders was also agreed, to begin several weeks after the main offensives further south. Joffre was replaced by Nivelle on 13 December, who proposed a much more ambitious strategy, in which the plan for a resumption of Anglo-French

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1916. Existing operations were to continue over the winter, fresh troops arriving in front-line units were to be trained and in the spring the front of attack was to be broadened, from the Somme to Arras and the Oise. The front of attack was to be about 50 mi (80 km) long, with two French

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leading to the "total destruction of active enemy forces by manoeuvre and battle". Successive attacks in a methodical battle were dropped and continuous thrusts were substituted, to deprive the Germans of time to reinforce and strengthen their defences. A large amount of heavy artillery fire up to

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Another British attack at Bullecourt was planned after the failure of 11 April but postponed several times until the Third Army further north had reached the river Sensée and there had been time for a thorough artillery preparation. By May the attack was intended to help the Third Army to advance,

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The parts of the Western Front where German defences were rebuilt on the new principles, or had naturally occurring features similar to the new principles, such as the Chemin des Dames, withstood the Franco-British attacks of the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917, although the cost in casualties was

2513:

Suitable targets found by air observation were engaged systematically by artillery, using zone calls. The cavalry divisions were issued with wireless stations to keep in touch with their attached aircraft but in the event good ground communications made them redundant. The German retirement was so

2457:

On the army boundary with the French the 32nd Division kept two brigades in line and one in reserve. Each brigade in the line had two infantry companies in outposts held by platoons backed by their battalions and the artillery close enough to cover the outposts. By late March each British corps in

2299:

The 2nd Army conducted the withdrawal with the line-holding divisions, which were fresher than the divisions of the 1st Army and assisted by several cavalry divisions and cyclist battalions. On 17 March, withdrawals began north of the Avre and by 18 March, the German 7th, 2nd, 1st and the southern

2295:

and an attack on Croisilles was repulsed. A German counter-attack to recover Beaumetz was mounted on 23 March and got into the village before being forced to withdraw; the attack was repeated next day but only one party reached the village. Lagnicourt was lost on 26 March and a counter-attack from

2119:

on Australian troops near Loupart Wood and forced British troops back out of Irles with artillery-fire. A British attack on Puisieux on 26 February took all day and ended in hand-to-hand fighting. Next day troops of Prussian Foot Guard Regiment 5 withdrew from Thilloy, completing the retirement to

1863:

to fight a "decisive" battle leading to the exploitation of the victory by all of the British and French armies. French troops south of the British Fourth Army were freed to join the strategic reserve by an extension of the British front, to just north Roye on the Avre facing St Quentin, which was

1772:

The value of ground was to be determined by its importance to a defensive position. Where the lay of the land gave the defender a tactical advantage, by which an attacker could be defeated with the minimum of casualties to the defenders, with small-arms fire from dispersed, disguised positions and

1192:

old to compulsory service. The new programme was intended to create a trebling of artillery and machine-gun output and a doubling of munitions and trench mortar production. Expansion of the army and output of war materials caused increased competition for manpower between the army and industry. In

2555:

Beach concluded that evidence of German intentions had been collected by air reconnaissance, spy reports and debriefings of refugees and escaped prisoners of war but that German deception measures made information gleaned from intermittent air reconnaissance during the frequent bad flying weather

1941:

in an advance of only 400 yd (370 m) and on 1 February, an Australian attack on Stormy Trench was repulsed by a German counter-attack. A second attack on 4 February succeeded. On 8 February, a battalion of the 17th Division took a trench overlooking Saillisel and held it, despite German

1876:

were working on concrete dug-outs near St Quentin. Behind the Fifth and Fourth army fronts, the course of the Hindenburg Line was further away and the winter weather was exceptionally bad, which grounded aircraft and made air observation unreliable. On 11 December, a reconnaissance in the area of

1867:

During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had reported new defences being built far behind the Somme front; on 9 November, reconnaissance aircraft found a new line of defences from Bourlon Wood to Quéant, Bullecourt, the river Sensée and Héninel, to the German

1515:

On a visit to Kuhl on 20 January, Fuchs concluded that Allied superiority was so great that the German army could not forestall the Anglo-French with an attack or stop them attacking elsewhere. The army could not withstand another battle like the Somme; work on defences there was futile and would

1511:

issued a survey of offensive possibilities on 15 January. A German breakthrough attempt was rejected for lack of means and the consequences of failure. Limited-objective attacks at Loos, Arras, the Somme and the Aisne were considered but the manpower and equipment shortage meant that even smaller

1327:

1917. Steel production in February 1917 was 252,000 long tons (256,000 t) short of expectations and explosives production was 1,100 long tons (1,100 t) below the target, which added to the pressure on Ludendorff to retreat to the Hindenburg Line. Despite the shortfalls, by the summer of

1227:

The men for the divisions created by Falkenhayn had come from reducing square divisions with four infantry regiments to triangular divisions with three regiments, rather than a net increase in the number of men in the army. Troops for the extra divisions of the expansion ordered by Hindenburg and

2682:

of loss of the attackers, who were better organised and used more efficient methods, made possible by the increased flow of equipment and supplies to the Western Front, which had so concerned Ludendorff in September 1916 (In 1917 British artillery ammunition shortages ended and barrel-wear, from

2669:

violent resistance increased, possibly six people being killed by mutineers, which threatened the battle-worthiness of the French armies, before order slowly returned by the end of June. The French strategy of breakthrough and decisive battle had failed disastrously and for the rest of 1917, the

2486:

A German counter-attack on 3 April by a storm troop, to recover a German artillery battery from Holnon Wood, coincided with a British attempt to do the same and failed. The French Third Army captured the Epine de Dallon on 3 April, bringing it up to the Hindenburg Line and on 4 April the British

2042:

Trees were to be cut down, wells polluted and the civilian population forced to leave the area. Rupprecht objected to the scorched-earth policy on moral and practical grounds, that the destruction would be a propaganda disaster, provide enemy troops with shelter, material to repair the damage to

1633:

In much of the new position, the new principle of reverse-slope positions with artillery-observation posts to the rear was not followed. Artillery observation posts were built in the front-trench system or in front of it. Trenches had been dug near a crest, on a forward slope or at the rear of a

1390:

submarine warfare on 9 January 1917 and engineered the dismissal of the Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and other opponents of the policy the next day. The policy was to resume on 1 February, to sink 600,000 long tons (610,000 t) of shipping per month and knock Britain out of the war in five to

3056:

German troops were short of food, had worn out clothes and boots and the retreat back to the Hindenburg Line had terminally undermined their morale. The Allies had attacked with overwhelming material superiority, using combined-arms tactics, with a unified operational method and achieved a high

2807:

but only four of the twelve tanks in the attack were in position on time. The tanks that attacked lost direction and were quickly knocked out, leaving no gaps in the barbed wire for the infantry. Australian troops took a portion of the front Hindenburg trench and false reports of success led to

2581:

wrote on 2 April, that it had taken three weeks for his division to become proficient in open-warfare techniques. In April 1917, an analysis by II Corps had found that patrols coming under fire had stopped to report, ground of tactical importance had been ignored by patrols that had returned to

2505:

German air operations over the winter concentrated on reconnaissance to look for signs of Anglo-French offensive preparations, which were found at Messines, Arras, Roye, the Aisne and the Champagne region. By March the outline of the Anglo-French spring offensive had been observed from the air.

2453:

After a pause until 26 March, Ward's Force captured Roisel with an infantry company, two cavalry squadrons and two armoured cars; Canadian cavalry took Equancourt. The cavalry advanced again on 27 March and took Villers Faucon, Saulcourt and Guyencourt "with great dash". An attempt at a swifter

2424:

The British advance in the Fourth Army area reached the Somme rapidly from 17 to 20 March, with a continuous pursuit by vanguards and the main body moving forward by bounds between lines of resistance, up to the Somme river and Canal du Nord, which ran north-to-south from Offoy to Péronne, then

2334:

A large counter-attack was mounted on the French front on 22 March, which forced French cavalry and cyclists back over the Crozat Canal with many casualties but began too soon to ambush a large force that included artillery, as had been intended. A Booby-trap exploded in Bapaume town hall on 25

1015:

had been "shattered" in the defence of Pozières. Ten fresh divisions had been brought into the Somme front and an extra division had been put into the line opposite the British. Movement behind the German front was made difficult by constant Anglo-French artillery harassing-fire, which added to

2761:

south, the greatest depth of advance since trench-warfare began was achieved, surpassing the success of the French Sixth Army on 1 July 1916. German reinforcements were able to stabilise the front line, using both of the defensive methods endorsed in the new German training manual. The British

2559:

When British patrols probing German outposts found them unoccupied, the Allies began a cautious advance, slowed by German destruction of the transport infrastructure. The troubled transport situation behind the British front, which had been caused by mounting difficulties on the Nord railways,

2429:

notice. A bridge over the canal near Péronne was built by surveying the ground on the night of 15 March, towing pontoons up river the next night, building beginning at dawn on 17 March and the 60 ft (18 m) pontoon being ready by noon. Infantry of the 1/8th Royal Warwicks crossed that

2425:

paused while the river was bridged, with a priority of light bridges for infantry first, pontoon or trestle bridges for wagons and field artillery and then heavy bridges for mechanical transport and heavy artillery. The heavy steel bridges could be transported from a Base Park at Le Havre with

1501:

was discussed on 19 December but it was considered that such a force could not achieve a decisive result. An OHL memorandum of 5 January noted that offensive preparations by the French and British were being made all along the Western Front to keep the site of a spring offensive secret. It was

1277:

To meet existing demand and to feed new weapons, Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted a big increase in propellant output to 12,000 long tons (12,000 t) a month. In July 1916, the output target had been raised from 7,900 to 9,800 long tons (8,000 to 10,000 t), which was expected to cover

1112:

Georg Fuchs, one of the corps commanders, recommended that a defensive line be built from Arras to west of Laon, shortening the front by 25 mi (40 km) and releasing ten divisions which, with other troops, could be used for an offensive in Alsace or Lorraine. Ludendorff criticised the

1979:

Over the winter, German deception operations were conducted and indications of an offensive through Switzerland diverted French attention at the end of 1916. The British were occupied by reports of troops and heavy artillery moving into Flanders and increased numbers of agent reports of troop

967:/Operation Alberich/Alberich Manoeuvre) took place from February to March 1917. News of the demolitions and the deplorable condition of French civilians left by the Germans were serious blows to German prestige in neutral countries. Labour was transferred south in February 1917 to work on the 2151:

defined the boundaries of the three corps making the advance and ordered them to regain contact with the German armies, using strong patrols supported by larger forces moving forward more deliberately behind them. The German front-line was being maintained along the rest of the front and the

2566:

led a considerable amount of indiscipline. Defending villages as outposts, with most of the rearguard posted at the western exits, left them vulnerable to encirclement and attacks from commanding ground and the predictability of such methods, provided French and British troops with obvious

1273:

for the synthesis of nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, enabled Germany to produce explosives while blockaded. Developing the process and building factories to exploit it took time. Under Falkenhayn, the procurement of ammunition and the weapons to fire it, had been based on the output of

2609:

The weather was also unusually severe, with snow in early April, which had less effect on German rearguards, who occupied billets and then blew them up when they retired. Allied troops in the pursuit suffered from exposure and shortages of supplies but had increased morale, better health

1619:

of engineering stores, although the building period from October 1916 to March 1917 meant that only about eight trains a day were added to normal traffic. Mass-production techniques were used to produce items for the position. Steel-reinforced concrete dug-outs for infantry squads and

1560:

were to attack the salient that had formed between Bapaume and Vimy Ridge with two armies and the French with three armies from the Somme to Noyon. The attacks were to be made on the broadest possible fronts and advance deep enough to threaten German artillery positions. When Marshal

911:, was to replace the old front line as a precaution against a resumption of the Battle of the Somme in 1917. By devastating the intervening ground, the Germans could delay a spring offensive in 1917. A shortened front could be held with fewer troops and with tactical dispersal, 2573:, a British official historian, criticised the British army for the failings it showed during the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, writing that the divisions were "bewildered and helpless", until they gained experience in the new form of warfare. The commander of the 3333:, the corps wing with squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front of each army corps and an army wing, which by 1917 conducted long-range reconnaissance and bombing, using the aircraft types with the highest performance. 2756:

The first attack of the Nivelle Offensive by the British First and Third armies came at Arras, north of the Hindenburg Line on 9 April and inflicted a substantial defeat on the German 6th Army, which occupied obsolete defences on forward slopes. Vimy Ridge was captured and

2560:

overloading and the thaw on roads made British supply problems worse. The Germans had the advantage of falling back over good roads to prepared defences, protected by rearguards. The German armies made an efficient withdrawal, although the destruction accompanying

1952:(Trench I Position) from Le Transloy to Serre were found to be empty; Gough ordered that strong patrols were to move forward and regain contact with the Germans. Behind the British front, the effect of the thaw on roads and supply routes caused acute supply difficulties. 2762:

continued the offensive, despite the difficulties of ground and German defensive tactics, in support of the French offensives on the Aisne to the south and then to keep German troops in the area while the Messines Ridge attack was being prepared. German casualties were

2192:(Operation Alberich), showed that Loupart Wood had been abandoned a day early. On the night of 14 March, patrols found that the Germans had withdrawn from part of the Fourth Army front and on 17 March, the Germans slipped away on all of the Third and Fifth Army fronts. 1910:

Winter weather in mid-November 1916, stopped the Anglo-French attacks on the Somme, rather than the defensive efforts of the German army. On 1 January, a German attack took Hope Post near Beaumont Hamel, which was lost to a British attack on 5 January. On the night of

2683:

firing so many shells became a problem.) At Verdun in December 1916, Arras in April 1917 and at Messines in June, where the new German defensive principles of depth, camouflage and reverse-slope defences, dispersed methods of fortification and prompt reinforcement by

2482:

were captured between 28 March and 1 April. Deliberate attacks were mounted in early April to take Holnon Wood, Savy (where the German garrison had to be overwhelmed by house-to-house fighting), Holnon, Sélency (including six German field guns) and Francilly Sélency.

2156:

The Fifth Army divisions advanced with patrols until they met German resistance, then prepared deliberate attacks, some of which were forestalled by German withdrawals, which by 26 February, apart from some small detachments, had abandoned the ground west of the

1709:) was planned near the artillery reserve positions, which were about 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) behind the existing battery positions, to be built as soon as labour became available. The extra position would ensure that an attack that captured the 1113:

practice of holding ground regardless of its tactical value and advocated holding front-line positions with a minimum of troops and the recapture of lost positions by counter-attacks, a practice that had already been forced on the German armies on the Somme.

2396:

in early April. All-arms columns of cavalry, infantry, artillery and engineers were organised to advance on the front of each division. The advanced guards of the 5th and 2nd Australian divisions had a detachment of the Australian Light Horse, a battery of

1217:

The costly battles at Verdun and the Somme had been much more demanding on German divisions and they had to be relieved after only a few days in the front line, lasting about 14 days on the Somme. A larger number of divisions might reduce the strain on the

2317:(Hindenburg Line). Work was still being done to remedy defects in the original position and the rear-guards retired next day from Nurlu and Bertincourt as soon as British troops appeared, then counter-attacked British cavalry around Poeuilly on 22 March. 1614:

Russian prisoners of war dug the trenches. The building works absorbed most of the cement, sand and gravel production of occupied France and Belgium plus that of west Germany. Transport of materials was conducted by canal barge and railway, which carried

973:

from La Fère to Rethel and on the forward positions on the Aisne front, which the Germans knew were due to be attacked by the French. Divisions released by the retirement and other reinforcements increased the number of divisions on the Aisne front to

1540:

plan would reduce the front by 8.1 mi (13 km) and need six fewer front-holding divisions, compared to a shortening of 28 mi (45 km) and a saving of 13 to 14 divisions, by withdrawing an average of 9.3 mi (15 km) to the

3122:

On 24 February, the Germans withdrew on an 18,000 yd (10 mi; 16 km) front opposite the Fifth Army, abandoning Warlencourt, Miraumont and Serre. A prisoner revealed that this was to be part of a bigger retirement to the Hindenburg

958:(peace initiative) of December 1916 had been rejected by the Entente and the Auxiliary Service Law of December 1916, intended further to mobilise the civilian economy, had failed to supply the expected additional labour for war production. 1916:

easier for infantry to move. On 3 and 4 February, British attacks towards Puisieux and River trenches succeeded, despite German counter-attacks on 4 February. On 7 February, British attacks threatened the German hold on Grandcourt and

2634:

casualties were inflicted on German armies opposite the French and Belgian fronts between April and July. Most German casualties had been incurred during the Nivelle Offensive and were greater than any earlier Entente attack, against

1788:

When front-line garrisons and their supports were unable to hold or recapture the front-line, they were to defend positions even if surrounded, to give time for a counter-attack by reserve divisions. When an immediate counter-attack

2474:), where it was being rebuilt south of Quéant. Despite increased German resistance, Neuville Bourjonval, Ruyaulcourt, Sorel le Grand, Heudicourt, Fins, Dessart Wood, St Emilie, Vermand sur Omignon, Vendelles, Jeancourt, Herbecourt, 2953:" area. The attack began on 3 May; part of the 2nd Australian Division reached the Hindenburg Line and established a foothold. Small parties of the 62nd Division reached the first objective and were cut off, the division having 2126:. The German withdrawal was helped by a thaw, which turned roads behind the British front into bogs and by disruption to the Allied railways that supplied the Somme front. On the night of 12 March, the Germans withdrew from the 1274:

propellants, since the manufacture of ammunition without sufficient propellant fillings was as wasteful of resources as it was pointless; Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted firepower to replace manpower and ignored the principle.

280: 2310:

from Nurlu to Péronne on 18 March, which was the third and final marching day of the retreat from Roye to St Quentin and the second and final day from Péronne to le Catelet, when the main body of German troops reached the

1654:(Wotan Line) to Bellicourt north of St Quentin, should have another position built 2,000–3,000 yd (1.1–1.7 mi; 1.8–2.7 km) in front of the new position, which would become the artillery protection position ( 1630:), with a short field of fire for the infantry, according to the experience of the Western Front defensive battles of 1915 and 1916, when forward-slope positions had been smashed by observed Franco-British artillery-fire. 2462:

prepared to support the attack with artillery and such infantry attacks as could be attempted, while communications were being repaired. Information from captured documents and prisoners had disclosed the details of

5221: 5172:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 5153:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3010:(Hindenburg Line) barbed-wire fields, as a substitute for a long wire-cutting bombardment and the ground assault was accompanied by a large number of ground-attack aircraft. The British attack broke through the 1928:. A thaw set in on 16 February, which, with the Germans alerted to the attack by a deserter, led to the attack on the south bank advancing only 1,000 yd (910 m) at most and to the capture Boom Ravine ( 4876:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 275: 4850:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: 1741:

The practice of rigidly defending front-line trenches, regardless of casualties was abolished, in favour of a mobile defence of the fortified areas being built over the autumn and winter of 1916–1917.

2366:

to advocate an attempt to surprise the Germans and force them to retreat prematurely. The suggestion was rejected and GAN began to prepare a limited attack for 17 March, by when the Germans had gone.

2400:

field guns, part of an engineer field company, two infantry battalions and several machine-guns. The advance had fewer geographical obstacles than further south. On the left flank the country beyond

1859:

attacks either side of the Somme battlefield of 1916 was retained but the offensive on the Aisne was converted to a breakthrough offensive, to be followed by the commitment of a strategic reserve of

1757:) with most built towards the rear of the defensive areas. Within the new forward zones, battlezones and rearward battle zones, the chain of command was streamlined by making corps headquarters into 2291:

fought until nightfall then slipped away. A party at Vaulx Vraucourt was surprised (while some were shaving) and driven back to Lagnicourt. On 20 March, an Australian attack on Noreuil failed with

7873: 1736: 1672:

and be ready by 15 March. The existing artillery positions were scrapped and the artillery sited to dominate ground useful for the assembly of assault-troops, such as the La Vacquerie plateau.

1587: 1269:(defensive barrages), to compensate for the lack of obstacles, increased. Before the war, Germany had imported nitrates for propellant manufacture and only the discovery before the war of the 2548:(1907) Haig had described the hasty retreat of a beaten enemy and an organised withdrawal by a formidable force, capable of rapidly returning to the attack, to defeat a disorganised pursuit. 2264:(Hindenburg Line) except for outposts at Hénin sur Cojeul, St Martin sur Cojeul and the west end of Neuville Vitasse. Numerous raids were mounted on British outposts during 20 and 21 March. 2152:

possibility of a sudden German counter-offensive was not discounted. On 25 February, the 2nd Australian Division advanced on Malt Trench, found it strongly held and was forced to retire with

2176:

and British military intelligence reported that the headquarters of Rupprecht had been moved to Mons; civilians were known to have been evacuated along with supply dumps and artillery. The

2721:", occurring as a consequence of the existence of the Western Front, rather than to particular military operations. British casualties in France from January to March 1917, were given as 2132:

between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit, while small parties of troops sent up flares to mislead the British, who were preparing an attack. It took the British until 13 March to close up the

2043:

roads and undermine the morale and discipline of the German soldiers involved in the destruction. The buildings of Nesle, Ham, Noyon and several villages were excluded from the plan and

312: 1773:

observed artillery-fire, it was to be fought for by the garrison and local reserves, which would counter-attack to regain any ground lost The changes were codified in a training manual

237: 1263:

trains a day to continue the battle. The Battle of the Somme further reduced the German reserve of ammunition and when the infantry was forced out of the front position, the need for

5459:

The Evolution of the British Army's Logistical and Administrative Infrastructure and its Influence on GHQ's Operational and Strategic Decision-making on the Western Front, 1914–1918

1488:

had the potential to release the greatest number of troops and was begun first; Hindenburg and Ludendorff decided its course on 19 September and construction began on 27 September.

352: 285: 1840: 7246: 3313: 3309: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3241: 1937:

On the Fourth Army front, fewer attacks took place while the French line was being taken over in stages, southwards to the Amiens–Roye road. On 27 January, the 29th Division took

7261: 3297: 1946:

on 24 February, who ordered intensive patrolling and advanced guards to be prepared, ready to move forward at dawn on 25 February. The German positions back to a reserve line,

7445: 307: 1721:. When complete the various positions had a depth of 6,000–8,000 yd (3.4–4.5 mi; 5.5–7.3 km) and the original Hindenburg Line had become an intermediate line ( 7868: 2614:

cases declined sharply) and adapted to open warfare. Draught animals suffered from the weather, short rations and overloading; the British artillery soon had a shortage of

2412:, the ground inclining slightly to the north-east towards Bullecourt, 9 mi (14 km) away, with most of the rivers flowing in the direction of the British advance. 950:

of August 1916. Production did not sufficiently increase over the winter, with only 60 per cent of the programme expected to be fulfilled by the summer of 1917. The German

2440:

had begun on 19 March when Nurlu and Bertincourt were occupied by the British after slight pressure. British infantry and cavalry were finding greater German resistance.

1592:

German reconnaissance aircraft surveyed all of the Western Front over the winter of 1916–1917 to look for signs of Anglo-French offensive preparations. The design of the

978:

early April. The Hindenburg Line was attacked several times in 1917, notably at St Quentin, Bullecourt, the Aisne and Cambrai and was broken in September 1918 during the

1312:

being kv. The demands of the Hindenburg Programme exacerbated the manpower crisis and constraints on the availability of raw materials meant that targets were not met.

7343: 4751: 2246:(Hindenburg Line). On 17 March, the German troops at the north end of the Bapaume Salient withdrew swiftly, as there were no intermediate lines corresponding to the 1924:

and gain observation over Miraumont and the German artillery positions behind Serre. Three divisions attacked after a three-day artillery bombardment using the new

1224:

and realise a surplus for offensives on other fronts. Hindenburg and Ludendorff ordered the creation of another 22 divisions, to reach 179 divisions by early 1917.

6980: 6151: 2092:(Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal next day but British attacks on the 1st Army, particularly the action of Miraumont/Battle of Boom Ravine 1920:. Each small advance uncovered to British ground observers another part of the remaining German defences. A bigger British attack began on 17 February, to capture 1805:

and Captain Hermann Geyer of the General Staff, wanting front garrisons to have discretion to move forwards, sideways and to retire. General von Hoen and Colonel

7422: 1850:

surprise attacks near Rheims and in Alsace, to begin after the main attacks, to exploit German disorganisation and lack of reserves. The Allies expected to have

1526:

plan, a partial withdrawal to a line from Arras to Sailly. Even with the expansion of the German army over the winter and the transfer of divisions from Russia,

230: 7450: 5964: 7638: 7365: 7057: 6022: 1555:

The German army was far from defeat but in 1916 had been forced back on the Somme and at Verdun, as had the Austro-Hungarian army in southern Russia. At the

1016:

equipment shortages by delaying deliveries by rail and interrupting road maintenance. Destruction, capture, damage, wear and defective ammunition had caused

345: 7745: 2574: 1831:(Training Manual for Foot troops in War) of March 1917. Training schools were established to prepare German commanders and courses began in February 1917. 1237: 2392:. Larger forces were not to move east of a line from the Canal du Nord to the Somme south of Péronne until roads, bridges and railways had been repaired. 7653: 7408: 5610:

I Wish They'd Killed You in a Decent Show: The Bloody Fighting for Croisilles, Fontaine-les-Croisilles and the Hindenburg Line, March 1917 to August 1918

2899:

by the end of March and the Aisne front was reinforced with the 1st Army, released by Operation Alberich and other divisions, which raised the number to

2304:

were also destroyed and huge craters blown in crossroads, the damage being made worse by the spring thaw. German rear-guards made a stand in part of the

1470:(Michel Position) was to cover Etain to Pont-à-Mousson behind the St Mihiel Salient. The new fortified areas were intended to be precautionary measures ( 1259:

heavy artillery shells for the beginning of the Battle of Verdun but four million rounds were fired in the first fortnight and the 5th Army needed about

5697: 7648: 7338: 7289: 7204: 1642:

rejected this layout since smoke and dust would make artillery observation from such positions impossible. They urged that the 1st Army section of the

1182:

Hindenburg and Ludendorff demanded domestic changes to complement their new strategy. German workers were to be subjected to an Auxiliary Service Law (

223: 1441:

to the British) from Lille to Sailly, was to be built behind the 1915 battlefields of Loos, Vimy and Arras and the 1916 battlefield of the Somme. The

7492: 953: 2096:

caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February, to order a preliminary withdrawal of about 4 mi (6.4 km) between Essarts and Le Transloy to

1934:). The attack on the north bank, to gain observation over Miraumont from the west, succeeded despite the weather and the Germans being forewarned. 582: 338: 3057:

tempo. On 4 October, the German government requested an armistice and on 8 October, the German armies were ordered to retire from the rest of the

2782:

During the Battle of Arras the British Fifth Army was intended to help the operations of the Third Army by pushing back German rear guards to the

7333: 6698: 3215:

ran from Ablainzevelle–west of Logeast Wood–west of Achiet le Grand–western outskirts of Bapaume–Rocquigny–le Mesnil en Arrousaise to Vaux Wood.

3091:

The continuations of the red line to the north and east represent the front line as of April 5, 1917, which were not part of the Hindenburg Line.

1905: 1801:) was to be planned over several days. Two schools of thought emerged over the winter; the principal authors of the new training manual, Colonel 644: 261: 1451:, from Neuville Vitasse near Arras, through St Quentin and Laon, the Aisne east of Soissons to Cerny en Laonnois on the Chemin des Dames ridge. 2086:

on the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks in January 1917, which caused Rupprecht to urge on 28 January, that the retirement to the

6129: 6191: 937:) recuperated. On 25 January 1917, the Germans had 133 divisions on the Western Front but this was insufficient to contemplate an offensive. 7393: 7323: 6962: 6181: 6092: 2931: 1821:(relief divisions) would not be ready in time for hasty counter-attacks to succeed and that they should make planned counter-attacks after 2362:(GAC) attacked on the Aisne) between the Oise and Avre rivers. News of the first German retirements led the army group commander, General 900:

had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. The declaration of war by

7417: 6315: 5769: 3249: 2593: 1392: 3209:

extended from Essarts–Bucquoy–west of Achiet le Petit–Loupart Wood–south of Grévillers–west of Bapaume–le Transloy to Sailly Saillisel.

2618:

and several immobilised heavy artillery batteries. The length of the Western Front was reduced by 25 mi (40 km), which needed

5992: 1568:, the "Chantilly strategy" was altered. The French returned to a policy of decisive battle, with a breakthrough to be achieved within 1248:, responsible for raising new units, had grave doubts about the wisdom of this increase in the army but was over-ruled by Ludendorff. 66: 6322: 2892:

labour battalions were sent to work on the forward positions on the Aisne front on 23 February. The German strategic reserve rose to

2777: 2689:

divisions, were not possible or had not been adopted in time, the British and French armies inflicted costly defeats on the Germans.

1431:(Flanders Position) from the Belgian coast, along Passchendaele Ridge and behind the Messines salient, to the defences of Lille, the 565: 2803:

on the left in time and several patrols were already in the German barbed wire when the order arrived. The attack was postponed for

1482:, similar to ones built on the Russian front) and to shorten the Western Front to economise on troops and create more reserves. The 5974: 2166:

On 10 March, the Fifth Army took Grévillers Trench and Irles in a methodical attack, which overwhelmed the German defence and took

7643: 5036:

Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege

1201:

in March when the 1897 class of conscripts was called up. The army was so flush with men that plans were made to demobilise older

7575: 7413: 7400: 7357: 7266: 6992: 6801: 6708: 6610: 6368: 6015: 2182:

was found to be empty between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit on the night of 12 March but next day an attack on Bucquoy failed with

1727:). Work began on another defensive position in the autumn of 1917, with the original Hindenburg Line as its front-trench system. 7767: 7757: 7625: 2258:

was abandoned by 18 March and next day Boyelles and Boiry Becquerelle were evacuated. The withdrawal went straight back to the

1387: 3032: 1125:, commander of the northern group of armies, was ordered to prepare a rear defensive line and on 23 September work on the new 7539: 7473: 7310: 7189: 6862: 5888: 5744: 5639: 5617: 5598: 5553: 5534: 5410: 5391: 5372: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5274: 5255: 5177: 5158: 5115: 5087: 5066: 5047: 5024: 4998: 4974: 4941: 4922: 4903: 4881: 4859: 4833: 4767: 4731: 4712: 3301: 3293: 3269: 3261: 3245: 3237: 2701:

The accuracy of Great War casualty statistics is disputed. Casualty data available refer to Western Front totals as shown in

1497:

was debated by Ludendorff and other senior German commanders over the winter of 1916–1917. An offensive in the new year with

1896:(the Richthofen Circus) near Douai; six British reconnaissance aircraft were shot down on 15 April, along with two escorts. 7883: 7878: 7714: 7134: 5926: 5190:

Die deutschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege unter Mitwirkung von 29 Offizieren und Beamten des Heeres-und-Marine-Luftfahrt

3265: 2808:

cavalry being sent forward, where they were forced back by machine-gun fire as were the Australians by a counter-attack at

928: 2369: 7485: 6444: 5949: 5195:

The German Air Force in the Great War: Its History, Development, Organisation, Aircraft, Weapons and Equipment, 1914–1918

2285:

at Bapaume, which was also abandoned while many houses were still on fire. Next day, parties of Germans at Beugny in the

7699: 2913:(GAN) attacked the Hindenburg Line at St Quentin on 13 April with no success and the "decisive" offensive by the French 2527: 1668:, which was sufficient to shelter local reserves. The new line would be similar but on reverse slopes, have dugouts for 1419:

As part of the defensive strategy for the Western Front, five defensive positions were planned to form the basis of the

7684: 6974: 6383: 6141: 2240:(Hindenburg Line). The front-holding divisions, which had been worn down by British attacks, were withdrawn behind the 1122: 5226:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 2586:, the Australian official historian, concluded that the advanced troops of I Anzac Corps had been sent out on a limb. 430: 7898: 7559: 7253: 7069: 6348: 5819: 5707: 5698:

The Hindenburg Line: The Apotheosis of German Fortifications on the Western Front in the Great War westernfront co uk

2468:

and that outpost villages had to be held for longer than planned, to enable work to continue on the Hindenburg Line (

1448: 1073: 383: 6811: 6746: 5784: 3113:

The Hague Rules allowed prisoners of war to be used as labourers but not on work concerned with warlike activities.

1779:(The Conduct of the Defensive Battle in Position Warfare) issued on 1 December 1916, which made infantry sections ( 1012: 799: 7810: 7615: 7595: 7382: 7318: 7141: 7010: 5921: 5841: 5779: 2800: 501: 6482: 4874:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

1464:

Position) was to run from Péronne to Etain, north-east of Verdun behind the Champagne battlefields of 1915. The

7610: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7284: 5936: 5911: 5809: 2799:

withdrawal from its assembly positions was luckily obscured by a snowstorm. The cancellation did not reach the

1447:(Siegfried Position, known to the British as the Hindenburg Line) was to be built across the base of the Noyon 924: 2430:

evening and were then ferried over the river beyond on rafts, to become the first Allied troops into Péronne.

2363: 7585: 7580: 7544: 7478: 7370: 7216: 6806: 6658: 6196: 6124: 6055: 5824: 5794: 5789: 3305: 3289: 3277: 3253: 2795:

before sunrise but the tanks were delayed by a blizzard and the attack was cancelled at the last minute; the

2115:, over roads in relatively good condition, which they then destroyed. Next day, German rear guards inflicted 523: 2060: 1171:

A German poster from January 1917 quotes a speech by Kaiser Wilhelm II, against the Allied rejection of the

1057: 1046:

and plans for a counter-stroke had been abandoned for lack of troops. The emergency in Russia caused by the

447: 7534: 7161: 7101: 6998: 6903: 6673: 6459: 6163: 6002: 5901: 3257: 1101: 622: 452: 2653:

casualties being stranded close to the battlefield for several days; German losses have been estimated at

7772: 7209: 7194: 7052: 7004: 6776: 6327: 6201: 6114: 6109: 5878: 5866: 5861: 4984: 2850: 2389: 893: 855: 822: 794: 774: 607: 362: 181: 6388: 2623:

line on the Aisne. German counter-attacks became increasingly costly during the battle; after four days

1634:

reverse slope, which replicated the obsolete positions being abandoned. The 1st Army commander, General

1348:

guns, many being newer models of superior performance. Machine-gun output enabled each division to have

464: 7893: 7752: 7709: 6986: 6751: 6736: 6638: 6507: 6075: 5987: 5944: 5284: 1051: 901: 769: 759: 737: 671: 587: 577: 550: 378: 206: 176: 5657: 5430: 7694: 7462: 7046: 7034: 6796: 6781: 6502: 6393: 6087: 6065: 5814: 5804: 5737: 5040:

Germany's War in the Air: The Development and Operations of German Military Aviation in the World War

2071: 1089: 817: 789: 744: 727: 683: 597: 518: 474: 469: 6648: 2443: 1687:(Hindenburg Line) on 27 February, sanctioned the 1st Army proposal and provided three divisions and 7669: 7156: 7146: 7075: 7028: 7016: 6956: 6771: 6766: 6688: 6097: 6070: 5774: 5151:

Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme

4848:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1918: 26th September – 11th November, The Advance to Victory

3136:

termed the operations the Advance to the Hindenburg Line, 1917, comprising Operations on the Ancre

3133: 2990: 2836: 1245: 1054:

into the war and the French counter offensive at Verdun had already overstretched the German army.

1043: 1039: 784: 722: 698: 602: 528: 215: 196: 191: 2923:

during the Nivelle Offensive and then replaced by those in reserve, had to change places with the

2657:

for the same period. A wave of mutinies broke out in the French armies, which eventually affected

7888: 7740: 7732: 7674: 7434: 7129: 6892: 6726: 6721: 6653: 6512: 6497: 6492: 6472: 6353: 6230: 4759: 2821: 2796: 1080: 1062: 749: 710: 688: 538: 479: 405: 201: 6693: 5712: 3326: 1438: 7507: 7231: 7166: 7022: 6756: 6683: 6633: 6618: 6600: 6573: 6487: 6454: 6119: 6080: 6060: 5871: 5764: 2741: 2678:

of German infantry losses in these defences diminished, although this was also apparent in the

2397: 979: 764: 732: 693: 661: 592: 560: 533: 506: 415: 171: 5632:

Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat the German Army in World War I

5107:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

5079:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

1965: 1251:

The German army had begun 1916 equally well-provided for in artillery and ammunition, massing

1147:(10–21 October) led to the sacking of Bronsart von Schellendorf, the 2nd Army chief of staff. 543: 50: 7497: 7151: 7040: 6816: 6786: 6716: 6663: 6585: 6553: 6527: 6477: 6408: 6310: 6263: 6047: 5916: 5799: 5197:] (in German) (trans. abr. ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 3330: 2996:

fire did not begin until the infantry–tank advance began on 20 November, using unregistered (

1241: 1166: 912: 779: 754: 612: 494: 398: 5457: 5267:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

2222:

day and 16 March the first marching day. The 1st Army from Arras to Péronne brought reserve

1917: 1534:, British and Belgian divisions, many of which were bigger than the German equivalents. The 7847: 7762: 6449: 6423: 6373: 5730: 5692: 4843: 2646:

by 25 April and were also struck by a collapse of the medical services on the Aisne front,

2479: 2014:

timetable; infrastructure in the salient was to be destroyed and buildings demolished from

1556: 1161: 1076: 947: 940:

Greater output of explosives, ammunition and weapons by German industry against the Allied

666: 186: 6398: 5059:

Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–18

1988:. Until January 1917, the British took seriously a possible limited offensive towards the 1715:(Hindenburg Line), could not continue without a pause to move artillery into range of the 1639: 1620:

artillery-observation posts were standard designs and all woodwork was made to a pattern.

8: 7829: 6968: 6832: 6791: 6668: 6628: 6623: 6568: 6251: 6245: 6146: 5564: 5188: 1144: 1083: 1065: 996: 908: 883: 676: 632: 627: 442: 420: 137: 7782: 4988: 1845:

British and French plans for 1917 were agreed at an Allied conference at Chantilly from

1825:

with full artillery support. Both theories were incorporated by Ludendorff into the new

7789: 7704: 7063: 6927: 6909: 6874: 6838: 6678: 6643: 6595: 6580: 6467: 6418: 6257: 6216: 5896: 5627: 5217: 2718: 2375: 2205: 1806: 1754: 1140: 1047: 1042:

had been starved of reinforcements in mid-August to replace exhausted divisions in the

1001: 897: 649: 489: 410: 302: 1079:

the German Chief of the General Staff was dismissed on 29 August 1916 and replaced by

1011:

In August 1916 the German armies on the Somme had been subjected to great strain; the

388: 7822: 7816: 7777: 7679: 7512: 7095: 6950: 6933: 6741: 6563: 6543: 6378: 6363: 6293: 6281: 5982: 5959: 5906: 5667: 5635: 5613: 5594: 5570: 5549: 5530: 5493: 5463: 5436: 5406: 5387: 5368: 5349: 5330: 5311: 5292: 5270: 5251: 5227: 5198: 5173: 5154: 5137: 5111: 5105: 5083: 5077: 5062: 5043: 5020: 4994: 4970: 4937: 4918: 4899: 4877: 4855: 4829: 4821: 4809: 4801: 4789: 4763: 4727: 4708: 3101: 2924: 2877: 2711:(1923–29) and do not refer directly to the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line ( 2702: 2051:

civilians were to be evacuated to work in the rest of occupied France and Belgium. A

715: 656: 459: 2406:

was open and on the right the Germans made little effort to hold the ground west of

1795:) from behind the defensive position was not possible, a deliberate counter-attack ( 6880: 6850: 6844: 6761: 6590: 6558: 6548: 6287: 6211: 6206: 6134: 5954: 5854: 4898:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 4700: 2707: 2186:

The German document found in Loupart Wood dated 5 March, containing details of the

1883: 1508: 1095: 1034: 916: 879: 617: 393: 5484: 5248:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

4745: 4724:

Arras: The Spring 1917 Offensive in Panoramas, Including Vimy Ridge and Bullecourt

2936: 2059:

for the troops on the flanks of the area, three for the troops between Nauroy and

7689: 7529: 6868: 6428: 6403: 6102: 6010: 5849: 5701: 4891: 4705:

The German High Command at War: Hindenburg and Ludendorff and the First World War

2578: 1869: 1635: 859: 812: 484: 5110:. Vol. III (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 7522: 7502: 7173: 6886: 6731: 6522: 6413: 6269: 6173: 6156: 5082:. Vol. II (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4967:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918

4962: 3100:

The withdrawal to the last part of the line was made under the pressure of the

3072: 2997: 2661:. Between 16 April and 15 May the mutinies were isolated but then spread, with 1890: 1565: 555: 425: 2746: 2495: 7862: 7633: 6921: 6915: 6358: 6275: 6186: 5671: 5574: 5497: 5440: 5202: 4813: 4793: 4501: 2320: 2301: 1971: 1561: 1270: 437: 81: 68: 5566:

Breaking the Hindenburg Line: the story of the 46th (North Midland) Division

5467: 5231: 3037: 2147:

dated 5 March, was found in Loupart Wood. On 24 February Lieutenant-General

7083: 6517: 5591:

The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne

5141: 4936:. Loftus, NSW: Australian History Military Publications. pp. 155–178. 4741: 2583: 2148: 1989: 1925: 1409: 851: 2758: 7294: 7199: 6897: 6332: 5753: 4869: 4672: 2611: 2570: 2379: 1599: 875: 166: 5718:

local history of Hindenburg Line in Arras sector, Hindenburg Line Museum

3236:

The German order of battle after the retirement from north to south was

5659:

The 46th (North Midland) Division T. F. on the Western Front, 1915–1918

4951:

Foley, R. T. "The Other Side of the Wire: The German Army in 1917". In

2976:

with casualties in the regiments of five other divisions engaged being

2326: 2112: 2077: 920: 1284:(recalled from the army) or exempted from conscription. The number of 1033:

The artillery deficit was only slowly improved by the plan of General

7089: 6856: 5717: 2055:

timetable for the demolition plan was prepared to be followed by two

1802: 1675:

Rupprecht refused to delay implementation of Operation Alberich (the

1209:

classes and in the summer, Falkenhayn ordered the raising of another

5170:

Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1917: The Battle of Cambrai

5042:] (in German) (Battery Press ed.). Leipzig: K. F. Koehler. 3227:

at Achiet-le-Grand then ran to Beugny–Ytres–Nurlu–Templeux la Fosse.

2983:

a minimum. Total British losses for both Bullecourt operations were

1381: 245: 7349: 4755: 1985: 1461: 1204: 871: 5061:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Gale & Polden. 2475: 1139:

of heavy ammunition, yet the début of the tank, the defeat at the

3860: 3325:

From 30 January 1916, each British army had a Royal Flying Corps

2859:

on 15 April, elements of four German divisions attacked from the

2296:

Noreuil repulsed, then a British attack on Bucquoy was defeated.

2170:

Fires could be seen behind Bapaume, with more visible behind the

2063:

and four marching days for those between St Quentin and La Fère.

904:

had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy.

867: 4826:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

1232:

men in February 1917 but the larger army would become a wasting

931:

would weaken the Anglo-French as the German armies in the west (

330: 7874:

Military operations of World War I involving the United Kingdom

5693:

The German Retreat and the Battle of Arras, Imperial War Museum

5384:

The Blood Tub, General Gough and the Battle of Bullecourt, 1917

4513: 133: 5722: 4917:(repr. Berg ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3153:

The first two German reserve lines had various British names (

1769:), which reduced the chain of command from five to two posts. 7517: 5462:(PhD). London: King's College London (University of London). 4479: 4477: 4475: 2141:

On 13 March, a document revealing the plan and the code-name

1981: 1233: 863: 140:(Chief of the German General Staff, 1916–1919) by the British 4660: 4648: 4542: 4540: 4277: 4201: 4199: 3749: 1648:(Hindenburg Line) from Quéant, where it met the site of the 5486:

British 8th Infantry Division on the Western Front, 1914–18

5405:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 4851: 4462: 4460: 4231: 4229: 4216: 4214: 4174: 4172: 4159: 4157: 4108: 4106: 4079: 3691: 3689: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3529: 1386:

Hindenburg and Ludendorff forced a return to the policy of

1308:

men in October 1917 and more than two million by November,

5386:(Spellmount ed.). Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press. 4612: 4472: 4184: 3925: 3923: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3618: 3606: 3582: 3435: 3433: 3360: 3358: 5310:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 5019:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4600: 4588: 4576: 4552: 4537: 4385: 4253: 4241: 4196: 3505: 2273:

was abandoned north of the Ancre, along with part of the

136:, a mythical mediaeval dragon-slayer, by the Germans and 55:

Map showing the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line.

4636: 4457: 4409: 4325: 4289: 4226: 4211: 4169: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4103: 4091: 4043: 4031: 4019: 3995: 3947: 3908: 3884: 3848: 3814: 3812: 3761: 3686: 3541: 3493: 3457: 1660:) behind the revised front system; the line already had 1304:(kv, fit for front line service), at the end of 1916 to 4421: 4397: 4067: 3971: 3959: 3920: 3896: 3647: 3645: 3445: 3430: 3382: 3370: 3355: 2047:

French civilians were to be left behind in them, while

4313: 4301: 4265: 3836: 3824: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3737: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3630: 3594: 3517: 3481: 3469: 2216:(Alberich Manoeuvre), with 9 February to be the first 1188:) that from November 1916, subjected all Germans from 5713:

Breaking the Hindenburg Line, Australian War Memorial

4842: 4752:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918

4678: 4624: 4564: 4525: 4489: 4445: 4373: 4055: 3809: 3394: 2448:

Flooding in Tincourt-Boucly, April 1917. (IWM Q 1985)

1414:

German defensive positions from July to November 1918

7869:

Military operations of World War I involving Germany

4433: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4007: 3983: 3872: 3674: 3642: 3570: 3558: 3418: 1868:

third line near Arras. Next day, an escaped Russian

5403:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

4707:(Warner Books ed.). New York: William Morrow. 3935: 3657: 3406: 3140:1917 and the German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line 2960:and an attack by the 7th Division was driven back. 1828:

Ausbildungsvorschrift für die Fusstruppen im Kriege

5432:British Intelligence and the German Army 1914–1918 5362: 3866: 2816:from the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division suffered 2066: 1809:the 1st Army Chief of Staff issued a memorandum, 1550: 1382:Unrestricted U-boat warfare and strategic bombing 7860: 2907:reserve on the Aisne by early April. The French 2210:On 4 February, the order was given to begin the 1899: 1776:Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht 6699:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 5708:An interpretation of the Bullecourt photograph. 2927:divisions rather than be withdrawn altogether. 1530:divisions the Western Front were confronted by 1030:guns to be out of action by the end of August. 5543: 4808:. Vol. IV. London: Thornton Butterworth. 2941:Siegfriedstellung defences at Bullecourt, 1917 5738: 4993:(General Books ed.). London: Hugh Rees. 4915:Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914–1918 4747:The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917 2717:) or losses that would be considered "normal 2598:Illustration of the German retirement to the 2005:(Alberich Manoeuvre). The Germans prepared a 346: 231: 5365:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 5289:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 3222: 3216: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3058: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2948: 2914: 2908: 2883: 2860: 2783: 2712: 2684: 2599: 2561: 2533: 2469: 2463: 2435: 2407: 2401: 2357: 2351: 2336: 2312: 2305: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2196: 2187: 2177: 2171: 2158: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2106: 2105:On 24 February, the Germans withdrew to the 2097: 2087: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1947: 1929: 1881: 1834: 1826: 1816: 1812:Erfahrungen der I Armee in der Sommeschlacht 1810: 1796: 1790: 1780: 1774: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1625: 1593: 1542: 1535: 1521: 1503: 1492: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1455: 1442: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1396: 1357: 1329: 1299: 1285: 1279: 1264: 1219: 1202: 1183: 1172: 1126: 1117: 1107: 1099: 1087: 990: 968: 962: 951: 941: 932: 907:The Hindenburg Line, built behind the Noyon 887: 854:built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the 840: 31: 7182: 5529:. Battleground Europe. London: Leo Cooper. 5363:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). 3104:, rather than the retirement of March 1917. 1906:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917 1730: 1691:for the new construction, which turned the 1588:German defensive preparations in early 1917 1520:to work on new positions, to implement the 1150: 946:(battle of equipment) was attempted in the 5745: 5731: 5666:(PhD). Birmingham: Birmingham University. 5492:(PhD). Birmingham: Birmingham University. 4952: 4931: 3016:but was contained in the rear battlezone ( 2932:Second Battle of Bullecourt, 3–17 May 1917 1476:) built to be used as rallying-positions ( 1404: 1359:Maschinengewehr-Scharfschützen-Abteilungen 353: 339: 238: 224: 5626: 5562: 5283: 5216: 4990:Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical 4800: 4582: 4519: 4283: 2778:First attack on Bullecourt, 11 April 1917 2546:Cavalry Studies: Strategical and Tactical 2538:in the Saint-Quentin area, 22 April 1917. 249:11 January – 13 March 6981:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5544:Osborn, Patrick; Romanych, Marc (2016). 5245: 5134:Purnell's History of the First World War 5033: 4961: 4890: 4783: 4666: 4654: 4427: 4271: 4085: 3535: 3036: 2972:and German losses in two divisions were 2935: 2745: 2735: 2627:had been taken by the French armies and 2592: 2532:Map of German troop dispositions on the 2526: 2494: 2442: 2368: 2319: 2070: 1964: 1408: 1319:workers to the war economy and exempted 1165: 1056: 1000: 7358:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5588: 5343: 5327:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917 5324: 5305: 5264: 5250:(1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. 5186: 4912: 4820: 4507: 4483: 4190: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3651: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3523: 3487: 3475: 3400: 2639:French casualties for the same period. 2344: 1425:(defensive battle) expected in 1917. A 1155: 961:The retirement to the Hindenburg Line ( 297:(German retreat to the Hindenburg Line) 7861: 5655: 5607: 5593:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 5524: 5482: 5381: 5348:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 5329:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 5308:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 5223:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 5167: 5103: 5014: 4934:1917: Tactics, Training and Technology 4721: 4699: 4642: 4618: 4451: 4391: 4379: 4343: 4259: 4247: 4205: 4073: 3902: 3818: 3511: 3424: 3169:) and the third line was known as the 2882:Labour was transferred to work on the 1737:German defensive tactics in early 1917 1581: 923:, German infantry could be conserved. 247:Operations on the Ancre 16:Defensive fortification in World War I 7311:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6654:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5726: 5455: 5428: 5400: 5148: 5075: 5056: 4950: 4868: 4630: 4606: 4594: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4531: 4510:, pp. 266–273, 301–348, 349–406. 4495: 4466: 4439: 4415: 4367: 4355: 4331: 4319: 4295: 4235: 4220: 4178: 4163: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4097: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3914: 3890: 3878: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3695: 3680: 3668: 3564: 3552: 3499: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3412: 3388: 3376: 3364: 2080:cut down during the German withdrawal 1880:On 2 January, Nivelle instructed the 334: 219: 7715:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5131: 5017:Douglas Haig and the First World War 4983: 4740: 4403: 4307: 4061: 2195: 7644:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 6445:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4932:Dennis, P.; Grey, G., eds. (2007). 2500:Replica Sopwith 1½ Strutter in 2006 1841:Anglo-French offensive preparations 1750:Mannschafts-Eisen-Beton-Unterstände 1356:machine-guns and for the number of 13: 6384:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5634:. New York: New American Library. 5513: 5435:(PhD). London: London University. 2234:and outpost villages close to the 1334:artillery park had increased from 14: 7910: 5686: 4679:Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop 1993 3329:attached, which was divided into 2791:The attack was intended to begin 2490: 1999:(Hindenburg Line), codenamed the 360: 6747:Second Battle of the Piave River 6369:Russian invasion of East Prussia 4828:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 4754:. Vol. IV (12th ed.). 3867:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003 1970:Mine crater in the road through 1193:early 1916, the German army had 886:left the German western armies ( 49: 7811:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 7011:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5752: 5212:– via Archive Foundation. 5127:– via Archive Foundation. 5010:– via Archive Foundation. 4969:(pbk. ed.). London: Yale. 3336: 3319: 3230: 3147: 3126: 3116: 3107: 3094: 2801:62nd (2nd West Riding) Division 2067:German retirements on the Somme 1638:and his Chief of Staff Colonel 7634:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 7493:Deportations from East Prussia 7290:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 4846:; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. (1993) . 4788:(2nd ed.). London: Dent. 3085: 3033:Battles of the Hindenburg Line 2812:Total British casualties were 2378:following up the Germans near 1960: 1551:Anglo-French strategy for 1917 1437:(Wotan Position, known as the 1197:in recruit depots and another 1135:of field artillery shells and 925:Unrestricted submarine warfare 1: 7545:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4786:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 4687: 2977: 2954: 2893: 2763: 2696: 2647: 2628: 1955: 1900:Operations on the Ancre, 1917 1744:Allgemeines über Stellungsbau 1703:. Another two-trench system ( 985: 7700:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6999:Estonian War of Independence 6674:Southern Palestine offensive 5612:. Brighton: Reveille Press. 3349: 2773:the Third and First armies. 2517: 1724:Siegfried I Zwischenstellung 1370:machine-guns and the French 158:Concrete, steel, barbed wire 7: 7884:World War I defensive lines 7879:World War I sites in France 7654:USA against Austria-Hungary 7053:Turkish War of Independence 7005:Latvian War of Independence 6737:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 6328:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5704: (archived 22 May 2006) 3250:2nd Guards Reserve Division 3066: 2888:from La Fère to Rethel and 2851:German attack on Lagnicourt 2751:Battle of Arras, April 1917 2522: 1697:(Hindenburg Line) into the 1681:) but having inspected the 823:Western Front tactics, 1917 182:German attack on Lagnicourt 10: 7915: 7737:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 7285:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6752:Second Battle of the Marne 6639:Second battle of the Aisne 6508:Second Battle of Champagne 6349:German invasion of Belgium 5346:The German Army at Cambrai 3030: 2988: 2929: 2916:Groupe d'armées de Réserve 2875: 2848: 2775: 2739: 2252:north of Achiet le Grand. 2203: 1903: 1838: 1734: 1585: 1576: 1564:was superseded by General 1159: 994: 207:Battle of St Quentin Canal 177:First attack on Bullecourt 7843: 7802: 7723: 7662: 7624: 7568: 7557: 7518:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 7461: 7433: 7381: 7303: 7277: 7229: 7122: 7115: 7047:Irish War of Independence 6943: 6825: 6797:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6782:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6707: 6609: 6536: 6437: 6394:First Battle of the Marne 6341: 6303: 6238: 6229: 6172: 6046: 6035: 6001: 5973: 5935: 5887: 5840: 5833: 5760: 5649: 5563:Priestley, R. E. (1919). 4784:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 3042:Allied gains in late 1918 3000:) fire. The British sent 2665:recorded by 31 May. From 2359:Groupe d'armées du Centre 2228:divisions forward to the 1864:complete by 26 February. 1835:Anglo-French preparations 1315:The German army returned 1244:) Deputy Minister of the 1006:Battle of the Somme, 1916 991:Battle of the Somme, 1916 370: 257: 162: 154: 146: 125: 110: 105: 97: 60: 48: 41: 28: 23: 7899:Historic defensive lines 7670:Constantinople Agreement 6963:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6826:Co-belligerent conflicts 6802:Second Romanian campaign 6772:Third Transjordan attack 6483:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 6389:Battle of Grand Couronné 5518: 4953:Dennis & Grey (2007) 4913:Feldman, G. D. (1992) . 3078: 2970:14,000–16,000 casualties 2958: 3,000 casualties, 1731:German defensive methods 1657:Artillerieschutzstellung 1398:Unternehmen Türkenkreutz 1323:from conscription, from 1246:Prussian Ministry of War 1151:German strategy for 1917 197:Battle of Cambrai (1918) 192:Battle of Cambrai (1917) 7733:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7685:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6993:Greater Poland Uprising 6893:National Protection War 6777:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6727:German spring offensive 6722:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6498:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 6473:Second Battle of Artois 6354:Battle of the Frontiers 5569:. London: T. F. Unwin. 5525:Oldham, Peter (2000) . 5291:. London: Aurum Press. 5187:Neumann, G. P. (1920). 5104:Jones, H. A. (2002a) . 5015:Harris, J. P. (2009) . 4760:Australian War Memorial 3758:, pp. 1–11, 37–64. 2910:Groupe d'armées du Nord 2843:German casualties were 2837:12th Australian Brigade 2797:4th Australian Division 2642:The French armies lost 2353:Groupe d'armées du Nord 2325:The Hindenburg Line at 2279:near its junction with 1974:, to impede the British 1405:Defensive fortification 913:reverse-slope positions 892:) exhausted and on the 711:German spring offensive 202:Meuse-Argonne Offensive 7758:Paris Peace Conference 7746:Ukraine–Central Powers 7540:Massacres of Albanians 7508:Late Ottoman genocides 7315:Bulgarian occupations 7023:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6987:Hungarian–Romanian War 6812:Naval Victory Bulletin 6807:Armistice with Germany 6757:Hundred Days Offensive 6684:Battle of La Malmaison 6634:Second battle of Arras 6601:Battle of Transylvania 6455:Second Battle of Ypres 6323:Sarajevo assassination 6212:South African Republic 5656:Peaple, S. P. (2003). 5483:Thomas, A. M. (2010). 5401:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 5269:. London: Frank Cass. 5076:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 5057:James, E. A. (1994) . 5034:Hoeppner, E. (1994) . 3223: 3217: 3211: 3199: 3197:(Trench III Position, 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3059: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2949: 2943: 2915: 2909: 2884: 2861: 2822:4th Australian Brigade 2784: 2767: 85,000, against 2753: 2725:casualties given were 2713: 2685: 2606: 2604:/Hindenburg Line, 1917 2600: 2562: 2540: 2534: 2502: 2470: 2464: 2450: 2436: 2408: 2402: 2384: 2358: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2313: 2306: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2197: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2159: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2107: 2098: 2088: 2082: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2016:9 February – 15 March. 2010: 2001: 1995: 1976: 1948: 1930: 1884:Aéronautique Militaire 1882: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1797: 1791: 1781: 1775: 1766:Kampftruppenkommandeur 1765: 1759: 1749: 1743: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1677: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1626: 1594: 1543: 1537:Wotan–Siegfried–Riegel 1536: 1523:Wotan–Siegfried–Riegel 1522: 1504: 1493: 1484: 1478: 1473:Sicherheitskoeffizient 1472: 1466: 1456: 1443: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1397: 1393:Operation Turk's Cross 1358: 1330: 1325:September 1916 to July 1301:kriegsverwendungsfähig 1300: 1286: 1280: 1265: 1220: 1203: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1127: 1123:Crown Prince Rupprecht 1118: 1108: 1100: 1090:Generalquartiermeister 1088: 1070: 1008: 980:Hundred Days Offensive 969: 963: 952: 942: 933: 888: 841: 32: 7768:Treaty of St. Germain 7741:Russia–Central Powers 7695:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7523:Pontic Greek genocide 7498:Destruction of Kalisz 7474:Eastern Mediterranean 7035:Polish–Lithuanian War 6817:Armistice of Belgrade 6787:Armistice of Salonica 6717:Operation Faustschlag 6664:Third Battle of Oituz 6586:Baranovichi offensive 6554:Lake Naroch offensive 6528:Battle of Robat Karim 6503:Vistula–Bug offensive 6478:Battles of the Isonzo 6409:First Battle of Ypres 5456:Brown, I. M. (1996). 5306:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 5246:Philpott, W. (2009). 4896:Western Front 1914–18 4726:. London: Constable. 4522:, pp. 1423–1425. 3302:46th Reserve Division 3294:15th Reserve Division 3270:22nd Reserve Division 3262:50th Reserve Division 3246:26th Reserve Division 3238:23rd Reserve Division 3138:11 January – 13 March 3040: 3025:Siegfried II Stellung 3019:rückwärtige Kampfzone 2939: 2749: 2736:Subsequent operations 2596: 2530: 2498: 2446: 2372: 2323: 2074: 1968: 1718:Siegfried II Stellung 1706:Siegfried II Stellung 1412: 1401:) began in May 1917. 1169: 1102:Oberste Heeresleitung 1060: 1004: 858:in France during the 129:Imperial German Army 7763:Treaty of Versailles 7479:Mount Lebanon famine 7394:in the United States 7362:Russian occupations 7076:Turkish–Armenian War 7017:Polish–Ukrainian War 6957:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6904:Central Asian Revolt 6694:Armistice of Focșani 6424:Battle of Sarikamish 6374:Battle of Tannenberg 5770:Military engagements 5589:Sheldon, J. (2015). 5470:. uk.bl.ethos.321769 5443:. uk.bl.ethos.416459 5382:Walker, J. (2000) . 5344:Sheldon, J. (2009). 5325:Sheldon, J. (2008). 5265:Samuels, M. (1995). 5168:Miles, W. (1992a) . 3266:9th Reserve Division 3173:, which were called 3013:Siegfried I Stellung 3004:to roll through the 2563:Unternehmen Alberich 2465:Unternehmen Alberich 2390:5th Cavalry Division 2345:Anglo-French advance 1712:Siegfried I Stellung 1700:Siegfried I Stellung 1602:emplacements, while 1557:Chantilly Conference 1439:Drocourt-Quéant Line 1162:Hindenburg Programme 1156:Hindenburg Programme 1119:Generalfeldmarschall 1077:Erich von Falkenhayn 948:Hindenburg Programme 862:. The line ran from 818:French Army mutinies 813:1914 Christmas truce 583:Hohenzollern Redoubt 187:Battle of Bullecourt 43:Northeastern France 7830:They shall not pass 7753:Treaty of Bucharest 7710:Treaty of Bucharest 7649:USA against Germany 7626:Declarations of war 7330:German occupations 7243:British casualties 7102:Soviet–Georgian War 7029:Egyptian Revolution 6969:Armeno-Georgian War 6833:Somaliland campaign 6792:Armistice of Mudros 6669:Battle of Caporetto 6659:Battle of Mărășești 6629:Zimmermann telegram 6624:February Revolution 6569:Battle of the Somme 6493:Bug-Narew Offensive 6468:Battle of Gallipoli 6460:Sinking of the RMS 6252:Scramble for Africa 6246:Franco-Prussian War 5902:Sinai and Palestine 5628:Yockelson, Mitchell 5608:Taylor, C. (2014). 5546:The Hindenburg Line 5527:The Hindenburg Line 5218:Nicholson, G. W. L. 5149:Miles, W. (1992) . 4722:Barton, P. (2010). 4681:, pp. 210–211. 4669:, pp. 532–533. 4657:, pp. 282–285. 4621:, pp. 466–186. 4609:, pp. 455–466. 4597:, pp. 491–499. 4561:, pp. 370–377. 4549:, pp. 357–369. 4486:, pp. 366–367. 4469:, pp. 499–500. 4418:, pp. 160–162. 4406:, pp. 153–154. 4394:, pp. 253–255. 4334:, pp. 190–195. 4298:, pp. 221–222. 4286:, pp. 213–214. 4262:, pp. 293–294. 4250:, pp. 328–331. 4238:, pp. 175–176. 4223:, pp. 147–148. 4208:, pp. 324–328. 4193:, pp. 225–227. 4181:, pp. 152–160. 4166:, pp. 132–146. 4151:, pp. 132–136. 4139:, pp. 127–132. 4127:, pp. 140–144. 4115:, pp. 138–140. 4100:, pp. 111–126. 4088:, pp. 457–463. 4052:, pp. 138–153. 4040:, pp. 135–137. 4028:, pp. 127–135. 4004:, pp. 149–154. 3956:, pp. 104–109. 3917:, pp. 113–115. 3893:, pp. 148–149. 3857:, pp. 187–191. 3770:, pp. 317–318. 3734:, pp. 182–192. 3722:, pp. 178–183. 3710:, pp. 176–177. 3698:, pp. 139–145. 3627:, pp. 324–325. 3615:, pp. 314–316. 3591:, pp. 229–230. 3555:, pp. 133–134. 3538:, pp. 105–108. 3514:, pp. 286–294. 3502:, pp. 161–162. 3466:, pp. 160–161. 3454:, pp. 159–160. 3442:, pp. 158–159. 3391:, pp. 423–424. 3379:, pp. 134–135. 3367:, pp. 228–231. 3218:Riegel III Stellung 3194:Riegel III Stellung 3171:Beugny–Ytres Switch 3063:(Hindenburg Line). 2897: 40 divisions 2437:Riegel III Stellung 2409:Riegel III Stellung 2307:Riegel III Stellung 2288:Riegel III Stellung 2249:Riegel III Stellung 2231:Riegel III Stellung 2173:Riegel III Stellung 2049:150,000 able-bodied 1818:Ablösungsdivisionen 1582:German preparations 1547:(Hindenburg Line). 1479:Eventual-Stellungen 1084:Paul von Hindenburg 1066:Paul von Hindenburg 997:Battle of the Somme 884:Battle of the Somme 807:Associated articles 524:Hartmannswillerkopf 384:Invasion of Belgium 295:Associated articles 138:Paul von Hindenburg 78: / 24:The Hindenburg Line 7790:Treaty of Lausanne 7705:Paris Economy Pact 7639:UK against Germany 7569:Entry into the war 7535:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 7254:Ottoman casualties 7064:Franco-Turkish War 6944:Post-War conflicts 6928:Russian Revolution 6910:Invasion of Darfur 6875:Kelantan rebellion 6863:Kurdish rebellions 6839:Mexican Revolution 6679:October Revolution 6644:Kerensky offensive 6619:Capture of Baghdad 6596:Monastir offensive 6581:Brusilov offensive 6419:Battle of Kolubara 6258:Russo-Japanese War 5548:. Oxford: Osprey. 5429:Beach, J. (2004). 5367:. Oxford: Osprey. 4310:, pp. 90–140. 3980:, pp. 97–110. 3968:, pp. 97–103. 3932:, pp. 95–107. 3224:Riegel II Stellung 3203:) by the Germans. 3182:Riegel II Stellung 3142:14 March – 5 April 3045: 2944: 2921:163,000 casualties 2769:British losses of 2754: 2607: 2541: 2503: 2451: 2403:Riegel II Stellung 2385: 2376:Sherwood Foresters 2364:Franchet d'Espérey 2332: 2276:Riegel II Stellung 2206:Operation Alberich 2179:Riegel II Stellung 2135:Riegel II Stellung 2083: 1977: 1807:Fritz von Lossberg 1627:Hinterhangstellung 1491:Withdrawal to the 1417: 1238:Ernst von Wrisberg 1180: 1141:Battle of Thiepval 1071: 1048:Brusilov Offensive 1009: 898:Brusilov Offensive 852:defensive position 848:Siegfried Position 303:Operation Alberich 7894:Conflicts in 1917 7856: 7855: 7839: 7838: 7823:The Golden Virgin 7817:Mutilated victory 7798: 7797: 7778:Treaty of Trianon 7773:Treaty of Neuilly 7680:Damascus Protocol 7553: 7552: 7513:Armenian genocide 7470:Allied blockades 7442:Belgian refugees 7225: 7224: 7135:Strategic bombing 7111: 7110: 7096:Franco-Syrian War 7070:Greco-Turkish War 7058:Anglo-Turkish War 7041:Polish–Soviet War 6975:German Revolution 6951:Russian Civil War 6934:Finnish Civil War 6767:Battle of Megiddo 6742:Battle of Goychay 6689:Battle of Cambrai 6649:Battle of Mărăști 6564:Battle of Jutland 6544:Erzurum offensive 6399:Siege of Przemyśl 6379:Siege of Tsingtao 6364:Battle of Galicia 6294:Second Balkan War 6282:Italo-Turkish War 6239:Pre-War conflicts 6225: 6224: 6115:Portuguese Empire 6031: 6030: 5993:German New Guinea 5975:Asian and Pacific 5641:978-0-451-46695-2 5619:978-1-908336-72-9 5600:978-1-78346-345-9 5555:978-1-4728-1481-4 5536:978-0-85052-568-7 5412:978-0-8371-5029-1 5393:978-1-86227-022-0 5374:978-1-84176-738-3 5355:978-1-84415-944-4 5336:978-1-84415-680-1 5317:978-1-84415-269-8 5298:978-1-84513-691-8 5276:978-0-7146-4214-7 5257:978-1-4087-0108-9 5179:978-0-901627-65-0 5160:978-0-901627-76-6 5132:Kahn, L. (1970). 5117:978-1-84342-414-7 5089:978-1-84342-413-0 5068:978-1-84342-196-2 5049:978-0-89839-195-4 5026:978-0-521-89802-7 5000:978-0-217-96199-8 4976:978-0-300-06663-0 4943:978-0-9803-7967-9 4924:978-0-85496-764-3 4905:978-1-870114-00-4 4883:978-0-89839-180-0 4861:978-0-89839-192-3 4835:978-0-674-01880-8 4769:978-0-7022-1710-4 4733:978-1-84529-421-2 4714:978-0-7515-1038-6 4645:, pp. iii–v. 4322:, pp. 69–70. 4076:, pp. 50–51. 3905:, pp. 54–55. 3845:, pp. 82–97. 3833:, pp. 15–16. 3806:, pp. 67–82. 3794:, pp. 89–90. 3782:, pp. 87–89. 3212:Riegel II Stellun 3206:Riegel I Stellung 3176:Riegel I Stellung 3102:Nivelle Offensive 3060:Siegfriedstellung 3007:Siegfriedstellung 2991:Battle of Cambrai 2974:4,500 casualties, 2878:Nivelle Offensive 2862:Siegfriedstellung 2835:prisoner and the 2785:Siegfriedstellung 2714:Siegfriedstellung 2703:Winston Churchill 2644:96,125 casualties 2601:Siegfriedstellung 2535:Siegfriedstellung 2471:Siegfriedstellung 2338:Siegfriedstellung 2314:Siegfriedstellung 2282:Riegel I Stellung 2270:Riegel I Stellung 2261:Siegfriedstellung 2255:Riegel I Stellung 2243:Siegfriedstellung 2237:Siegfriedstellung 2213:Alberich Bewegung 2198:Alberich Bewegung 2189:Alberich Bewegung 2160:Riegel I Stellung 2129:Riegel I Stellung 2123:Riegel I Stellung 2108:Riegel I Stellung 2099:Riegel I Stellung 2094:(17–18 February), 2089:Siegfriedstellung 2002:Alberich Bewegung 1996:Siegfriedstellung 1949:Riegel I Stellung 1694:Siegfriedstellung 1684:Siegfriedstellung 1678:Alberich Bewegung 1645:Siegfriedstellung 1640:Fritz von Loßberg 1595:Siegfriedstellung 1544:Siegfriedstellung 1494:Siegfriedstellung 1485:Siegfriedstellung 1444:Siegfriedstellung 1185:Hilfsdienstgesetz 1177:(peace proposal). 1128:Siegfriedstellung 964:Alberich Bewegung 929:strategic bombing 842:Siegfriedstellung 831: 830: 657:Nivelle offensive 431:Trouée de Charmes 328: 327: 214: 213: 33:Siegfriedstellung 7906: 7783:Treaty of Sèvres 7675:Treaty of London 7566: 7565: 7344:Northeast France 7275: 7274: 7247:Parliamentarians 7180: 7179: 7142:Chemical weapons 7120: 7119: 6881:Senussi campaign 6851:Muscat rebellion 6845:Maritz rebellion 6762:Vardar offensive 6591:Battle of Romani 6559:Battle of Asiago 6549:Battle of Verdun 6513:Kosovo offensive 6288:First Balkan War 6236: 6235: 6135:Russian Republic 6044: 6043: 5838: 5837: 5780:Economic history 5747: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5645: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5559: 5540: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5491: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5416: 5397: 5378: 5359: 5340: 5321: 5302: 5280: 5261: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5183: 5164: 5145: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5072: 5053: 5030: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4980: 4956: 4947: 4928: 4909: 4887: 4865: 4839: 4817: 4806:The World Crisis 4802:Churchill, W. S. 4797: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4737: 4718: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4064:, p. 2,031. 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3323: 3317: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3188:Allainesstellung 3184: 3178: 3163:le Transloy line 3151: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3134:Official History 3130: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3050:36,000 prisoners 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2871:1,010 Australian 2868: 2867:2,313 casualties 2864: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2708:The World Crisis 2688: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625:20,000 prisoners 2621: 2617: 2603: 2577:, Major-General 2565: 2537: 2473: 2467: 2439: 2428: 2419: 2411: 2405: 2361: 2355: 2340: 2316: 2309: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2061:Coucy le Chateau 2054: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1984:, Tourcoing and 1951: 1945: 1940: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1887: 1875: 1872:, reported that 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1778: 1768: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1689:15,000 labourers 1686: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1629: 1618: 1617:1,250 trainloads 1613: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1571: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1518:15,000 labourers 1509:Hermann von Kuhl 1507: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1446: 1436: 1430: 1428:Flandernstellung 1424: 1400: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1231: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1116:On 15 September 1111: 1105: 1096:Erich Ludendorff 1093: 1035:Max von Gallwitz 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1013:IX Reserve Corps 977: 972: 966: 957: 945: 943:Materialschlacht 936: 917:defence in depth 891: 880:Battle of Verdun 844: 770:St Quentin Canal 365: 355: 348: 341: 332: 331: 262:Ancre operations 252: 240: 233: 226: 217: 216: 121: 119: 93: 92: 90: 89: 88: 83: 82:49.500°N 2.833°E 79: 76: 75: 74: 71: 53: 44: 35: 21: 20: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7835: 7794: 7726: 7719: 7690:Treaty of Darin 7658: 7620: 7576:Austria-Hungary 7562: 7549: 7530:Rape of Belgium 7457: 7429: 7377: 7371:Western Armenia 7366:Eastern Galicia 7299: 7273: 7237: 7236:Civilian impact 7235: 7221: 7178: 7107: 6939: 6869:Ovambo Uprising 6821: 6703: 6605: 6532: 6450:Battle of Łomża 6433: 6429:Christmas truce 6404:Race to the Sea 6337: 6299: 6221: 6192:Austria-Hungary 6168: 6103:Empire of Japan 6040: 6038: 6027: 6011:U-boat campaign 5997: 5969: 5931: 5883: 5829: 5810:Popular culture 5756: 5751: 5702:Wayback Machine 5689: 5676: 5674: 5652: 5642: 5620: 5601: 5579: 5577: 5556: 5537: 5521: 5516: 5514:Further reading 5511: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5473: 5471: 5446: 5444: 5419: 5413: 5394: 5375: 5356: 5337: 5318: 5299: 5277: 5258: 5236: 5234: 5207: 5205: 5180: 5161: 5136:. London: BPC. 5122: 5120: 5118: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5069: 5050: 5027: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4977: 4944: 4925: 4906: 4884: 4862: 4836: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4734: 4715: 4690: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603:, pp. 3–5. 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3235: 3231: 3204: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3069: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2981: 1,000 at 2980: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2942: 2934: 2920: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2885:Hundingstellung 2880: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2853: 2844: 2841:909 casualties; 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818:162 casualties, 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2752: 2744: 2742:Battle of Arras 2738: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2699: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2579:William Heneker 2539: 2525: 2520: 2501: 2493: 2449: 2426: 2417: 2383: 2347: 2330: 2292: 2208: 2202: 2184:574 casualties. 2183: 2167: 2154:174 casualties. 2153: 2116: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2015: 2006: 1980:movements from 1975: 1963: 1958: 1943: 1938: 1921: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1874:2,000 prisoners 1873: 1870:prisoner of war 1860: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1822: 1739: 1733: 1688: 1669: 1665: 1664:to accommodate 1661: 1636:Fritz von Below 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1553: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1505:Generalleutnant 1498: 1457:Hundingstellung 1415: 1407: 1384: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1324: 1321:800,000 workers 1320: 1317:125,000 skilled 1316: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1291: 1290:increased from 1287:Zurückgestellte 1281:Zurückgestellte 1260: 1256: 1252: 1229: 1214: 1213:for an army of 1210: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1178: 1174:Friedensangebot 1164: 1158: 1153: 1137:217 train-loads 1136: 1133:213 train-loads 1132: 1109:Generalleutnant 1098:as his deputy. 1069: 1050:, the entry of 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1007: 999: 993: 988: 975: 970:Hundingstellung 954:Friedensangebot 878:. In 1916, the 860:First World War 850:) was a German 836:Hindenburg Line 832: 827: 804: 608:Vimy Ridge 1916 485:Race to the Sea 453:1st St. Quentin 375: 366: 361: 359: 329: 324: 320:Hindenburg Line 296: 292: 253: 250: 248: 246: 244: 172:Battle of Arras 117: 115: 86: 84: 80: 77: 72: 69: 67: 65: 64: 56: 42: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7912: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7889:1917 in France 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7725:Peace treaties 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7611:United Kingdom 7608: 7603: 7601:Ottoman Empire 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7505: 7503:Sack of Dinant 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7451:United Kingdom 7448: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7411: 7405:POW locations 7403: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7240: 7238: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7205:United Kingdom 7202: 7200:Ottoman Empire 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7176: 7174:Trench warfare 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7126: 7124: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6890: 6887:Volta-Bani War 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6732:Zeebrugge Raid 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6523:Battle of Loos 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6414:Black Sea raid 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316:Historiography 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6270:Bosnian Crisis 6267: 6264:Tangier Crisis 6261: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6197:Ottoman Empire 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6174:Central Powers 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6157:British Empire 6152:United Kingdom 6149: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6130:Russian Empire 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6048:Entente Powers 6041: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6016:North Atlantic 6007: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5927:Central Arabia 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5889:Middle Eastern 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790:Historiography 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5695: 5688: 5687:External links 5685: 5684: 5683: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5586: 5560: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5480: 5453: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5398: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5360: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5322: 5316: 5303: 5297: 5281: 5275: 5262: 5256: 5243: 5214: 5184: 5178: 5165: 5159: 5146: 5129: 5116: 5101: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5054: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5012: 4999: 4981: 4975: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4942: 4929: 4923: 4910: 4904: 4888: 4882: 4866: 4860: 4844:Edmonds, J. E. 4840: 4834: 4822:Doughty, R. A. 4818: 4798: 4781: 4768: 4742:Bean, C. E. W. 4738: 4732: 4719: 4713: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4633:, p. 561. 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4585:, p. 243. 4583:Nicholson 1962 4575: 4573:, p. 492. 4563: 4551: 4536: 4534:, p. 556. 4524: 4520:Churchill 1927 4512: 4500: 4498:, p. 234. 4488: 4471: 4456: 4454:, p. 294. 4444: 4442:, p. 162. 4432: 4430:, p. 164. 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4382:, p. 260. 4372: 4370:, p. 543. 4360: 4358:, p. 155. 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4284:Sheffield 2011 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4210: 4195: 4183: 4168: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4016:, p. 138. 4006: 3994: 3992:, p. 115. 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3881:, p. 113. 3871: 3869:, p. 111. 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3821:, p. 293. 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 185. 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3685: 3683:, p. 139. 3673: 3656: 3641: 3639:, p. 223. 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3567:, p. 110. 3557: 3540: 3528: 3526:, p. 270. 3516: 3504: 3492: 3490:, p. 271. 3480: 3478:, p. 301. 3468: 3456: 3444: 3429: 3427:, p. 285. 3417: 3415:, p. 455. 3405: 3403:, p. 265. 3393: 3381: 3369: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3335: 3318: 3314:222nd Division 3310:211th Division 3286:221st Division 3282:111th Division 3274:199th Division 3242:220th Division 3229: 3221:branched from 3167:Bihucourt line 3146: 3125: 3115: 3106: 3093: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3073:Siegfried Line 3068: 3065: 3041: 3031:Main article: 2989:Main article: 2940: 2930:Main article: 2925:counter-attack 2876:Main article: 2849:Main article: 2814:3,300; patrols 2776:Main article: 2750: 2740:Main article: 2737: 2734: 2723:67,217, French 2698: 2695: 2632: 238,000 2597: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2499: 2492: 2491:Air operations 2489: 2447: 2418:331 casualties 2373: 2346: 2343: 2324: 2293:331 casualties 2204:Main article: 2201: 2194: 2168:215 prisoners. 2117:174 casualties 2075: 2068: 2065: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1913:10/11 January, 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1847:15–16 November 1839:Main article: 1836: 1833: 1735:Main article: 1732: 1729: 1662:1,200 dug-outs 1610:labourers and 1600:ferro concrete 1586:Main article: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1566:Robert Nivelle 1552: 1549: 1467:Michelstellung 1422:Abwehrschlacht 1413: 1406: 1403: 1383: 1380: 1378:machine-guns. 1341:guns and from 1215:175 divisions. 1190:16 to 50 years 1170: 1160:Main article: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1061: 1005: 995:Main article: 992: 989: 987: 984: 829: 828: 826: 825: 820: 815: 803: 802: 800:Lys and Escaut 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 654: 647: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 547: 546: 536: 531: 529:Neuve Chapelle 526: 521: 510: 509: 504: 502:Winter actions 499: 498: 497: 492: 482: 477: 472: 467: 465:Grand Couronné 462: 457: 456: 455: 450: 445: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 381: 371: 368: 367: 358: 357: 350: 343: 335: 326: 325: 323: 322: 317: 316: 315: 310: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 265: 264: 258: 255: 254: 243: 242: 235: 228: 220: 212: 211: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 142: 141: 127: 123: 122: 112: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7911: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7616:United States 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7556: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7233: 7228: 7218: 7217:United States 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7167:Convoy system 7165: 7164: 7163: 7162:Naval warfare 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6922:Kaocen revolt 6920: 6917: 6916:Easter Rising 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Great Retreat 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Battle of Cer 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276:Agadir Crisis 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6164:United States 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6081:French Empire 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6034: 6024: 6023:Mediterranean 6021: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6003:Naval warfare 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5879:Italian Front 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5867:Eastern Front 5865: 5863: 5862:Western Front 5860: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Puppet states 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285:Sheffield, G. 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701:Asprey, R. B. 4698: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4667:Philpott 2009 4663: 4656: 4655:Boraston 1920 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4428:Farndale 1986 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4346:, p. 52. 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 85. 4273: 4272:Griffith 1996 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4086:Philpott 2009 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3944:, p. 64. 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3682: 3677: 3671:, p. 92. 3670: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536:Hoeppner 1994 3532: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306:13th Division 3303: 3299: 3298:47th Division 3295: 3291: 3290:25th Division 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:29th Division 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:38th Division 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3200:Arminstellung 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2961: 2951: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2863: 2852: 2847: 2838: 2823: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2760: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2651: 60,000 2640: 2613: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2536: 2529: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2342: 2339: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2302:Canal du Nord 2297: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2161: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2111:protected by 2109: 2103: 2100: 2090: 2079: 2076:Orchard near 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057:marching days 2045:10,000–15,000 2040: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1990:Channel ports 1987: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1953: 1950: 1939:368 prisoners 1935: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1861:27 divisions, 1852:168 divisions 1842: 1832: 1829: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1755:MEBU shelters 1751: 1745: 1738: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1658: 1652: 1651:Wotanstellung 1646: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1621: 1612:50,000 mainly 1608:3,000 Belgian 1604:12,000 German 1601: 1596: 1589: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1562:Joseph Joffre 1558: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1524: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434:Wotanstellung 1429: 1423: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1379: 1360: 1332: 1313: 1302: 1294:men, of whom 1288: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1271:Haber process 1267: 1261:34 ammunition 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1222: 1211:18 divisions, 1207: 1206: 1186: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1086:, with First 1085: 1082: 1081:Field Marshal 1078: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1063:Field Marshal 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1014: 1003: 998: 983: 981: 971: 965: 959: 956: 955: 949: 944: 938: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 894:Eastern Front 890: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:Western Front 853: 849: 845: 843: 837: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 775:Meuse-Argonne 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 718: 714: 713: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Passchendaele 687: 685: 682: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 653: 652: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 640: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 574: 573: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 551:2nd Champagne 549: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 519:1st Champagne 517: 516: 515: 514: 508: 505: 503: 500: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 439: 438:Great Retreat 436: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 374: 369: 364: 363:Western Front 356: 351: 349: 344: 342: 337: 336: 333: 321: 318: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 263: 260: 259: 256: 241: 236: 234: 229: 227: 222: 221: 218: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 139: 135: 131: 130: 128: 126:Built by 124: 113: 109: 104: 101:Fortification 100: 96: 91: 87:49.500; 2.833 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 36: 34: 27: 22: 19: 7828: 7821: 7809: 7416: / 7348: 7183:Conscription 7147:Cryptography 7084:Iraqi Revolt 6518:Siege of Kut 6461: 6039:participants 5988:German Samoa 5922:South Arabia 5675:. Retrieved 5663: 5658: 5631: 5609: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5565: 5545: 5526: 5501:. Retrieved 5485: 5472:. Retrieved 5458: 5445:. Retrieved 5431: 5421: 5420: 5402: 5383: 5364: 5345: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5266: 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5222: 5206:. Retrieved 5194: 5189: 5169: 5150: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5106: 5093:. Retrieved 5078: 5058: 5039: 5035: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4989: 4966: 4963:Griffith, P. 4933: 4914: 4895: 4892:Farndale, M. 4873: 4847: 4825: 4805: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4746: 4723: 4704: 4693: 4692: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4527: 4515: 4508:Feldman 1992 4503: 4491: 4484:Doughty 2005 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4191:Neumann 1920 4186: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3744:Samuels 1995 3739: 3732:Samuels 1995 3727: 3720:Samuels 1995 3715: 3708:Samuels 1995 3703: 3676: 3654:, p. 2. 3652:Sheldon 2009 3637:Neumann 1920 3632: 3625:Doughty 2005 3620: 3613:Doughty 2005 3608: 3601:Sheldon 2009 3596: 3589:Sheldon 2008 3584: 3579:, p. 3. 3577:Sheldon 2009 3572: 3560: 3531: 3524:Feldman 1992 3519: 3507: 3495: 3488:Feldman 1992 3483: 3476:Feldman 1992 3471: 3459: 3447: 3420: 3408: 3401:Sheldon 2006 3396: 3384: 3372: 3338: 3321: 3258:4th Division 3232: 3205: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:Bapaume line 3158: 3155:Loupart line 3154: 3149: 3132:The British 3128: 3118: 3109: 3096: 3087: 3046: 2994: 2962: 2945: 2881: 2854: 2790: 2781: 2755: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2663:46 incidents 2659:54 divisions 2641: 2616:3,500 horses 2608: 2588: 2584:Charles Bean 2575:8th Division 2569: 2567:objectives. 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2485: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2394: 2386: 2382:, March 1917 2348: 2333: 2298: 2266: 2209: 2165: 2149:Hubert Gough 2140: 2104: 2084: 2056: 2041: 2019: 1978: 1936: 1909: 1891: 1879: 1866: 1844: 1798:Gegenangriff 1787: 1771: 1740: 1674: 1632: 1622: 1591: 1570:24–48 hours, 1554: 1514: 1499:21 divisions 1490: 1453: 1418: 1388:unrestricted 1385: 1314: 1310:1.16 million 1306:1.64 million 1296:740,000 were 1276: 1250: 1226: 1181: 1115: 1072: 1032: 1010: 960: 939: 906: 847: 839: 835: 833: 806: 805: 765:Saint-Mihiel 733:Belleau Wood 716: 704: 703: 694:La Malmaison 650: 638: 637: 603:Kink Salient 571: 570: 566:Gas: Wieltje 512: 511: 372: 319: 294: 293: 281:The Thilloys 267: 266: 163:Battles/wars 132:Named after 106:Site history 30: 18: 7446:Netherlands 7423:Switzerland 7304:Occupations 7295:Spanish flu 7072:(1919–1922) 7066:(1918–1921) 7060:(1918–1923) 7049:(1919–1921) 7043:(1919–1921) 7037:(1919–1920) 7013:(1918–1920) 7007:(1918–1920) 7001:(1918–1920) 6983:(1918–1920) 6965:(1918–1920) 6959:(1917–1921) 6953:(1917–1921) 6900:(1916-1918) 6898:Arab Revolt 6889:(1915–1917) 6883:(1915–1917) 6871:(1914-1917) 6865:(1914–1917) 6859:(1914–1921) 6853:(1913–1920) 6841:(1910–1920) 6835:(1900–1920) 6333:July Crisis 6254:(1880–1914) 5917:Mesopotamia 5795:Home fronts 5754:World War I 5677:14 November 5503:19 December 4775:14 November 4643:Miles 1992a 4619:Walker 2000 4452:Harris 2009 4392:Thomas 2010 4380:Thomas 2010 4344:Walker 2000 4260:Harris 2009 4248:Jones 2002a 4206:Jones 2002a 4074:Barton 2010 3903:Barton 2010 3819:Harris 2009 3512:Asprey 1994 3425:Asprey 1994 2965:4 to 6 May, 2890:20 fortress 2833:1,164 taken 2771:117,066 for 2727:108,000 and 2667:1 to 6 June 2620:13–14 fewer 2612:trench foot 2571:Cyril Falls 2374:Men of the 2113:rear guards 2030:Westphalite 1961:German plan 1892:Jagdstaffel 1823:24–48 hours 1346:4,300 heavy 1339:6,700 field 1292:1.2 million 1257:2.7 million 1253:8.5 million 1199:300,000 due 1195:900,000 men 1021:1,208 field 785:2nd Cambrai 623:Boar's Head 613:Mont Sorrel 167:World War I 147:In use 85: / 61:Coordinates 7863:Categories 7663:Agreements 7463:War crimes 7339:Luxembourg 7232:Casualties 6110:Montenegro 5945:South West 5825:Technology 5815:Propaganda 5805:Opposition 5237:6 November 5208:7 November 4688:References 4631:Falls 1992 4607:Falls 1992 4595:Falls 1992 4571:Falls 1992 4559:Falls 1992 4547:Falls 1992 4532:Falls 1992 4496:Brown 1996 4467:Falls 1992 4440:Falls 1992 4416:Falls 1992 4368:Falls 1992 4356:Falls 1992 4332:Beach 2004 4320:Falls 1992 4296:Brown 1996 4236:Jones 2002 4221:Jones 2002 4179:Falls 1992 4164:Falls 1992 4149:Falls 1992 4137:Falls 1992 4125:Falls 1992 4113:Falls 1992 4098:Falls 1992 4050:Falls 1992 4038:Falls 1992 4026:Falls 1992 4014:Falls 1992 4002:Falls 1992 3990:Falls 1992 3978:Falls 1992 3966:Falls 1992 3954:Falls 1992 3942:Falls 1992 3930:Falls 1992 3915:Falls 1992 3891:Falls 1992 3879:Falls 1992 3855:Beach 2004 3843:Falls 1992 3831:James 1994 3804:Falls 1992 3792:Falls 1992 3780:Falls 1992 3768:Jones 2002 3756:Falls 1992 3696:Wynne 1976 3681:Wynne 1976 3669:Falls 1992 3565:Falls 1992 3553:Wynne 1976 3500:Foley 2007 3464:Foley 2007 3452:Foley 2007 3440:Foley 2007 3413:Miles 1992 3389:Miles 1992 3377:Wynne 1976 3365:Miles 1992 2829:3,000 men, 2810:10:00 a.m. 2793:48 minutes 2697:Casualties 2674:high. The 2398:18-pounder 2327:Bullecourt 2078:Etreillers 1956:Withdrawal 1931:Baum Mulde 1856:129 German 1792:Gegenstoss 1670:24,000 men 1666:14,000 men 1532:190 French 1528:154 German 1328:1917, the 1266:Sperrfeuer 1255:field and 1145:Tenth Army 986:Background 921:camouflage 598:Wulverghem 561:3rd Artois 539:2nd Artois 507:1st Artois 7560:Diplomacy 7267:Olympians 7190:Australia 7157:Logistics 7090:Vlora War 7019:(1918–19) 6995:(1918–19) 6989:(1918–19) 6977:(1918–19) 6924:(1916–17) 6906:(1916–17) 6857:Zaian War 6847:(1914–15) 6574:first day 6462:Lusitania 6290:(1912–13) 6284:(1911–12) 6272:(1908–09) 6266:(1905–06) 6248:(1870–71) 6037:Principal 5897:Gallipoli 5800:Memorials 5785:Geography 5775:Aftermath 5672:500351989 5580:15 August 5575:697901281 5498:690665118 5447:18 August 5441:500051492 5203:773250508 5123:18 August 5095:18 August 4987:(2009) . 4965:(1996) . 4872:(1992) . 4870:Falls, C. 4814:758460454 4794:633614212 4744:(1982) . 4703:(1994) . 4404:Bean 1982 4308:Haig 2009 4062:Kahn 1970 3350:Footnotes 3123:Position. 3054:380 guns. 3022:) by the 3002:378 tanks 2998:predicted 2903:line and 2857:4:05 a.m. 2825:2,258 out 2518:Aftermath 2427:72 hours' 2225:Siegfried 1944:9:30 a.m. 1803:Max Bauer 1376:432 light 1368:192 light 1354:108 light 1028:820 heavy 1023:guns and 838:(German: 780:5th Ypres 760:2nd Somme 738:2nd Marne 728:3rd Aisne 677:The Hills 672:2nd Aisne 633:Fromelles 628:1st Somme 578:The Bluff 544:Hébuterne 534:2nd Ypres 495:1st Ypres 475:1st Aisne 470:1st Marne 443:Le Cateau 421:Charleroi 406:Frontiers 276:Miraumont 155:Materials 150:1917–1918 134:Siegfried 7848:Category 7435:Refugees 7401:Italians 7390:Germans 7350:Ober Ost 7130:Aviation 6231:Timeline 6202:Bulgaria 5983:Tsingtao 5960:Togoland 5907:Caucasus 5842:European 5834:Theatres 5630:(2016). 5474:19 March 5468:53609664 5287:(2011). 5232:59609928 5220:(1962). 5006:23 March 4985:Haig, D. 4894:(1986). 4824:(2005). 4804:(1927). 4756:Canberra 3067:See also 2950:Alberich 2873:losses. 2869:against 2845:750 men. 2805:24 hours 2686:Eingreif 2523:Analysis 2480:Pezières 2219:Alberich 2144:Alberich 2011:Alberich 1986:Courtrai 1926:fuze 106 1922:Hill 130 1854:against 1372:88 heavy 1364:64 heavy 1350:54 heavy 1343:3,700 to 1336:5,300 to 1331:Westheer 1221:Westheer 1205:Landwehr 1094:General 1044:1st Army 1040:2nd Army 1018:1,068 of 934:Westheer 889:Westheer 882:and the 872:Soissons 790:Courtrai 745:Soissons 684:Messines 651:Alberich 460:Maubeuge 416:Ardennes 411:Lorraine 379:Moresnet 7586:Germany 7486:Germany 7414:Germany 7334:Belgium 7319:Albania 7278:Disease 7258:Sports 7210:Ireland 7123:Warfare 7116:Aspects 6311:Origins 6304:Prelude 6207:Senussi 6187:Germany 6182:Leaders 6120:Romania 6061:Belgium 6056:Leaders 5955:Kamerun 5937:African 5872:Romania 5850:Balkans 5765:Outline 5700:at the 5142:9091594 4758:, ACT: 3327:brigade 2985:19,342. 2759:further 2731:65,381. 2729:German 2719:wastage 2637:274,000 2329:, 1920. 2024:Donarit 1782:Gruppen 1760:Gruppen 1577:Prelude 1462:Hunding 1449:Salient 1298:deemed 1230:763,000 1074:General 1068:in 1914 1052:Romania 909:Salient 902:Romania 874:on the 870:, near 868:Laffaux 755:Ailette 723:The Lys 717:Michael 699:Cambrai 593:Hulluch 588:St Eloi 480:Antwerp 313:Péronne 308:Bapaume 268:Actions 116: ( 73:02°50′E 70:49°30′N 7606:Russia 7581:France 7409:Canada 7324:Serbia 7195:Canada 7152:Horses 7104:(1921) 7098:(1920) 7092:(1920) 7086:(1920) 7078:(1920) 7031:(1919) 7025:(1919) 6971:(1918) 6936:(1918) 6930:(1917) 6918:(1916) 6912:(1916) 6877:(1915) 6296:(1913) 6278:(1911) 6260:(1905) 6217:Darfur 6142:Serbia 6125:Russia 6088:Greece 6076:France 6066:Brazil 5912:Persia 5855:Serbia 5670: 5664:Thesis 5650:Theses 5638: 5616: 5597: 5573: 5552: 5533: 5496: 5466: 5439: 5422:Theses 5409: 5390: 5371: 5352: 5333: 5314: 5295: 5273: 5254: 5230: 5201: 5176: 5157: 5140: 5114: 5086: 5065: 5046: 5023: 4997: 4973: 4940: 4921: 4902: 4880: 4858: 4832: 4812: 4792: 4766: 4730: 4711: 3191:) and 3165:, and 2655:83,000 2053:35-day 2036:Perdit 2007:35-day 1972:Athies 1025:371 of 896:, the 795:Sambre 750:Amiens 618:Verdun 448:Étreux 394:Dinant 7803:Other 7596:Japan 7591:Italy 7418:camps 7262:Rugby 6098:Japan 6093:Italy 6071:China 5965:North 5519:Books 5490:(PDF) 5193:[ 5038:[ 4694:Books 3331:wings 3144:1917. 3079:Notes 2963:From 2905:17 in 2901:21 in 2476:Épehy 1982:Lille 1918:Serre 1234:asset 976:38 by 876:Aisne 864:Arras 662:Arras 645:Ancre 399:Namur 389:Liège 286:Irles 111:Built 7383:POWs 6709:1918 6611:1917 6537:1916 6438:1915 6342:1914 6147:Siam 5950:East 5679:2015 5668:OCLC 5636:ISBN 5614:ISBN 5595:ISBN 5582:2015 5571:OCLC 5550:ISBN 5531:ISBN 5505:2014 5494:OCLC 5476:2016 5464:OCLC 5449:2014 5437:OCLC 5407:ISBN 5388:ISBN 5369:ISBN 5350:ISBN 5331:ISBN 5312:ISBN 5293:ISBN 5271:ISBN 5252:ISBN 5239:2022 5228:OCLC 5210:2021 5199:OCLC 5174:ISBN 5155:ISBN 5138:OCLC 5125:2014 5112:ISBN 5097:2014 5084:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5044:ISBN 5021:ISBN 5008:2014 4995:ISBN 4971:ISBN 4938:ISBN 4919:ISBN 4900:ISBN 4878:ISBN 4856:ISBN 4852:HMSO 4830:ISBN 4810:OCLC 4790:OCLC 4777:2015 4764:ISBN 4728:ISBN 4709:ISBN 3312:and 3052:and 2839:had 2831:with 2820:the 2680:rate 2676:rate 2478:and 2380:Brie 2267:The 2120:the 2033:and 1606:and 1454:The 1374:and 1366:and 1352:and 927:and 919:and 834:The 705:1918 667:Vimy 639:1917 572:1916 556:Loos 513:1915 490:Yser 426:Mons 373:1914 251:1917 118:1917 114:1917 98:Type 2855:At 2827:of 2705:'s 866:to 7865:: 5662:. 4854:. 4762:. 4750:. 4539:^ 4474:^ 4459:^ 4228:^ 4213:^ 4198:^ 4171:^ 4156:^ 4105:^ 3922:^ 3811:^ 3688:^ 3659:^ 3644:^ 3543:^ 3432:^ 3357:^ 3308:, 3304:, 3300:, 3296:, 3292:, 3288:, 3284:, 3280:, 3276:, 3272:, 3268:, 3264:, 3260:, 3256:, 3252:, 3248:, 3244:, 3240:, 3185:( 3179:, 3161:, 3157:, 2978:c. 2955:c. 2894:c. 2764:c. 2648:c. 2629:c. 2102:. 2027:, 1894:11 1242:de 1236:. 982:. 915:, 846:, 7234:/ 5746:e 5739:t 5732:v 5681:. 5644:. 5622:. 5603:. 5584:. 5558:. 5539:. 5507:. 5478:. 5451:. 5415:. 5396:. 5377:. 5358:. 5339:. 5320:. 5301:. 5279:. 5260:. 5241:. 5182:. 5163:. 5144:. 5099:. 5071:. 5052:. 5029:. 4979:. 4955:. 4946:. 4927:. 4908:. 4886:. 4864:. 4838:. 4816:. 4796:. 4779:. 4736:. 4717:. 3316:. 2610:( 1789:( 1753:( 1460:( 1395:( 1240:( 354:e 347:t 340:v 239:e 232:t 225:v 120:)

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Index