Hip hop (culture) - Knowledge

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the first to define hip hop as a culture introducing the many aspects of the art form such as fashion, music, dance, the arts and most importantly the language. For instance, on the cover the headliner included the tag "All Literature was Produced to Meet Street Comprehension!" which proved their loyalty not only to the culture but also to the streets. Most interviews were written verbatim which included their innovative broken English style of writing. Some of the early charts were written in the graffiti format tag style but was made legible enough for the masses.

2591: 937:(anti-women) lyrics and many music videos depicted women in a sexualized fashion. The negation of female voice and perspective is an issue that has come to define mainstream hip hop music. The recording industry is less willing to back female artists than their male counterparts, and when it does back them, often it places emphasis on their sexuality over their musical substance and artistic abilities. Since the turn of the century, female hip hop artists have struggled to get mainstream attention, with only a few, such as older artists like the female duo 3275: 3516:

A lot of rap songs contain references to strengthening the African American community promoting social causes. Social workers have used hip hop to build a relationship with at-risk youth and develop a deeper connection with the child. Hip hop has the potential to be taught as a way of helping people see the world more critically, be it through forms of writing, creating music, or social activism. The lyrics of hip hop have been used to learn about literary devices such as metaphor, imagery, irony, tone, theme, motif, plot, and point of view.

615:, which discussed the realities of life in the housing projects. "Young black Americans coming out of the civil rights movement have used hip hop culture in the 1980s and 1990s to show the limitations of the movement." Hip hop gave young African Americans a voice to let their issues be heard; "Like rock-and-roll, hip hop is vigorously opposed by conservatives because it romanticizes violence, law-breaking, and gangs". It also gave people a chance for financial gain by "reducing the rest of the world to consumers of its social concerns." 1449: 3410: 255:, in alternation, the made-up words "hip" and "hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with disco artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them "hip hoppers". The name was originally meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music and its broader culture. Therefore, the words chosen are probably not related to contemporary definitions for either " 3031: 80: 2916: 1237: 3469:

constrained due to its unavailability to the average person. Hip hop has begun making inroads with more than black artists. There are number of other minority artists who are taking center stage as many first generation minority children come of age. One example is rapper Awkwafina, an Asian-American, who raps about being Asian as well as being female. She, like many others, use rap to express her experiences as a minority not necessarily to "unite" minorities together but to tell her story.

3224:, an American magazine catering to the youth with an emphasis on hip hop. It featured articles on what is like to be a part of the hip hop community, promoted up-coming albums, bringing awareness to the projects that the artist was involved in, and also included posters of trending celebrities within the world of Hip Hop. The magazine was published monthly and mainly concerning rap, Hip Hop and R&B music. Word Up magazine was highly popular, it was even mentioned in the popular song by 4279: 1567: 3127: 22: 1295:

citizenship and belonging, but also reveals the need to go beyond such struggles and celebrate the redemption of the black individual through tradition." The problem may not be that female rappers do not have the same opportunities and recognition as their male counterparts; it may be that the music industry that is so defined by gender biases. Industry executives seem to bet on the idea that men won't want to listen to female rappers, so they are given fewer opportunities.

1078: 375:. It focused on emceeing (or MCing) over house parties and neighborhood block party events, held outdoors. Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Historically, hip hop arose out of the ruins of a post-industrial and ravaged South Bronx, as a form of expression of urban Black and Latino youth, whom the public and political discourse had written off as marginalized communities. 2283:"Chopping" is dissecting the song that you are sampling so that you "chop" out the part or parts of the song, be that the bassline, rhythm guitar part, drum break, or other music, you want to use in the beat. Looping is known as melodic or percussive sequence that repeats itself over a period of time, so basically a producer will make an even-number of bars of a beat (e.g., four bars or eight bars) repeat itself or "loop" of a full song length. This loop provides an 1837: 13406: 3589:

disadvantaged cities neighborhoods that have traditionally been a source of shame, and glorifying them in lyrics and graffiti. This has potentially been one of the ways that hip hop has become regarded as a "local" rather than "foreign" genre of music in so many countries around the world in just a few decades. Nevertheless, sampling and borrowing from a number of genres and places is also a part of the hip hop milieu, and an album like the surprise hit

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adolescents and half of the South African population is under 21. Some of the large Kwaito artists have sold more than 100,000 albums, and in an industry where 25,000 albums sold is considered a gold record, those are impressive numbers. Kwaito allows the participation and creative engagement of otherwise socially excluded peoples in the generation of popular media. South African hip hop has made an impact worldwide, with performers such as

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embraced the ideals that effectively disenfranchise black female artists, many others choose to employ forms of resistance that counteract these negative portrayals of women in hip hop and offer a different narrative. These artists seek to expand ways of traditional thinking through different ways of cultural expression. In this effort they hope to elicit a response to female hip hop artists not with a misogynist

357: 2007: 3619:(true and "real") African-American artistic and cultural form since its emergence in inner-city Bronx neighborhoods in the 1970s. Some music critics, scholars and political commentators have denied hip hop's authenticity. Advocates who claim hip hop is an authentic music genre state that it is an ongoing response to the violence and discrimination experienced by black people in the United States, from the 1848:

the "tagger" may be subject to arrest and prosecution for the criminal act. Whether legal or not, the hip hop culture considers tagging buildings, trains, bridges and other structures as visual art, and consider the tags as part of a complex symbol system with its own social codes and subculture rules. Such art is in some cases now subject to federal protection in the US, making its erasure illegal.

3488:. Jal is one of the few South Sudanese music artists to have broken through on an international level with his unique form of hip hop and a positive message in his lyrics. Jal has attracted the attention of mainstream media and academics with his story and use of hip hop as a healing medium for war-afflicted people in Africa and he has also been sought out on the international lecture fora such as 3461: 793: 2477: 455: 3693:, "Jewels Brought from Bondage: Black Music and the Politics of Authenticity", Gilroy asserts that these elements influence the production of and the interpretation of black cultural activities. What Gilroy calls the "Black Atlantic" music's rituals and traditions are a more expansive way of thinking about African-American "blackness", a way that moves beyond contemporary debates around 3585:

and dropout rates, music remains the most dependable medium of expression. Hip Hop is thus to modern day as Negro Spirituals are to the plantations of the old South: the emergent music articulates the terrors of one's environment better than written, or spoken word, thereby forging an "unquestioned association of oppression with creativity is endemic" to African American culture".

3363: 3381:, creating beats, or rapping. The diversification process stems from the appropriation of hip hop culture by other ethnic groups. There are many varying social influences that affect hip hop's message in different nations. It is frequently used as a musical response to perceived political and/or social injustices. In South Africa the largest form of hip hop is called 1762: 3685:, allowing artists to articulate and perform their diasporic citizenship to international audiences and establish conversations with other diasporic communities." For Paul Gilroy, hip hop proves an outlet of articulation and a sonic space in which African Americans can exert control and influence that they often lack in other sociopolitical and economic domains. 2103:. As it is a way of creating hip hop music, it can be categorized under the production element of hip hop, though it does sometimes include a type of rapping intersected with the human-created beat. It is generally considered to be part of the same "Pillar" of hip hop as DJing—in other words, providing a musical backdrop or foundation for MC's to rap over. 1731:(also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting (bars), or just rhyming) refers to "spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics with a strong rhythmic accompaniment". Rapping typically features complex wordplay, rapid delivery, and a range of "street slang", some of which is unique to the hip hop subculture. While rapping is often done over beats, either done by a DJ, a 3916:, as objects rather than other human beings and the presence of male dominance in hip hop extends back to the birth of the genre. However, many female hip hop artists have also emerged in shedding light on both their personal issues and the misrepresentations of women in hip hop music and culture. These artists include but are not limited to 2386:, is complex. Source material include the spirituals of slaves arriving in the new world, Jamaican dub music, the laments of jazz and blues singers, patterned cockney slang and radio deejays hyping their audience using rhymes. Hip hop has a distinctive associated slang. It is also known by alternate names, such as "Black English", or " 592:'s house parties gained popularity and later moved to outdoor venues to accommodate more people. Hosted in parks, these outdoor parties became a means of expression and an outlet for teenagers, where "instead of getting into trouble on the streets, teens now had a place to expend their pent-up energy." Tony Tone, a member of the 1434:, these arts were developed by urban communities to enable people to make a statement, whether political or emotional and participate in community activities. These practices spread globally around the 1980s as fans could "make it their own" and express themselves in new and creative ways in music, dance and other arts. 2018:, DJ Kool Herc describes the "B" in B-boy as short for breaking, which at the time was slang for "going off", also one of the original names for the dance. However, early on the dance was known as the "boing" (the sound a spring makes). Dancers at DJ Kool Herc's parties saved their best dance moves for the percussion 3563:

others from many different locations have tried to make an impact and raise awareness of HIV in the hip hop community. Many artists have made songs as sort of PSA's to raise awareness of HIV for hip hop listeners, some songs that raise awareness are Salt N Pepa – Let's Talk About AIDS, Coolio – Too Hot and more.

423:", a performance where men tried to outdo each other in originality of their language and tried to gain the favor of the listeners. The basic elements of hip hop—boasting raps, rival "posses" (groups), uptown "throw-downs", and political and social commentary—were all long present in African American music. 3266:. Many individual cities have also produced their own local hip hop newsletters, while hip hop magazines with national distribution are found in a few other countries. The 21st century also ushered in the rise of online media, and hip hop fan sites now offer comprehensive hip hop coverage on a daily basis. 3741:

and through the UDEF powered by Silverback Open. Other b-boys have begun to accept using the term breakdance, but only if the term b-boying is too difficult to communicate to the general public. Regardless of such, b-boys and b-girls still exist to showing lack of support to jams and events that they

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New York tourists from abroad took the publication back home with them to other countries to share it, creating worldwide interest in the culture and new art form. It had a printed distribution of 50,000, a circulation rate of 200,000 with well over 25,000 subscribers. The "Hip Hop Hit List" was also

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Hip Hop lyrics have also been known for containing swear words. In particular, the word "bitch" is seen in countless songs, from NWA's "A Bitch Iz a bitch" to Missy Elliot's "She is a Bitch". It is often used in the negative connotation of a woman who is a shallow "money grubber". Some female artists

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devices. In the 1980s and 1990s, beat makers and producers used the new electronic and digital instruments that were developed, such as samplers, sequencers, drum machines, and synthesizers. From the 1970s to the 2010s, various beat makers and producers have used live instruments, such as drum kit or

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Not all countries have embraced hip hop, where "as can be expected in countries with strong local culture, the interloping wildstyle of hip hop is not always welcomed". This is somewhat the case in Jamaica, the homeland of the culture's father, DJ Kool Herc. However, despite hip hop music produced on

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were selling in such high numbers meant that black teens were no longer hip hop's sole buying audience. As a result, gangsta rap became a platform for artists who chose to use their music to spread political and social messages to parts of the country that were previously unaware of the conditions of

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Scholars argue that hip hop can have an empowering effect on youth. While there is misogyny, violence, and drug use in rap music videos and lyrics, hip hop also displays many positive themes of self-reliance, resilience, and self-esteem. These messages can be inspiring for a youth living in poverty.

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The "B" in B-boy or B-girl also stands simply for break, as in break-boy or -girl. Before the 1990s, B-girls' presence was limited by their gender minority status, navigating sexual politics of a masculine-dominated scene, and a lack of representation or encouragement for women to participate in the

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One of the most common forms of graffiti is tagging, or the act of stylizing the unique name or logo of oneself. Tagging began in Philadelphia and New York City and has expanded worldwide. Spray painting public property or the property of others without their consent can be considered vandalism, and

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While hip hop music has been criticized as a music that creates a divide between western music and music from the rest of the world, a musical "cross pollination" has taken place, which strengthens the power of hip hop to influence different communities. Hip hop's messages allow the under-privileged

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These two dissenting understandings of hip hop's scope and influence frame debates that revolve around hip hop's possession of or lack of authenticity. Anticipating the market arguments of Tate and others, both Gilroy and Weheliye assert that hip hop has always had a different function than Western

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Tanzanian artists such as Professor Jay and the group Afande Sele are notable for their contributions to this genre of hip hop music and the awareness they have spread for HIV. American writer, activist and hip hop artist Tim'm T. West who was diagnosed with AIDS in 1999, formed queer hip hop group

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The hip hop community has been a major factor in educating its listeners on HIV/AIDS, a disease that has affected the community very closely. One of the biggest artists of early hip hop, Eazy-E, a member of N.W.A, had died of AIDS in 1995. Since then many artists, producers, choreographers and many

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criticized the genre. "The reason why rap is under attack is because it exposes all the contradictions of American culture ... What started out as an underground art form has become a vehicle to expose a lot of critical issues that are not usually discussed in American politics. The problem here is

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as well as graphic depictions of violence and sex in hip hop music videos and songs makes it hard to broadcast on television stations such as MTV, in music video form, and on radio. As a result, many hip hop recordings are broadcast in censored form, with offending language "bleeped" or blanked out

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Beats are such an integral part of rap music that many producers have been able to make instrumental mixtapes or albums. Even though these instrumentals have no rapping, listeners still enjoy the inventive ways the producer mixes different beats, samples and instrumental melodies. Examples of these

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DAWs have made it possible for more people to be able to make beats in their own home studio, without going to a recording studio. Beat makers who own DAWs do not have to buy all the hardware that a recording studio needed in the 1980s (huge 72 channel audio consoles, multitrack recorders, racks of

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In the early years of hip hop, the DJs were the stars, as they created new music and beats with their record players. While DJing and turntablism continue to be used in hip hop music in the 2010s, the star role has increasingly been taken by MCs since the late 1970s, due to innovative, creative MCs

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states that hip hop is really a voice of people who are marginalized in modern society. He argues that the "worldwide spread of hip hop as a market revolution" is actually global "expression of poor people's desire for the good life", and that this struggle aligns with "the nationalist struggle for

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since the category was added in 1995. In addition, African American female hip hop artists have been recognized even less in the industry. Salt-N-Pepa felt when they were establishing themselves as a successful group, they had to prove doubters wrong, stating that "being women in hip hop at a time

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In "Phonographies", Weheyliye explains how new sound technologies used in hip hop encourage "diasporic citizenship" and African-American cultural and political activities. Gilroy states that the "power of music in developing black struggles by communicating information, organizing consciousness,

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states that the market-driven, commodity form of commercial hip hop has uprooted the genre from the celebration of African-American culture and the messages of protest that predominated in its early forms. Tate states that the commodification and commercialization of hip hop culture undermines the

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However, while the pervasive oppressive conditions of the Bronx were likely to produce another group of disadvantaged youth, he questions whether they would be equally interested, nonetheless willing to put in as much time and energy into making music as Grandmaster Flash, DJ Kool Herc, and Afrika

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Since the age of slavery, music has long been the language of African American identity. Because reading and writing were forbidden under the auspices of slavery, music became the only accessible form of communication. Hundreds of years later, in inner-city neighborhoods plagued by high illiteracy

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music to New York during the 1970s. Jamaican hip hop artists often rap in both Brooklyn and Jamaican accents. Jamaican hip hop subject matter is often influenced by outside and internal forces. Outside forces such as the bling-bling era of today's modern hip hop and internal influences coming from

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Artists now use brands as a means of supplemental income to their music or are creating and expanding their own brands that become their primary source of income. As Harry Elam explains, there has been a movement "from the incorporation and redefinition of existing trends to actually designing and

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Many black rappers—including Ice-T and Sister Souljah—contend that they are being unfairly singled out because their music reflects deep changes in society not being addressed anywhere else in the public forum. The white politicians, the artists complain, neither understand the music nor desire to

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The producer could even mix and layer different methods, such as combining a sampled disco drum break with a drum machine track and some live, newly recorded percussion parts or a live electric bass player. A beat created by a hip hop producer may include other parts besides a drum beat, such as a

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and Cindy Campbell hosted the first hip hop party in the Bronx, sparking the rise of the genre. Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art

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As a result, lyrics of rap songs have often been treated as "confessions" to a number of violent crimes in the United States. It is also considered to be the duty of rappers and other hip hop artists (DJs, dancers) to "represent" their city and neighborhood. This demands being proud of being from

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Kwaito is a political and party-driven genre, as performers use the music to express their political views, and also to express their desire to have a good time. Kwaito is a music that came from a once hated and oppressed people, but it is now sweeping the nation. The main consumers of Kwaito are

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marketing firm with offices in NYC's Tribeca district. At the age of 21, Vincent Carroll employed a staff of 15 and assisted in launching some of the culture's biggest and brightest stars (the Fugees, Nelly, the Outzidaz, feat. Eminem and many more). Later other publications spawned up including:

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The periodical began as the first Rap record chart and tip sheet for DJs and was distributed through national record pools and record stores throughout the New York City Tri-State area. One of the founding publishers, Charles Carroll noted, "Back then, all DJs came into New York City to buy their

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He also credits mass communication with creating a global cultural hip hop scene. As a result, the youth are influenced by the American hip hop scene and start their own forms of hip hop. Patterson believes that revitalization of hip hop music will occur around the world as traditional values are

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Those who create these beats are known as either beat makers or producers, however producers are known to have more input and direction on the overall the creation of a song or project, while a beat maker just provides or creates the beat. As Dr. Dre has said before "Once you finish the beat, you

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of early hip hop, a reference to the prolific African American record producer, conductor, arranger, composer, musician and bandleader. One of the most influential beat makers was J. Dilla, a producer from Detroit who chopped samples by specific beats and would combine them together to create his

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for a DJ dance event. The MC would introduce the DJ and try to pump up the audience. The MC spoke between the DJ's songs, urging everyone to get up and dance. MCs would also tell jokes and use their energetic language and enthusiasm to rev up the crowd. Eventually, this introducing role developed

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In the developing world, hip hop has made a considerable impact in the social context. Despite the lack of resources, hip hop has made considerable inroads. Due to limited funds, hip hop artists are forced to use very basic tools, and even graffiti, an important aspect of the hip hop culture, is

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In exchange for giving artists free wardrobes, Hilfiger found its name mentioned in both rhyming verses of rap songs and their 'shout-out' lyrics, in which rap artists chant out thanks to friends and sponsors for their support. Hilfiger's success convinced other large mainstream American fashion

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As hip hop has a seen a shift in the means by which its artists express their masculinity, from violence and intimidation to wealth-flaunting and entrepreneurship, it has also seen the emergence of rapper branding. The modern-day hip hop artist is no longer limited to music serving as their sole

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Clothing, hair and other styles have been a big part of hip hop's social and cultural impact since the 1970s. Although the styles have changed over the decades, distinctive urban apparel and looks have been an important way for rappers, breakdancers and other hip hop community members to express

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Hip hop texts are rich in imagery and metaphors and can be used to teach irony, tone, diction, and point of view. Hip hop texts can be analyzed for theme, motif, plot, and character development. Both Grand Master Flash and T.S. Eliot gazed out into their rapidly deteriorating societies and saw a

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offered new innovations in the genre. The album, released in 2004, sold over 4 million copies worldwide, has been noted by critics for its manipulation of samples, many pulled from pop culture, where West would speed up or slow down the original beat, a trend that became popular as a result. For

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pioneered the use of DJing percussion "breaks" in hip hop music. Beginning at Herc's home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. On August 11, 1973, graffiti artist and breakdancer Cindy Campbell organized a hip hop "back to school"

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By joining forces, the artist and the corporation are able to jointly benefit from each other's resources. Hip Hop artists are trend-setters and taste-makers. Their fans range from minority groups who can relate to their professed struggles to majority groups who cannot truly relate but like to

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Breaking, also called B-boying/B-girling or breakdancing, is a dynamic, rhythmic style of dance which developed as one of the major elements of hip hop culture. Like many aspects of hip hop culture, breakdance borrows heavily from many cultures, including 1930s-era street dancing, Brazilian and

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in that it is performed in time to the beat of the music. The use of the word "rap" to describe quick and slangy speech or witty repartee long predates the musical form. MCing is a form of expression that is embedded within ancient African and Indigenous culture and oral tradition as throughout

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has irked older hip hop fans and artists. They see the genre losing its community-based feel that focused more on black empowerment than wealth. The commercialization of the genre stripped it of its earlier political nature and the politics and marketing plans of major record labels have forced

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have made great strides since the hip hop industry first began. By producing music and an image that did not cater to the hyper-sexualized stereotypes of black women in hip hop, these women pioneered a revitalized and empowering image of black women in hip hop. Though many hip hop artists have

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According to scholar Joseph Schloss, the essentialist perspective of hip hop conspicuously obfuscates the role that individual style and pleasure plays in the development of the genre. Schloss notes that Hip Hop is forever fossilized as an inevitable cultural emergent, as if "none of hip-hop's

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A non-profit organization out of New York City called Hip Hop 4 Life, strives to educate the youth, especially the low income youth about social and political problems in their areas of interest, which includes hip hop. Hip Hop 4 Life has held many events around the New York City area to raise

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It has also been argued that rap music formed as a "cultural response to historic oppression and racism, a system for communication among black communities throughout the United States". This is due to the fact that hip hop culture reflected the social, economic, and political realities of the

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The rappers provide the "cool, hip" factor while the corporations deliver the product, advertising, and financial assets. Tommy Hilfiger, one of the first mainstream designers to actively court rappers as a way of promoting his street wear, serves a prototypical example of the hip hip/fashion

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The Carroll Brothers were also consultants to the many record companies who had no idea how to market hip hop music. Vincent Carroll, the magazine's creator-publisher, went on to become a huge source for marketing and promoting the culture of hip hop, starting Blow-Up Media, the first hip hop

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In hip hop, since the beginning of MCing, there have been producers who work in the studio, behind the scenes, to create the beats for MCs to rap over. Producers may find a beat they like on an old funk, soul, or disco record. They then isolate the beat and turn it into a loop. Alternatively,

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songs—the part most suited to dance, usually percussion-based—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. This form of music playback, using hard funk and rock, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers would lead to the

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would add their street number to their nickname, "bomb" (cover) a train with their work, and let the subway take it—and their fame, if it was impressive, or simply pervasive, enough—"all city". Julio 204 never rose to Taki's fame because Julio kept his tags localized to his own neighborhood.

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Hip hop sounds and styles differ from region to region, but there are also instances of fusion genres. Hip hop culture has grown from the avoided genre to a genre that is followed by millions of fans worldwide. This was made possible by the adaptation of music in different locations, and the

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The appearance of music videos changed entertainment: they often glorified urban neighborhoods. The music video for "Planet Rock" showcased the subculture of hip hop musicians, graffiti artists, and b-boys/b-girls. Many hip hop-related films were released between 1982 and 1985, among them

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all tapped into hip hop culture and gave very little in return. Moving into the new millennium, hip hop fashion consisted of baggy shirts, jeans, and jerseys. As names like Pharrell and Jay-Z started their own clothing lines and still others like Kanye West linked up with designers like

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refused to hear Broward County's appeal. Professor Louis Gates testified on behalf of The 2 Live Crew, arguing that the material that the county alleged was profane actually had important roots in African-American vernacular, games, and literary traditions and should be protected.

3657:, and other genres that were developed in the African-American community and which were quickly adopted and then increasingly controlled by white music industry executives, hip hop has remained largely controlled by African American artists, producers and executives. In his book, 3056:

magazine featured remarks from managing director Frederic Rouzaud about whether the brand's identification with rap stars could affect their company negatively. His answer was dismissive: "That's a good question, but what can we do? We can't forbid people from buying it. I'm sure

3901:, as it depicts women as individuals who must rely on men. The portrayal of women in hip hop lyrics and videos tends to be violent, degrading, and highly sexualized. There is a high frequency of songs with lyrics that are demeaning towards women, and depict sexual violence or 3480:-born Tamil hip hop artist claims, "I'm just trying to build some sort of bridge, I'm trying to create a third place, somewhere in between the developed world and the developing world.". Another music artist using hip hop to provide a positive message to young Africans is 1788:

says, "I don't think graffiti is hip hop. Frankly I grew up with disco music. There's a long background of graffiti as an entity unto itself," and Fargo says, "There is no correlation between hip hop and graffiti, one has nothing to do with the other." Hip hop pioneer

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argues that "Hip hop, as with any number of African-American cultural forms before it, offers a range of compelling and contradictory significations to Jamaican artist and audiences. From "modern blackness" to "foreign mind", transnational cosmopolitanism to militant

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on the mixer. The result of mixing two records is a unique sound created by the seemingly combined sound of two separate songs into one song. Although there is considerable overlap between the two roles, a DJ is not the same as a record producer of a music track.

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recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene." Through its international travels, hip hop is now considered a "global musical epidemic". According to

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occupation or source of income. By the early 1990s, major apparel companies " realized the economic potential of tapping into hip hop culture ... Tommy Hilfiger was one of the first major fashion designer who actively courted rappers as a way of promoting his

2374:'s "Donuts". Some hip hop records come in two versions: a beat with rapping over it, and an instrumental with just the beat. The instrumental in this case is provided so that DJs and turntablists can isolate breaks, beats and other music to create new songs. 2110:. This helps the beatboxer to make their beatboxing loud enough to be heard alongside a rapper, MC, turntablist, and other hip hop artists. Beatboxing was popular in the 1980s with prominent artists like the Darren "Buffy, the Human Beat Box" Robinson of the 2834:

suggested to Philips that the misunderstanding of "Cop Killer" and the attempts to censor it had racial overtones: "The Supreme Court says it's OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."

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For inner-city youth, participating in hip hop culture became a way of dealing with the hardships of life as minorities within America, and an outlet to deal with the risk of violence and the rise of gang culture. MC Kid Lucky mentions that "people used to

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The result – which sometimes renders the remaining lyrics unintelligible or contradictory to the original recording – has become almost as widely identified with the genre as any other aspect of the music, and has been parodied in films such as

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MCing and rapping performers moved back and forth between the predominance of toasting songs packed with a mix of boasting, 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, socially conscious style. The role of the MC originally was as a

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By 1984, youth worldwide were embracing the hip hop culture. The hip hop artwork and "slang" of U.S. urban communities quickly found its way to Europe, as the culture's global appeal took root. This was especially notable in the United Kingdom, where

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For women, artists such as Missy Elliott, Lil' Kim, Young M.A. and others are providing mentorship for new female MCs. In addition, there is a vibrant scene outside the mainstream that provides an opportunity for women and their music to flourish.

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The symbiotic relationship has also stretched to include car manufacturers, clothing designers and sneaker companies, and many other companies have used the hip hop community to make their name or to give them credibility. One such beneficiary was

3816:. Hip hop is seen as being too violent and explicit, in comparison with rock. Some contend that the criticisms have racial overtones, as these critics deny that hip hop is an art form and praising rock genres that prominently feature white males. 2732:

is the group most frequently associated with the founding of gangsta rap. Their lyrics were more violent, openly confrontational, and shocking than those of established rap acts, featuring incessant profanity and, controversially, use of the word

803:

Encompassing graffiti art, MCing/rapping, DJing and b-boying, hip hop became the dominant cultural movement of the minority-populated urban communities in the 1980s. The 1980s also saw many artists make social statements through hip hop. In 1982,

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and MTV have added a significant amount of hip hop to their play list. Run DMC became the first African American group to appear on MTV. With the emergence of the Internet, a number of online sites began to offer hip hop related video content.

4688: 2537:. Rappers are starting to question the government's power and its oppressive role in some societies. Rap music has been a tool for political, social, and cultural empowerment outside the United States. Members of minority communities—such as 1828:. According to the article Julio had been writing for a couple of years when Taki began tagging his own name all around the city. Taki also states in the article that Julio "was busted and stopped." Writers following in the wake of Taki and 2393:

Due to hip hop's commercial success in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many of these words have been assimilated into the cultural discourse of several different dialects across America and the world and even to non-hip hop fans. The word

2177:, give advice to rappers, vocalists, MCs and other artists, give suggestions to performers on how to improve their flow and develop a unique personal style. Some producers work closely with the audio engineer to provide ideas on mixing, 3013:

As his name was mentioned in the song lyrics of his hip hop customers, his profile quickly rose. Arabo expanded his brand to include gem-encrusted watches that retail for hundreds of thousands of dollars, gaining so much attention that

1322:

After realizing her friends were making music but not getting television exposure other than what was seen on Video Music Box, Darlene Lewis (model/lyricist), along with Darryl Washington and Dean Carroll, brought hip hop music to the

3607:

Bambaataa. He thus concludes that Hip Hop was a result of choice, not fate, and that when individual contributions and artistic preferences are ignored, the genre's origin becomes overly attributed to collective cultural oppression.

2488:

Hip hop has made a considerable social impact since its inception in the 1970s. "Hip hop has also become relevant to the field of education because of its implications for understanding language, learning, identity, and curriculum."

2726:", which is often regarded as the first gangsta rap song, in 1986. After the national attention that Ice-T and N.W.A created in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop. 387:

to switch between the two records. Cindy produced and funded this party that became the "Birth of Hip Hop", thus she has been called the Mother of Hip Hop and the First Lady of Hip Hop. Kool Herc's turntablist style became known as

2899:, which featured the group's two members holding a guitar tuner and two sticks as the Twin Towers exploded behind them despite the fact that it was created months before the actual event. The group, having politically radical and 2157:

that film directors play in making a movie. The record producer recruits and selects artists (rappers, MCs, DJs, beatboxers, and so on), plans the vision for the recording session, coaches the performers on their songs, chooses

509:", all released in 1979. Herc and other DJs would connect their equipment to power lines and perform at venues such as public basketball courts and at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Bronx, New York, now officially a historic building. 117:. Hip-hop culture has historically been shaped and dominated by African American men, though female hip hop artists have contributed to the art form and culture as well. Hip hop culture is characterized by the key elements of 1158:, Sweden, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) incorporate graffiti and dance to engage disaffected immigrant and working class youths. Hip hop has played a small but distinct role as the musical face of revolution in the 10086: 1917:

were also among the first ways the mainstream public were introduced to hip hop graffiti. Graffiti remains part of hip hop, while crossing into the mainstream art world with exhibits in galleries throughout the world.

1697:

The underground movement of turntablism has also emerged to focus on the skills of the DJ. In the 2010s, there are turntablism competitions, where turntablists demonstrate advanced beat juggling and scratching skills.

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Due to the success of the music genre, starting in the 2000s, more industries and brands began to cooperate with hip-hop artists, who until then had been considered too scandalous for mainstream marketing. Similar to

3940:, tend to have less advantages and opportunities than male artists. Moreover, female artists have received significantly less recognition in hip hop. Only one female artist has won Best Rap Album of the Year at the 1346:

establish themselves as artists and entrepreneurs, more young black people have hopes of achieving their goals. The lens through which one views the genre's commercialization can make it seem positive or negative.

3680:

Weheliye notes, "Popular music, generally in the form of recordings, has and still continues to function as one of the main channels of communication between the different geographical and cultural points in the

535:

at these parties were all artistic variations on the competition and one-upmanship of street gangs. Sensing that gang members' often violent urges could be turned into creative ones, Afrika Bambaataa founded the

2436:

have tried to reclaim the word and use it as a term of empowerment. Regardless, the hip hop community has recently taken an interest in discussing the use of the word "bitch" and whether it is necessary in rap.

1278:

and the super-rich employers get richer". Ironically, this commercialization coincides with a decline in rap sales and pressure from critics of the genre. Even other musicians, like Nas and KRS-ONE have claimed

180:

older culture and reusing it in a new context or a new format is called "flipping" in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted and Latino musical genres such as

3018:

filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit against him for putting diamonds on the faces of their watches and reselling them without permission. Arabo's profile increased steadily until his June 2006 arrest by the

2118:

displaying their skills within the media. It declined in popularity along with b-boying in the late 1980s, but has undergone a resurgence since the late 1990s, marked by the release of "Make the Music 2000" by

1894:

The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises both from early graffiti artists engaging in other aspects of hip hop culture, Graffiti is understood as a visual expression of rap music, just as

1484:, who helped popularize hip hop in the 1970s through the isolation and extending of "breaks" – the parts of albums that focused solely on the percussive beat. In addition to developing Herc's techniques, DJs 3108:

was an early innovator in this type of strategy. With merchandise such as dolls, commercials for soft drinks and numerous television show appearances, Hammer began the trend of rap artists being accepted as

2780:," was considered controversial particularly with the track "Soulja's Story." The song depicted a narrative of a young black man seeking revenge after being brutalized by police officers. This portrayal of 9077: 1816:

was a Puerto Rican graffiti writer, one of the first graffiti writers in New York City. He was a member of the "Savage Skulls" gang, and started writing his nickname in his neighborhood as early as 1968.

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made beats, rhythm, and musical sounds using their mouth, lips, tongue, voice, and other body parts. "Human Beatbox" artists would also sing or imitate turntablism scratching or other instrument sounds.

3931:

Very few female artists have been recognized in hip hop, and the most popular, successful and influential artists, record producers, and music executives are males. Women who are in rap groups, such as

3389:

South Africa and is a voice for the voiceless; a term that U.S. hip hop is often referred to. Kwaito is even perceived as a lifestyle, encompassing many aspects of life, including language and fashion.

2026:

form. The few B-girls who participated despite facing gender discrimination carved out a space for women as leaders within the breaking community, and the number of B-girls participating has increased.

3193:

was published in the 1980s. It contained the first rap music record chart. It was put out by two brothers from Newark, New Jersey, Vincent and Charles Carroll (who was also in a hip hop group known as

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records but most of them did not know what was hot enough to spend money on, so we charted it." Jae Burnett became Vincent Carroll's partner and played an instrumental role in its later development.

161:

forms spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s and subsequent decades. Even as the movement continues to expand globally and explore myriad styles and art forms, including

2248:

from a pre-existing record. This means that a producer will take a portion or a "sample" of a song and reuse it as an instrumental section, beat or portion of their song. Some examples of this are

208:

In the 2000s, with the rise of new media platforms such as online music streaming services, fans discovered and downloaded or streamed hip hop music through social networking sites beginning with

2497:, helps describe the phenomenon of how hip hop has spread rapidly around the world. Patterson argues that mass communication is controlled by the wealthy, the government, and major businesses in 2439:

Not only the particular words, but also the choice of which language in which rap is widely debated topic in international hip hop. In Canada, the use of non-standard variants of French, such as

5584: 4064:. This has perpetuated a culture in hip hop that is prejudiced towards queer and trans people, making it a tough culture for queer artists to participate in. Despite this prejudice, some queer/ 3697:

arguments. As such, Gilroy states that music has been and remains a central staging ground for debates over the work, responsibility, and future role of black cultural and artistic production.

3322:, the clothes got tighter, more classically fashionable, and expensive. Artists like West also began to stray away from wearing the jerseys and began wearing what was called "preppy" clothing. 2189:), micing of artists, and so on. The producer may independently develop the "concept" or vision for a project or album, or develop the vision in collaboration with the artists and performers. 3168:

Hip hop culture has had extensive coverage in the media, especially in relation to television; there have been a number of television shows devoted to or about hip hop, including in Europe ("

2091:, in which a singer imitates drums and other percussion instruments with her or his voice. It is primarily concerned with the art of creating beats or rhythms using the human mouth. The term 1272:

argues that the commercialization of hip hop is a negative and pervasive phenomenon, writing that "what we call hiphop is now inseparable from what we call the hip hop industry, in which the

7580: 7550: 8273:"Cover Story: 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.': A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the 'Cop Killer' furor" 2576:" poets of the modern era, who use imagery and create a mood to criticize society. As quoted in their work "Promoting Academic Literacy with Urban Youth Through Engaging Hip Hop Culture": 10292: 4231:

Early hip hop may have reduced inner-city gang violence by providing an alternative means of expression to physical violence. However, with the emergence of commercial and crime-related

2822:

Ice-T suggested that the furor over the song was an overreaction, telling journalist Chuck Philips "... they've done movies about nurse killers and teacher killers and student killers.

1776:

Graffiti is the most controversial of hip hop's elements, as a number of the most notable graffiti pioneers say that they do not consider graffiti to be an element of hip hop, including

263:", although that pair of words in conjunction had been swirling in the public lexicon since at least the 1950s, with older folks describing the parties of the youth as "hippity hops". 7520: 5937: 2941:, the phenomenon of companies using hip-hop collaborations for commercial purposes without fully understanding and supporting the culture involved is referred to as "streetwashing". 10559: 10628: 10168: 1255:

However, in the late 1980s, music industry executives realized that they could capitalize on the success of "gangsta rap". They made a formula that created "a titillating buffet of

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Hip hop magazines describe hip hop's culture, including information about rappers and MCs, new hip hop music, concerts, events, fashion and history. The first hip hop publication,

1032:. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has been largely disregarded by mainstream America. 10223: 1259:

and glorified violence." This type of rap was marketed to the new fan base: white males. They ignored the depictions of a harsh reality to focus on the sex and violence involved.

2165:

The exact roles of a producer depend on each individual, but some producers work with DJs and drum machine programmers to create beats, coach the DJs in the selection of sampled

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guttural. Some of it does. Most does not. Most white listeners don't care; they hear black voices in a litany of discontent, and tune out. Yet rap plays the same role today as

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staff. Politicians and businesspeople maligned and ignored the hip hop movement. Most hip hop artists performed in their local communities and recorded in underground scenes.

316:, also did much to further popularize the term. The first use of the term in print, referring specifically to the culture and its elements, was in a January 1982 interview of 6762: 176:

from old records to the art form means that much of the culture has revolved around the idea of updating classic recordings, attitudes, and experiences for modern audiences.

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to Public Enemy's world tour, hip hop spread to Latin America and became a mainstream culture. Hip hop has been cut, mixed and adapted as it the music spreads to new areas.

730:

album chart. Beastie Boys were also one of the first white hip hop artists and a highly influential band in the history of hip hop, ranked as No.12 most influential band by

297:

then began using the term when referring to this new "disco rap" music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, "There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was

9341: 109:, New York City. Pioneered from Black American street culture, that had been around for years prior to its more mainstream discovery, it later reached other groups such as 10353: 2505:

mixed with American hip hop music, and ultimately a global exchange process will develop that brings youth around the world to listen to a common musical form of hip hop.

1040:

With Hip-Hop starting to grab traction, the early 2000s was a turning point for the genre that influenced the sound, lifestyle and the fashion of the decade. At the time,

10202: 7825:. Hip hop has also become relevant to the field of education because of its implications for understanding language, learning, identity, and curriculum."Emery Petchauer: 6871: 6613: 6071: 11175: 9183: 4832: 10659: 5453: 2951:

s David Kiley argue that the discussion of products within hip hop culture may actually be the result of undisclosed product placement deals. Such critics allege that

738: 8420: 5623: 512:

The equipment consisted of numerous speakers, turntables, and one or more microphones. By using this technique, DJs could create a variety of music, but according to

10466: 9377: 8442: 8303: 2867:, which was criticized for what many viewed as an exploitative depiction of women, particularly images of a man swiping a credit card between a stripper's buttocks. 2390:". Academics suggest its development stems from a rejection of the racial hierarchy of language, which held "White English" as the superior form of educated speech. 2076:

is noted for his beatboxing skills. He is holding the mic close to his mouth, a technique beatboxers use to imitate deep basslines and bass drums, by exploiting the

813: 11661: 6739: 9252: 7919: 6713: 3457:, radical remixology to outright mimicry, hip hop in Jamaica embodies the myriad ways that Jamaicans embrace, reject, and incorporate foreign yet familiar forms." 2737:". These lyrics were placed over rough, rock guitar-driven beats, contributing to the music's hard-edged feel. The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was N.W.A's 9012: 6259: 9070: 7775: 5171: 3793:, have criticized current hip hop artists for being more concerned with image than substance. Critics have stated that 2010s hip hop artists are contributing to 2805:. The song was intended to speak from the viewpoint of a criminal getting revenge on racist, brutal cops. Ice-T's rock song infuriated government officials, the 2672: 1394:, although not rappers, have been accused of cultural appropriation and commercializing hip hop. Katy Perry, a white woman, was criticized for her hip hop song " 517: 383:

party with her brother featured as the deejay. Kool Herc extended the beat of a record by using two record players, isolating the percussion "breaks" by using a

7073: 3197:). They knew the art form very well and noticed the need for a hip hop magazine. DJs and rappers did not have a way to learn about rap music styles and labels. 10417: 9772: 7381: 10059: 3726:, originally held views against mainstream rap. However, recent interviews indicate they have changed their ways to a certain extent. However, rappers like 3302:

became influential. Starting in the mid- to late 1990s, hip hop culture embraced some major designers and established a new connection with classic fashion.

10750: 6204: 5264: 3638: 9905: 8106: 4795:"Hip-hop is the most listened to genre in the world, according to Spotify analysis of 20 billion tracks | News | Culture | The Independent" 4053:, and let's talk about all these fucking shows that they have on MTV that is promoting homosexuality, that my kids can't watch this shit," and rap artist 1793:

has also questioned the connection between hip hop and graffiti, saying, "You know what bugs me, they put hip hop with graffiti. How do they intertwine?"

1248:

In the early-to-mid 1980s, there wasn't an established hip hop music industry, as exists in the 2020s, with record labels, record producers, managers and

3432:, the sounds of hip hop are derived from American and Jamaican influences. Jamaican hip hop is defined both through dancehall and reggae music. Jamaican 1905:

is widely regarded as the first hip hop motion picture, which featured prominent figures within the New York graffiti scene during that period. The book

435:

By 1979, hip hop music had become a mainstream genre. It spread across the world in the 1990s with controversial "gangsta" rap. Herc also developed upon

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cross borders. While the music may be from a foreign country, the message is something that many people can relate to- something not "foreign" at all.

701:. "Planet Rock" is widely regarded as a turning point; fusing electro with hip hop, it was "like a light being switched on", resulting in a new genre. 9105: 8963: 7358: 7166: 4987: 4239:, were key themes. Socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of its media-baiting sibling, 2241:

have to produce the record." The process of making beats includes sampling, "chopping", looping, sequencing beats, recording, mixing, and mastering.

11479:

Steingo, Gavin (July 2005). "South African Music after Apartheid: Kwaito, the "Party Politic," and the Appropriation of Gold as a Sign of Success".

11286: 6178: 5855: 540:, a loose confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. By the late 1970s, the culture had gained media attention, with 9744: 7572: 7542: 7218:

Gross, Daniel D.; Walkosz, Barbara. "Language Boundaries and Discourse Stability: "Tagging" as a Form of Graffiti Spanning International Borders".

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As top rappers grow wealthier and start more outside business ventures, this can indicate a stronger sense of black aspiration. As rappers such as

6537:

Johnson, Gaye Theresa. "On Blackness, Humanity, and The Art of Rap." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, June 12, 2012. Web. June 2, 2014.

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rappers and hip hop artists have become successful and popular in the 2010s. One of the more notable members of the LGBT community in hip hop is

3804:

Hip hop has been criticized by rock-centric critics who state that hip hop is not a true art form and who state that rock and roll music is more

1306:

describes has little place in hip hop's mainstream artists music. The push toward materialism and market success by contemporary rappers such as

8194: 6019: 5785: 10284: 8468: 5727: 3519:

Organizations and facilities are providing spaces and programs for communities to explore making and learning about hip hop. An example is the

1190: 1101:, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world" that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines. 8266: 8264: 8262: 2710:

of hip hop that reflects the violent culture of inner-city American black youths. The genre was pioneered in the mid-1980s by rappers such as

2400:

for example is particularly prolific. There are also a number of words which predate hip hop, but are often associated with the culture, with

10323: 8070: 3689:

and testing out or deploying ... individual or collective" forms of African-American cultural and political actions. In the third chapter of

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that the White House and wanna-be's like Bill Clinton represent a political system that never intends to deal with inner city urban chaos,"

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and turned it into commercialized pop music. In particular, seminal figures in the early underground, politically motivated music, such as

2788:

agencies and led to calls for censorship and boycotts of the album. Despite facing backlash, Tupac remained unapologetic about addressing

2232:, who won producer of the year credits in 1983, 1984, and 1985. Known for the creation of sample and sample loops, Blow was considered the 1283:" in that it has changed so much over the years to cater to the consumer that it has lost the essence for which it was originally created. 10160: 8558: 7751: 10262: 10219: 10055: 7192: 4718: 2959:

takes place in commercial rap music, and that lyrical references to products are actually paid endorsements. In 2005, a proposed plan by

2561:, where poet and author George Eliot Clarke has taught the potential power of hip hop music to promote social change. Greg Thomas of the 1154:

Even when hip hop is transplanted to other countries, it often retains its "vital progressive agenda that challenges the status quo." In

10528: 7796: 7705: 13444: 8606: 8020:

Morrell, Ernest. Duncan-Andrade, Jeffrey. "Promoting Academic Literacy with Urban Youth Through Engaging Hip Hop Culture". p. 10, 2003.

4681:"Today in Hip Hop History: Kool Herc's Party At 1520 Sedgwick Avenue 45 Years Ago Marks The Foundation Of The Culture Known As Hip Hop" 2106:

Beatboxers can create their beats just naturally, but many of the beatboxing effects are enhanced by using a microphone plugged into a

11044: 9125: 8912: 7843: 6281: 5887: 5653: 3603:

innovators had been born, a different group of poor black youth from the Bronx would have developed hip-hop in exactly the same way".

2302:

to create beats, producers use electric and acoustic instruments on some songs. Pictured is an electric bass player at a hip hop show.

1335:

on BET. The commercialization has made hip hop less edgy and authentic, but it also has enabled hip hop artists to become successful.

407:

A second key musical element in hip hop music is emceeing (also called MCing or rapping). Emceeing is the rhythmic spoken delivery of

8718: 8382: 8099:"Cover Story: The Uncivil War: The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class" 7429: 7238: 6660: 6638: 4565: 4222:

became the first international hit hip hop artist not native to America. From the 1980s onward, television made hip hop global. From

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to collect and make accessible the historical artifacts of hip hop culture and to ensure their preservation for future generations.

2661:

filed a lawsuit against Broward County Sheriff Nick Navarro, because Navarro wanted to prosecute stores that sold the group's album

1735:, it can also be done without accompaniment. It can be broken down into different components, such as "content", "flow" (rhythm and 10689: 10100: 8158: 8128: 7972: 10581: 10138: 9976: 9820: 6677: 5816: 2602:

Hip hop music has been censored on radio and TV due to the explicit lyrics of certain genres. Many songs have been criticized for

1859:

style Tracy 168 dubbed "wildstyle" would come to define the art. The early trend-setters were joined in the 1970s by artists like

1143:

to Paris use hip hop in their communities to address environmental justice, policing and prisons, media justice, and education.".

563:

where a number of looters stole DJ equipment from electronics stores. As a result, the hip hop genre, barely known outside of the

10013: 9866: 9333: 8333: 6130: 5268: 2362:

rackmount effects units), because 2010-era DAWs have everything they need to make beats on a good quality, fast laptop computer.

816:" (officially credited to Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five), a song that foreshadowed the socially conscious statements of 611:

The lyrical content of many early rap groups focused on social issues, most notably in the seminal track "The Message" (1982) by

10345: 8852: 6063: 3290:

While there were early items synonymous with hip hop that crossed over into the mainstream culture, like Run-DMC's affinity for

13177: 11648: 10191: 6875: 6605: 6020:"Hip Hop Pioneer Doug E. Fresh & Soca Sensation Machel Montano To Host 26th Int'l Reggae & World Music Awards (IRAWMA)" 2409: 742: 612: 301:, one of the first so-called rap records, was a monster hit ('Rapper's Delight' by the Sugar Hill Gang on Sugarhill Records)." 244: 9175: 1331:

television show. There, rappers had opportunities to be interviewed and have their music videos played. This pre-dated MTV or

447:

syncopated, rhymed spoken accompaniment now known as rapping. He dubbed his dancers "break-boys" and "break-girls", or simply

13386: 11589: 11570: 11551: 11524: 11469: 11443: 11416: 11393: 11366: 11339: 11272: 11233: 11212: 11189: 11101: 11073: 11023: 7664:

Motion live entertainment. Stylo, Saada. "The Northside research Project: Profiling Hip Hop artistry in Canada", p. 10, 2006.

7646: 5565: 4824: 4752: 2806: 10651: 8794: 8031: 6946: 5741: 5438: 1198: 13106: 8417: 7674: 7044: 5954: 5627: 1747:

history verbal acrobatics or jousting involving rhymes were common within the Afro-American and Latino-American community.

11658: 10458: 9374: 9365:

Schloss, J. G. & Chang, J..Making Beats: The Art of Sample-Based Hip-Hop. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2014.

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design companies, like Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein, to tailor lines to the lucrative market of hip hop artists and fans.

1511:

Traditionally, a DJ will use two turntables simultaneously and mix between the two. These are connected to a DJ mixer, an

13221: 9722: 9636: 9609: 7923: 7491: 6735: 4938: 2221:

from a funk or disco song, dialogue from a spoken word record or movie, or rhythmic "scratching" and "punches" done by a

1508:

became known for “flashing” during the breaks, flashing being the section of two albums where only the drums are played.

929:

Women artists have also been at the forefront of the hip hop movement since its inception in the Bronx. Nevertheless, as

821: 604:

against each other instead of fighting". Inspired by DJ Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa created a street organization called

10720: 9582: 9206: 6805: 6787:

Brooks, S. and T. Conroy. "Hip Hop Culture in a Global Context: Interdisciplinary and Cross-Categorical Investigation."

6709: 6263: 5516: 5319: 5057: 4906: 3890:, assault, and murder. These anti-women lyrics have created negative stereotypes of young urban African-American women. 13449: 13299: 11161: 9034:

Travis, Raphael; Deepak, Anne (2011). "Empowerment in Context: Lessons from Hip Hop Culture for Social Work Practice".

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Elan, Priya. "It's Time to Drop the 'bitch' from Hip-hop." Theguardian.com, September 19, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

6525:

Lane, Nadia (March 30, 2011). "Libyan Rap Fuels Rebellion". CNN iReport. Cable News Network. Retrieved August 16, 2011.

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Deep Dickollective who got together to rap about the HIV pandemic among queer black men and LGBTQ activism in hip hop.

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Rap has a bad reputation in white circles, where many people believe it consists of obscene and violent anti-white and

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Some academics, including Ernest Morrell and Jeffrey Duncan-Andrade, compare hip hop to the satirical works of great "

12845: 11692: 10256: 8311: 6588: 5703: 5240: 4168: 3544: 2598:

artist uses his artwork to make a satirical social statement on censorship: "Don't blame yourself ... blame hip hop!"

1223: 1098: 642:" became the first major single containing hip hop elements by a white group or artist to hit number one on the U.S. 520:, a rapper-lyricist with Pete DJ Jones, is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC". 12337: 10376: 9769: 4150: 3785:

criticized young hip hop artists from the 2010s, stating that they have taken a music genre with extensive roots in

10395: 8535: 8214: 4592: 3794: 3772: 3536: 2755:

as a vital genre, and established Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City.

1139:, born in the Bronx, where competition and community feed each other." He also adds, "Thousands of organizers from 829: 10041: 9449: 8935:"National Geographic: Images of Animals, Nature, and Cultures | Story on Emmanuel Jal in National Geographic" 6981: 451:

and b-girls. According to Herc, "breaking" was also street slang for "getting excited" and "acting energetically"

13439: 13272: 13072: 12472: 11605: 6104:

Hess, Mickey, ed. "Hip Hop In America: A Regional Guide". Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press, 2010. Print

5383: 5256: 4622: 4292: 3020: 2626: 1591:, who developed strong rapping skills. However, a number of DJs have gained stardom nonetheless in recent years. 997:

Gangsta rap also played an important part in hip hop becoming a mainstream commodity. Considering albums such as

490: 10742: 9897: 4872: 4212:, hip hop has since expanded worldwide. Its expansion includes events like Afrika Bambaataa's 1982 releasing of 1048:

surpassed them with 32.2 million in sales. While sampling has always been a central part of hip hop music,

165:

and hip hop film, the four foundational elements provide coherence and a strong foundation for hip hop culture.

7897: 5085: 4135: 4038: 3928:. Despite the success of them and others, female rappers remain proportionally few in the mainstream industry. 3173: 2852: 1987:

in the 1970s alongside the other elements of hip hop. Breakdancing is typically done with the accompaniment of

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DJing and turntablism are the techniques of manipulating sounds and creating music and beats using two or more

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The Concise Guide to Hip-Hop Music: A Fresh Look at the Art of Hip-Hop, from Old-School Beats to Freestyle Rap

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The Concise Guide to Hip-Hop Music: A Fresh Look at the Art of Hip-Hop, from Old-School Beats to Freestyle Rap

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The Concise Guide to Hip-Hop Music: A Fresh Look at the Art of Hip-Hop, from Old-School Beats to Freestyle Rap

12222: 12211: 8505: 7335: 7074:"Grandmaster Flash Says Graffiti Is Not A Part Of Hip-Hop – And Graffiti Pioneers Agree – InFlexWeTrust" 6555: 5909: 4000: 3377:

Hip hop music has spawned dozens of subgenres which incorporate hip hop music production approaches, such as

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are the creative outlets that collectively make up hip hop culture and its revolutionary aesthetic. Like the

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by David Toop "At its worst the technique could turn the night into one endless and inevitably boring song".

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Weheliye, Alexander G.. Phonographies: Grooves in Sonic Afro-modernity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.

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was recorded in locations all across the world and features sounds from a different country on every track.

2978: 13459: 13391: 13366: 11785: 9102: 4307: 2581:"wasteland." Both poets were essentially apocalyptic in nature as they witnessed death, disease, and decay. 1395: 1163: 9422: 8960: 7366: 7170: 2565:

offers courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level studying the feminist and assertive nature of

13381: 13111: 12575: 11309: 5839: 4236: 2617: 973: 9748: 9319: 8272: 8098: 8062: 6307: 4041:". Many rappers and hip hop artists have advocated homophobia and/or transphobia. These artists include 3523:

in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Many dance studios and colleges now offer lessons in hip hop alongside

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did in 1960, giving voice to the hopes and angers of a generation, and a lot of rap is powerful writing.

1955:, showing off technical skills, trying to out-do a rival dancer, and displaying tongue-in-cheek bravado. 13101: 12031: 11453: 11358: 9666: 9397: 6463:

Hartwig Vens. "Hip-hop speaks to the reality of Israel". WorldPress. November 20, 2003. March 24, 2008.

5981: 5224: 4768: 3552: 3228:– Juicy "it was all a dream, use to read WordUp magazine". Word Up magazine was a part of pop culture. 1359: 1023: 393: 321: 8983: 8356: 8241: 6380:

Motley, Carol; Henderson, Geraldine (2008). "The Global Hip-Hop Diaspora: Understanding The Culture".

3010:. He created jewelry pieces from precious metals that were heavily loaded with diamond and gemstones. 396:

wrote that Herc's innovation "laid the foundations for hip hop", also noting that "it was another DJ,

13454: 13247: 11858: 11797: 11435: 11007: 8472: 8191: 7167:"Grandmaster Flash Commits Hip-Hop Heresy, Claims Graffiti Is Not Part Of The Culture – Complex" 6023: 5777: 4302: 3805: 3616: 3139: 2663: 2343: 312:

as the first to use the term "hip hop" as it relates to the culture. Bambaataa, former leader of the

34: 10083:"The Influence of Rap and Hip-Hop Music: An Analysis on Audience Perceptions of Misogynistic Lyrics" 7702:"Roc the Mic Right: The Language of Hip Hop Culture. Taylor & Francis, 2006. September 27, 2010" 4961: 3076:, who previously included references to "Cris", ceased all mentions and purchases of the champagne. 2346:, also known as DAWs, became more common in the 2010s for producers. Some of the most used DAWs are 2290: 1555:

motor. DJs were often avid record collectors, who would hunt through used record stores for obscure

13118: 11624: 11093: 10446:. New York: Sister Outsider EntertainmentNew York: Sister Outsider Entertainment. pp. 147–148. 7321:"Earl 'Snakehips' Tucker". Drop Me off in Harlem. Kennedy Center. 2003. Retrieved January 31, 2010. 3906: 3875: 2975:

recorded the song "Pass the Courvoisier". Simmons insists that no money changed hands in the deal.

2162:, sets out a budget for hiring the artists and technical experts, and oversees the entire project. 2077: 1712: 1639: 71: 10824: 10315: 5934:

Fitzpatrick, Rob, "The 101 strangest records on Spotify: Warp 9 – It's A Beat Wave," May 14, 2014

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awareness for HIV and other problems surrounding these low income children and their communities.

785:", introduced socially conscious themes from a Sci-Fi perspective, paying homage to music pioneer 13199: 13096: 11385: 11254: 9282: 6356: 6330: 5132: 4740: 4146: 3449: 3287:

themselves. As the hip hop music genre's popularity increased, so did the effect of its fashion.

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and literary circles. Studies of hip hop linguistics are now offered at institutions such as the

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section of the song, getting in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive, frenetic style.

1631: 1194: 1132: 1066: 690: 247:, has been credited with coining the term in 1978 while teasing a friend who had just joined the 10489: 3750:

as an industry has also been strongly supported by old-school/ golden-era legends such as Herc,

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Many hip hop artists from the developing world come to the United States to seek opportunities.

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During the 1980s, hip hop also embraced the creation of rhythm by using the human body, via the

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Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes and the New Reality of Race in America

11181: 10046: 8500: 7748: 5199: 4297: 4214: 4013:. Hip hop song lyrics contain offensive, homophobic slurs (most popularly the pejorative term " 3988: 3972: 3883: 3737:, most supporters have begun to slowly involve more industry sponsorship through events on the 3357: 3148: 2747: 2739: 2052: 1493: 1280: 1249: 1003: 911: 639: 635: 416: 279: 43: 10246: 9968: 9848: 7846:. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. Paper Number 21994 01Feb2008. Archived from 6687: 6095:

Strode, Tim, and Tim Wood. "The Hip Hop Reader". New York: Pearson Education Inc., 2008. Print

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to pay rappers to advertise McDonald's products in their music was leaked to the press. After

608:, centered around hip hop, as a means to draw teenagers out of gang life, drugs and violence. 481:. The approach used by Herc was soon widely copied, and by the late 1970s, DJs were releasing 266:

As the name was getting established, the words were a signature part of some songs. The song "

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rappers to craft their music and images to appeal to white, affluent and suburban audiences.

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Clay, Andreana (2003). "Keepin' it Real: Black Youth, Hip-Hop Culture, and Black Identity".

10192:"Cash rules everything around me: the high price of sustaining hip hop community in Chicago" 8904: 8598: 7701: 6578: 5877: 5645: 3295: 2192: 1131:

Hartwig Vens argues that hip hop can also be viewed as a global learning experience. Author

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While some brands welcome the support of the hip hop community, one brand that did not was

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has endorsed a line of headphones and other audio gear called "beats", which bear his name.

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Weheliye, Alexander. "Hip-Hop Pts. 1–3." Kresge Hall, Evanston. October 17, 2013. Lecture.

8726: 7829:, Vol. 79, No. 2 (June 2009), pp. 946–978". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008, pp. 21–23. 7437: 7296: 6655: 6635: 4569: 3905:

towards women. Videos often portray idealized female bodies and depict women as being the

3730:

still feel a strong disapproval of the rap industry, especially through mainstream media.

2069: 8: 13324: 13262: 13133: 13042: 12937: 12728: 12723: 12155: 12073: 11928: 11889: 11833: 11204: 11065: 10131:"Independent Lens . HIP-HOP: Beyond Beats & Rhymes . Misogyny & Homophobia | PBS" 9789: 9207:"HIV testing and conspiracy beliefs regarding the origins of HIV among African Americans" 6439: 4026: 3782: 3661:, Weheliye describes the political and cultural affiliations that hip hop music enables. 3225: 3218: 3176:

was the only television channel likely to play hip hop, but in recent years the channels

3101: 3043: 2886: 2870: 2723: 2668: 2590: 2562: 2554: 2538: 2339: 1485: 1086: 1053: 981: 825: 715: 666: 593: 498: 267: 114: 13287: 10681: 10108: 9937:(October 2009). "Misogyny in rap music: a content analysis of prevalence and meanings". 8166: 8132: 7964: 7945:

Alridge, D.; Steward, J. "Introduction: Hip Hop in History: Past, Present, and Future".

7414:

Johnson, Imani Kai (2014). "From blues women to b-girls: performing badass femininity".

6552:] Effect On Society As It Struggles With Alarming Sales Decline – The ShowBuzz" 4566:"Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop's Legacy" 3503:

have been influenced by hip hop and many South Korean artists perform hip hop music. In

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To record the finished beats or beat tracks, beat makers and producers use a variety of

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The tools needed to make beats in the late 1970s were funk, soul, and other music genre

1800:

was used as a form of expression by political activists. In addition, gangs such as the

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have defied the odds by impressing online hip hop taste-makers and even reggae critics.

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and fuses heavy pop music elements, but there is an extended rap by Harry near the end.

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Neumann, Fredreich (2000). "Hip hop: Origins, Characteristics and Creative Processes".

4853:"Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". 4422: 3979:, are most notorious for having continuously celebrated and promoted drug trafficking, 3801:

gangsters. Critics have also stated that hip hop music promotes drug use and violence.

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The track also helped popularize the 808, which became a cornerstone of hip hop music;

686: 271: 248: 9993: 6138: 5646:"The Message From Last Night: Hip-Hop is Rock 'n' Roll, and the Hall of Fame Likes It" 3104:

are successful deals. Although product placement deals were not popular in the 1980s,

2003:/b-girling, locking and popping, all of which trace their origins to the early 1970s. 1543:, a process facilitated by the introduction of new turntable technologies such as the 432:

into longer sessions of spoken, rhythmic wordplay, and rhyming, which became rapping.

13282: 13138: 12997: 12977: 12942: 12917: 12912: 12867: 12805: 12795: 12785: 12775: 12770: 12683: 12641: 12287: 12103: 12046: 12026: 11585: 11566: 11547: 11520: 11516: 11500: 11465: 11439: 11412: 11389: 11362: 11335: 11268: 11258: 11245: 11229: 11208: 11185: 11157: 11147: 11135: 11097: 11087: 11069: 11019: 10988: 10953: 10918: 10906: 10620: 10409: 10252: 10101:""WHERE MY GIRLS AT?" Negotiating Black Womanhood in Music Videos by Rana A. Emerson" 10051: 9964: 9960: 9836: 9697: 9244: 9226: 9055: 8848: 7642: 6584: 6397: 5847: 5709: 5699: 5561: 5469: 5236: 5033: 4748: 3958: 3786: 3738: 3385:, which has had a growth similar to U.S. hip hop. Kwaito is a direct reflection of a 3274: 2995: 2956: 2928: 2839: 2810: 2796: 2697: 2534: 2533:

disenfranchised youth. In the 2010s, hip hop lyrics are starting to reflect original

2490: 2456: 2307: 1790: 1584: 1505: 1489: 1299: 1264: 774: 718:, which had dramatically influenced the development of rock music. Released in 1986, 670: 643: 439: 330: 298: 102: 11325: 9579:"Afrika Bambaataa interview on Hip Hop, street gangs and the 5th element of Hip-Hop" 2686:

hear what's going on in the devastated communities that gave birth to the art form.

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and also one of the best-selling festivals in advance. Picture of Blockfest in 2017.

2149:

Although it is not described as one of the four core elements that make up hip hop,

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recordings. DJs helped to introduce rare records and new artists to club audiences.

371:

In the 1970s, an underground urban movement known as "hip hop" began to form in the

13434: 13410: 13211: 13150: 13052: 13037: 13022: 12952: 12872: 12860: 12835: 12830: 12820: 12780: 12760: 12688: 12668: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12636: 12621: 12611: 12606: 12596: 12407: 12083: 12063: 11780: 11775: 11678: 11488: 11301: 11123: 10976: 10941: 10898: 10854: 10797: 10399: 10319: 10005: 9948: 9934: 9234: 9218: 9043: 7996:"Hip-Hop Revolution In The Flesh. xi. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. September 27, 2010" 6389: 6304:"CNN.com – WorldBeat – Hip-hop music goes global – January 15, 2001" 4205: 3964: 3879: 3843: 3719: 3682: 3489: 3399: 3378: 3210: 3097: 3089: 3024: 2860: 2859:

to air nearly-uncensored videos. The show was exemplified by music videos such as "

2781: 2542: 2525: 2455:) has powerful symbolic implications for Canadian language politics and debates on 2295: 2245: 2088: 2048: 1824:

published an article ("'Taki 183' Spawns Pen Pals") about another graffiti writer,

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have often been criticized for commercializing hip hop and cultural appropriation.

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the island lacking widespread local and international recognition, artists such as

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Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade

10902: 10858: 6945:. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2009. 6393: 5412: 3409: 2903:

lyrical content, said the cover meant to symbolize the destruction of capitalism.

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feel represent the culture as a sport, form of entertainment and as well through

3723: 3706: 3596: 3548: 3473: 3299: 3262: 3194: 2964: 2878: 2785: 2762: 2654: 2335: 2154: 2150: 1973: 1876: 1872: 1687: 1675: 1497: 1303: 1291: 919: 895: 766: 731: 719: 678: 548:", commenting on the local phenomenon and mentioning influential figures such as 309: 290: 276:"I said a hip, hop, the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you don't stop" 221: 162: 146: 12322: 11653: 10967:

Trapp, Erin (2005). "The Push and Pull of Hip-Hop: A Social Movement Analysis".

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Motley, Carol (2007). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture".

8849:"Reggae Music 101 – Learn More About Reggae Music – History of Reggae" 7678: 7048: 5958: 3058: 3030: 2153:

is another important element. In music, record producers play a similar role in

1868: 1448: 890:. These films expanded the appeal of hip hop beyond the boundaries of New York. 13091: 13062: 13017: 12972: 12957: 12947: 12897: 12892: 12855: 12765: 12743: 12631: 12492: 12487: 12437: 12417: 12372: 12267: 12150: 12140: 12051: 11943: 11282: 11201:

The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture

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College Undergraduate Research / Scholarly Commons / University of Pennsylvania

9071:"Promoting Academic Literacy with Urban Youth through Engaging Hip-Hop Culture" 8641: 6233: 6152: 4652: 4100: 4061: 4014: 3913: 3902: 3454: 3386: 3314: 3244: 3062: 3047: 2848: 2827: 2777: 2416:) and are only used briefly. One particular example is the rule-based slang of 2387: 2159: 1952: 1860: 1651: 650: 623: 494: 482: 283: 79: 11643: 11619: 11492: 11127: 9718: 9689: 9632: 9605: 9578: 9305: 8873:

Marshall, Wayne, "Bling-Bling ForRastafari: How Jamaicans Deal With Hip-Hop",

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since their inception in the United States during the late 1980s–early 1990s.

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sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "

2625:' character Dr. Evil – performing in a parody of a hip hop music video (" 559:

saw widespread looting, arson, and other citywide disorders especially in the

13428: 13216: 13194: 12992: 12922: 12902: 12882: 12877: 12790: 12708: 12531: 12442: 12412: 11987: 11965: 11933: 11923: 11802: 11765: 11331: 11287:"Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation" 11015: 10980: 10910: 10712: 10624: 10413: 9952: 9230: 8815:

Wayne Marshall, "Bling-bling for Rastafari: How Jamaicans deal with hip hop".

8559:"MC Hammer To Perform At Reds Game, Will Hopefully Refrain From Hurting Them" 7632: 7543:"Jay Z and Kanye West feat. Otis Redding's Otis – Discover the Sample Source" 6401: 5851: 5713: 5520: 5327: 5053: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4185: 4081: 4077: 4005:

As well, the hip hop music community has been criticized with accusations of

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and wordplay, delivered at first without accompaniment and later done over a

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Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Breaking Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti

10444:

Conscious Women Rock the Page: Using Hip-hop Fiction to Incite Social Change

8680:

Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular Culture

5101: 4710: 4218:, which tried to establish a more global harmony. In the 1980s, the British 4080:. Other successful queer hip hop/rap artists include female bisexual rapper 2396: 1566: 1205: 634:

to such an event, as the main backing track used was the break from Chic's "

13356: 13351: 12907: 12810: 12748: 12549: 12499: 12357: 12247: 11999: 11906: 11792: 11714: 11461: 11408: 11171: 11143: 11111: 9248: 8325: 7861: 7239:"New York graffiti artists triumph over developer who destroyed their work" 6548:"Rap Criticism Grows Within Own Community, Debate Rages Over It's [ 5232: 4855: 4224: 4108: 4085: 4054: 4034: 4022: 3954: 3894: 3867: 3715: 3694: 3591: 3481: 3442: 3417: 3366: 3310: 3306: 2972: 2946: 2938: 2843: 2789: 2671:

judge labeled the album obscene and illegal to sell. However, in 1992, the

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in the early 1990s, the emphasis in lyrics shifted to drugs, violence, and

923: 874: 782: 770: 762: 723: 627: 619: 589: 578: 549: 532: 486: 458: 379: 336: 313: 294: 252: 157: 130: 98: 12197: 10377:"Addict Rap?: The Shift from Drug Distributor to Drug Consumer in Hip Hop" 9222: 7193:"Grandmaster Flash Says Graffiti Art Isn't Hip-Hop – The Urban Daily" 3882:. Between 1987 and 1993, over 400 hip hop songs had lyrics that described 3677:

as a whole, a function that exceeds the constraints of market capitalism.

3126: 2545:—use rap as a platform to protest racism, poverty, and social structures. 1236: 1077: 21: 13376: 13371: 13344: 13329: 13160: 12516: 12447: 12422: 12352: 12232: 12182: 12145: 12120: 12098: 12068: 11992: 11894: 11721: 8900: 8642:"Here Are 30 Things That Prove Hip-Hop in the 2000s Was Wildly Different" 6234:"Here Are 30 Things That Prove Hip-Hop in the 2000s Was Wildly Different" 5641: 4332: 4312: 4240: 4232: 4104: 4069: 4065: 4010: 3933: 3921: 3855: 3851: 3835: 3654: 3634: 3615:

Hip hop music artists and advocates have stated that hip hop has been an

3500: 3485: 3413: 3003: 2968: 2919: 2895: 2658: 2634: 2566: 2498: 2323: 2269: 2229: 2222: 2043: 2010:

A silhouette shows a man break dancing. One of the 4 elements of hip hop.

1984: 1969: 1864: 1691: 1536: 1516: 1504:", which has become one of the key sounds associated with hip hop music. 1443: 1411: 1387: 1383: 1367: 1355: 1159: 1082: 1041: 1013: 990: 969: 946: 942: 938: 930: 899: 868: 809: 754: 746: 662: 631: 601: 502: 339:, who also published the first comprehensive history of the culture with 240: 209: 198: 126: 122: 11916: 10248:

Documenting the Black Experience: Essays on African American History ...

8527: 8192:"Popular Culture and Social Control: The Moral Panic on Music Labeling." 5305: 1836: 13339: 13165: 12511: 12504: 12362: 12172: 12130: 12115: 12058: 12009: 12004: 11975: 11760: 11742: 11508: 10404: 9863:"Study Says Hip-Hop Listeners More Prone To Drug Use, Aggression – MTV" 6985: 6901: 6251: 5547: 4600: 4336: 4219: 4209: 4092: 4073: 4006: 3976: 3968: 3863: 3850:

The hip hop music genre and its subculture has been criticized for its

3747: 3743: 3540: 3532: 3327: 3279: 3093: 3073: 3015: 2999: 2856: 2718:, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups such as 2711: 2642: 2444: 2417: 2367: 2311: 2273: 2115: 2084: 2073: 2064: 2037: 2031: 1932: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1884: 1880: 1679: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1556: 1528: 1524: 1501: 1465: 1457: 1427: 1391: 1351: 1343: 1332: 1155: 1125: 1062: 1049: 980:, who recorded what some consider to be the first gangsta rap single, " 933:

became the dominant force in hip hop music, there were many songs with

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The Bronx hip hop scene emerged in August 1973 when brother–sister duo

138: 66:

This article is about the culture in general. For the music genre, see

9898:"The Negative Influence of Gangster Rap And What Can Be Done About It" 7995: 6710:"It's Time To Stop Stereotyping White Rappers As Outsiders In Hip-Hop" 5375: 5032:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. Chapter 21. 4703: 4630: 3441:

the use of anti-colonialism and marijuana or "ganja" references which

994:

became the first gangsta rap album to enter the charts at number one.

976:. Early proponents of gangsta rap included groups and artists such as 689:". Instead of simply rapping over disco beats, Bambaataa and producer 293:— a Bronx DJ who put out the single "The Positive Life" in 1981 – and 168:

Hip hop is simultaneously a new and old phenomenon; the importance of

13319: 12554: 12482: 12347: 12312: 12292: 12252: 12093: 11953: 11938: 8383:"Hiphop-Marketing: Die meisten Marken machen Streetwashing | W&V" 7473:

Icons of hip hop: an encyclopedia of the movement, music, and culture

6280:. Worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com. October 17, 2002. Archived from 4876: 4088: 4050: 3751: 3665: 3524: 3477: 3433: 3370: 3105: 2998:, a diamond merchant from New York. Jacob Arabo's clientele included 2986: 2982: 2923: 2646: 2607: 2513: 2460: 2459:. In the United States rappers choose to rap in English, Spanish, or 2440: 2355: 2347: 2124: 2107: 1996: 1888: 1852: 1829: 1813: 1785: 1777: 1732: 1635: 1595: 1580: 1571: 1512: 1477: 1311: 1307: 1269: 1140: 805: 797: 698: 564: 545: 524: 485:

records where they would rap to the beat. Influential tunes included

470: 389: 372: 106: 10346:"Can Hip-Hop Separate Itself From The Drug Culture It Helped Build?" 10285:"Salt-N-Pepa Reflect On Longevity in Hip Hop: "There Was No Plan B"" 7887: 7603:"Introduction to DAWs (Digital Audio Workstations) « EarSketch" 5082: 4153:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3945:

when it wasn't that many women, we felt like we had more to prove."

2141: 1940: 13334: 12521: 12427: 12402: 12387: 12327: 12302: 12297: 12282: 12262: 12165: 12019: 12014: 11901: 11735: 11728: 11314: 10772: 8599:"hip-hop (cultural movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 6682: 4933: 4057:, who has said publicly, " will never accept transgender rappers." 3980: 3830: 3734: 3624: 3520: 2890: 2707: 2595: 2315: 2253: 2218: 2182: 2166: 2111: 2000: 1992: 1856: 1825: 1797: 1770: 1756: 1663: 1643: 1473: 1453: 1379: 1018: 934: 852: 384: 190: 173: 134: 11405:

Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean "Puffy" Combs on the Music Industry

11380:

Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture

10887:"Preventing violence through hip hop: an evolutionary perspective" 6636:"Bling Bling and Going Pop Consumerism and Co-Optation in Hip-Hop" 3547:

and 9th Wonder has also taught a "Hip Hop Sampling Soul" class at

3531:

teaching hip hop lectures at Harvard University. Hip hop producer

2463:, depending on their own backgrounds and their intended audience. 1843:

is an influential graffiti artist who began painting in the 1970s.

1519:, and various electronic music equipment such as a microphone and 898:

grew its own voice and style from the 1980s, with rappers such as

12432: 12397: 12382: 12272: 12242: 11701: 9719:"Grandmaster Caz: I Don't Respect a Single New Rapper's Lyricism" 7823:

It's Bigger Than Hip Hop: the Rise of the Post-hip-hop Generation

7728:

It's Bigger Than Hip Hop: the Rise of the Post-hip-hop Generation

6205:"Kanye West Released His 'College Dropout' Debut LP 18 Years Ago" 4255: 4181: 4076:

in 2012 and has released critically acclaimed albums and won two

4042: 3925: 3871: 3809: 3778: 3755: 3727: 3620: 3528: 3429: 3420:

uses hip hop to heal war-torn African youth. Jal pictured at the

3085: 3077: 3035: 2900: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2383: 2371: 1965: 1961: 1840: 1728: 1707: 1683: 1659: 1655: 1523:. The DJ mixes the two albums currently in rotation and/or does " 1415: 907: 903: 880: 817: 758: 528: 288:"And you hip-hop, and you don't stop, just blast off, sure shot." 260: 229: 217: 213: 118: 11430:

Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America

9745:"AOL Radio Stations | Free Internet Radio | AOL Radio" 9003:

Xu, An Rong; Namkung, Victoria; Lyons, Eve (December 16, 2017).

8427:, BusinessWeek Online, April 6, 2005. Retrieved January 5, 2007. 7641:(4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 356: 328:. The term gained further currency in September of that year in 12850: 12392: 12110: 11911: 11638: 11544:

Born in the Bronx: A Visual Record of the Early Days of Hip Hop

11114:(October–December 2005). "The Problem of Maturity in Hip Hop". 5443: 4030: 3937: 3859: 3854:

and its negative impacts on women in African-American culture.

3839: 3838:

has been successful as a solo performer and as a member of the

3798: 3650: 3437: 3382: 3291: 2904: 2770: 2186: 2120: 2006: 1371: 1363: 1113: 1045: 1029: 1008: 786: 750: 10316:"Rap Culture's Evolution from Glorifying to Decrying Drug Use" 8826: 8691:

Arthur, Damien (2006), "Hip Hop Consumption and Masculinity",

8215:"How '2Pacalypse Now' Marked The Birth Of A Rap Revolutionary" 6179:"Eminem and The Beatles: The Top-Selling Artists of the 2000s" 2047:. Early acts made up of "mainly Latino Americans" include the 1527:" by moving one of the record platters while manipulating the 1085:

performs her signature piece "Let Them Eat Chaos" at the 2017

12377: 12367: 12177: 11970: 11948: 9606:"Afrika Bambaataa on James Brown, Sampling and Hip Hop Today" 8092: 8090: 8088: 7148: 7146: 6533: 6531: 4349: 4193: 4018: 3790: 3642: 3504: 3496: 3460: 3217:

Another popular hip hop magazine that arose in the 1980s was

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overturned the obscenity ruling from Judge Gonzalez, and the

2630: 2448: 2277: 2252:' "Footsteps in the Dark Pts. 1 and 2" being sampled to make 2213:

or by hiring a drumkit percussionist to play acoustic drums.

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that preys on adolescents wherever nobody knows their name."

998: 985: 977: 962: 560: 408: 202: 182: 149:. From hip hop culture emerged a new genre of popular music, 10199:

PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

6895: 6893: 5809:"Early hip-hop's greatest drum machine just got resurrected" 5492:, ed. Alan Light, 350-7. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999. 4772: 2476: 2035:, and was later given more focus in fictional films such as 792: 673:", which became the first certified gold rap song. In 1982, 454: 11177:

Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class

10613:"Azealia Banks, a Young Rapper Taking Cues From the Street" 9658: 8063:"Appeals Court Voids Obscenity Ruling on 2 Live Crew Album" 7888:"Hiphop-festivaali Blockfest myytiin loppuun ennätysajassa" 7749:"'Franglais' controversy just paranoia, says Dead Obies MC" 7513:"Ice Cube's It Was a Good Day – Discover the Sample Source" 5955:"From the fringe: The Hip hop culture and ethnic relations" 4201: 4197: 4096: 3646: 2851:

told The Times. Until its discontinuation on July 8, 2006,

2633:) – performs an entire verse that is blanked out. In 1995, 2421: 1977: 1615: 1560: 443: 194: 186: 11670: 11062:

A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop

10652:"Rapper Angel Haze Explains Pansexuality In Her Own Words" 8085: 7143: 6528: 4745:

Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation

3362: 2667:

because of its obscene and vulgar lyrics. In June 1990, a

1069:". This tactic became known as the "chipmunk soul sound." 714:

both described the machine as hip hop's equivalent to the

567:

at the time, grew at an astounding rate from 1977 onward.

11243:

Kolbowski, Silvia (Winter 1998). "Homeboy Cosmopolitan".

9492:

Tate, Greg. "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?"

7892: 6890: 6554:. Showbuzz.cbsnews.com. February 17, 2010. Archived from 6516:

Wayne Marshall, "Nu Whirl Music, Blogged in Translation?"

5081:

SpearIt, Muslim Hip Hop in the age of Mass Incarceration

4046: 3436:

brought the sound systems, technology, and techniques of

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billboard at a festival sponsored by the soda pop company

2874: 2873:'s "Gotta Give the Peeps What They Need" was censored on 2766: 1468:

turntables or other sound sources, such as tapes, CDs or

957: 400:, who created its signature flourish in 1977 or 1978" – " 392:" – an essential element of modern hip hop. Music critic 9517: 9515: 7660: 7658: 6606:"Previewing the BET Awards: Where Are the Lady Rappers?" 6417:

Schwartz, Mark. "Planet Rock: Hip Hop Supa National" in

6137:. Miami University Department of English. Archived from 4062:

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community

3669:

dynamism of the genre for African-American communities.

1851:

Bubble lettering held sway initially among writers from

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Famous DJs include Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa,

544:

magazine printing an article titled "B Beats Bombarding

523:

Street gangs were prevalent in the poverty of the South

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Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work

8381:

Boulaghmal, Ismail; Polfuß, Jonas (November 30, 2022).

8186: 8184: 3334:"consume the fantasy of living a more masculine life". 2673:

United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

2553:

Hip hop lyricism has gained a measure of legitimacy in

2099:, then known as beatboxes. It was first popularized by 2095:

is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of

737:

Other groundbreaking records released in 1982 include "

10798:"Foundations of Funk: The Birth of a Genre | Features" 10574: 9539:

The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness

8827:"Ah Yeah: The History and Meaning of a Rap Expression" 7573:"What does "chopping" mean? – Future Producers forums" 7118:. Edinburgh: Accidental Media, 2004. Documentary film. 7110: 7108: 6791:

55.1 (2010): 3–8. UW WorldCat. Retrieved June 2, 2014.

6657:

The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness

5030:

Life and Death on the New York Dance Floor, 1980 -1983

4235:

during the early 1990s, violence, drugs, weapons, and

4045:, who in an interview claimed, "We need to go step to 2907:

pulled the album until a new cover could be designed.

2769:

Assistant Director Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing

2382:

The development of hip hop linguistics, including own

1298:

As the hip hop genre has changed since the 1980s, the

205:

to become one of the most practiced genres worldwide.

10871:

Watkins, S. Craig. "Why Hip-Hop Is Like No Other" in

9633:"KRS-One: Real Men Don't Exist in Mainstream Hip-Hop" 9533: 9531: 9512: 9375:"Why are rap lyrics being used as evidence in court?" 9144:"Cornell University Library Annual Report, 2007–2008" 7655: 7460:

Prophets of the Hood: Politics and Poetics in Hip Hop

7416:

Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory

7068: 7066: 5102:"The Birth of Hip Hop, The Forum – BBC World Service" 3766: 2910: 2819:

because of the controversy surrounding "Cop Killer".

1784:, Blade, Fargo, Cholly Rock, Fuzz One, and Coco 144. 9356: 8818: 8181: 5527: 4274: 3700: 2830:. But I don't hear anybody complaining about that." 2611:

of the soundtrack, or replaced with "clean" lyrics.

1999:. Breakdancing includes four dance styles: rocking, 1535:

The development of DJing was also influenced by new

1166:, whose anti-government songs fueled the rebellion. 11353:

Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap

10713:"The rapper taking on hip hop's 'homophobic space'" 9450:""Tha Realness": In Search of Hip-Hop Authenticity" 9123:"Patrick Douthit a.k.a. 9th Wonder, Cover to Cover" 8937:. worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from 8927: 8751:. Southafrica.info. January 7, 2003. Archived from 8695:, Volume 8, Association for Consumer Research, 113. 8596: 7938: 7105: 6519: 6357:

The World's Most Local Pop Music Goes International

6107: 6091: 6089: 5164:"4 Reasons Cindy Campbell Is The Mother of Hip Hop" 4899:"Afrika Bambaataa talks about the roots of Hip Hop" 3808:. These critics are advocating a viewpoint called " 1547:, first sold in 1978, which had a precise variable 1500:

made further innovations with the introduction of "

11659:The Social Significance of Rap and Hip-Hop Culture 11644:Sugarhill Gang – Rapper's Delight (Official Video) 11427: 11377: 11350: 11116:Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies 10035: 10033: 10031: 9528: 8682:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2005, p. 329. 7730:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008, pp. 106–108. 7102:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2015, pp. 13–17. 7063: 5698:. Hess, Mickey, 1975–. Santa Barbara, California. 5077: 5075: 4825:"The Best Hip Hop Songs (On Spotify) Of June 2016" 4331:It is argued as to whether hip hop started in the 2922:packages featuring hip hop-design images (showing 2809:and various police advocacy groups. Consequently, 2145:A typical rap drum beat, written in drum notation. 1899:is viewed as a physical expression. The 1983 film 1327:cable show on Paragon cable, and then created the 1162:, one example being an anonymous Libyan musician, 11059: 9068: 8678:Elam, Harry Justin, Jr., and Kennell A. Jackson. 8640:Berry, Peter A. BerryPeter A. (August 12, 2020). 8242:"'2Pacalypse Now': 2Pac's Incendiary Debut Album" 8204:, Vol. 44 (First published online July 24, 2019). 8131:. Rap.about.com. October 31, 2009. Archived from 6232:Berry, Peter A. BerryPeter A. (August 12, 2020). 6124: 6122: 4739: 3874:have, primarily in the 1990s, rapped lyrics that 3795:cultural stereotyping of African-American culture 2443:, a mix of French and English, by groups such as 2408:are popularized by a single song (in this case, " 304:Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader 13426: 10490:"Hip Hop and Homophobia: An Ingrained Ignorance" 10161:"Misogyny and the Evolution of Women in Hip Hop" 9817:"CNN.com – Hip-hop portrayal of women protested" 8886:Trinh, Jean. "Meet Awkwafina." The Daily Beast. 8380: 7638:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics 7169:. uk.complex.com. April 29, 2015. Archived from 6270: 6086: 5910:"The Most Influential Artists: #12 Beastie Boys" 5503:The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip Hop 5195:"How the Block Party Became an Urban Phenomenon" 4733: 4060:Until the 2010s, hip hop music has excluded the 2893:was under fire for the cover art on their album 363:, who is also a record producer, manipulating a 10552:"Hip Hop Will Never Accept Transgender Rappers" 10028: 9887:Kelefa Sanneh, "The Rap Against Rockism." 2004. 9069:Morrell, Ernest; Duncan-Andrade, Jeffrey M. R. 7635:; et al., eds. (2012). "Hip-hop poetics". 6379: 5409:"The Story of Rapper's Delight by Nile Rodgers" 5072: 4416: 2404:being a notable example. Sometimes, terms like 2294:While hip hop music makes a significant use of 11563:Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop 9002: 7841: 7156:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2015, p. 13. 7140:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2015, p. 15. 6736:"5 pop stars who appropriated hip-hop culture" 6119: 6022:. Jamaicans.com. April 9, 2007. Archived from 4599:. Web Media Entertainment Gmbh. Archived from 4263:but with one that validates women's struggle. 1796:In America in the late 1960s, before hip hop, 1460:at a turntablism competition in France in 2006 781:"(1983), "a cornerstone of early 80s beat box 596:, stated that "hip hop saved a lot of lives". 63:Subculture including music, dance and graffiti 11686: 10588:. A&E Networks Television. Archived from 9929: 9814: 9790:"Taking Back the Music | CBN.com (beta)" 9690:"Kool Herc speaks on Hip Hop Culture in 2015" 9687: 8703: 8701: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8165:. Los Angeles Newspaper group. Archived from 7334:. Artsedge.kennedy-center.org. Archived from 6604:Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo (June 22, 2011). 5133:"All Rise for the National Anthem of Hip-Hop" 4374:"Honolulu Star-Bulletin 01 Sep 1988, page 23" 3994: 1044:had the top selling album of the 2000s until 11006: 9925: 9923: 9033: 8984:TALK: Emmanuel Jal: The music of a war child 8462: 8460: 7868:(in Finnish). Visit Tampere Matkailuneuvonta 7356: 5535:That's the joint! The hip-hop studies reader 5219: 5217: 3948: 3298:, it was not until its commercial peak that 3065:would be delighted to have their business." 1402:was also accused of cultural appropriation. 11649:Is Rap Finally Ready to Embrace It's Women? 11513:Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop 11060:Corvino, Daniel; Livernoche, Shawn (2000). 9702:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9576: 9076:. National Council of Teachers of English. 8152: 8150: 7266: 7264: 6982:"The Origin | Hip Hop Cultural Center" 6485: 6483: 6481: 6432:"Five Steez releases 'War for Peace' Album" 6413: 6411: 5742:"SamplesDB – Afrika Bambaataa's Track" 5605: 5603: 5601: 5574: 5474:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4867: 4865: 4787: 4615: 3880:inferior to or otherwise dependent upon men 3819: 3623:that existed into the 19th century, to the 3068:In retaliation, many hip hop icons such as 2606:and sometimes violent messages. The use of 2185:vocal effects such as those popularized by 1135:argues that "the essence of hip hop is the 773:created the influential electro funk tune " 274:, released in 1979, begins with the phrase 11693: 11679: 11579: 8851:. Worldmusic.about.com. November 4, 2009. 8698: 8401: 7944: 7837: 7835: 6847:"The Star Press 30 Apr 2000, page Page 92" 6822:"The Star Press 30 Apr 2000, page Page 92" 6459: 6457: 6278:"Hip Hop: National Geographic World Music" 6057: 6055: 6053: 5726:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5696:Hip hop in America : a regional guide 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5624:"Bringing that beat back — on the E train" 5517:"Grand Master Mele Mel: Gun Show Part One" 5350:The guide to United States popular culture 3912:The misrepresentation of women, primarily 2813:refused to release Ice-T's upcoming album 2524:is the largest hip hop music event in the 1120:influence on style of behavior and dress. 415:. This spoken style was influenced by the 11541: 11242: 10823:Pelton, Tristan Michael (June 16, 2007). 10403: 10039: 9920: 9238: 8905:"An Itinerant Refugee in a Hip-Hop World" 8890:, March 14, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2014. 8457: 8418:"Hip Hop Two-Step Over Product Placement" 8357:"Hip-hop's 'bling' culture is wooing USA" 6904:: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC 6760: 6328: 6260:"Hip-Hop Culture Crosses Social Barriers" 5760: 5734: 5439:"Tenants Might Buy Birthplace of Hip-Hop" 5363:The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy 5342: 5214: 5017:. Vol. 112, no. 23. p. 20. 4169:Learn how and when to remove this message 4017:") and sometimes violent threats towards 3842:. This photo shows her performing at the 3718:, along with traditional hip hop artists 2971:to promote the brand among hip hop fans, 2016:The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy 1224:Learn how and when to remove this message 461:is a pioneer in developing hip hop music. 10543: 10313: 10244: 10189: 10089:from the original on September 28, 2015. 10056:Alma Mater Society of Queen's University 9447: 8716: 8466: 8147: 7844:"Global Culture and the American Cosmos" 7286:, 3rd ed., London: Serpent's Tail, 2000. 7261: 7217: 6603: 6478: 6408: 6370:, May 7, 2002. Retrieved April 16, 2008. 6227: 6225: 5957:. popular culture review. Archived from 5837: 5775: 5598: 5582:"A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History" 5540: 5027: 4921: 4862: 4427:Know What I Mean? Reflections on Hip-Hop 4399:"The Press-Tribune 15 Sep 1988, page 15" 4180: 3829: 3574: 3459: 3408: 3361: 3348:marketing products as hip hop fashion". 3273: 3203: 3029: 2977: 2914: 2838:The White House administrations of both 2589: 2507: 2501:nations and countries around the world. 2475: 2289: 2191: 2140: 2068: 2005: 1939: 1931: 1835: 1760: 1711: 1565: 1447: 1235: 1204:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1112:, hip hop is "custom-made to combat the 1076: 956: 791: 569: 453: 355: 78: 11478: 11452: 11375: 11221: 11198: 11082: 10549: 10220:"Past Winners Search | GRAMMY.com" 10212: 10171:from the original on September 25, 2018 9585:from the original on September 24, 2014 8899: 8773: 8627: 8436: 8354: 8301: 8270: 8156: 8096: 8060: 7975:from the original on September 15, 2018 7832: 7773:"Chiac: A pride or a threat to French?" 7475:, Volume 1, Greenwood Publishing Group. 7413: 7303:from the original on September 17, 2011 7270: 7236: 6576: 6454: 6424: 6306:. CNN. January 15, 2001. Archived from 6131:"Media coverage of the Hip-Hop Culture" 6113: 6061: 6050: 5806: 5681: 5668: 5640: 5634: 5556:. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 5403: 5401: 5291: 5257:"Investigations: Birthplace Of Hip Hop" 5223: 5161: 5013:Kenon, Marci (May 6, 2000). "Hip-Hop". 5006: 4540:"The Boston Globe 27 Jul 1992, page 52" 4515:"The Boston Globe 27 Jul 1992, page 52" 4490:"Chicago Tribune 09 Jun 1985, page 282" 3543:have taught hip hop history classes at 2130: 2014:According to the 2002 documentary film 1480:. One of the first few hip hop DJs was 649:—the song itself is usually considered 13427: 11323: 11281: 11228:. New York City: Basic Civitas Books. 11110: 11033:Chang, Jeff (November–December 2007). 10844: 10822: 10777:Oxford African American Studies Center 10753:from the original on February 17, 2019 10723:from the original on February 17, 2019 10662:from the original on February 17, 2019 10649: 10610: 10562:from the original on December 11, 2015 10531:from the original on December 11, 2015 10512: 10487: 10469:from the original on December 11, 2015 10437: 10435: 10374: 10265:from the original on September 2, 2016 10245:Lawrence, Novotny (October 24, 2014). 10208:from the original on January 12, 2016. 10141:from the original on November 16, 2018 9991: 9716: 9630: 9603: 9176:"Rapper Eazy E hospitalized with AIDS" 8719:"TIMEeurope Magazine | Viewpoint" 8538:from the original on September 3, 2011 8121: 8042:from the original on December 10, 2008 7699: 7631: 7553:from the original on December 19, 2015 7523:from the original on November 14, 2015 7409: 7407: 7359:"Breaking Down Limits Through Hip Hop" 6763:"How Will Swift Handle the Criticism?" 6761:Mannering, Lindsay (August 18, 2014). 6257: 6064:"Where Did All The Female Rappers Go?" 5878:"Billboard 200 – Week of May 19, 2012" 5807:Baldwin, Roberto (February 14, 2014). 5621: 5192: 5130: 4645: 4590: 2784:and retaliation sparked outrage among 2410:Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See 1147:and the mistreated to be heard. These 743:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 693:created an electronic sound using the 613:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 286:contains a rapping part with the line 245:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 13387:LGBT representations in hip hop music 11674: 11560: 11348: 11330:(2nd ed.). 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"How Hip Hop Came to Be". 5174:from the original on April 4, 2019 4985: 4805:from the original on April 4, 2016 4691:from the original on April 2, 2019 4661:from the original on July 28, 2017 4623:"Elements | Universal Zulu Nation" 4591:Walker, Jason (January 31, 2005). 4465:"Burton Mail 12 Jul 1984, page 16" 3893:Hip hop music frequently promotes 3767:Commercialization and stereotyping 3695:essentialist and anti-essentialist 3445:believe bring them closer to God. 3351: 2911:Product placement and endorsements 2677:Supreme Court of the United States 2298:old records, using turntables and 1769:can, a common tool used in modern 14: 13471: 13445:African-American cultural history 11599: 10611:Ortved, John (February 1, 2012). 10457:Heigl, Alex (November 17, 2015). 10420:from the original on July 6, 2021 10314:Gonzales, Matt (March 2, 2020) . 9669:from the original on July 2, 2017 8915:from the original on May 12, 2011 8855:from the original on May 11, 2011 8609:from the original on May 11, 2011 8445:from the original on May 10, 2011 7920:"Hip-Hop: The "Rapper's Delight"" 7900:from the original on July 2, 2019 7675:"Dr. Renford R. Reese's Homepage" 7299:. Scribd.com. December 19, 2009. 6769:from the original on May 27, 2018 6742:from the original on May 27, 2018 6716:from the original on May 27, 2018 6616:from the original on June 7, 2014 6438:. August 23, 2012. Archived from 6331:"Planet Rock by Robert Christgau" 6329:Christgau, Robert (May 7, 2002). 6074:from the original on June 4, 2014 5988:from the original on May 14, 2011 5979: 5952: 5622:Zimmer, Amy (February 20, 2006). 5514: 5361:Kool Herc, in Israel (director), 5143:from the original on May 20, 2013 5131:Hermes, Will (October 29, 2006). 5083:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2767194 5054:"Zulu Nation: History of Hip-Hop" 4679:Allah, Sha Be (August 11, 2018). 4568:. Movmnt Magazine. Archived from 3777:In 2012, hip hop and rap pioneer 3701:Traditional vs. progressive views 3545:North Carolina Central University 2228:An early beat maker was producer 1812:used graffiti to mark territory. 473:refined and developed the use of 13405: 13404: 10960: 10925: 10878: 10865: 10838: 10816: 10790: 10765: 10735: 10711:Blake, Jimmy (August 31, 2018). 10704: 10674: 10643: 10604: 10481: 10450: 10396:Virginia Commonwealth University 10368: 10338: 10307: 10277: 10238: 10183: 10153: 10123: 10093: 10074: 9992:Morgan, Marcyliena (July 2005). 9985: 9890: 9881: 9763: 9737: 9710: 9681: 9651: 9624: 9597: 9570: 9557: 9544: 9499: 9486: 9477: 9468: 9441: 9414: 9390: 9368: 9344:from the original on May 7, 2019 9326: 9312: 9304:West, Tim'm (November 4, 2013). 9297: 9267: 9205:AS, Bohnert; CA, Latkin (2009). 9198: 9186:from the original on May 7, 2019 9168: 9135: 9115: 9095: 9062: 9027: 8996: 8993:on Video Link on TED, July 2009. 8977: 8953: 8893: 8880: 8867: 8841: 8809: 8779: 8767: 8741: 8710: 8685: 8672: 8659: 8633: 8621: 8590: 8577: 8550: 8520: 8487: 8430: 8374: 8355:Devaney, Polly (June 24, 2004). 8348: 8318: 8295: 8271:Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). 8233: 8207: 8097:Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). 8054: 8030:Ebert, Roger (August 11, 1995). 8023: 8014: 7987: 7957: 7912: 7880: 7854: 7815: 7788: 7765: 7742: 7733: 7720: 7693: 7667: 7625: 7595: 7565: 7535: 7505: 7478: 7465: 7452: 7422: 7373: 7357:O'Connor, Ryan (December 2010). 7350: 7324: 7315: 7289: 7276: 7230: 7211: 7199:from the original on May 6, 2015 7185: 7159: 7130: 7121: 7092: 7080:from the original on May 3, 2015 7037: 7026: 7013: 7000: 6974: 6961: 6935: 6922: 6909: 6864: 6839: 6814: 6794: 6781: 6754: 5505:. Boston: South End Press, 1984. 4875:. March 17, 2006. Archived from 4711:"KRS-One's 40 Year's of Hip Hop" 4277: 4123: 3773:Stereotypes of African Americans 3474:Maya Arulpragasm (A.K.A. M.I.A.) 3464:Arabic hip hop artist Klash Loon 3125: 2855:ran a late-night segment titled 2466: 1178: 1081:British hip hop artist and poet 830:Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos 216:, as well as from websites like 20: 11515:(2nd ed.). New York City: 11263:(1st ed.). New York City: 10999: 9815:Rose Arce CNN (March 4, 2005). 7677:. Csupomona.edu. Archived from 6906:, Chicago Review Press, p. xii. 6728: 6702: 6670: 6648: 6628: 6597: 6570: 6540: 6510: 6495: 6466: 6373: 6349: 6322: 6296: 6196: 6170: 6145: 6098: 6062:Nielson, Erik (March 4, 2014). 6038: 6012: 6000: 5973: 5946: 5928: 5902: 5870: 5831: 5800: 5744:. samplesdb.com. Archived from 5687: 5615: 5519:. AllHipHop.com. Archived from 5508: 5495: 5482: 5427: 5411:. RapProject.tv. Archived from 5368: 5355: 5312: 5285: 5249: 5186: 5155: 5124: 5046: 5021: 4979: 4929:"Real Hip Hop Vs. Fake Hip Hop" 4891: 4817: 4761: 4672: 4584: 4557: 4342: 4293:List of hip hop music festivals 3610: 3579: 2627:Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem) 2432:to the end or middle of words. 1921: 968:With the commercial success of 941:to more contemporary ones like 697:drum machine and sampling from 491:King Tim III (Personality Jock) 11384:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 10442:Hall, Marcella Runell (2008). 9577:streetgangs (August 5, 2006). 9387:, CBC Radio, January 15, 2014. 9320:"The Deliberate Revolutionary" 9132:. Accessed September 30, 2010. 8302:Serpick, Evan (July 9, 2006). 8061:Philips, Chuck (May 8, 1992). 7827:Review of Educational Research 7008:Poetic Rhythm: An Introduction 6577:Diawara, Manthia (July 2009). 6258:Walker, Carol (May 13, 2006). 5982:"Grandmaster Flash: Interview" 5320:"The History of Hip Hop Music" 4960:Chang, Jeff (April 10, 2016). 4532: 4507: 4482: 4457: 4432: 4391: 4366: 4325: 4039:Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down 3507:, South Korea, Koreans b-boy. 3484:, a former child soldier from 2548: 2331:electric bass on some tracks. 1057:example, West's debut single " 557:New York City blackout of 1977 1: 11349:Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. (2007). 10969:American Behavioral Scientist 10934:American Behavioral Scientist 10903:10.1080/17400201.2018.1535474 10859:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020 10521:"Hip Hop's Homophobic Haters" 9747:. Spinner.com. Archived from 9103:Christopher Martin biography. 9005:"Seoul's Bumping B-Boy Scene" 7922:. America.gov. Archived from 6789:American Behavioral Scientist 6394:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020 6262:. America.gov. Archived from 5488:Kenner, Rob. "Dancehall", in 4992:Encyclopedia of Popular Music 4359: 4246:Black female artists such as 4001:Homophobia in hip hop culture 2585: 2322:, and relatively inexpensive 2058: 1061:" used a sped-up sample from 380:DJ Clive "Kool Herc" Campbell 13392:Feminist activism in hip hop 11625:Resources in other libraries 11460:(2nd ed.). London, UK: 11376:Perkins, William E. (1995). 11092:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 11010:; Fricke, Jim, eds. (2002). 10847:Journal of Business Research 10773:"Hip Hop's Early Influences" 9112:Accessed September 30, 2010. 9048:10.1080/15313204.2011.594993 8693:Gender and Consumer Behavior 8669:. Oxford: Berg, 2011, p. 13. 7896:(in Finnish). July 2, 2019. 7762:, CBC Radio, August 1, 2014. 6874:. Mca.org.au. Archived from 6583:. Harvard University Press. 4429:, Basic Civitas Books, p. 6. 4308:Hip hop and social injustice 4033:'s "Nobody Move", rap group 3761: 3510: 3208:The German hip hop magazine 3184: 3172:" in 1984). For many years, 2826:blew away dozens of cops as 1720:performs in Las Vegas for a 949:, reaching platinum status. 527:, and much of the graffiti, 235: 7: 13382:Partner violence in hip hop 11700: 11580:Fitzgerald, Tamsin (2008). 11434:. Middletown, Connecticut: 11260:The VIBE History of Hip-Hop 10946:10.1177/0002764203046010005 9631:djvlad (January 27, 2015). 9128:September 23, 2010, at the 8875:Social and Economic Studies 8557:Bois, Jon (June 25, 2010). 7388:. Oxford University Press. 6872:"Music and Human Evolution" 5490:The Vibe History of Hip-hop 5352:Popular Press, 2001. p. 386 5088:September 18, 2016, at the 4859:(April 2, 2007), pp. 36–37. 4270: 4149:the claims made and adding 3138:to comply with Knowledge's 2881:". After the attack on the 2877:, removing the words "free 2773:'s resentment of the song. 2618:Austin Powers in Goldmember 2493:, a sociology professor at 2484:performing in San Francisco 2377: 2029:Breaking was documented in 1750: 33:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 13476: 11359:University Press of Kansas 10891:Journal of Peace Education 10384:Journal of Hip Hop Studies 10375:Smiley, Calvin J. (2017). 10010:10.1215/00382876-104-3-425 9659:"Pro Breaking Tour – UDEF" 9275:"Afropop Worldwide | Home" 9211:AIDS Patient Care and STDs 8032:"Reviews: Dangerous Minds" 7127:Chang, Jeff, 2005. p. 111. 6663:December 27, 2014, at the 6641:December 27, 2014, at the 5940:December 21, 2016, at the 5626:. Metro.us. Archived from 5587:November 14, 2015, at the 5229:The Rough Guide to Hip-Hop 4962:"How Hip-Hop Got Its Name" 3998: 3995:Homophobia and transphobia 3952: 3823: 3770: 3704: 3553:Cornell University Library 3355: 3269: 2471: 2344:Digital audio workstations 2244:Most beats in hip hop are 2134: 2062: 1983:Breaking took form in the 1925: 1754: 1705: 1574:mixing with two turntables 1441: 1405: 1302:cultural "tradition" that 346: 65: 13450:Jamaican-American history 13400: 13312: 13271: 13246: 13071: 13006: 12846:Bosnian and Herzegovinian 12819: 12707: 12585: 12574: 12540: 12471: 12460: 12336: 12311: 12221: 12210: 12129: 12082: 11878: 11867: 11859:Bristol underground scene 11826: 11753: 11710: 11620:Resources in your library 11542:Kugelberg, Johan (2007). 11493:10.1080/03007760500105172 11481:Popular Music and Society 11436:Wesleyan University Press 11128:10.1080/10714410500339020 11064:. Tinicum, Pennsylvania: 10853:(3). Elsevier Inc.: 244. 10190:Muhammad, Kareem (2010). 9979:January 12, 2011, at the 9865:. mtv.com. Archived from 8966:November 1, 2012, at the 8597:Encyclopædia Britannica. 8439:"Cover Story: Frock Band" 8423:January 13, 2009, at the 7799:. Upliftt. Archived from 7033:Oxford English Dictionary 6678:"Man And The Music Mania" 5553:How We Got Here: The '70s 4303:List of hip hop musicians 4114: 3949:Glorification of drug use 3876:portray women as sex toys 3537:Christopher "Play" Martin 2664:As Nasty As They Wanna Be 2535:socially conscious themes 1968:, and the dance moves of 1742:Rapping is distinct from 1640:Pete Rock & CL Smooth 133:; other elements include 11294:Journal of Communication 11222:Kitwana, Bakari (2005). 11199:Kitwana, Bakari (2002). 11094:Harvard University Press 10981:10.1177/0002764205277427 10394:: VCU Scholars Compass ( 9998:South Atlantic Quarterly 9953:10.1177/1097184X08327696 9717:djvlad (April 7, 2015). 9604:djvlad (April 6, 2015). 9398:"How M.I.A. Made 'Kala'" 8989:August 18, 2012, at the 8877:55:1&2 (2006):49–74. 7487:Dr. Dre interview (2012) 7462:, Duke University Press. 7365:(8): 3–6. Archived from 5537:, Routledge, 2004. p. 2. 5376:"The History Of Hip Hop" 4318: 3971:scenes, alongside their 3820:Marginalization of women 3535:and former rapper-actor 3151:may contain suggestions. 3136:may need to be rewritten 3116: 2272:", released in 2011, by 1936:B Boy executing a freeze 1701: 1670:and the inventor of the 1579:such as Kurtis Blow and 1437: 1187:This article or section 1099:U.S. Department of State 1035: 952: 656: 351: 145:, hip hop language, and 72:Hip hop (disambiguation) 46:may contain suggestions. 31:may need to be rewritten 11664:March 21, 2019, at the 11582:Hip-Hop and Urban Dance 11386:Temple University Press 11324:Nelson, George (2005). 10582:"Frank Ocean Biography" 9380:August 8, 2014, at the 8585:Encyclopædia Britannica 8197:August 3, 2019, at the 8190:Deflem, Mathieu. 2019. 7778:August 6, 2014, at the 7754:August 5, 2014, at the 7332:"Drop Me Off in Harlem" 7006:Attridge, Derek, 2002, 6362:April 18, 2008, at the 4743:; DJ Kool Herc (2005). 4021:people, such as rapper 3907:object of male pleasure 3527:and ballet, as well as 2885:on September 11, 2001, 2765:" earned a letter from 2287:for an MC to rap over. 2266:Try a Little Tenderness 1951:, often involves dance 1855:, though the elaborate 1674:style of mixing music, 1632:Boogie Down Productions 1476:that is plugged into a 1024:AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted 667:self-titled debut album 13440:African-American music 11458:Rough Guide to Hip Hop 11035:"It's a Hip-hop World" 10042:"Emo rap needs to end" 9775:July 28, 2013, at the 9403:June 22, 2013, at the 7045:"Hip-Hop, The history" 6943:"Rapping – definition" 6712:. September 26, 2017. 5778:"Slaves to the rhythm" 5028:Lawrence, Tim (2016). 4298:List of hip hop genres 4189: 3884:violence towards women 3847: 3595:by Anglo-Tamil rapper 3465: 3425: 3374: 3358:List of hip hop genres 3345: 3283: 3214: 3111:mainstream pitchpeople 3050:. A 2006 article from 3039: 2990: 2933: 2926:and based on the film 2776:Tupac's first album, " 2758:Straight Outta Compton 2748:Straight Outta Compton 2740:Straight Outta Compton 2688: 2651: 2599: 2583: 2529: 2485: 2303: 2260:". Another example is 2205: 2146: 2081: 2053:New York City Breakers 2011: 1956: 1937: 1844: 1773: 1725: 1575: 1494:Grand Wizzard Theodore 1461: 1250:Artists and Repertoire 1245: 1244:emphasizes his wealth. 1094: 1004:Straight Outta Compton 965: 884:, and the documentary 800: 775:Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) 669:featuring the single " 586: 479:cutting and scratching 462: 442:, where the breaks of 417:African American style 368: 241:Keith "Cowboy" Wiggins 87: 70:. For other uses, see 12560:Alternative reggaeton 11839:Universal Zulu Nation 11654:Hip-Hop/R&B Music 11546:. Rizzoli, New York. 11426:Rose, Tricia (1994). 10352:. December 18, 2019. 10111:on September 21, 2011 9940:Men and Masculinities 9223:10.1089/apc.2009.0061 9108:July 3, 2010, at the 8314:on November 24, 2006. 7434:crazylegsworkshop.com 7297:"history of Graffiti" 6899:Edwards, Paul, 2009, 6808:May 20, 2013, at the 6266:on February 28, 2010. 6157:blackmusicscholar.com 6068:National Public Radio 4184: 3899:hegemonic masculinity 3833: 3826:Misogyny in rap music 3771:Further information: 3629:racial discrimination 3575:Values and philosophy 3463: 3422:Tribeca Film Festival 3412: 3365: 3340: 3277: 3207: 3033: 2981: 2918: 2824:Arnold Schwarzenegger 2683: 2639: 2593: 2578: 2559:University of Toronto 2511: 2479: 2370:'s "Tutenkhamen" and 2338:equipment, typically 2293: 2204:in a recording studio 2195: 2144: 2072: 2009: 1943: 1935: 1839: 1806:La Familia Michoacana 1764: 1715: 1672:Chopped & Screwed 1569: 1545:Technics SL-1200 MK 2 1451: 1286:However, in his book 1239: 1191:synthesis of material 1149:cultural translations 1080: 960: 795: 606:Universal Zulu Nation 583:Universal Zulu Nation 573: 518:KC The Prince of Soul 457: 359: 82: 13325:Contemporary R&B 13134:Minneapolis/St. Paul 11584:. Heineman Library. 11561:Chang, Jeff (2008). 11357:. Lawrence, Kansas: 10592:on December 11, 2015 10459:"Howls & Echoes" 9421:Wood, Joann (2004). 8888:Newsweek/Daily Beast 8791:south african hiphop 8508:on November 30, 2009 8326:"The Coup Cover Art" 8308:Entertainment Weekly 8304:"MTV: Play It Again" 7842:Patterson, Orlando. 7803:on November 14, 2015 7607:earsketch.gatech.edu 7369:on January 26, 2011. 6690:on February 28, 2014 6558:on December 21, 2007 6355:Christgau, Robert. " 6135:Ethics in Journalism 5980:Flash, Grandmaster. 5523:on January 18, 2007. 5437:(January 15, 2008). 4654:KRS-ONE – 9 Elements 4633:on December 22, 2016 4603:on February 15, 2010 4285:United States portal 4192:Having its roots in 4099:, gay rapper/singer 3985:consumption of drugs 3973:derivative subgenres 3191:The Hip Hop Hit List 3088:'s promotion of his 2743:, released in 1988. 2340:multitrack recorders 2328:multitrack recording 2258:Today Was a Good Day 2131:Beatmaking/producing 2087:is the technique of 1911:and the documentary 1559:records and vintage 1539:techniques, such as 429:Master of Ceremonies 398:Grandwizard Theodore 373:Bronx, New York City 101:that was created by 84:DJ Grandmaster Flash 13460:Musical subcultures 11929:Chopped and screwed 11834:Five-Percent Nation 11205:Perseus Books Group 11089:In Search of Africa 11066:Xlibris Corporation 10081:Cundiff, Gretchen. 10047:The Queen's Journal 8941:on October 27, 2009 8903:(August 19, 2007). 8829:. Roovet News Media 8528:"Bubbles and bling" 8475:on November 3, 2007 8221:. November 12, 2016 7850:on January 4, 2009. 7785:, October 11, 2012. 7613:on December 8, 2015 7440:on October 11, 2018 7386:Oxford Music Online 7051:on January 25, 2011 6580:In Search of Africa 6506:(documentary film). 6141:on January 6, 2009. 5916:. November 25, 2020 5748:on January 12, 2016 5595:, February 12, 2006 5533:Forman M; M. Neal, 5415:on January 26, 2013 4423:Dyson, Michael Eric 3539:from hip hop group 3226:The Notorious B.I.G 3100:'s commercial with 3092:headphone line and 2887:Oakland, California 2669:U.S. district court 2563:University of Miami 2539:Algerians in France 1947:, an early form of 1887:, Kel, NOC 167 and 1739:), and "delivery". 1486:Grandmaster Flowers 1470:digital audio files 1288:In Search Of Africa 1104:National Geographic 1087:Treefort Music Fest 1054:The College Dropout 988:whose second album 851:and Buffy from the 843:. Pioneers such as 777:", while Warp 9's " 716:Fender Stratocaster 594:Cold Crush Brothers 172:tracks, beats, and 115:Caribbean Americans 11403:Ro, Ronin (2001). 11319:on March 18, 2009. 11265:Three Rivers Press 11172:Kelly, Robin D. G. 11154:St. Martin's Press 10617:The New York Times 10556:Howls & Echoes 10494:Howls & Echoes 10405:10.34718/ZBWC-RN03 10392:Richmond, Virginia 10291:. April 23, 2019. 9847:has generic name ( 9565:The Black Atlantic 9496:, January 4, 2005. 9009:The New York Times 8909:The New York Times 7726:Asante, Molefi K. 7458:Perry, I. (2004). 7430:"Rock Steady Crew" 6988:on August 22, 2010 6442:on August 27, 2012 6421:, pp. 361–72. 5650:The New York Times 5644:(March 13, 2007). 5630:on August 5, 2008. 5593:The New York Times 5450:The New York Times 5324:Acesandeighths.com 5294:The World of Music 5261:History Detectives 4627:new.zulunation.com 4190: 4134:possibly contains 4091:rapper and singer 4027:Where the Hood At? 3981:gangster lifestyle 3886:, including rape, 3848: 3712:Old-school hip hop 3691:The Black Atlantic 3641:state that unlike 3639:Alexander Weheliye 3557:Hip Hop Collection 3466: 3426: 3375: 3284: 3239:Hip Hop Connection 3215: 3040: 2991: 2934: 2905:Their record label 2883:World Trade Center 2753:West Coast hip hop 2722:. Ice-T released " 2604:anti-establishment 2600: 2530: 2495:Harvard University 2486: 2406:what the dilly, yo 2304: 2250:The Isley Brothers 2206: 2147: 2137:Hip hop production 2082: 2012: 1966:Russian folk dance 1962:Asian Martial arts 1957: 1938: 1845: 1774: 1744:spoken word poetry 1726: 1576: 1462: 1262:In an article for 1246: 1201:to the main topic. 1195:verifiably mention 1189:possibly contains 1095: 1073:Global innovations 966: 801: 757:, "Magic Wand" by 587: 463: 369: 341:St. Martins' Press 272:The Sugarhill Gang 88: 13422: 13421: 13308: 13307: 12570: 12569: 12456: 12455: 12206: 12205: 11786:Feminist activism 11635:Hip hop (culture) 11611:Hip hop (culture) 11606:Library resources 11591:978-1-4329-1378-6 11572:978-0-4650-0909-1 11553:978-0-7893-1540-3 11526:978-1-85242-243-1 11471:978-1-84353-263-7 11445:978-0-8195-6275-3 11418:978-0-7434-2823-1 11407:. New York City: 11395:978-1-56639-362-1 11368:978-0-7006-1547-6 11341:978-0-14-028022-7 11313:(PDF 1448.9 11274:978-0-609-80503-9 11235:978-0-465-03746-9 11214:978-0-465-02979-2 11203:. New York City: 11191:978-0-684-82639-4 11180:. New York City: 11152:. New York City: 11103:978-0-674-44611-3 11075:978-1-4010-2851-0 11025:978-0-306-81184-5 11014:. New York City: 10804:. August 16, 2016 10688:. April 3, 2007. 10322:: DrugRehab.com. 10052:Kingston, Ontario 9935:Kubrin, Charis E. 9521:Weheliye (2005), 9509:, pp. 39–40. 9505:See for instance 9448:Williams (2007). 9411:, March 19, 2013. 9279:Afropop Worldwide 9121:Duke University. 8974:, August 8, 2012. 8787:"african hip hop" 8755:on March 17, 2010 8667:Fashion and Music 8630:, pp. 28–29. 8332:. July 29, 2014. 8159:"Eazy to be hard" 8036:Chicago Sun-Times 7971:. July 24, 2011. 7926:on April 22, 2010 7681:on April 14, 2010 7648:978-0-691-15491-6 7471:Hess, M. (2007). 7380:Schloss, Joseph. 7116:Just to Get a Rep 6502:Michael Wanguhu. 6382:Business Research 6368:The Village Voice 6333:. village voice. 6310:on March 26, 2010 6284:on April 16, 2009 6129:Butler, Brendan. 6009:, pp. 53–55. 5984:. Prefixmag.com. 5961:on April 14, 2010 5684:, pp. 237–76 5567:978-0-465-04195-4 4879:on March 17, 2006 4799:independent.co.uk 4754:978-0-312-30143-9 4179: 4178: 4171: 4136:original research 4095:, lesbian rapper 3959:Drug use in music 3787:underground music 3781:, from the group 3739:World BBoy Series 3631:faced by blacks. 3296:Clarks' Wallabees 3166: 3165: 3140:quality standards 2996:Jacob the Jeweler 2967:made a deal with 2957:product placement 2811:Time Warner Music 2799:" from the album 2706:Gangsta rap is a 2698:Los Angeles Times 2491:Orlando Patterson 2457:Canadian identity 2312:record turntables 2196:Hip hop producer 1976:, and California 1791:Grandmaster Flash 1585:Grandmaster Flash 1506:Grandmaster Flash 1490:Grandmaster Flash 1360:Machine Gun Kelly 1265:The Village Voice 1234: 1233: 1226: 1170:Commercialization 1110:The Village Voice 1097:According to the 507:Christmas Rappin' 467:Grandmaster Flash 331:The Village Voice 103:African Americans 97:is a culture and 61: 60: 35:quality standards 13467: 13455:1970s neologisms 13413: 13408: 13407: 13275: 13250: 13112:Washington, D.C. 13075: 13010: 12823: 12711: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12578: 12543: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12408:Na mele paleoleo 12340: 12315: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12214: 12133: 12086: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11704: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11672: 11671: 11595: 11576: 11557: 11530: 11504: 11475: 11449: 11433: 11422: 11399: 11383: 11372: 11356: 11345: 11320: 11318: 11308:. Archived from 11291: 11278: 11250: 11239: 11218: 11195: 11167: 11139: 11112:Gordon, Lewis R. 11107: 11084:Diawara, Manthia 11079: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11029: 10993: 10992: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10882: 10876: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10686:villagevoice.com 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10439: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10407: 10381: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10320:Orlando, Florida 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10196: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10107:. Archived from 10097: 10091: 10090: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10037: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 9989: 9983: 9972: 9927: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9902:web.stanford.edu 9894: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9869:on April 4, 2016 9859: 9853: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9840: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9786: 9780: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9751:on June 28, 2013 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9701: 9693: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9555: 9550:Weheliye (205), 9548: 9542: 9535: 9526: 9519: 9510: 9503: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9418: 9412: 9394: 9388: 9372: 9366: 9363: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9334:"Hip Hop 4 Life" 9330: 9324: 9323: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9242: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9142:Kenney, Anne R. 9139: 9133: 9119: 9113: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9082: 9075: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9000: 8994: 8981: 8975: 8959:Jane Stevenson, 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8878: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8725:. Archived from 8714: 8708: 8705: 8696: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8670: 8665:Miller, Janice. 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8594: 8588: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8561:. SBNation.com. 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8504:. Archived from 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8434: 8428: 8414: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8310:. Archived from 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8268: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8211: 8205: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8169:on March 4, 2007 8154: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8094: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7862:"Blockfest 2016" 7858: 7852: 7851: 7839: 7830: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7792: 7786: 7769: 7763: 7746: 7740: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7671: 7665: 7662: 7653: 7652: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7609:. Archived from 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7579:. July 7, 2007. 7577:Future Producers 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7482: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7436:. Archived from 7426: 7420: 7419: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7363:NthWORD Magazine 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7338:on July 18, 2010 7328: 7322: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7019:Edwards (2009), 7017: 7011: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6978: 6972: 6967:Edwards (2009), 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6939: 6933: 6928:Edwards (2009), 6926: 6920: 6915:Edwards (2009), 6913: 6907: 6897: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6818: 6812: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6738:. May 11, 2017. 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6686:. Archived from 6674: 6668: 6652: 6646: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6436:The Jamaica Star 6428: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6377: 6371: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6126: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6059: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5953:Reese, Renford. 5950: 5944: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5840:"What's an 808?" 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5596: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5447: 5435:Lee, Jennifer 8. 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5330:on June 18, 2017 5326:. Archived from 5316: 5310: 5309: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5168:National Monitor 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5098: 5092: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4775:on April 4, 2019 4771:. Archived from 4765: 4759: 4758: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4629:. Archived from 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4572:on April 3, 2010 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4370: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151:inline citations 4127: 4126: 4119: 3858:artists such as 3844:Ottawa Bluesfest 3720:Afrika Bambaataa 3683:African diaspora 3338:collaborations: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3129: 3121: 3090:Beats by Dr. Dre 3046:champagne maker 3025:money laundering 2944:Critics such as 2782:police brutality 2724:6 in the Mornin' 2702: 2543:Turks in Germany 2526:Nordic countries 2089:vocal percussion 2078:proximity effect 2049:Rock Steady Crew 1668:Screwed Up Click 1604:DJ Charlie Chase 1458:record turntable 1300:African-American 1257:hypermasculinity 1229: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1067:Through the Fire 1059:Through the Wire 982:6 in the Mornin' 837:vocal percussion 779:Light Years Away 675:Afrika Bambaataa 575:Afrika Bambaataa 499:Rapper's Delight 365:record turntable 326:East Village Eye 318:Afrika Bambaataa 306:Afrika Bambaataa 278:. The 1980 hit " 268:Rapper's Delight 143:entrepreneurship 111:Latino Americans 56: 53: 47: 24: 16: 13475: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13411: 13396: 13362:Music sequencer 13304: 13273: 13267: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13207:Outside the US: 13204: 13200:Native American 13073: 13067: 13008: 13002: 12821: 12815: 12709: 12703: 12587: 12577:Regional scenes 12576: 12566: 12541: 12536: 12473: 12462: 12452: 12338: 12332: 12313: 12307: 12278:Psychedelic rap 12223: 12212: 12202: 12131: 12125: 12084: 12078: 12039:Progressive rap 11880: 11869: 11863: 11822: 11749: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11666:Wayback Machine 11631: 11630: 11629: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11592: 11573: 11565:. Basic Books. 11554: 11538: 11536:Further reading 11533: 11527: 11472: 11446: 11419: 11396: 11369: 11342: 11327:Hip-Hop America 11312: 11289: 11285:(Autumn 1999). 11283:McLeod, Kembrew 11275: 11236: 11215: 11192: 11164: 11104: 11076: 11050: 11048: 11026: 11008:Ahearn, Charlie 11002: 10997: 10996: 10965: 10961: 10930: 10926: 10883: 10879: 10870: 10866: 10843: 10839: 10829: 10827: 10825:"Rap/Hip Hop •" 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10781: 10779: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10724: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10609: 10605: 10595: 10593: 10580: 10579: 10575: 10565: 10563: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10527:. Queerty Inc. 10517: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10486: 10482: 10472: 10470: 10455: 10451: 10440: 10433: 10423: 10421: 10379: 10373: 10369: 10359: 10357: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10259: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10218: 10217: 10213: 10205: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10129: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10105:gas.sagepub.com 10099: 10098: 10094: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10038: 10029: 10019: 10017: 9990: 9986: 9981:Wayback Machine 9931:Weitzer, Ronald 9928: 9921: 9911: 9909: 9896: 9895: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9870: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9844: 9843: 9834: 9833: 9826: 9824: 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9777:Wayback Machine 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9715: 9711: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9629: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9575: 9571: 9563:Gilroy (1993), 9562: 9558: 9549: 9545: 9536: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9504: 9500: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9419: 9415: 9405:Wayback Machine 9395: 9391: 9382:Wayback Machine 9373: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9302: 9298: 9288: 9286: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9130:Wayback Machine 9120: 9116: 9110:Wayback Machine 9100: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9001: 8997: 8991:Wayback Machine 8982: 8978: 8968:Wayback Machine 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8898: 8894: 8885: 8881: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8832: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8730: 8729:on May 16, 2010 8715: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8690: 8686: 8677: 8673: 8664: 8660: 8650: 8648: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8595: 8591: 8582: 8578: 8568: 8566: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8534:. May 8, 2006. 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8492: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8465: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8435: 8431: 8425:Wayback Machine 8415: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8269: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8246:uDiscover Music 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8199:Wayback Machine 8189: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8155: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8135:on May 14, 2011 8127: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8095: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8028: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7840: 7833: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7795:Anthony, John. 7793: 7789: 7780:Wayback Machine 7770: 7766: 7756:Wayback Machine 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7495: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7412: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7382:"Hip Hop Dance" 7378: 7374: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7243:Theguardian.com 7235: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7152:Edwards, Paul, 7151: 7144: 7136:Edwards, Paul, 7135: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7114:Gerard, Peter, 7113: 7106: 7098:Edwards, Paul, 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7014: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6927: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6898: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6878:on July 6, 2011 6870: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6810:Wayback Machine 6799: 6795: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6665:Wayback Machine 6653: 6649: 6643:Wayback Machine 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6416: 6409: 6378: 6374: 6364:Wayback Machine 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6230: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6026:on May 12, 2011 6018: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5951: 5947: 5942:Wayback Machine 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5719: 5718: 5706: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5639: 5635: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5599: 5589:Wayback Machine 5579: 5575: 5568: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5483: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5222: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5090:Wayback Machine 5080: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5056:. Zulu Nation. 5052: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5026: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4986:Larkin, Colin. 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4003: 3997: 3961: 3953:Main articles: 3951: 3888:sexual violence 3834:Hip hop artist 3828: 3822: 3814:sound recording 3775: 3769: 3764: 3724:Grandmaster Caz 3709: 3707:Progressive rap 3703: 3613: 3582: 3577: 3551:. In 2007, the 3549:Duke University 3513: 3400:HipHop Pantsula 3360: 3354: 3352:Diversification 3305:Brands such as 3300:hip hop fashion 3272: 3195:The Nastee Boyz 3187: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3143: 3130: 3119: 2965:Russell Simmons 2913: 2786:law enforcement 2771:law enforcement 2763:Fuck tha Police 2704: 2690: 2655:Luther Campbell 2588: 2551: 2474: 2469: 2380: 2336:sound recording 2200:behind a large 2160:audio engineers 2155:sound recording 2151:music producing 2139: 2133: 2067: 2061: 1974:Michael Jackson 1930: 1924: 1873:Fab Five Freddy 1867:, Daze, Blade, 1759: 1753: 1710: 1704: 1688:Mix Master Mike 1676:Funkmaster Flex 1498:Grandmaster Caz 1456:manipulating a 1446: 1440: 1408: 1292:Manthia Diawara 1281:hip hop is dead 1230: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1193:which does not 1183: 1179: 1172: 1075: 1038: 955: 896:British hip hop 767:Malcolm McLaren 720:Licensed to Ill 679:Soulsonic Force 659: 354: 349: 310:Lovebug Starski 291:Lovebug Starski 238: 222:Worldstarhiphop 163:hip hop theater 147:hip hop fashion 75: 64: 57: 51: 48: 38: 25: 12: 11: 5: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13279: 13277: 13274:South American 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13254: 13252: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13190:Asian American 13187: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13082:United States: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13074:North American 13069: 13068: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13012: 13009:Middle Eastern 13004: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12715: 12713: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12593: 12591: 12580: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12508: 12507: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12493:Florida breaks 12490: 12488:Baltimore club 12479: 12477: 12466: 12458: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12438:Urban Pasifika 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12418:Romany hip hop 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12373:Hip hop galsen 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12344: 12342: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12319: 12317: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12268:New jack swing 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12216: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12151:Brooklyn drill 12143: 12137: 12135: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12041: 12036: 12035: 12034: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11886: 11884: 11873: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11698: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600:External links 11598: 11597: 11596: 11590: 11577: 11571: 11558: 11552: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11525: 11517:Serpent's Tail 11505: 11487:(3): 333–357. 11476: 11470: 11454:Shapiro, Peter 11450: 11444: 11423: 11417: 11400: 11394: 11373: 11367: 11346: 11340: 11321: 11300:(4): 134–150. 11279: 11273: 11257:, ed. (1999). 11251: 11240: 11234: 11219: 11213: 11196: 11190: 11168: 11163:978-0312373177 11162: 11140: 11122:(4): 367–389. 11108: 11102: 11080: 11074: 11057: 11043:(163): 58–65. 11040:Foreign Policy 11030: 11024: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10959: 10924: 10897:(3): 325–344. 10877: 10864: 10837: 10815: 10789: 10764: 10734: 10703: 10682:"Girls to Men" 10673: 10642: 10603: 10573: 10542: 10511: 10480: 10449: 10431: 10367: 10337: 10306: 10276: 10257: 10237: 10222:. grammy.com. 10211: 10182: 10152: 10122: 10092: 10073: 10027: 10004:(3): 425–444. 9984: 9919: 9889: 9880: 9854: 9807: 9781: 9762: 9736: 9709: 9680: 9650: 9623: 9596: 9569: 9556: 9543: 9537:Gilroy, Paul. 9527: 9511: 9498: 9485: 9476: 9467: 9440: 9413: 9389: 9367: 9355: 9325: 9311: 9296: 9266: 9197: 9167: 9134: 9114: 9094: 9061: 9026: 8995: 8976: 8952: 8926: 8911:. p. 20. 8892: 8879: 8866: 8840: 8825:Golden, Gene. 8817: 8808: 8778: 8766: 8740: 8709: 8697: 8684: 8671: 8658: 8632: 8620: 8603:Britannica.com 8589: 8576: 8549: 8519: 8486: 8456: 8441:. SILive.com. 8429: 8416:Kiley, David. 8400: 8373: 8361:Marketing Week 8347: 8317: 8294: 8258: 8232: 8206: 8180: 8163:Press Telegram 8146: 8120: 8084: 8053: 8022: 8013: 7986: 7956: 7937: 7911: 7879: 7853: 7831: 7821:Asante, M. K. 7814: 7787: 7771:MJ Deschamps, 7764: 7741: 7732: 7719: 7692: 7666: 7654: 7647: 7633:Greene, Roland 7624: 7594: 7564: 7534: 7504: 7477: 7464: 7451: 7421: 7403: 7372: 7349: 7323: 7314: 7288: 7275: 7260: 7229: 7210: 7184: 7173:on May 3, 2015 7158: 7142: 7129: 7120: 7104: 7091: 7062: 7036: 7025: 7012: 6999: 6973: 6960: 6934: 6921: 6908: 6889: 6863: 6851:Newspapers.com 6838: 6826:Newspapers.com 6813: 6802:New York Times 6793: 6780: 6753: 6727: 6701: 6669: 6647: 6627: 6596: 6589: 6569: 6539: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6504:Hip-Hop Colony 6494: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6423: 6407: 6388:(3): 243–244. 6372: 6348: 6321: 6295: 6269: 6250: 6221: 6195: 6169: 6144: 6118: 6106: 6097: 6085: 6049: 6047:, p. 192. 6037: 6011: 5999: 5972: 5945: 5927: 5901: 5869: 5830: 5799: 5768: 5759: 5733: 5704: 5686: 5667: 5633: 5614: 5597: 5573: 5566: 5539: 5526: 5507: 5494: 5481: 5426: 5397: 5367: 5354: 5341: 5311: 5284: 5248: 5241: 5225:Shapiro, Peter 5213: 5185: 5154: 5137:New York Times 5123: 5093: 5071: 5045: 5039:978-0822362029 5038: 5020: 5005: 4978: 4952: 4920: 4890: 4861: 4846: 4816: 4786: 4760: 4753: 4732: 4702: 4671: 4644: 4614: 4583: 4556: 4544:Newspapers.com 4531: 4519:Newspapers.com 4506: 4494:Newspapers.com 4481: 4469:Newspapers.com 4456: 4444:Newspapers.com 4431: 4415: 4403:Newspapers.com 4390: 4378:Newspapers.com 4364: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4341: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4272: 4269: 4177: 4176: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4101:Kevin Abstract 3999:Main article: 3996: 3993: 3950: 3947: 3914:women of color 3903:sexual assault 3824:Main article: 3821: 3818: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3702: 3699: 3612: 3609: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3555:established a 3512: 3509: 3455:pan-Africanism 3450:Wayne Marshall 3414:South Sudanese 3387:post-apartheid 3356:Main article: 3353: 3350: 3315:Tommy Hilfiger 3282:at a 2009 show 3271: 3268: 3186: 3183: 3164: 3163: 3133: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3048:Louis Roederer 2985:in front of a 2912: 2909: 2849:Sister Souljah 2828:the Terminator 2792:in his music. 2778:2Pacalypse Now 2682: 2657:and his group 2587: 2584: 2550: 2547: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2379: 2376: 2320:audio consoles 2237:unique sound. 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1822:New York Times 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1706:Main article: 1703: 1700: 1652:Jam Master Jay 1442:Main article: 1439: 1436: 1407: 1404: 1325:First Exposure 1232: 1231: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1074: 1071: 1037: 1034: 954: 951: 910:, followed by 822:It's like That 658: 655: 618:In late 1979, 495:Sugarhill Gang 378:Jamaican-born 353: 350: 348: 345: 322:Michael Holman 243:, a member of 237: 234: 105:, starting in 62: 59: 58: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13472: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13415: 13414: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13340:Record player 13338: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13270: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13245: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102:New York City 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13076: 13070: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13048:Saudi Arabian 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13005: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12679:South African 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12662:Port Harcourt 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12573: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12459: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12443:Vigilante rap 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12413:Nuyorican rap 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12310: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12213:Fusion genres 12209: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11966:Freestyle rap 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11924:Chipmunk soul 11922: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11910: 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11401: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11333: 11332:Penguin Books 11329: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11144:Hager, Steven 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11017: 11016:Da Capo Press 11013: 11009: 11005: 11004: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10875:, p. 63. 10874: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10841: 10830:September 24, 10826: 10819: 10808:September 24, 10803: 10799: 10793: 10782:September 24, 10778: 10774: 10768: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10591: 10587: 10586:Biography.com 10583: 10577: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10546: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10453: 10445: 10438: 10436: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10258:9780786472673 10254: 10250: 10249: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9884: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9850: 9845:|author= 9838: 9822: 9818: 9811: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9713: 9705: 9699: 9691: 9684: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9560: 9553: 9552:Phonographies 9547: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9524: 9523:Phonographies 9518: 9516: 9508: 9502: 9495: 9494:Village Voice 9489: 9480: 9471: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9409:Rolling Stone 9406: 9402: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9371: 9362: 9360: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9321: 9315: 9307: 9300: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9217:(9): 759–63. 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9118: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9098: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9042:(3): 203–22. 9041: 9037: 9030: 9014: 9010: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8980: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8828: 8821: 8812: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8704: 8702: 8694: 8688: 8681: 8675: 8668: 8662: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8580: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8532:The Economist 8529: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8461: 8449:September 19, 8444: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8151: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8017: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7866:Visit Tampere 7863: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7745: 7736: 7729: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7661: 7659: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7455: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7410: 7408: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7318: 7307:September 19, 7302: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7101: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7009: 7003: 6992:September 19, 6987: 6983: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6931: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6903: 6896: 6894: 6882:September 19, 6877: 6873: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6654:Paul Gilroy, 6651: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6634:Imani Perry, 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6590:9780674034242 6586: 6582: 6581: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6498: 6492:, p. 60. 6491: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6474: 6469: 6460: 6458: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6184: 6183:Rolling Stone 6180: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5705:9780313343223 5701: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5655: 5652:. p. 3. 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5612:, p. 62. 5611: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5515:Brown, Mike. 5511: 5504: 5501:Toop, David. 5498: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5244: 5242:9781843532637 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5009: 4994:(4th edition) 4993: 4989: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4831:. July 2016. 4830: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4747:. Macmillan. 4746: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4252:Missy Elliott 4249: 4248:Queen Latifah 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4186:Mary J. Blige 4183: 4173: 4170: 4162: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4132:This section 4130: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4082:Azealia Banks 4079: 4078:Grammy Awards 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963:The hip hop, 3960: 3956: 3946: 3943: 3942:Grammy Awards 3939: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918:Queen Latifah 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3675:popular music 3670: 3667: 3664:In contrast, 3662: 3660: 3659:Phonographies 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3404:Tuks Senganga 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3320:Louis Vuitton 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:H.I.P. H.O.P. 3160: 3157:December 2011 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3134:This section 3132: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082:Vitamin Water 3080:'s deal with 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053:The Economist 3049: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2816:Home Invasion 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2790:social issues 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2693:Chuck Philips 2687: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2574:Western canon 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2478: 2467:Social impact 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2300:drum machines 2297: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2285:accompaniment 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202:audio console 2199: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:effects units 2176: 2175:catch phrases 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2101:Doug E. Fresh 2098: 2097:drum machines 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991:playing on a 1990: 1989:hip hop music 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1949:hip hop dance 1946: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820:In 1971, the 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810:Savage Nomads 1807: 1803: 1802:Savage Skulls 1799: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1767:aerosol paint 1763: 1758: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Scott La Rock 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:DJ Jazzy Jeff 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587:'s crew, the 1586: 1582: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:pitch control 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:effects units 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1275:nouveau riche 1271: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1217: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 993: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 964: 959: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Silver Bullet 909: 905: 901: 897: 891: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 876: 871: 870: 865: 864: 857: 854: 850: 846: 845:Doug E. Fresh 842: 839:technique of 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 794: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 732:Spin Magazine 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708: 702: 700: 696: 695:Roland TR-808 692: 688: 684: 681:released the 680: 676: 672: 668: 665:released his 664: 654: 652: 648: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 603: 597: 595: 591: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 460: 456: 452: 450: 445: 441: 438: 433: 430: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 394:Peter Shapiro 391: 386: 381: 376: 374: 366: 362: 361:DJ Jazzy Jeff 358: 344: 342: 338: 334: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308:also credits 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 175: 171: 166: 164: 159: 154: 152: 151:hip hop music 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:Hip hop music 55: 45: 41: 36: 32: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 13409: 13357:Hip hop skit 13352:Drum machine 13313:Other topics 13206: 13107:Philadelphia 13081: 12550:Funk carioca 12500:Ghetto house 12358:Boomba music 12248:Hip hop soul 12161:Sample drill 12156:Jersey drill 11983:Instrumental 11610: 11581: 11562: 11543: 11512: 11484: 11480: 11462:Rough Guides 11457: 11429: 11409:Pocket Books 11404: 11379: 11352: 11326: 11310:the original 11297: 11293: 11259: 11244: 11224: 11200: 11176: 11148: 11119: 11115: 11088: 11061: 11049:. 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YouTube. 9635:. YouTube. 9608:. YouTube. 9581:. YouTube. 9460:October 29, 9433:October 29, 9423:"Rap Music" 8972:Toronto Sun 8583:"Hip-hop", 8569:November 7, 8542:February 5, 8501:Vanity Fair 8479:November 1, 8393:December 1, 8389:(in German) 8366:December 1, 8173:January 26, 8077:November 5, 7994:Thomas, G. 7807:October 25, 7617:December 1, 7587:December 1, 7557:December 1, 7527:December 1, 7498:December 1, 7253:January 28, 6953:January 23, 5862:January 16, 5792:January 16, 5766:Toop, p.146 5548:Frum, David 5419:October 12, 5348:Browne, P. 5334:October 12, 5200:Smithsonian 4971:December 1, 4945:January 30, 4741:Chang, Jeff 4597:SixShot.com 4352:or emceeing 4313:Pop culture 4241:gangsta rap 4233:gangsta rap 4215:Planet Rock 4105:genderqueer 4089:androgynous 4070:Frank Ocean 4066:genderqueer 4011:transphobia 3977:subcultures 3934:Lauryn Hill 3856:Gangsta rap 3852:gender bias 3836:Lauryn Hill 3655:house music 3635:Paul Gilroy 3501:South Korea 3499:artists in 3486:South Sudan 3328:street wear 2969:Courvoisier 2920:Potato chip 2896:Party Music 2842:senior and 2840:George Bush 2659:2 Live Crew 2643:anti-female 2635:Roger Ebert 2621:, in which 2569:'s lyrics. 2549:Linguistics 2512:The annual 2499:Third World 2453:Radio Radio 2324:Portastudio 2230:Kurtis Blow 2223:turntablist 2044:Beat Street 1985:South Bronx 1970:James Brown 1865:Futura 2000 1537:turntablism 1444:Turntablism 1412:turntablism 1388:Miley Cyrus 1384:Post Malone 1368:Miley Cyrus 1356:Iggy Azalea 1329:On Broadway 1160:Arab Spring 1083:Kae Tempest 1042:The Beatles 1014:Eazy-Duz-It 991:Niggaz4Life 970:gangsta rap 947:Nicki Minaj 931:gangsta rap 900:She Rockers 869:Beat Street 814:The Message 810:Duke Bootee 769:. In 1983, 755:Man Parrish 739:The Message 687:Planet Rock 663:Kurtis Blow 602:break-dance 538:Zulu Nation 503:Kurtis Blow 299:underground 210:Blackplanet 127:turntablism 13429:Categories 13258:Australian 13237:Salvadoran 13173:West Coast 13119:Midwestern 13097:New Jersey 13087:East Coast 12933:Macedonian 12908:Portuguese 12801:Sri Lankan 12791:Philippine 12756:Indonesian 12699:Zimbabwean 12674:Senegalese 12512:Glitch hop 12505:Ghettotech 12474:Electronic 12363:Cumbia rap 12323:Trap metal 12258:Industrial 12173:Latin trap 12132:Trap music 12116:Horrorcore 12059:Snap music 12043:Religious 12010:Mumble rap 12005:Miami bass 11961:East Coast 11854:Golden age 11849:New school 11844:Old-school 11808:Production 11761:Battle rap 11744:Beatboxing 11182:Free Press 10873:Chang 2007 9692:. YouTube. 9019:August 19, 8919:January 7, 8833:October 5, 8707:Elam, 329. 8387:www.wuv.de 8330:Snopes.com 8287:January 2, 8113:January 2, 7712:October 8, 7547:WhoSampled 7517:WhoSampled 7396:October 2, 7284:Rap Attack 7226:(3): 274 . 7021:How to Rap 6969:How to Rap 6930:How to Rap 6917:How to Rap 6902:How to Rap 6856:August 17, 6831:August 17, 6490:Chang 2007 6473:Chang 2007 6419:Light 1999 6209:The Source 5823:January 4, 5610:Chang 2007 5390:August 29, 5380:Daveyd.com 5277:August 29, 5269:Transcript 4839:October 2, 4725:August 13, 4685:The Source 4607:August 27, 4360:References 4337:West Bronx 4220:Slick Rick 4210:soul music 4188:performing 4143:improve it 4093:Angel Haze 4029:", rapper 4007:homophobia 3864:Snoop Dogg 3748:Battle Rap 3744:capitalism 3714:performer 3705:See also: 3541:Kid-n-Play 3533:9th Wonder 3373:, Slovenia 3280:Snoop Dogg 3257:The Source 3094:Dr. Pepper 3074:Sean Combs 3000:Sean Combs 2961:McDonald's 2857:BET: Uncut 2802:Body Count 2797:Cop Killer 2712:Schoolly D 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system 1997:PA system 1889:Lady Pink 1853:the Bronx 1830:Tracy 168 1814:Julio 204 1786:Lady Pink 1778:Lady Pink 1733:beatboxer 1692:DJ Q-Bert 1666:from the 1636:Pete Rock 1596:Mr. Magic 1581:Melle Mel 1572:Pete Rock 1513:amplifier 1478:PA system 1312:Lil Wayne 1308:Rick Ross 1270:Greg Tate 1206:talk page 1141:Cape Town 1065:'s song " 806:Melle Mel 798:Melle Mel 728:Billboard 699:Kraftwerk 661:In 1980, 645:Billboard 550:Kool Herc 542:Billboard 471:Jazzy Jay 440:deejaying 390:breakbeat 236:Etymology 174:basslines 141:, street 107:the Bronx 44:talk page 13412:Category 13335:DJ mixer 13288:Brasília 13249:Oceanian 13212:Canadian 13151:Southern 13053:Tunisian 13038:Lebanese 13023:Egyptian 12953:Romanian 12873:Croatian 12861:Scottish 12836:Austrian 12831:Albanian 12822:European 12781:Nepalese 12761:Japanese 12719:Armenian 12689:Togolese 12669:Nigerien 12657:Nigerian 12652:Namibian 12647:Moroccan 12637:Malawian 12622:Ghanaian 12612:Botswana 12607:Beninese 12597:Algerian 12522:Illbient 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