History of cartography

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community coexisted ... So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities ... And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized", to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.

2708: 4951: 4333: 1116: 3500: 1001: 5406: 4806:, the secretary of home affairs and prominent member of Louis XIV's royal court, set out to develop the resource base of the nation and to develop a system of infrastructure that could restore the French economy. He wanted to generate income for the high expenses incurred by Louis XIV. What Colbert lacked in his pursuit of the development of the economy was a map of the entire country. France, like all other countries of Europe, operated on local knowledge. Within France, there were local systems of measuring weight and taxes; a uniform notion of land surveying did not exist. The advancements made by the members of the 12672: 12538: 11697: 11630: 11499: 10882: 10484: 5061: 5465: 3647: 3396:. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same. The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition. The celestial and terrestrial 2072: 5517: 5145:(1804) was based on existing maps of Mexico, but with Humboldt's careful attention to latitude and longitude. Landing at the Pacific coast port of Acapulco in 1803, Humboldt did not leave the port area for Mexico City until he produced a map of the port; when leaving he drew a map of the east coast port of Veracruz, as well as a map of the central plateau of Mexico. Given royal authorization from the Spanish crown for his trip, crown officials in Mexico were eager to aid Humboldt's research. He had access to 1662: 2720: 1894: 3765: 5503: 3692:, with the renewed interest in classical works, maps became more like surveys once again, while European exploration of the Americas and their subsequent effort to control and divide those lands revived interest in scientific mapping methods. Peter Whitfield, the author of several books on the history of maps, credits European mapmaking as a factor in the global spread of western power: "Men in Seville, Amsterdam or London had access to knowledge of America, Brazil, or India, while the 3430: 2934: 1419:—peoples of the far north. Hecatæus depicted the origin of the Nile River at the southern encircling ocean. His view of the Nile seems to have been that it came from the southern encircling ocean. This assumption helped Hecatæus propose a solution to the mystery of the annual flooding of the Nile. He believed that the waves of the ocean were a primary cause of this occurrence. A map based on Hecataeus's was intended to aid political decision-making. According to 2015:. The book describes the traditional nine provinces, their kinds of soil, their characteristic products and economic goods, their tributary goods, their trades and vocations, their state revenues and agricultural systems, and the various rivers and lakes listed and placed accordingly. The nine provinces in the time of this geographical work were very small in size compared to their modern Chinese counterparts. The Yu Gong's descriptions pertain to areas of the 13672: 9908: 4564: 4043: 4233: 3531: 13684: 9920: 4764:

Marco Petrella, the map developed "from a tool used to affirm the administrative borders of the reign and its features…into a tool which was necessary to intervene in territory and thus establish control of it." Because unification of the kingdom necessitated well-kept records of land and tax bases, Louis XIV and members of the royal court pushed the development and progression of the sciences, especially cartography. Louis XIV established the

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square. What is truly remarkable about this map is the incredibly precise detail of coastal outlines and river systems in China (refer to Needham's Volume 3, Plate LXXXI for an image). The map shows 500 settlements and a dozen rivers in China, and extends as far as Korea and India. On the reverse, a copy of a more ancient map uses grid coordinates in a scale of 1:1,500,000 and shows the coastline of China with great accuracy.

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were joined together to make a map of the tu (larger district), and these in turn were joined with others to make a map of the hsiang and the hsien (still larger districts). If there was any trouble about the collection of taxes or the distribution of grain, or if the question of chasing robbers and bandits arose, the provincial officials could readily carry out their duties by the aid of the maps.

2063:(r. 221–210 BC). Jing Ke was to present the ruler of Qin with a district map painted on a silk scroll, rolled up and held in a case where he hid his assassin's dagger. Handing to him the map of the designated territory was the first diplomatic act of submitting that district to Qin rule. Jing then tried and failed to kill him. From then on, maps were frequently mentioned in Chinese sources. 1644:, his imaginary west–east lines. These axis lines were placed over the map of the Earth with their origin in the city of Rhodes and divided the world into sectors. Then, Eratosthenes used these earth partitions to reference places on the map. He also divided Earth into five climatic regions which was proposed at least as early as the late sixth or early fifth century BC by 1466:–480 BC) speculated about the notion of a spherical Earth with a central fire at its core. He is sometimes incorrectly credited with the introduction of a model that divides a spherical Earth into five zones: one hot, two temperate, and two cold—northern and southern. This idea, known as the zonal theory of climate, is more likely to have originated at the time of 1261:, and the northern boundary of the Greek homeland. Furthermore, the coast of the Black Sea was only known through myths and legends that circulated during his time. In his poems there is no mention of Europe and Asia as geographical concepts. That is why the big part of Homer's world that is portrayed on this interpretive map represents lands that border on the 1913:, a 12th-century replica of a 5th-century road map, was placed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register and displayed to the public for the first time. Although the scroll is well preserved and believed to be an accurate copy of an authentic original, it is on media that is now so delicate that it must be protected at all times from exposure to daylight. 4796:, developed a system of uniting the provincial topographical information into a comprehensive map of the country, through a network of surveyed triangles. It established a practice that was eventually adopted by all nations in their project to map the areas under their domain. For their method of triangulation, Picard and Cassini used the 1951:. The 4th-century BC maps from the State of Qin were drawn with black ink on wooden blocks. These blocks fortunately survived in soaking conditions due to underground water that had seeped into the tomb; the quality of the wood had much to do with their survival. After two years of slow-drying techniques, the maps were fully restored. 3620: 6054: 2755:), mainly deriving it from an earlier map made by Matteo Ricci. The production was made by woodblock print and folded into paper boards, he made corrections and additions on top of Matteo's production. This was one of the earliest maps with longitude and latitude information in Japan and was written in 4869:. These restrictions enabled authorities to more easily inspect their businesses to enforce other regulations such as: printer need to register the number of presses they owned, and any books printed had to be registered and approved by the royal court before sales. Opticians were also located ton he 4842:

The seventeenth century marked the emergence of France as the center of the map trade in Europe, with much of the production and distribution of maps taking place in the capital Paris. In conjunction with the support of scientific development, the royal court encouraged the work of arts and artisans.

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The reign of Louis XIV is generally considered to represent the beginning of cartography as a science in France. The evolution of cartography during the transition between the 17th and 18th centuries involved advancements on a technical level, as well as those on a representative level. According to

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of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter, and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other—divided for convenience into segments—the bodies of land and water, with the respective situations of the

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Later Chinese ideas about the quality of maps made during the Han dynasty and before stem from the assessment given by Pei Xiu. Pei Xiu noted that the extant Han maps at his disposal were of little use since they featured too many inaccuracies and exaggerations in measured distance between locations.

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The work divides the world into two continents, Asia and Europe. Hecatæus depicts the line between the Pillars of Hercules through the Bosporus, and the Don River as a boundary between the two. He was the first writer known to have thought that the Caspian flows into the encircling ocean—an idea that

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But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek

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Clement Nicolas, Yvan Pailler, Pierre Stéphan, Julie Pierson, Laurent Aubry, et al.. La carte et le territoire : la dalle gravée du Bronze ancien de Saint-Bélec (Leuhan, Finistère). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, Société préhistorique française, 2021, 118 (1), pp.99–146. Online

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and mountain top which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location. Al-Biruni's method's motivation was to avoid "walking across hot, dusty deserts" and the idea came to him when he was on top of

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parallel lines were separated by one degree intervals, and the map was limited to Southwest Asia and Central Asia. The earliest surviving world maps based on a rectangular coordinate grid are attributed to al-Mustawfi in the 14th or 15th century (who used invervals of ten degrees for the lines), and

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in Sichuan, in a total measured area of 107 by 68 km. The maps featured rectangular symbols encasing character names for the locations of administrative counties. Rivers and roads are displayed with similar line symbols; this makes interpreting the map somewhat difficult, although the labels of

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The way in which the geographical knowledge of the Greeks advanced from the previous assumptions of the Earth's shape was through Herodotus and his conceptual view of the world. This map also did not survive and many have speculated that it was never produced. A possible reconstruction of his map is

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was also a turning point: after that time the role of Dutch cartography (and Netherlandish cartography in general) was finished. Janssonius died in 1664 while a great fire in 1672 destroyed one of Blaeu's print shops. In that fire a part of the copperplates went up in flames. Fairly soon afterwards

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consisted of three large map pages at a scale of 1:432,000 and it showed the entire country on eight pages at 1:216,000. Some of his maps are accurate to 1/1000 of a degree, which allowed it to become the definitive maps used in Japan for nearly a century. Maps based on his work were in use as late

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Yuan Hsieh (d. +1220) was director-general of governmental grain stores. In pursuance of his schemes for the relief of famines he issued orders that each pao (village) should prepare a map which would show the fields and mountains, the rivers and the roads in fullest detail. The maps of all the pao

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in the mid-5th century BC. Although his work was dedicated to the story of long struggle of the Greeks with the Persian Empire, Herodotus also included everything he knew about the geography, history, and peoples of the world. Thus, his work provides a detailed picture of the known world of the 5th

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Nowadays map-making heavily relies on computer software to develop and provide a variety of services, a trend that already started at the end of the previous century. For instance, self-location, browser search of places, business, products, and area, and distance calculation. At the present time,

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Many of the agents of cartography, including those involved in the creation, production and distribution of maps in Paris, came to live in the same section of the capital city. Booksellers congregated on rue St-Jacques along the left bank of the Seine, while engravers and cartographers lived along

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and paid draftsmen to make journeys and map their routes. The book describes the earth as a sphere with a circumference of 22,900 miles (36,900 km) but maps it in 70 rectangular sections. Notable features include the correct dual sources of the Nile, the coast of Ghana and mentions of Norway.

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The maps by the Balkhī schools were defined by political, not longitudinal boundaries and covered only the Muslim world. In these maps the distances between various "stops" (cities or rivers) were equalized. The only shapes used in designs were verticals, horizontals, 90-degree angles, and arcs of

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In the Middle Ages, Muslim scholars continued and advanced on the mapmaking traditions of earlier cultures. Most used Ptolemy's methods; but they also took advantage of what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Muslim world, from Spain to India to Africa, and beyond in trade

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inscriptions label the features on the map, including a plot of land described as 354 iku (12 hectares) that was owned by a person called Azala. Most scholars date the tablet to the 25th to 24th century BC. Hills are shown by overlapping semicircles, rivers by lines, and cities by circles. The map

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Al-Idrīsī defined his maps differently. He considered the extent of the known world to be 160° in longitude, and divided the region into ten parts, each 16° wide. In terms of latitude, he portioned the known world into seven 'climes', determined by the length of the longest day. In his maps, many

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Like the earlier Liang dynasty stone-stele maps (mentioned above), there were large and intricately carved stone stele maps of the Song period. For example, the 3 ft (0.91 m) squared stone stele map of an anonymous artist in 1137, following the grid scale of 100 li squared for each grid

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of north at the top of the map, the Han maps are orientated with the southern direction at the top. The Han maps are also more complex, since they cover a much larger area, employ a large number of well-designed map symbols, and include additional information on local military sites and the local

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in 1584. This atlas was the first attempt to systematically codify nautical maps. This chart-book combined an atlas of nautical charts and sailing directions with instructions for navigation on the western and north-western coastal waters of Europe. It was the first of its kind in the history of

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are straight and perpendicular to the parallels. As a result, the map has a constant width and the parallels are stretched east–west as the poles are approached. Mercator's insight was to stretch the separation of the parallels in a way which exactly compensates for their increasing length, thus

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without ever going to the New World. Their maps were based on information they received from returning navigators. Using repeatable principles that underpin mapmaking, their mapmaking techniques could be employed anywhere. Philip II sought extensive information about his overseas empire, both in

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of the parts of the world which he held to be 'suitable for human life'. The 32 sheet atlas—with maps oriented towards the south as was the case with Islamic works of the era—is part of a larger scholarly work compiled by Isfahani during 1647 CE. According to Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008): 'The

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maps of the Han era were far superior in quality than those examined by Pei Xiu. It was not until the 20th century that Pei Xiu's 3rd-century assessment of earlier maps' dismal quality would be overturned and disproven. The Qin and Han maps did have a degree of accuracy in scale and pinpointed

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displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated distance between different locations. Pei outlined six principles that should be observed when creating maps, two of which included the rectangular grid and the graduated scale for measuring distance. Western historians

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In the case of Africa, he believed that, except for the small stretch of land in the vicinity of Suez, the continent was in fact surrounded by water. However, he definitely disagreed with his predecessors and contemporaries about its presumed circular shape. He based his theory on the story of

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In 1663–1664 Colbert tried to collect information from the provinces to accurately assess the income within the kingdom, necessary information for economic and tax reform. Colbert asked the provincial representatives of the king, the intendants, to gather existing maps of territory within the

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in 1666, with the expressed purpose of improving cartography and sailing charts. It was found that all the gaps of knowledge in geography and navigation could be accounted for in the further exploration and study of astronomy and geodesy. Colbert also attracted many foreign scientists to the

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In the mid-to-late 20th century, advances in electronic technology have led to further revolution in cartography. Specifically computer hardware devices such as computer screens, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters along with visualization, image

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Hecatæus's map describes the Earth as disk with an encircling Ocean, and with Greece placed in the center. This was a very popular contemporary Greek worldview, derived originally from the Homeric poems. Also, similar to many other early maps in antiquity, his map has no scale. As units of

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in the 1st century AD. It outlined the use of maps that were made for governmental provinces and districts, principalities, frontier boundaries, and even pinpointed locations of ores and minerals for mining facilities. Upon the investiture of three of his sons as feudal princes in 117 BC,

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Because the Yuan court often requested the western Mongol khanates to send their maps, the Yuan dynasty was able to publish a map describing the whole Mongol world in c.1330. This is called "Hsi-pei pi ti-li tu". The map includes the Mongol dominions including 30 cities in Iran such as

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A vital contribution to mapping the reality of the world came with a scientific estimate of the circumference of the earth. This event has been described as the first scientific attempt to give geographical studies a mathematical basis. The man credited for this achievement was

1680:, inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions from the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from 1871:. It included an index of place-names, with the latitude and longitude of each place to guide the search, scale, conventional signs with legends, and the practice of orienting maps so that north is at the top and east to the right of the map—an almost universal custom today. 2791: 6055:

https://www.prehistoire.org/shop_515-47906-5446-800/04-2021-tome-118-1-p.-99-146-c.-nicolas-y.-pailler-p.-stephan-j.-pierson-l.-aubry-b.-le-gall-b.-le-gall-v.-lacombe-j.-rolet-la-carte-et-le-territoire-la-dalle-gravee-du-bronze-ancien-de-saint-belec-leuhan-finistere.html

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In cartography, technology has continually changed to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were manually constructed with brushes and parchment and therefore varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of the

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Herodotus rejected the prevailing view of most 5th-century BC maps that the Earth is a disk surrounded by ocean. In his work he describes the Earth as an irregular shape with oceans surrounding only Asia and Africa. He introduces names such as the Atlantic Sea, and the

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model. However, nothing certain about their knowledge of geography and navigation has survived. The historian Dmitri Panchenko theorizes that it was the Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa that inspired the theory of a spherical Earth by the 5th century BC.

1632:. He was a devoted geographer who set out to reform and perfect the map of the world. Eratosthenes argued that accurate mapping, even if in two dimensions only, depends upon the establishment of accurate linear measurements. He was the first to calculate the 2679:(1613); instead, illustrations and annotations show mythical places, exotic foreign peoples, administrative changes and the deeds of historic and legendary heroes. Also in the 17th century, an edition of a possible Tang dynasty map shows clear topographical 3295:

must've also given rise to lands in the vast ocean between Asia and Europe. He also theorized that the landmass must be inhabited by human beings, which he deduced from his knowledge of humans inhabiting the broad north–south band stretching from Russia to

1216:, 4.42) who claimed to have had the Sun on their right when circumnavigating in a clockwise direction. To modern historians, these details confirm the truth of the Phoenicians' report, and even suggest the possibility that the Phoenicians knew about the 6743:

Yi, Xumei; Liu, Xiuwen (2010). "The calligraphy and printing cultural heritage of Gansu – the development of the engraved printing process and papermaking: an archaeological approach". In Allen, Susan M.; Lin, Zuzao; Cheng, Xiaolan; et al. (eds.).

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proved instrumental as a tool to aid reform within the nation. Cartography was an important element in two major reforms undertaken by Colbert: the reform of the royal forest, a project undertaken beginning in 1661, and naval reform, initiated in 1664.

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persisted long into the Hellenic period. He was particularly instructive about the Black Sea, adding many geographic places that already were known to Greeks through the colonization process. To the north of the Danube, according to Hecatæus, were the

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used by Greeks. These efforts also enabled Muslims to calculate the circumference of the earth. Al-Mamun also commanded the production of a large map of the world, which has not survived, though it is known that its map projection type was based on

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processing, spatial analysis and database software, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps, particularly with their ability to produce maps that show slightly different features, without engraving a new printing plate. See also

2963:, who reigned from 813 to 833. He commissioned several geographers to remeasure the distance on earth that corresponds to one degree of celestial meridian. Thus his patronage resulted in the refinement of the definition of the mile used by Arabs ( 4027:, Spanish cartographer, produced the first map of magnetic variations from true north. He believed it would be of use in finding the correct longitude. Santa Cruz also designed new nautical instruments, and was interested in navigational methods. 1012:

It is not always clear whether an ancient artifact had been wrought as a map or as something else. The definition of "map" is also not precise. Thus, no single artifact is generally accepted to be the earliest surviving map. Candidates include:

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Marinus's geographical treatise is lost and known only from Ptolemy's remarks. He introduced improvements to the construction of maps and developed a system of nautical charts. His chief legacy is that he first assigned to each place a proper

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provinces and check them for accuracy. If they were found not to be accurate, the Royal Geographer, Nicolas Sanson, was to edit them, basing his information on the reports prepared by the intendants. The operation did not succeed because the

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which translates as "New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation". Although the projection's adoption was slow, by the end of the seventeenth century it was in use for naval charts.

2172:), which was often an enormous compilation of changes in place-names and local administrative divisions controlled by the ruling dynasty, descriptions of mountain ranges, river systems, taxable products, etc. From the 5th century BC 5461:, have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in shape and resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving which further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps. 4381:

were the main centres of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age (the 16th and 17th centuries, approximately 1570–1670s). The Golden Age of Dutch cartography started in Flanders (mainly in Leuven and Antwerp) when

3038:. The geographers of this school also wrote extensively of the peoples, products, and customs of areas in the Muslim world, with little interest in the non-Muslim realms. The "Balkhī school", which included geographers such as 2404:

in 971 to update and 're-write all the Tu Jing in the world', which would seem to be a daunting task for one individual, who was sent out throughout the provinces to collect texts and as much data as possible. With the aid of

1562:(Danube) in Europe and cut Africa through the middle. He was the first writer to assume that the Caspian Sea was separated from other seas and he recognised northern Scythia as one of the coldest inhabited lands in the world. 2289:

the customs, products, and geographical features of their local areas and provinces, providing descriptive writing and drawing them all onto separate maps, which would be sent to the imperial secretariat in the capital city.

2504:, the easterners and the westerners in Mongol dominions were able to gain access to one another's geographical materials. The Mongols required the nations they conquered to send geographical maps to the Mongol headquarters. 1510:

Herodotus traveled extensively, collecting information and documenting his findings in his books on Europe, Asia, and Libya. He also combined his knowledge with what he learned from the people he met. Herodotus wrote his

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uses sticks tied in a grid with palm strips representing wave and wind patterns, with shells attached to show the location of islands. Other maps were created as needed using temporary arrangements of stones or shells.

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to sail across the Atlantic to look for a simpler and faster way to travel to India. Had Columbus known that the true figure was much greater, it is conceivable that he would never have set out on his momentous voyage.

2326:(Map of both Chinese and Barbarian Peoples within the (Four) Seas). The map was 30 ft long (9.1 m) and 33 ft high (10 m) in dimension, mapped out on a grid scale of 1-inch (25 mm) equaling 100 938:

The earliest maps ignored the curvature of Earth's surface, both because the shape of the Earth was uncertain and because the curvature is not important across the small areas being mapped. However, since the age of

3279:(1037), Al-Biruni theorized the existence of a landmass along the vast ocean between Asia and Europe, or what is today known as the Americas. He deduced its existence on the basis of his accurate estimations of the 1452:

of Miletus (6th century BC), who studied under Anaximander, rejected the views of his teacher regarding the shape of the Earth and instead, he visualized the Earth as a rectangular form supported by compressed air.

3304:, theorizing that the landmass would most likely lie along the same band. He was the first to predict "the existence of land to the east and west of Eurasia, which later on was discovered to be America and Japan". 2584:

from about 1390, is in multicolour. The horizontal scale is 1:820,000 and the vertical scale is 1:1,060,000. Many of the oldest surviving maps from China dates between the 16th to 17th centuries, these include the

1320:, and a few other regions and rivers. His advanced geographical knowledge not only had predated Greek colonial expansions, but also was used in the earliest Greek world maps, produced by Greek mapmakers such as 5362:

editable map of the world. The creation and growth of OpenStreetMap has been motivated by restrictions on use or availability of map information across much of the world, and the advent of inexpensive portable

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by Blaeu soon became a status symbol for rich citizens. Costing 350 guilders for a non-coloured and 450 guilders for a coloured version, the atlas was the most precious book of the 17th century. However, the

3455:. The work includes an atlas of charts for small segments of the mediterranean, accompanied by sailing instructions covering the sea. In the second version of the work, he included a map of the Americas. The 1370:. He believed that the Earth was a cylindrical form, a stone pillar suspended in space. The inhabited part of his world was circular, disk-shaped, and presumably located on the upper surface of the cylinder. 1088:, dated to 14,000 BC, that may be symbols for landscape features, such as hills or dwellings, superimposed on animal etchings. Alternatively, it may also represent a spiritual landscape, or simple incisings. 1974:

In addition to the seven maps on wooden blocks found at Tomb 1 of Fangmatan, a fragment of a paper map was found on the chest of the occupant of Tomb 5 of Fangmatan in 1986. This tomb is dated to the early

4552:. These volumes devote slightly less than one half of their pages to maps: Mercator did not use the term solely to describe a bound collection of maps. His choice of title was motivated by his respect for 5195:

During the 20th century, maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier. Airplanes made it possible to photograph large areas at a time.

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for measurements of latitude. Ptolemy mentions several revisions of Marinus's geographical work, which is often dated to AD 114 although this is uncertain. Marinus estimated a length of 180,000

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appeared in eleven volumes and with approximately 600 maps. In the years to come French and Dutch editions followed in twelve and nine volumes respectively. Purely judging from the number of maps in the

3812:, a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the 4756:, considered to be the first geographer; 2) increasing reliance on measurement and quantification as a result of the scientific revolution; 3) refinements in the visual arts, such as the discovery of 4981:, which changed the need for information as the scale of conflict increases as well. This created a need for maps to help with "... consistency, regularity and uniformity in military conflict." 8694:

Petrella, Marco. "Guillaume Delisle's Carte du Duche de Bourgogne: The Role of Central and Peripheral Authorities in the Construction of a Provincial Territory in France in the Early 18th Century,”

4106:) was established in 1508 and updated periodically as more information became available from major expeditions returning to Seville. This continued a practice of long standing in Portugal, whose 1565:

Similar to his predecessors, Herodotus also made mistakes. He accepted a clear distinction between the civilized Greeks in the center of the Earth and the barbarians on the world's edges. In his

924:, or mapmaking technology, throughout human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. 1959:

rivers placed in order of stream flow are helpful to modern day cartographers. These maps also feature locations where different types of timber can be gathered, while two of the maps state the

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Utrilla, P; C. Mazo; M. C. Sopena; M. Martínez-Bea; R. Domingo (2009). "A palaeolithic map from 13,660 calBP: engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain)".

4885: 4189:, these editions of the Padrón Real show for the first time the full extension of the Pacific Ocean and the continuous coast of North America. They also very precisely delineate the coasts of 3619: 5387:, 3rd edition, 1953. The second edition dated back to 1937, and the first to 1928. A fourth edition draft was published in 1986 but so far several naming disputes (such as the one over the 5297:

Recent development also include the integration of ancient maps and modern scholar research combined with modern computer software to elaborate periodical history maps. Initiatives such as

3605:. With their multicultural heritage the Majorcan cartographic school experimented and developed unique cartographic techniques most dealing with the Mediterranean, as it can be seen in the 1185:, who were well known to the Babylonians. The area shown is depicted as a circular shape surrounded by water, which fits the religious image of the world in which the Babylonians believed. 2252:

compare him to the Greek Ptolemy for his contributions in cartography. However, Howard Nelson states that, although the accounts of earlier cartographic works by the inventor and official

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as the boundary between Asia and Africa. He speculated that the extent of Europe was much greater than was assumed at the time and left Europe's shape to be determined by future research.

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below). Among the three maps found at Mawangdui was a small map representing the tomb area where it was found, a larger topographical map showing the Han's borders along the subordinate

11477: 4014: 4497:

Gerardus Mercator, the German-Netherlandish cartographer and geographer with a vast output of wall maps, bound maps, globes and scientific instruments but his greatest legacy was the

1571:

it is clear that he believed that the world became stranger and stranger when one traveled away from Greece, until one reached the ends of the Earth, where humans behaved as savages.

927:

When and how the earliest maps were made is unclear, but maps of local terrain are believed to have been independently invented by many cultures. The earliest surviving maps include

1648:: a torrid zone across the middle, two frigid zones at extreme north and south, and two temperate bands in between. He was likely also the first person to use the word "geography". 1838:, thought that, with the aid of astronomy and mathematics, the Earth could be mapped very accurately. Ptolemy revolutionized the depiction of the spherical Earth on a map by using 2208:") of 347, not only rivers, trade routes, and various tribes were described, but it also wrote of a 'Ba June Tu Jing' ("Map of Sichuan"), which had been made much earlier in 150. 1393:

measurements, this map used "days of sailing" on the sea and "days of marching" on dry land. The purpose of this map was to accompany Hecatæus's geographical work that was called

4865:

informed the location of the libraries. These regulations included that each bookseller-printer was to have one shop, which had to be located in the university quarter or on the

11178: 5320:

Today historical cartography is thriving. The specialization of map services is ever growing. New map projections are still being developed, university map collections, such as

9714: 7370: 3496:(cloths or charts of the world) these maps were circular or symmetrical cosmological diagrams representing the Earth's single land mass as disk-shaped and surrounded by ocean. 1874:

Yet with all his important innovations, however, Ptolemy was not infallible. His most important error was a miscalculation of the circumference of the Earth. He believed that

1210:

cast doubt on a report of the Sun observed shining from the north. He stated that the phenomenon was observed by Phoenician explorers during their circumnavigation of Africa (

5328:, offer better and more diverse maps and map tools every day, making available for their students and the broad public ancient maps that in the past were difficult to find. 3847:

and back to Spain across the Indian Ocean, round the Cape of Good Hope and north along the west coast of Africa. They arrived in Spain three years after they left, in 1522.

2449:

using sawdust, wood, beeswax, and wheat paste, while representing the topography and specific locations of a frontier region to the imperial court. Shen Kuo's contemporary,

1979:, so the map dates to the early 2nd century BC. The map shows topographic features such as mountains, waterways and roads, and is thought to cover the area of the preceding 4748:

Historian David Buisseret has traced the roots of the flourishing of cartography in the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe. He noted five distinct reasons: 1) admiration of

2707: 6604: 5805: 5302: 3558: 9005: 4526:, sailing courses of a constant bearing, into straight lines on the map thus greatly facilitating navigation. That this was Mercator's intention is clear from the title: 3084:(1304–1368?) wrote "Rihlah" (Travels) based on three decades of journeys, covering more than 120,000 km through northern Africa, southern Europe, and much of Asia. 1526:, which translates as the "Red Sea". He also divided the world into three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. He depicted the boundary of Europe as the line from the 2256:(78–139) are somewhat vague and sketchy, there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the use of the rectangular grid reference from the maps of Zhang Heng. 4819:

did not believe it had a strong enough basis in cartographic methodology. The importance of cartography to the mechanisms of the state, however, continued to grow.

3065:

or cylindrical equidistant projection. The earliest surviving rectangular coordinate map is dated to the 13th century and is attributed to Hamdallah al-Mustaqfi al-

1558:

to circumnavigate Africa. Apparently, it took them three years, but they certainly did prove his idea. He speculated that the Nile River started as far west as the

2886:

document detailing India's history and traditions, contain references to locations indicated in earlier Indian cartographic traditions. Another map describing the

2668: 12846: 2322:

entrusted in 785 to complete a map of China with her recently former inland colonies of Central Asia, the massive and detailed work completed in 801, called the

1931:

The earliest known maps to have survived in China date to the 4th century BC. In 1986, seven ancient Chinese maps were found in an archeological excavation of a

843: 137: 9006:"Integration of historical map and aerial imagery to characterize long-term land-use change and landscape dynamics: An object-based analysis via Random Forests" 7407:., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI / Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), pgs. slip cover, 243–247, 3700:, propose that the power of large kingdoms and nation states of later history are an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century advances in map-making technologies. 3368:

and explorers with the information inherited from the classical geographers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times. With funding from

1614:, historian of science, "there was among them a man of genius but as he was working in a new field they were too stupid to recognize him". His work, including 13599: 4544:

makes its first appearance in the title of the final volume: "Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura". This translates as

903: 4878:

Many of the cartographers who worked in Paris never set foot outside the city; they did not gather firsthand knowledge for their maps. They were known as the

1785:

was separated into an eastern and a western part by the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. He thought that the inhabited world stretched in latitude from

1249:, an idea which would be suggested by the appearance of the horizon as it is seen from a mountaintop or from a seacoast. This model was accepted by the early 56: 10401: 3923:

should have its parallels and meridians shown as straight lines. Yet he was unsure how to solve the problems that this caused, a situation that lasted until

1103:. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village; however, recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map. 8551:. "Triangulation had first emerged as a map-making method in the mid sixteenth century when the Flemish mathematician Gemma Frisius set out the idea in his 7294: 5491:

have provided high-accuracy, high-throughput methods for mapping physical features over large areas, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, and topography.

5346:

Never in the past there were many "edit-yourself" map tools and software available for non-specialist. Map blogs and self-publishing are common. In 2004,

2651:

atlas, including more than 40 maps, a grid system, and a systematic way of representing major landmarks such as mountains, rivers, roads and borders. The

11887: 11803: 8246:"Spirit of Aloha – Aloha Airlines' in-flight magazine with information on Hawaii vacations, Hawaiian island maps and the best places to travel in Hawaii" 8131:

Papp-Váry, Árpád (2005). "Egy térképészeti rejtély: Piri Reis Dél-Amerika térképe" [A cartographic mystery: the Piri Reis map of South America].

3808:

sailed with Columbus. He created the first known cartographic representations showing both the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of the

5912: 2832:

Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements, sea shores, rivers, and mountains were also made. The 8th-century scholar

2178:

forward, Chinese geographical writing provided more concrete information and less legendary element. This example can be seen in the 4th chapter of the

4939: 4630:, approximately 70 miles (110 km), using a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all. The two towns were separated by one degree on the 2742: 4760:, that allowed for better representation of spatial entities; 4) development of estate property; and 5) the importance of mapping to nation-building. 4724:, Blaeu had outdone his rival Jan Janssonius. And also from a commercial point of view it was a huge success. Also due to the superior typography the 4538:; a description of the whole universe including the creation and a description of the topography, history and institutions of all countries. The word 3655: 11681: 8921: 5015: 3870: 1676:

is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the earth into five zones, of which two only were habitable, he asserts the existence of

2247:. Pei is best known for his work in cartography. Although map making and use of the grid existed in China before him, he was the first to mention a 1373:

For constructing his world map, Anaximander is considered by many to be the first mapmaker. Little is known about the map, which has not survived.

9659: 7753: 4780:

made many breakthrough discoveries within the realm of cartography to ensure accuracy of their works. Among the more prominent work done with the

3664:

who explored and settled the Pacific islands in the first two millennia AD used maps to navigate across large distances. A surviving map from the

3023:. However, this type of projection had been used in ancient Egyptian star-maps and was not to be fully developed until the 15 and 16th centuries. 2473:

scholars with the Persian and Chinese cartographers or their foreign colleagues created maps, geographical compendium as well as travel accounts.

5095: 2712: 2307: 1407:

was divided into two books, "Europe" and "Asia", with the latter including Libya, the name of which was an ancient term for all of known Africa.

9485:

Rice, M.; Jacobson, R.; Golledge, R.; Jones, D.; Pallavaram, S. (2003). "Object Size Discrimination and Non-visual Cartographic Symbolization".

6084: 3757:

reaching Brazil (1500), explorations proceed to Southeast Asia, having sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to

2655:

incorporates the discoveries of the naval explorer Zheng He's 15th-century voyages along the coasts of China, Southeast Asia, India and Africa.

12030: 11892: 11205: 11153: 9725: 9134: 7184: 3784:

sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently found the Americas. Columbus's first two voyages (1492–93) reached the

1395: 9671: 4165:, a Portuguese cartographer working for Spain, are particularly praised as the first scientific world map. Incorporating information from the 2711:

The first Japanese printed map to depict the world, including Europe and America. Printed by woodblock in 1710, composed by the Buddhist monk

9665: 7923: 7673: 7580: 5214: 2672: 8359: 5321: 5180:; a copy of the map was offered for sale in 2016 for $ 65,000. Map making at that time was important for both Mexico and the United States. 3711:) were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration and mapping the coasts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, in what came known as the 3066: 1106:

The "Saint-Bélec slab" (2200–1600 BC), whose lines and symbols have been argued to represent a cadastral plan of a part of western Brittany.

12707: 6114: 5870: 5224:

Since the mid-1990s, the use of computers in map making has helped to store, sort, and arrange data for mapping to create map projections.

5026: 4634:, so from his measurement he was able to calculate a value for the circumference of the earth – a feat celebrated in the title of his book 2676: 2647: 8203:

Mysteries and Secrets: The 16-Book Complete Codex: Mysteries and Secrets of Numerology / Mysteries and Secrets of the Masons / and 14 more

4950: 3015:(973–1048) later developed ideas which are seen as an anticipation of the polar coordinate system. Around 1025, he describes a polar equi- 11897: 9958: 2401: 2197: 800: 8245: 7230: 5468:

A US civil war hachure paper map made in 1867 by Cartographer Nathaniel Michler vs. modern aerial photos over Chancellorsville, Virginia

13011: 12440: 12420: 4263:. Germanus invented the Donis map projection where parallels of latitude are made equidistant, but meridians converge toward the poles. 3820: 1377:(550–475 BC) produced another map fifty years later that he claimed was an improved version of the map of his illustrious predecessor. 1159:. An engraved map from the Kassite period (14th–12th centuries BC) of Babylonian history shows walls and buildings in the holy city of 896: 10356: 8894: 8153:

Facsimile-atlas to the Early History of Cartography: With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries

7208: 1781:, which is still used in map creation today. A few of Marinus's opinions are reported by Ptolemy. Marinus was of the opinion that the 43: 13739: 13650: 12508: 11553: 6339: 6000: 5306: 2663:

From the 16th and 17th centuries, several examples survive of maps focused on cultural information. Gridlines are not used on either

2265:

location, but the major improvement in Pei Xiu's work and that of his contemporaries was expressing topographical elevation on maps.

2215:

mentioned above, became a widespread tradition of Chinese geographical works by the 6th century, as noted in the bibliography of the

1423:, that map was engraved into a bronze tablet and was carried to Sparta by Aristagoras during the revolt of the Ionian cities against 9728:

describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar

6404: 6239: 5840: 2334:

region with great detail, along with lighthouses that were erected at the mouth of the Persian Gulf by the medieval Iranians in the

2227:(502–557) cartographers also began carving maps into stone steles (alongside the maps already drawn and painted on paper and silk). 11686: 9241: 6066: 5626: 5292: 5261: 4611:

was among the first to make systematic use of triangulation, the technique whose theory was described by Frisius in his 1533 book.

3137: 2894:. In this map the mountains were elevated above the surface, and several geographical elements were indicated in different colors. 2453:(1020–1101), was a cartographer who created detailed maps to resolve a territorial border dispute between the Song dynasty and the 1143: 3557:

for plying the European trade routes were rare innovations of the period. The Majorcan school is contrasted with the contemporary

3202: 12096: 11590: 8274: 7734: 7653: 6036:"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory" 5376: 5087: 5004: 3177:, while al-Khwarizmi almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. Al-Ma'mun's geographers "also depicted the 2603:(1602) influenced and was exported to Japan and Korea. By this time, Jesuit missionaries contributed to similar maps such as the 1636:(within 0.5 percent accuracy). His great achievement in the field of cartography was the use of a new technique of charting with 9538: 6612: 5802: 4243:

dated 1507, depicts the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas, by the Italian

3831:

in search of a maritime path from the Americas to the East Asia across the Pacific Ocean. Following Magellan's death in Mactan (

2196:

in a systematic fashion, given visual aids by the use of maps (di tu) due to the efforts of Liu An and his associate Zuo Wu. In

1770:

for the equator, roughly corresponding to a circumference of the Earth of 33,300 km, about 17% less than the actual value.

12856: 12430: 8310: 5584: 5329: 2133: 17: 8432: 7904: 4888:, who compiled his information from ancient and modern sources, verbal and pictorial, published and even unpublished sources. 11957: 11676: 9679: 9590: 9567: 9475: 9369: 9341: 9231: 9208: 9185: 9162: 8211: 8184: 8080: 7627: 7590: 7506: 7384: 7094: 7061: 6966: 6855: 6753: 6727: 6478: 6451: 5146: 5079: 2442:

included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. Shen also created a

889: 9437:

Phillips, R.; Noyes, L. (1980). "A Comparison of Color and Visual Texture as Codes for use as Area Symbols on Relief Maps".

4910:, France, in the mid 16th century. They are large hand-produced maps, commissioned for wealthy and royal patrons, including 12378: 3201:. Most medieval Muslim geographers continued to use al-Khwarizmi's prime meridian. Other prime meridians used were set by 12425: 12329: 11568: 4390:

found its fullest expression during the 17th century with the production of monumental multi-volume world atlases in the

13425: 12936: 4974:

in 1740. He placed his observer at ~12,750 km distance. This is the type of projection used today by Google Earth.

3633: 2481:

in Persia. His works says about the borders of the seven climes (old world), rivers, major cities, places, climate, and

2374:

for each rectangular grid. China's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map.

1991:

In China, the earliest known geographical Chinese writing dates back to the 5th century BC, during the beginning of the

12851: 8324: 7350: 5579: 5443: 5206:

in 1919. In this projection the distance from any point on the map to either of the two regulating points is accurate.

5011: 5000: 3683: 3158:, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction. 1265:. The Greeks believed that they occupied the central region of Earth and its edges were inhabited by savage, monstrous 1004:

Possibly the oldest surviving map has been engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found from Pavlov in the

12435: 11825: 8483: 8031: 7986: 7898: 7815: 7412: 7319:

Batchelor, "The Selden Map Rediscovered," 37; David Helliwell and Robert Batchelor, "The Selden Map of China" (2011)

7278: 6572: 6523: 6184: 5154: 5048: 4734:

Joan Blaeu died, in 1673. The almost 2,000 copperplates of Janssonius and Blaeu found their way to other publishers.

4608: 4439: 3415:

in Arabic, served as a major tool for Italian, Dutch and French mapmakers from the 16th century to the 18th century.

2914:

in remarkable house-by-house detail, measures 661 × 645 cm. (260 × 254 in., or approximately 22 × 21 ft).'

2477:

described his geographical compendium, "Suvar al-aqalim", constituted volume four of the Collected chronicles of the

1773:

He also carefully studied the works of his predecessors and the diaries of travelers. His maps were the first in the

8048: 13645: 13609: 12802: 12700: 12460: 12367: 11327: 9620: 7858: 5199: 3708: 3265: 3016: 9308: 8609:

The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century

3287:'s size, which he found spanned only two-fifths of the Earth's circumference, and his discovery of the concept of 2735:

map. It is currently one of the oldest surviving world maps from East Asia. Another notable pre-modern map is the

13734: 13712: 12187: 11538: 11163: 10305: 9951: 9767: 8712:

Turnbull, David. "Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces,”

8096:

Hamdani, Abbas (July–September 1981). "Ottoman Response to the Discovery of America and the New Route to India".

7671:

King, David A. (1996). "Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, gnomics and timekeeping". In Rashed, Roshdi (ed.).

7323: 5083: 3813: 2766:, he is known for completing the first map of Japan using modern surveying techniques. His most famous work, the 2220: 1288:, he shows to his contemporaries some definite geographical knowledge. He introduces the names of such rivers as 793: 10226: 7298: 5153:(1768), which he deemed "very bad", as well as the seventeenth-century map of greater Mexico City by savant Don 4709:

In the long run the competition between map-making firms Blaeu and Janssonius resulted in the publication of an

2533:. The Mongol cartography was enriched by traditions of ancient China and Iran which were now under the Mongols. 1491:, or sailing instructions, which became the basis for many future mapmakers, especially in the medieval period. 13604: 13358: 13004: 12177: 11584: 11563: 7376: 6914:

Hargett, James M. (1996). "Song dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing".

6564: 5573: 5244:

computer-based software is dominated by big companies that offer their services to a worldwide public, such as

3365: 1211: 958:

have made documentation of many areas possible that were previously inaccessible. Free online services such as

764: 451: 12478: 7921:

David A. King (1996), "Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, gnomics and timekeeping", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.,

4332: 3012: 1954:

The territory shown in the seven Qin maps overlap each other. The maps display tributary river systems of the

13464: 12521: 12503: 12151: 11183: 9288: 9146: 7831:

Behnaz Savizi (2007), "Applicable Problems in History of Mathematics: Practical Examples for the Classroom",

6154: 5916: 5555: 5325: 5264: 4193:

and South America, although Portugal's control of the African trade routes left the Indian Ocean less exact.

4141:

The originals of the Spanish and Portuguese maps are now lost but copies of known provenance are held by the

4055: 3971:

created the first known cartographic representations showing both the Americas as well as Africa and Eurasia.

3704: 3120: 2984: 2523: 1115: 833: 562: 127: 9710:

for more links to historical maps; however, most of the largest sites are listed at the sites linked below.

9004:

Liu, Dan; Toman, Elizabeth; Fuller, Zane; Chen, Gang; Londo, Alexis; Xuesong, Zhang; Kaiguang, Zhao (2018).

7941: 7247: 5082:

surveyed government lands. Two agencies were established to provide more detailed, large-scale mapping: the

3499: 13630: 13391: 12445: 12042: 11661: 11600: 11430: 11240: 6299:

Stallard, Avan Judd (2013). "Origins of the Idea of Antipodes: Errors, Assumptions, and a Bare Few Facts".

5638: 5561: 4985: 4162: 3823:

was the first known voyage around the world in human history. It was a Spanish expedition that sailed from

3586: 3580: 1359:. The earliest ancient Greek who is said to have constructed a map of the world is Anaximander of Miletus ( 489: 8931: 3261:

formula. This was the earliest known use of dip angle and the earliest practical use of the law of sines.

2168:

From the 1st century AD onwards, official Chinese historical texts contained a geographical section (地理纪;

1578:(384–322 BC) is credited with proving the Earth's sphericity. His arguments may be summarized as follows: 13049: 13034: 12693: 12498: 11875: 11778: 11317: 11076: 9408:

Phillips, R.; De Lucia, A.; Skelton, A. (1975). "Some Objective Tests of the Legibility of Relief Maps".

9108: 5388: 5280: 5279:, etc. Many other state-based, regional and smaller initiatives, and companies offer their services. The 5165: 5114: 4955: 3347: 2928: 2047:

The oldest reference to a map in China comes from the 3rd century BC. This was the event of 227 BC where

769: 717: 9578: 7429: 6171:

Panchenko, Dmitri (2008). "Parmenides, the Nile and the Circumnavigation of Africa by the Phoenicians".

5737: 5405: 4875:. Their tools – squares, rules, compasses and dividers – were essential to the practice of cartography. 3542:. It is a circular world map drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame, about two meters in diameter. 1000: 13700: 12792: 12354: 11617: 11460: 11332: 11222: 9980: 9944: 9735: 9690:

Newberry Library Cartographic Catalog : map catalog and bibliography of the history of cartography

9219: 9196: 9173: 8954: 8678:

Pelletier, Monique. “Cartography and Power in Europe During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,”

8315: 7781: 3734: 3338:

in 1154. Note that the north is at the bottom, and so the map appears "upside down" compared to modern

3206: 3148:("Book on the appearance of the Earth") was completed in 833. It is a revised and completed version of 3062: 2988: 2803: 1778: 1039: 786: 3512: 3488:

Medieval maps of the world in Europe were mainly symbolic in form along the lines of the much earlier

2862: 1842:, and suggested precise methods for fixing the position of geographic features on its surface using a 13506: 12997: 12762: 12587: 12516: 12091: 11947: 11880: 11106: 11049: 8841: 7366: 6092: 5650: – Process of using the maps delivered by geographic information systems (GIS) in World Wide Web 4823: 4785: 2731:

In 1402, Yi Hoe and Kwan Yun created a world map largely based from Chinese cartographers called the

2244: 863: 604: 157: 12008: 7729: 7248:"The Introduction of Western Science in Korea: A Comparative View with the Cases of China and Japan" 3108:

circles; unnecessary geographical details were eliminated. This approach is similar to that used in

12823: 12787: 12782: 12628: 12348: 12133: 11840: 11367: 11362: 11168: 10899: 10449: 10102: 9967: 9647:

at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping

8926: 7739: 7658: 7648: 7619: 6390: 5439: 5438:

allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions.

5257: 5169: 5118: 5091: 4546:

Atlas OR cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created,

4435: 3697: 3280: 3093: 3027: 1633: 12235: 5695: – Comprehensive register of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country 3836: 3626: 3377:

Climate zones were a chief organizational principle. A second and shortened copy from 1192 called

3364:, in 1154. He incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by 13614: 13579: 13521: 13044: 12777: 12577: 12450: 12106: 12054: 11757: 11548: 11455: 11342: 10977: 10328: 9694: 8355:

Alonso de Santa Cruz, cartógrafo y fabricante de instrumentos náuticos de la Casa de Contratación

7840: 5701: 5600: 4757: 4583: 4569: 4502: 4407: 4368: 3598: 3000: 2443: 2379: 2048: 1724:

geographer and cartographer. He founded mathematical geography and provided the underpinnings of

873: 690: 677: 619: 167: 48: 12493: 10917: 6443: 6122: 5878: 5686: – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them 5576: – Publishing project in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison 5383:

surveying and nautical charting. The current defining document is the Special publication S-23,

4847:

and Alexis-Hubert Jaillot, moved to the national capital from the peripheries of the provinces.

4284: 4087: 3754: 13434: 13401: 13149: 13079: 12924: 12879: 12797: 12615: 12483: 12128: 11937: 11932: 11862: 11752: 11595: 11467: 11200: 10630: 10581: 10469: 10323: 8201: 7579:

Kennedy, Edward S. (1996). "Mathematical Geography". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.).

7340: 6835:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press – via Taipei: Caves Books, 1986. 6719: 5474: 5400: 5310: 5126: 4989: 4907: 4510: 4427: 4154: 3730: 2992: 2898: 2724: 2507:

One of medieval Persian work written in northwest Iran can clarify the historical geography of

2474: 2330:(the Chinese equivalent of the mile/kilometer). Jia Dan is also known for having described the 2319: 1839: 1253:. Homer and his Greek contemporaries knew very little of the Earth beyond the Libyan desert of 1091:

Another ancient picture that resembles a map that was created in the late 7th millennium BC in

531: 499: 265: 195: 9525: 9150: 8021: 7972: 6958: 6468: 13556: 13396: 13368: 13249: 13099: 12974: 12818: 12746: 12736: 12606: 12488: 12162: 12138: 11993: 11472: 11357: 11255: 11230: 10822: 10701: 10655: 10586: 10551: 9835: 9220:"Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies" 8249: 8176: 7228: 6176: 5759: 5677: 5595: 5431: 5341: 5210: 5041: 4915: 4803: 4698: 4615: 4182: 3092:

Islamic regional cartography is usually categorized into three groups: that produced by the "

2397: 1567: 1513: 1449: 1435: 1070: 1025: 951: 653: 494: 461: 408: 215: 10787: 10295: 7607: 6711: 6585: 6382: 5798: 3613:". It was a contemporary superior, detailed nautical model chart, gridded by compass lines. 3257:

which, along with the mountain's height (which he calculated beforehand), he applied to the

1947:

excavation in 1973, which found three maps on silk dated to the 2nd century BC in the early

1177:

BC), is a symbolic, not a literal representation. It deliberately omits peoples such as the

13574: 13546: 13447: 13383: 13283: 13154: 13144: 13114: 13084: 13054: 13039: 13023: 12772: 12582: 12455: 12395: 12248: 12182: 12025: 12013: 11857: 11666: 11425: 11420: 11322: 11282: 11086: 10982: 10972: 10965: 10519: 9417: 9388: 9083: 9020: 8898: 8463:

The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas

7862: 7198: 7119:

Herb, G. Henrik (1994). "Mongolian cartography". In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.).

5966: 5683: 5667: 5589: 5364: 5173: 4631: 4514: 4491: 4197: 4063: 4047: 4024: 3908: 3781: 3489: 3229: 3154: 2825:

and other constellations of use. These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the

2811: 2104:

population. The Han maps also note measured distances between certain places, but a formal

1926: 1909: 1899: 1879: 1851: 1802: 1751: 1637: 1385: 1374: 1325: 1167: 858: 838: 816: 697: 672: 644: 545: 479: 270: 260: 230: 200: 152: 120: 109: 11612: 9630: 6714:

Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft

6347: 6012: 5029:, one of the most famous early maps of North America, which he copied from a 1698 work by 4292: 4240: 3959:), one of the first based on astronomical observations and to depict a scale of latitudes. 3911:. In other words, loxodromic curves are directly related to the construction of the Nunes 2841:

Italian scholar Francesco Lorenzo Pullè reproduced a number of ancient Indian maps in his

2132:), and a map which marks the positions of Han military garrisons that were employed in an 2091:

in southern China (note: the south direction is oriented at the top, north at the bottom).

8: 13655: 13640: 13335: 13240: 13181: 13164: 13139: 13089: 12930: 12741: 12644: 12572: 12400: 12390: 12361: 12229: 12062: 12003: 11573: 11482: 11382: 11372: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11292: 11287: 11272: 11267: 11188: 11044: 10922: 10867: 10792: 10216: 10180: 9760: 8805:

Black, Jeremy (January 2009). "A Revolution in Military Cartography?: Europe 1650–1815".

7725: 7644: 7608: 7342:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

6710:

and Congeners". In Bray, Francesca; Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Vera; Métailié, Georges (eds.).

6412: 6383: 6247: 5848: 5692: 5409:

A portrait of a mapmaker looking up intently from his charts and holding a caliper, 1714.

5313:. These maps include evolution of countries, provinces and cities, wars and battles, the 4978: 4854: 4619: 4506: 4498: 4487: 4459: 4443: 4419: 4166: 3978: 3932: 3888: 3724: 3574: 3567:

portolan chart, made at the end of the 13th century (1275–1300), is the oldest surviving

2856:, 11th century), as a source. The other manuscript, used as a source by Pullè, is titled 2599: 2593: 2282: 2032: 1798: 1681: 1527: 1456: 1156: 947:

from a model globe to control how the inevitable distortion gets apportioned on the map.

774: 426: 297: 280: 255: 205: 132: 9421: 9392: 9245: 9103:

Edney, Matthew H.; Pedley, Mary S. (eds.). "Cartography in the European Enlightenment".

9087: 9024: 6671:

Hsu, Mei-ling (1993). "The Qin maps: A clue to later Chinese cartographic development".

6070: 5970: 3165:'s most famous geographer, corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the 3003:

to a different coordinate system centred on a specific point on the sphere, in this the

1191:

sailors made major advances in seafaring and exploration. It is recorded that the first

1017:

A map-like representation of a mountain, river, valleys and routes around Pavlov in the

13676: 13536: 13486: 13325: 13196: 13159: 13134: 13124: 13119: 13104: 13094: 12767: 12341: 11998: 11798: 11783: 11578: 11533: 11528: 11377: 10927: 10539: 9379:

Olson, Judy M. (1975). "Experience and the improvement of cartographic communication".

9128: 9074:

Crawford, P. V. (1973). "The perception of graduated squares as cartographic symbols".

9036: 8822: 8765: 8227: 8113: 7937: 7773: 7754:"Nation, identity and the fascination with forensic science in Sherlock Holmes and CSI" 7424: 7178: 7151: 6931: 6896: 6888: 6688: 6436: 6316: 5822: 5672: 5484: 5464: 5314: 4935: 4931: 4911: 4743: 4581:

Abraham Ortelius is generally recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the

4518:

preserving shapes of small regions, albeit at the expense of global distortion. Such a

4431: 4201: 4186: 4146: 3828: 3809: 3716: 3696:

knew only their own immediate environment" (Whitfield). Jordan Branch and his advisor,

3393: 3369: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3301: 3173:

to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean); Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of

3113: 3097: 2747:

Comprehensive Map and Description of the Geography of the Myriad Countries of the Globe

2587: 2384: 2100: 2024: 1964: 1759: 1641: 1234: 878: 868: 744: 707: 702: 634: 584: 413: 315: 275: 250: 240: 235: 220: 210: 172: 162: 8284: 7443: 6990: 5943: 5930:

Choi, Charles; Catherine Brahic (2009). "Found: a pocket guide to prehistoric Spain".

5608: – Systematic representation of the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid onto a plane 4843:

This royal patronage attracted artists to Paris. As a result, many mapmakers, such as

4196:

Two prominent cosmographers (as mapmakers were then known) of the House of Trade were

3646: 3451: 1241:

to be the founder of the early Greek conception of Earth, and therefore of geography.

1092: 13683: 13406: 13226: 13186: 12261: 11922: 11870: 11852: 11793: 11415: 11352: 11347: 11277: 11173: 11133: 11128: 11111: 11081: 10747: 10691: 10685: 10534: 10511: 10333: 10263: 10221: 9919: 9586: 9563: 9547: 9471: 9454: 9365: 9337: 9227: 9204: 9181: 9158: 9142: 8826: 8479: 8207: 8180: 8076: 8027: 7982: 7894: 7859:"Applicable Problems in History of Mathematics; Practical Examples for the Classroom" 7811: 7777: 7623: 7586: 7502: 7408: 7380: 7346: 7274: 7090: 7057: 6962: 6951: 6900: 6851: 6749: 6723: 6712: 6568: 6519: 6474: 6447: 6320: 6312: 6180: 5982: 5774: 5547: 5488: 5355: 5060: 4923: 4689: 4653:

using a chain of thirteen triangles stretching north from Paris to the clocktower of

4553: 4475: 4463: 4383: 4256: 4174: 4059: 3924: 3912: 3789: 3777: 3742: 3661: 3609:. The Majorcan school was (co-)responsible for the invention (c.1300) of the "Normal 3571:(that is, not simply a map but a document showing accurate navigational directions). 3166: 3058: 2795: 2446: 2240: 2162: 2157: 2011: 1922: 1843: 1721: 1412: 955: 712: 504: 398: 360: 302: 9040: 8495:

See the preface to the 1595 posthumous section of Mercator's atlas as translated in

8373:

Lamb, Ursula S. (1974). "The Spanish Cosmographic Juntas of the Sixteenth Century".

8169: 4788:, who perfected a method of determining longitude by the observation of movement of 3373: 2626:

century) employs a system of navigational routes emanating from ports in China. The

2108:

for maps would not be used—or at least described in full—until the 3rd century (see

13688: 13501: 13373: 13258: 13176: 13109: 12901: 12731: 12567: 12302: 12018: 11762: 11671: 11392: 11387: 11195: 11138: 11121: 11091: 11022: 10797: 10576: 10454: 10381: 10201: 10077: 9848: 9825: 9797: 9446: 9425: 9396: 9091: 9028: 8814: 8440: 8382: 8328: 8279: 8105: 7844: 7765: 7706: 7143: 7080: 6923: 6880: 6746:

The History and Cultural Heritage of Chinese Calligraphy, Printing and Library Work

6680: 6308: 5974: 5939: 5541: 5450:" is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century advances in map-making technologies. 5177: 5070: 5053: 4971: 4831: 4789: 4483: 4387: 4318: 4296: 4295:) was the first to use the term America for the Western continents (after explorer 4244: 3712: 3665: 3356: 3326: 3315: 3288: 3269: 3214: 3020: 2911: 2887: 2867: 2799: 2577: 1192: 940: 848: 599: 466: 351: 292: 225: 142: 104: 12254: 12123: 9676: 9032: 8856:

Traveling from New Spain to Mexico: Mapping Practices on Nineteenth-century Mexico

7134:

Poppe, Nicholas (June 1956). "On Some Geographic Names in The J̌amī' al-Tawārīx".

4170: 4119: 4115: 4096:) kept a large contingent of cartographers as Spain's overseas empire expanded. A 3057:

Suhrāb, a late 10th-century Muslim geographer, accompanied a book of geographical

1269:

and strange animals and monsters: Homer's Odyssey mentions a great many of these.

972: 13469: 13262: 13169: 13071: 11983: 11337: 11297: 11235: 10338: 10273: 10127: 9888: 9683: 9624: 9296: 9280: 8151: 8070: 7978: 7910: 7327: 7234: 7212: 7084: 7051: 6148: 6035: 5978: 5809: 5632: 5567: 5478: 5078:

In the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, explorers mapped trails and

4827: 4749: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4411: 4395: 4190: 4142: 4075: 3968: 3805: 3769: 3738: 3525: 3508: 3246: 2973: 2933: 2891: 2890:, four feet in length and about two and a half feet in breadth, was presented to 2314:

in 747. Arguably the greatest geographer and cartographer of the Tang period was

2071: 1714: 1709: 1217: 1074: 1062: 567: 355: 285: 185: 12035: 9662:

at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland

9487:

Proceedings, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) Annual Conference

9151:"Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean" 5516: 4534:

Mercator spent the last thirty years of his life working on a vast project, the

4317:) was published in Augsburg in 1603 and was the first atlas to cover the entire 2763: 13531: 13526: 13491: 13411: 13353: 13214: 12289: 12223: 11978: 11737: 11605: 11410: 11405: 11116: 11069: 10987: 10932: 10660: 10566: 10529: 10376: 10238: 10072: 9873: 9868: 9858: 9807: 9753: 8740: 6828: 6706:

Behr, Wolfgang (2007). "Placed into the Right Position – Etymological Notes in

5724: 5617: 5605: 5419: 5184: 5160:

John Disturnell, a businessman and publisher of guidebooks and maps, published

5030: 4996: 4970:

The Vertical Perspective projection was first used by the German map publisher

4844: 4703: 4665: 4650: 4627: 4479: 4403: 4391: 4355: 3928: 3920: 3693: 3610: 3568: 3554: 3186: 3178: 3170: 2996: 2719: 2516: 2248: 2105: 1992: 1893: 1806: 1767: 1755: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1424: 1336: 1278: 1195:

of Africa was possibly undertaken by Phoenician explorers employed by Egyptian

1178: 1018: 1005: 944: 749: 629: 624: 589: 509: 446: 335: 9731: 9450: 8333: 6884: 6684: 4528:

Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata

4109: 4097: 4051: 4037: 3764: 3656:

Marshall Islands stick chart § Significance to the history of cartography

1574:

While various previous Greek philosophers presumed the Earth to be spherical,

13728: 13496: 13459: 13288: 13235: 12907: 12637: 12322: 12282: 12268: 11927: 11742: 11517: 11064: 11059: 11032: 10960: 10857: 10391: 10313: 10062: 10042: 10005: 9912: 9878: 9429: 9400: 9095: 9066: 7946: 7769: 6871:

Nelson, Howard (1974). "Chinese Maps: An Exhibition at the British Library".

6537: 5778: 5435: 5351: 5065: 4776:

Under the auspices of the Sun King and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, members of the

4596: 4588: 4519: 4423: 4415: 4270: 4217: 3844: 3746: 3629: 3606: 3535: 3456: 3434: 3424: 3237: 3197:(the prime meridian previously set by Ptolemy) and 70 degrees to the west of 3109: 3070: 2680: 2605: 2501: 2466: 2409:, the massive work was completed in 1010, with some 1566 chapters. The later 2370:. This 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map features a graduated scale of 100 2224: 2141: 2060: 1955: 1814: 1747: 1718: 1611: 1583: 1477: 1356: 1032: 928: 739: 727: 594: 557: 379: 369: 12275: 10598: 8386: 7848: 3895:, the shortest path between two points on Earth, but would instead follow a 3372:(1097–1154), al-Idrisi drew on the knowledge collected at the university of 1276:'s poems, probably written during the 8th century BC. Through the lyrics of 13635: 13474: 13311: 13230: 13219: 13204: 13129: 12969: 12828: 12383: 12073: 12067: 11973: 11968: 11907: 11788: 11143: 11017: 10992: 10944: 10937: 10862: 10777: 10413: 10348: 10206: 10144: 10067: 10025: 9924: 9883: 9863: 9601:"A Mathematical Method for Visualizing Ptolemy's India in Modern GIS Tools" 9458: 9316: 5986: 5522: 5447: 5359: 5218: 4963: 4797: 4641: 4467: 4306: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3988: 3949: 3892: 3860: 3594: 3590: 3563: 3284: 3258: 3254: 3233: 3162: 3075: 3043: 2960: 2879: 2642: 2611: 2581: 2530: 2512: 2454: 2393: 2375: 2363: 2339: 2331: 2311: 2302:(618–907) also had its fair share of cartographers, including the works of 2299: 2146: 2016: 1943:. Before this find, the earliest extant maps that were known came from the 1774: 1693: 1677: 1603: 1416: 981: 959: 572: 364: 340: 325: 245: 12308: 9707: 9644: 9468:

A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-Coded World

8400:

Latorre y Setien, Germán (1913). "Los geógrafos españoles del siglo XVI".

6850:. New York, USA & London, UK: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 125. 4259:

wrote a pioneering Cosmographia. He added the first new maps to Ptolemy's

2695:(1532–1595) was the first to base county maps using on-site topographical 2597:(1609). Similar to these, the earliest European style map from China, the 931:

and etchings on tusk and stone. Maps were produced extensively by ancient

13564: 13516: 13511: 13452: 13442: 13254: 13244: 12953: 12716: 12622: 12205: 12144: 11963: 11917: 11902: 11830: 11558: 11037: 10842: 10737: 10544: 10280: 10211: 10117: 10035: 10020: 9893: 9787: 9672:

Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons

8311:"Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change" 6378: 5956: 5704: – Medium to large scale map that shows a precise map of the terrain 5647: 5611: 5508: 5458: 5454: 5380: 5347: 5245: 5238: 5203: 5022: 4966:, map of the Moon and other features along with Earth's both hemispheres. 4919: 4903: 4897: 4793: 4792:'s satellites. Cassini, along with the aid and support of mathematician 4711: 4646: 4622:(born Willebrord Snel van Royen), who in 1615 surveyed the distance from 4349: 4314: 3880: 3832: 3797: 3689: 3546: 3493: 3429: 3397: 3339: 3297: 3081: 2949: 2627: 2529:

Map of relay stations, called "yam", and strategic points existed in the

2482: 2303: 2274: 2189: 2184:(Book of the Master of Huainan), compiled under the editorship of Prince 2076: 2056: 1980: 1976: 1963:

to the timber sites. In light of this, these maps are perhaps the oldest

1948: 1932: 1689: 1620: 1607: 1555: 1539: 1535: 1321: 1139: 921: 662: 614: 609: 550: 540: 393: 347: 12660: 10717: 9720: 9689: 9615: 5164:, which was used in the negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico in the 3291:, from which he deduced that the geological processes that gave rise to 3193:

at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, 10–13 degrees to the east of

13569: 13319: 13297: 13272: 13267: 12884: 12157: 11988: 11847: 11835: 11747: 11656: 11245: 10997: 10665: 10640: 10619: 10561: 10423: 10396: 10112: 9992: 9812: 9650: 9058: 8958: 8818: 7155: 6935: 6692: 6556: 5760:"Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas" 5249: 5187:

became the international standard reference for cartographers in 1884.

5037: 4959: 4927: 4693: 4592: 4563: 4557: 4523: 4471: 4399: 4344: 4336: 4310: 4181:

research undertaken to codify the demarcation lines established by the

4042: 3998: 3904: 3884: 3793: 3758: 3519: 3194: 3185:, not land-locked seas as Ptolemy had done." Al-Khwarizmi thus set the 3047: 2883: 2834: 2826: 2684: 2616: 2542: 2486: 2414: 2285:

ordered government officials from throughout the empire to document in

2253: 2193: 2149:, its first recorded appearance was in the libraries of Prince Liu De ( 1863: 1826: 1730: 1645: 1348: 1266: 1262: 1258: 962:

have made accurate maps of the world more accessible than ever before.

667: 384: 11912: 8117: 7320: 6892: 5564: – 19th-century survey to measure the Indian subcontinent (India) 5301:(which covers the whole of Europe from the year 1 AD to the present), 4232: 4074:

The Propaganda Map, a 1529 version of the Padrón Real now held by the

3530: 1031:

that may be as much as 20,000 years old that is thought to depict the

13541: 13363: 13343: 13306: 13302: 13020: 12685: 12167: 12080: 11096: 11054: 11027: 10837: 10782: 10766: 10624: 10464: 10418: 10343: 10318: 10285: 10139: 10082: 10057: 9853: 9792: 9360:

Monmonier, Mark, ed. (2015). "Cartography in the Twentieth Century".

7807: 7678: 5653: 5423: 5253: 5130: 5113:

by John Distrunell, the 1847 map used during the negotiations of the

5106: 4999:

invented several hemispheric map projections. In 1772 he created the

4378: 4340: 4288: 3900: 3550: 3539: 3504: 3476: 3460: 3446: 3438: 3190: 3174: 3051: 2937: 2822: 2736: 2696: 2692: 2631: 2478: 2406: 2371: 2327: 2286: 2261: 2180: 2125: 2099:

differ from the earlier Qin State maps. While the Qin maps place the

2096: 2080: 2028: 1960: 1944: 1936: 1855: 1835: 1810: 1743: 1625: 1575: 1531: 1503: 1467: 1420: 1352: 1309: 1207: 1188: 1182: 1151: 1135: 1131: 1081: 1049:

caves map of part of the night sky, including the three bright stars

732: 722: 639: 522: 456: 436: 403: 389: 84: 9936: 7147: 6991:"Mapping China's World: Cultural Cartography in Late Imperial Times" 6927: 5014:

features no distortion along standard parallels. It was invented by

4977:

The changes in the use of military maps was also part of the modern

3944: 3538:, a medieval European map, was made around 1450 by the Italian monk 2848:. Out of these maps, two have been reproduced using a manuscript of 2561: 1430: 824: 92: 13315: 12989: 12315: 10817: 10812: 10680: 10635: 10556: 10444: 10439: 10408: 10165: 10122: 10087: 10052: 10000: 9226:. Vol. II-3. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 9203:. Vol. II-2. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 9197:"Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies" 9180:. Vol. II-1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 8882:

La Gran Línea: Mapping the United States-Mexico Boundary, 1849–1857

8109: 7615: 7012: 5531: 5298: 4574: 4274: 4221: 4213: 3733:

started in 1419 along West Africa's coast under the sponsorship of

3720: 3471: 3463:

in 1513, is one of the oldest surviving maps to show the Americas.

3250: 3116: 3039: 2756: 2732: 2635: 2508: 2497: 2489: 2435: 2431: 2367: 2350: 2174: 2113: 2084: 1847: 1794: 1739: 1589:

Ships seem to sink as they move away from view and pass the horizon

1551: 1488: 1301: 1284: 1199: 1096: 1066: 10762: 9732:

Historical Atlas in Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection

9174:"Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies" 8738: 5335: 3753:

and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India. Soon, after

3320: 1624:, has only survived in the writings of later philosophers such as 1332:

using both observations by explorers and a mathematical approach.

13479: 13348: 13292: 13276: 13209: 12600: 12047: 11543: 11435: 10832: 10802: 10757: 10742: 10727: 10722: 10675: 10645: 10368: 10175: 10170: 10107: 10047: 10010: 9715:

Eratosthenes Map of the Earth, and Measuring of its Circumference

8922:"Global Positioning Tech Inspires Do-It-Yourself Mapping Project" 5427: 5415: 5394: 5268: 4753: 4654: 4623: 4178: 4083: 4070: 3887:. He was the first to understand why a ship maintaining a steady 3873:

made the oldest known signed and dated Portuguese nautical chart.

3824: 3785: 3750: 3745:

and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488. Ten years later, in 1498,

3602: 3362:

The Recreation for Him Who Wishes to Travel Through the Countries

3292: 3198: 3149: 3035: 2977: 2953: 2853: 2538: 2450: 2335: 2315: 2236: 2212: 2205: 2129: 2121: 2109: 2052: 2020: 1997: 1875: 1831: 1782: 1725: 1697: 1685: 1523: 1344: 1340: 1329: 1246: 1196: 1085: 1046: 932: 577: 441: 374: 330: 9600: 9585:. Vol. 3. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 9364:. Vol. 6. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 9157:. Vol. 1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 8635:

The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe

4363: 3677: 2438:(1031–1095) was also a geographer and cartographer. His largest 943:, maps of large regions, and especially of the world, have used 34: 12651: 12296: 12117: 11101: 11007: 10852: 10807: 10752: 10712: 10696: 10670: 10614: 10459: 10386: 10290: 10258: 10248: 10196: 10097: 10030: 9740: 9275:. Vol. 5. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 8660:

The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France.

8171:

The riddle of the compass: the invention that changed the world

7974:

Brilliant Biruni: A Life Story of Abu Rayhan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad

7123:. Vol. II-2. University of Chicago Press. pp. 682–85. 5272: 4884:. An example of a cartographer who relied on other sources was 4681: 4658: 4374: 4158: 4150: 4135: 3991:

made the oldest known nautical chart with a scale of latitudes.

3896: 3840: 3210: 2956: 2907: 2688: 2664: 2470: 2278: 2185: 2117: 2088: 2036: 1968: 1790: 1763: 1629: 1559: 1498: 1473: 1367: 1317: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1273: 1250: 1245:

conceived Earth to be a disk surrounded by a constantly moving

1230: 1160: 1147: 1100: 1058: 1028: 9699: 9255:

Back to the Drawing Board: Cartography vs the Digital Workflow

7372:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

6540:(1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", 5803:

MS 5087/36, Cylcon (Yurda), possibly with map of Darling River

5558: – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data 3264:

Around 1025, Al-Biruni was the first to describe a polar equi-

1380: 11012: 11002: 10847: 10827: 10772: 10732: 10706: 10650: 10149: 9776: 8199: 4540: 4225: 4161:, Germany. The 1527 and 1529 copies of the Padrón Real under 3981:, the first nautical chart to implicitly represent latitudes. 3723:

were magnets for the talent, science and technology from the

3241: 3218: 3182: 3031: 3008: 3004: 2902: 2727:

c.1647. This was one of the only surviving Indian made maps.

2550: 2546: 2519: 2493: 2439: 2281:(547–627) created a famous geometrically gridded map. In 610 1940: 1786: 1254: 1242: 1238: 1054: 1021:, carved on a mammoth tusk, that has been dated to 25,000 BC. 9695:

American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection

9540:

A translation of the full text of the Mercator atlas of 1595

9524: 9285:

Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design

8791:

Pedley, Mary Sponberg. "The Map Trade in Paris, 1650–1825,"

6433: 6150:

The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration

4830:

in France. It was completed in 1789 or 1793 by his grandson

4715:

or 'Major Atlas'. In 1662 the Latin edition of Joan Blaeu's

4224:(1492) is considered to be the oldest surviving terrestrial 3575:

Majorcan cartographic school and the "normal" portolan chart

2821:

Indian cartographic traditions covered the locations of the

2790: 1592:

Some stars can be seen only from certain parts of the Earth.

10609: 10268: 10253: 10233: 10134: 10015: 9638: 9271:

Kain, Roger J. P (ed.). "Cartography in the 19th century".

8979: 8510:

Historical Atlases: The First Three Hundred Years 1570–1870

8023:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

6121:. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. Archived from 5305:(which covers Europe from the year 1000AD to the present), 5276: 4649:

who in 1669–1670 surveyed one degree of latitude along the

3801: 3549:'s investigations of map projections and the appearance of 3061:

with instructions for making a rectangular world map, with

2762:

Another well-known cartographer of the late-Edo period was

2545:, and Russia (as "Orash") as well as their neighbors, e.g. 2496:, had helped Rashid's works in relation to the Mongols and 2042: 1543: 1355:

knowledge and to profit from the expanding commerce of the

1313: 1289: 1272:

Additional statements about ancient geography are found in

1050: 8269: 8267: 7089:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 107. 6495:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

5585:

Early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography

4394:(mainly in Amsterdam) by competing mapmaking firms led by 2838:

conceived paintings which indicated geographical regions.

2192:(202 BC–202 AD). The chapter gave general descriptions of 1554:, the ruler of Egypt between 609 and 594 BC, who had sent 1335:

Early steps in the development of intellectual thought in

10243: 9802: 9484: 8647:

To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World

8583:

To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World

8020:

Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (2014).

7853: 7225:

Japan and China: mutual representations in the modern era

6833:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

5580:

Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography

5051:

created a monumental four volume atlas of North America,

1868: 9745: 5635: – "Unknown land", area not mapped by cartographers 4200:

and Juan López de Velasco, who directed mapmaking under

3749:

led the first fleet around Africa to India, arriving in

3034:, founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in 2035:

were known (along with the southern parts of modern-day

1692:

as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the

9407: 8465:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1996, pp. 11–12. 8264: 8149: 7927:, Vol. 1, pp. 128–184 . Routledge, London and New York. 5706:

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5697:

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5688:

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5622:

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5570: – Phrase used on maps to indicate uncharted areas 5446:, has advanced the hypothesis that the concept of the " 4645:), published in 1617. Snell's methods were taken up by 3863:

made the oldest known signed Portuguese nautical chart.

3515:

as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country".

3232:(973–1048) gave an estimate of 6,339.6 km for the 1119:

Clay tablet with map of the Babylonian city of Nippur (

9530:

Mapping the World. Perspectives from Asian Cartography

8596:

Magic is No Magic: The Wonderful World of Simon Stevin

8476:

Frederick de Wit and the First Concise Reference Atlas

7499:

Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India

7461:

Karacas, Cary; Fumiko, Sugimoto; Wigen, Karen (2016).

5656: – Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth 5379:(IHO) was set up, and it constitutes the authority on 3418: 3130: 2723:

Map of the “Inhabited Quarter” by Sadiq Isfahani from

2378:

is in reference to the Chinese deity described in the

10500: 5845:

Web Site For Gary D. Thompson, West Melton, Australia

5135:

Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne

4837: 2687:

features were part of maps in China for centuries, a

1351:. Miletus was placed favourably to absorb aspects of 9635:

journal published by the University of Chicago Press

9509:

Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography

7532: 7530: 6907: 6493:"Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya" Roland Braddell. 5929: 5913:"Tutorials in the History of Cartography – Overview" 5643:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5620: – Map that uses pictures to represent features 5536:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5498: 4418:

of cartography and geography (1500s–1600s) include:

4205:

written textual form and in the production of maps.

4031: 3879:: Much of Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer 3703:

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Iberian powers (

3520:

Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts

3483: 3406:

S. P. Scott, History of the Moorish Empire in Europe

3142: 2239:(224–271) was appointed as the Minister of Works by 2059:, who would become the first leader to unify China, 9557: 9506: 8549:

Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey

7520: 7518: 5841:"Astronomical Artefacts and Cuneiform Tablets, etc" 5757: 1750:ran through the westernmost land known to him, the 1150:, shows a map of a river valley between two hills. 1045:Dots dating to 14,500 BC found on the walls of the 9677:Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography 9003: 8200:Lionel and Patricia Fanthorpe (12 November 2014). 8168: 8019: 7460: 6950: 6435: 5453:Advances in photochemical technology, such as the 5125:During his travels in Spanish America (1799–1804) 3827:in 1519 under the command of Portuguese navigator 3601:-makers in late 13th to the 14th and 15th-century 2230: 9518:Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization 8662:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 7723: 7642: 7527: 7399:Cartography of Korea, pgs. 235–345, Gari Ledyard 7075: 7073: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6427: 6334: 6332: 6330: 5758:Wolodtschenko, Alexander; Forner, Thomas (2007). 4891: 4548:thus providing Mercator's definition of the term 3388:On the work of al-Idrisi, S. P. Scott commented: 2852:, originally compiled by the polymath Ksemendra ( 2027:, and to the west the most northern parts of the 1809:) to Shera (China). Marinus also coined the term 13726: 9520:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 9295: 9279: 8858:. Durham: Duke University Press 2011, pp. 74–75. 8594:Devreese, Jozef T.; Vanden Berghe, Guido (2009) 8399: 8143: 7888: 7605: 7515: 6460: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 4773:to support the pursuit of scientific knowledge. 4327: 4129: 4123: 4107: 3253:). From the top of the mountain, he sighted the 2165:had maps of the entire empire submitted to him. 1986: 8402:Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Americanistas 7942:"So, Who Did Discover America? | History Today" 7002: 7000: 6434:Cicéron; Marcus Tullius Cicero (6 April 1995). 5723:For a value of a 185 m or 607 ft per 5336:Self-publishing tools and collaborative mapping 5133:(now Mexico) to date. Published as part of his 5096:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4618:stems from the work of the Dutch mathematician 3087: 3050:, produced world atlases, each one featuring a 2922: 2917: 2906:largest known Indian map, depicting the former 2866:also described cartographic charts made by the 2767: 2460: 9668:– a learning resource from the British Library 9497: 9266:. American Planning Association. pp. 4–5. 9217: 9194: 9171: 9141: 8418:"Early Spanish Cartography in the New World." 7345:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 2354–2355. 7070: 7040:Muginov-Persidkaya unikal'naya rukopis, pp.373 6975: 6948: 6327: 6077: 5680: – Intersection of history and navigation 5552: – Marble map of ancient Rome (c.205-208) 5395:History of cartography's technological changes 5176:. This map has been described as showing U.S. 3392:The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the 3100:, and the type that are uniquely found in the 2774: 2750: 2630:published in 1628 is thought to be based on a 2522:as recorded in native sources, especially the 920:refers to the development and consequences of 13600:Geographic data and information organizations 13005: 12701: 9952: 9761: 9465: 9436: 9218:Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, eds. (1987). 9195:Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, eds. (1987). 9172:Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, eds. (1987). 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8620:Kirby, David; Hinkkanen, Merja-Liisa (2000). 8557:Booklet concerning a way of describing places 8193: 7924:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 7893:, Walch Publishing, pp. 60 & 112–3, 7830: 7677:. Vol. 1. London, UK and New York, USA: 7674:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 7582:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 7339:Sally Church (2008). by Helaine Selin (ed.). 6831:(1959). "Science and Civilisation in China". 6473:. Princeton University Press. pp. 111–. 5893: 5544: – List of early depictions of the world 5309:, and many others who work in what is called 5286: 5172:, based on the 1822 map by U.S. cartographer 4605:Booklet concerning a way of describing places 4101: 4091: 3939: 3776:In 1492, when a Spanish expedition headed by 3678:Iberian cartography in the Age of Exploration 3127:dominant geographical features can be found. 2948:An important influence in the development of 2079:(202 BC – 9 AD) silk map found in tomb 3 of 1138:techniques. For example, a 7.6 × 6.8 cm 950:Modern methods of transportation, the use of 897: 794: 9252: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8690: 8688: 7585:. Vol. 3. Routledge. pp. 185–201. 7338: 6997: 6466: 6166: 6164: 5629: – 1791–1853 geodetic survey of Britain 5592: – Overview of the cartography of India 5227: 5190: 5101: 4945: 4879: 4870: 4860: 4852: 4688:In 1660, the German-born Dutch cartographer 3632:drawn and written in 1375, conserved in the 2739:map developed in Korea in the 17th century. 2362:, carved into stone in 1137, located in the 2249:plotted geometrical grid and graduated scale 1596: 1487:BC. This is the earliest known set of Greek 9532:. Singapore: National Library of Singapore. 9511:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 8999: 8997: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8009:. Harvard University Press. pp. 461–2. 7649:"Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni" 6848:The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6371: 5614: – Medieval European maps of the world 5139:Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain 4859:(See Figure 1). Regulations enacted by the 3977:: Unknown Portuguese cartographer made the 3915:, also called navigator connection. In his 3839:took command of the expedition, sailing to 3772:(1500), the first map showing the Americas. 2106:graduated scale and rectangular grid system 1878:covered 180° of the globe, which convinced 1606:(275–195 BC), a Greek scholar who lived in 1170:, the earliest surviving map of the world ( 13012: 12998: 12708: 12694: 12494:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 12441:International Congress of Maritime Museums 12421:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 11713: 9959: 9945: 9768: 9754: 9515: 9133:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8833: 8665: 8553:Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione 8360:Revista Complutense de Historia de América 8228:"A traditional Marshall Islands sea-chart" 7884: 7882: 7880: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7492: 7273:. New York: Parkstone Press. p. 202. 7183:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7142:(1/2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 33–41. 7019: 6942: 6864: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 5534: – large-scale thematic map of a city 5332:is nowadays a worldwide known initiative. 4601:Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione 4009:made the group of maps known today as the 3641: 3589:was a predominantly Jewish cooperation of 3240:calculations based on the angle between a 3069:, who based it on the work of Suhrāb. The 2156:BC), and was compiled and commented on by 2139:An early text that mentioned maps was the 1415:(gusty) Mountains, beyond which lived the 1229:Many scholars throughout history, such as 904: 890: 823: 801: 787: 13651:National Council for Geographic Education 12554: 12509:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 9702:licensed under a Creative Commons License 9579:"Cartography in the European Renaissance" 9359: 9350: 9331: 8980:"International Hydrographic Organization" 8952: 8884:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001. 8701: 8685: 8332: 8304: 8302: 8130: 7966: 7964: 7856: 7833:Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications 7826: 7824: 7751: 7745: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7030:. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 213. 6736: 6516:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 6170: 6161: 4988:was constructed by the French astronomer 4800:of Paris-Amiens as their starting point. 3411:Al-Idrisi's atlas, originally called the 9576: 9536: 9336:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9073: 8994: 8919: 8776: 8739:The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. 8696:Journal of Map & Geography Libraries 8496: 8420:American Antiquarian Society Proceedings 8098:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8068: 8000: 7998: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7359: 7173:. Vol. III. Stockholm. p. 278. 6699: 6500: 6497:, Vol. 23, No. 3 (153) 1947 (1950), p. 9 6298: 6267: 6265: 6198: 6196: 6142: 6140: 6067:"The History of Cartography Book Series" 5627:Principal Triangulation of Great Britain 5463: 5404: 5401:Cartography § Technological changes 5293:Historical geographic information system 5283:is quite long and is growing every day. 5105: 5059: 5005:Lambert azimuthal equal-area projections 4949: 4562: 4362: 4331: 4231: 4212: 4069: 4041: 3967:: The Spanish cartographer and explorer 3943: 3917:Treatise in Defense of the Marine Chart 3804:. The Spanish cartographer and explorer 3763: 3645: 3529: 3498: 3470: 3428: 3319: 2932: 2789: 2745:produced a world map in 1785 called the 2718: 2706: 2560: 2349: 2145:. Although attributed to the era of the 2070: 2043:Earliest known reference to a map (圖 tú) 1892: 1660: 1497: 1429: 1379: 1114: 1073:in Spain that contains a dot map of the 999: 954:, and more recently the availability of 59:of all important aspects of the article. 12479:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 9355:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9102: 8095: 8049:"Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" 8007:History of the Moorish Empire in Europe 7877: 7735:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 7654:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 7578: 7561: 7393: 7049: 6957:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6913: 6827: 6762: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6442:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6115:"Ancient map of Nippur, Kassite period" 5875:Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies 5377:International Hydrographic Organization 5232: 4906:are a series of world maps produced in 2277:(581–618), the Commercial Commissioner 1886: 1640:, his imaginary north–south lines, and 14: 13727: 12857:Early modern Netherlandish cartography 12715: 12431:European Association of Archaeologists 9700:David Rumsey Historical map collection 9264:Traditional Color Coding for Land Uses 9057: 8840:Furuti, Carlos A. (18 November 2013). 8839: 8568:Kirby, Richard Shelton et al. (1990). 8308: 8299: 8160: 8046: 7970: 7961: 7891:Geometry Activities from Many Cultures 7821: 7704: 7685: 7496: 7469: 7086:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia 7079: 7025: 6870: 6845: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6531: 5792: 5330:David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 5322:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 4595:method in the early 16th century when 4522:map projection necessarily transforms 3245:a tall mountain in India (present day 2945:relationships with China, and Russia. 2430:The famous 11th-century scientist and 2023:, with the plain between them and the 995: 55:Please consider expanding the lead to 12993: 12689: 12553: 11712: 11687:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 11645: 11515: 11514: 10897: 10499: 9978: 9966: 9940: 9749: 9378: 8953:Lardinois, Frederic (9 August 2014). 8804: 8166: 8104:(3). American Oriental Society: 327. 8004: 7995: 7936: 7539: 7365: 7268: 7239: 7168: 7133: 7006: 6989:Smith, Richard J. (28 October 1996). 6988: 6742: 6377: 6340:"Slide #219: World Maps of al-Idrisi" 6262: 6193: 6146: 6137: 6033: 5111:"Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico 4737: 4680:) was produced by Lucas Waghenaer in 4353:, published in the first book of the 4208: 3441:(1513) showing parts of the Americas. 3217:, and by another anonymous writer at 1867:is a prototype of modern mapping and 13695: 13019: 9261: 9115: 8372: 7670: 7245: 7191: 7118: 6705: 6602: 6085:"Slide #100: The Earliest Known Map" 5738:Gerardus Mercator#Duisburg 1552–1594 5661: 5162:Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico 3479:, a road map of 14th-century Britain 2095:The three Han dynasty maps found at 2055:visit the court of the ruler of the 1939:, in the vicinity of Tianshui City, 1110: 1077:constellation dating from 12,000 BC. 976:is modern, borrowed from the French 28: 13707: 12426:Archaeological Institute of America 9242:"Harvard Graduate School of Design" 9107:. Vol. 4. Chicago and London: 8175:. Orlando: Harcourt Books. p. 8058:. Vol. II-1. pp. 263–292. 7606:Koetsier, T.; Bergmans, L. (2005). 7321:http://seldenmap.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ 7053:The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 6670: 6627: 5391:) have prevented its ratification. 5265:Geographic Information System (GIS) 3449:published navigational maps in his 3419:Piri Reis map of the Ottoman Empire 3307: 3132:Book on the appearance of the Earth 2515:was born and united the Mongol and 2211:Local mapmaking such as the one of 1813:, referring to the opposite of the 24: 9645:The History of Cartography Project 9502:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 8920:Anderson, Mark (18 October 2006). 8895:"Lesson 1: History of Cartography" 8869:Traveling from New Spain to Mexico 8729:London: Hutchinson & Co, 1953. 8325:University of California, Berkeley 7501:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 7136:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 7011:. Vol. III. Brookfield, USA: 6916:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6603:Bell, Bethany (26 November 2007). 5871:"Published scientific papers – MR" 5444:University of California, Berkeley 5012:Albers equal-area conic projection 4886:Jean-Baptiste Bourgignon d'Anville 4838:Paris as the center of cartography 4275:oldest surviving terrestrial globe 3935:is the system which is still used. 3907:, maintain a fixed angle with the 3466: 3459:drawn by the Ottoman cartographer 2702: 2565:The Da Ming Hun Yi Tu map, dating 1703: 1038:A map etched on a mammoth bone at 935:, Greece, Rome, China, and India. 91: 25: 13751: 12436:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 11826:Coastal defence and fortification 11201:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 10501:Navigation, and ports and harbors 9627:journal of History of Cartography 9609: 8741:"Cesar-Francois Cassini de Thury" 7758:Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007 7497:Sircar, D. C. C. (January 1990). 7015:, Ashgate Publishing. p. 22. 6953:A History of Chinese Civilization 6748:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 64. 6605:"Ancient Roman road map unveiled" 5910: 5129:created the most accurate map of 5049:Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres 4414:. Notable representatives of the 4032:Padrón Real of the Spanish Empire 3997: : Portuguese cartographers 3731:Portugal's methodical expeditions 3484:Medieval maps and the Mappa Mundi 3401:various countries, were engraved. 1656: 1476:, a sailor, made a record of his 1224: 990: 13740:History of science by discipline 13706: 13694: 13682: 13671: 13670: 13646:International Geography Olympiad 12937:Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster) 12852:Early modern Iberian cartography 12670: 12536: 12461:Society for American Archaeology 11695: 11628: 11497: 10880: 10482: 9918: 9907: 9906: 9656:are available free in PDF format 9270: 8972: 8946: 8913: 8887: 8874: 8861: 8848: 8798: 8758: 8732: 8719: 8652: 8639: 8627: 8614: 8601: 8588: 8575: 8562: 8541: 8528: 8521:Henzel, Cynthia Kennedy (2010). 8515: 8502: 8489: 8468: 8455: 8425: 8412: 8393: 8366: 8150:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1889). 7056:. Pearson Longman. p. 127. 6313:10.1179/008228810x12755564743525 5730: 5639:The Royal Thai Survey Department 5515: 5501: 5370: 5200:Two-point equidistant projection 5147:José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez 4752:, especially the rediscovery of 3821:Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation 3634:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3618: 3266:azimuthal equidistant projection 3203:Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī 3112:maps, most notable used in the " 3017:azimuthal equidistant projection 2967:in Arabic) in comparison to the 2846:La Cartografia Antica dell'India 2816: 2260:However, the Qin State maps and 2219:. It is during this time of the 1967:in the world since they predate 1777:to show China. He also invented 33: 11893:Phoenician discovery of America 9726:A listing of over 5000 websites 9303:. New York: The Guilford Press. 8348: 8238: 8220: 8124: 8089: 8075:. University of Georgia Press. 8062: 8040: 8013: 7930: 7915: 7796: 7717: 7664: 7636: 7599: 7454: 7436: 7418: 7332: 7313: 7287: 7262: 7218: 7162: 7127: 7112: 7103: 7043: 7034: 6839: 6596: 6590:Case Western Reserve University 6578: 6550: 6487: 6467:Eratosthenes (4 January 2010). 6397: 6362: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6232: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6107: 6059: 6046: 6027: 5717: 4826:began work on the first modern 3814:Voyages of Christopher Columbus 3650:A chart of an unidentified area 3354:, produced his medieval atlas, 2658: 2572:, exists in multicolour format. 2556: 2345: 2293: 2231:Pei Xiu, the 'Ptolemy of China' 2221:Southern and Northern Dynasties 1651: 1616:On the Measurement of the Earth 1042:that is about 15,000 years old. 47:may be too short to adequately 13359:Geographic information science 11585:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 9641:History maps from year zero AD 9253:Imus, D.; Dunlavey, P (2002). 8955:"For the Love of Mapping Data" 8422:, (n.s.) vol. 19(1909)369–419. 7465:. University of Chicago Press. 7377:University of California Press 6949:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). 6565:University of California Press 5993: 5950: 5923: 5863: 5833: 5815: 5751: 5702:History of topographic mapping 5574:History of Cartography Project 5151:Mapa del Arzobispado de México 5088:U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 4954:A general map of the world by 4892:Dieppe school of cartographers 4062:who officiated his wedding to 3684:Iberian cartography, 1400–1600 3138:Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī 2897:The scholar Sadiq Isfahani of 2268: 2066: 1610:North Africa. As described by 1343:from their well-known city of 980:in the 1840s, itself based on 452:Geographic information science 57:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 13465:Geographic information system 12504:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 11179:Phoenician maritime expansion 9577:Woodward, David, ed. (1987). 9289:Pennsylvania State University 9050: 9033:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.08.004 8622:The Baltic and the North Seas 8283:. Summer 2011. Archived from 7558:Edson and Savage-Smith (2004) 7026:Wright, David Curtis (2001). 6155:American Geographical Society 5944:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)62055-8 5823:"Ice Age star map discovered" 5556:Geographic information system 4851:the quai de l'Horloge on the 4614:The modern systematic use of 4328:Dutch and Flemish cartography 4277:, but it lacked the Americas. 4134:) within the royal palace in 3953: 3852: 3672: 2983:Also in the 9th century, the 2873: 2620: 2566: 2524:Secret History of the Mongols 2150: 1987:Earliest geographical writing 1861:Ptolemy's eight-volume atlas 1481: 1460: 1439: 1360: 1171: 1120: 563:Geographic information system 13392:Environmental social science 12847:Medieval Islamic cartography 12446:Nautical Archaeology Society 9558:Wilford, John Noble (2000). 9507:Robinson, Arthur H. (1982). 8433:"Slide #64: Carta Universal" 6405:"henry davis-ancient images" 6389:. Berlin: Springer. p. 6147:Friis, Herman Ralph (1967). 5979:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.005 5745: 5562:Great Trigonometrical Survey 5155:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 4986:equidistant conic projection 4822:In the 1670s the astronomer 3919:(1537), Nunes argued that a 3587:Majorcan cartographic school 3581:Majorcan cartographic school 3381:is known by scholars as the 3224: 3088:Islamic regional cartography 2923:Arab and Persian cartography 2918:Islamic cartographic schools 2829:for purposes of navigation. 2492:'s ambassador and minister, 2483:Mongol yams (relay stations) 2461:Yuan dynasty (Mongol Empire) 2360:Map of the Tracks of Yu Gong 2338:period (refer to article on 2273:In the year 605, during the 1897:Modern version of the Roman 1801:) and in longitude from the 1202:c. 610–595 BC. In 1134:were made by using accurate 965: 490:Environmental social science 7: 12499:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 11876:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 11682:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 11539:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 10898: 9979: 9313:Library and Archives Canada 9109:University of Chicago Press 8807:Journal of Military History 8363:, Vol 30, pages 7–40, 2004. 8206:. Dundurn. pp. 1420–. 7752:Covington, Richard (2007). 7433:(Firefly Books, 2003) pg.81 5494: 5281:list of online map services 5166:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 5115:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4664:The first printed atlas of 3903:. These lines, also called 3143: 3026:In the early 10th century, 2940:'s world map (10th century) 2929:Geography in medieval Islam 2860:. The early volumes of the 2769:Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu 2768: 2243:, the first emperor of the 2083:, depicting the Kingdom of 2019:, the lower valleys of the 1995:(481–221 BC). This was the 1754:around the location of the 1206:, written 431–425 BC, 1155:also is marked to show the 718:Non-representational theory 10: 13756: 12355:Phoenician Ship Expedition 11646: 11196:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 11189:Circumnavigation of Africa 9736:Cornell University Library 9660:The history of cartography 9653:The History of Cartography 9632:The History of Cartography 9583:The History of Cartography 9362:The History of Cartography 9273:The History of Cartography 9224:The History of Cartography 9201:The History of Cartography 9178:The History of Cartography 9155:The History of Cartography 9105:The History of Cartography 8357:, Mariano Cuesta Domingo, 8316:International Organization 8026:. Routledge. p. 261. 7802:Lenn Evan Goodman (1992), 7610:Mathematics and the Divine 6518:, p. 184. Addison Wesley, 5959:Journal of Human Evolution 5398: 5339: 5303:Centennia Historical Atlas 5290: 5287:Historical map collections 5236: 4895: 4741: 4607:). The Dutch cartographer 4035: 4015:Lopo Homem – Reinéis Atlas 3987:: Portuguese cartographer 3940:First maps of the Americas 3859:: Portuguese cartographer 3735:Prince Henry the Navigator 3681: 3653: 3578: 3559:Italian cartography school 3523: 3433:Surviving fragment of the 3422: 3313: 3207:Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi 3063:equirectangular projection 3054:and twenty regional maps. 2989:Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi 2926: 2809: 2804:Royal Geographical Society 2802:(19th century) received a 2204:("Historical Geography of 1920: 1824: 1820: 1779:equirectangular projection 1762:. He used the parallel of 1707: 1065:asterism), as well as the 13666: 13623: 13592: 13555: 13507:Global Positioning System 13433: 13424: 13382: 13334: 13195: 13070: 13063: 13030: 12962: 12946: 12917: 12894: 12872: 12865: 12837: 12811: 12755: 12724: 12668: 12560: 12549: 12534: 12469: 12411: 12214: 12198: 11946: 11881:Samothrace temple complex 11816: 11771: 11730: 11723: 11719: 11708: 11693: 11652: 11641: 11626: 11524: 11510: 11495: 11448: 11401: 11254: 11221: 11214: 11152: 10953: 10910: 10906: 10893: 10878: 10597: 10510: 10506: 10495: 10480: 10432: 10367: 10304: 10189: 10158: 9991: 9987: 9974: 9902: 9844: 9821: 9783: 9775: 9451:10.1080/00140138008924818 9069:. Transaction Publishers. 8499:, pp34–38 (PDF pp103–108) 8334:10.1017/S0020818310000299 8275:"How Maps Made the World" 8156:. Kraus. pp. 51, 64. 8072:The Piri Reis Map of 1513 7889:Beatrice Lumpkin (1997), 7257:, vol. 4, p. 32 6885:10.1017/S0305741000011346 6685:10.1080/03085699308592766 6561:The Age of Reconnaissance 6034:Meece, Stephanie (2006). 5385:Limits of Oceans and Seas 5315:history of border changes 5228:Contemporary developments 5191:20th-century developments 5102:19th-century developments 4946:18th-century developments 4824:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 4786:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 4670:De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt 4343:, originally prepared by 3891:would not travel along a 3445:The Ottoman cartographer 2952:was the patronage of the 2775: 2751: 2541:and the Ilkhanid capital 1597:Hellenistic Mediterranean 1534:and the area between the 1427:rule from 499 to 494 BC. 1257:, the southwest coast of 864:Environmental determinism 605:Global Positioning System 158:Environmental determinism 11169:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 9639:Euratlas Historical Maps 9537:Sullivan, David (2000), 9470:. Taylor & Francis. 9430:10.1179/caj.1975.12.1.39 9410:The Cartographic Journal 9401:10.1179/caj.1975.12.2.94 9381:The Cartographic Journal 9351:Monmonier, Mark (1993). 9332:Monmonier, Mark (1991). 9096:10.1179/caj.1973.10.2.85 9076:The Cartographic Journal 8927:National Geographic News 8633:Buisseret, David (2003) 8607:Struik, Dirk J. (1981). 8581:Harwood, Jeremy (2006). 8139:(3–4). Hungary: 177–187. 7909:19 November 2022 at the 7770:10.1177/1367877907080149 7740:University of St Andrews 7659:University of St Andrews 7233:19 November 2022 at the 7009:Science in Ancient China 6846:Hansen, Valerie (2000). 6385:The Forgotten Revolution 5711: 5258:National Geographic Maps 5092:National Geodetic Survey 4995:The Swiss mathematician 4674:The Mirror of Navigation 4599:set out the idea in his 4237:Universalis Cosmographia 4050:, a 1526 version of the 3636:. (Scroll left or right) 2785: 2634:dated to the voyages of 2413:historical text stated ( 2081:Mawangdui Han tombs site 1916: 13615:National mapping agency 13580:Survey (human research) 13522:Participant observation 12451:RPM Nautical Foundation 12188:Surviving ancient ships 12107:Marsala Punic shipwreck 9682:26 October 2011 at the 9528:; Argounès, F. (2021). 9500:Elements of Cartography 9498:Robinson, A.H. (1953). 9287:. University Park: The 9120:Capabilities and Trends 8745:Encyclopædia Britannica 8645:Harwood, Jeremy (2006) 8547:Hewitt, Rachel (2011). 8508:Goffart, Walter (2003) 8387:10.1179/tin.1974.6.1.51 8309:Branch, Jordan (2011). 8167:Aczel, Amir D. (2001). 8069:McIntosh, Greg (2000). 7841:Oxford University Press 7255:Northeast Asian Studies 7246:Park, Seongrae (2000), 7199:The Sino-European Map ( 7050:Jackson, Peter (2005). 6514:Victor J. Katz (1998). 6470:Eratosthenes' Geography 6173:Libyae lustrare extrema 5601:List of historical maps 5459:photochemical processes 5217:in 1935 and refined by 5001:Lambert conformal conic 4918:. The Dieppe school of 4591:had first emerged as a 4584:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 4570:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 4499:mathematical projection 4408:Claes Janszoon Visscher 4369:Mercator 1569 world map 4183:treaties of Tordesillas 3642:Polynesian stick charts 3599:navigational instrument 3513:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 3096:", the type devised by 2863:Encyclopædia Britannica 2388:, dated 5th century BC. 2049:Crown Prince Dan of Yan 1834:(90–168), a Hellenized 1502:The world according to 1434:The world according to 1401:Journey Round the World 1384:The world according to 1084:from a cave in Spanish 874:Quantitative revolution 678:Survey (human research) 620:Participant observation 168:Quantitative revolution 13735:History of cartography 13605:Geographical societies 13402:Landscape architecture 12925:Map of Juan de la Cosa 12484:Giza Solar boat museum 11938:Underwater exploration 11933:Underwater archaeology 11898:Pre-Columbian theories 11753:John Sinclair Morrison 11714:Research and education 11164:Austronesian Expansion 9831:History of cartography 9623:8 October 2009 at the 9466:Pickles, John (2003). 9244:. 2005. Archived from 9063:History of Cartography 8727:Maps and their Makers. 8570:Engineering in History 8536:History of Cartography 8437:Henry Davis Consulting 8056:History of Cartography 7707:"Projection Reference" 7444:"Japanese Cartography" 7430:The World Through Maps 7271:Historic Maritime Maps 7269:Wigal, Donald (2000). 7203:) in the Encyclopedia 7121:History of Cartography 7007:Sivin, Nathan (1995). 6528: 6409:Henry Davis Consulting 6344:Henry Davis Consulting 6244:Henry Davis Consulting 6089:Henry Davis Consulting 6009:Henry Davis Consulting 5736:See the discussion in 5479:History of web mapping 5475:digital raster graphic 5469: 5440:Professor Steven Weber 5410: 5311:historical cartography 5202:was first drawn up by 5168:(1848), following the 5127:Alexander von Humboldt 5122: 5084:U.S. Geological Survey 5075: 4990:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle 4984:The final form of the 4967: 4880: 4871: 4861: 4853: 4685:maritime cartography. 4616:triangulation networks 4578: 4511:cylindrical projection 4428:Gaspard van der Heyden 4371: 4360: 4283:: German cartographer 4248: 4241:Waldseemüller wall map 4229: 4155:Anna Amalia Bibliothek 4130: 4124: 4108: 4102: 4092: 4079: 4067: 3960: 3931:bearing his name. The 3773: 3651: 3543: 3516: 3480: 3442: 3409: 3343: 2993:spherical trigonometry 2941: 2807: 2728: 2716: 2669:Gujin xingsheng zhi tu 2573: 2475:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2424: 2389: 2320:Emperor Dezong of Tang 2092: 1904: 1840:perspective projection 1670: 1507: 1446: 1389: 1127: 1009: 918:history of cartography 854:History of cartography 691:Theoretical Approaches 500:Landscape architecture 148:History of cartography 96: 18:Historical cartography 13397:Environmental studies 13369:Statistical geography 13250:Environmental science 12975:Points of the compass 12555:Legend and literature 12513:Viking ship museums: 12489:Grand Egyptian Museum 12249:Austronesian replicas 12224:Heyerdahl expeditions 12134:Caligula's Giant Ship 11994:Dover Bronze Age Boat 10656:Berenice Troglodytica 9836:List of cartographers 9013:Ecological Indicators 8770:How Products are Made 8133:Földrajzi Kõzlemények 8047:Soucek, Svat (1987). 8005:Scott, S. P. (1904). 7849:10.1093/teamat/hrl009 7705:Rankin, Bill (2006). 7295:"U21 Museums Gateway" 6506: 6177:University of Seville 6119:The Nippur Expedition 5808:24 April 2022 at the 5678:History of navigation 5641: – military unit 5596:List of cartographers 5467: 5408: 5399:Further information: 5356:collaborative project 5342:Collaborative mapping 5299:Euratlas History Maps 5211:loximuthal projection 5109: 5063: 5036:In 1763–1767 Captain 4953: 4916:Henry VIII of England 4881:geographes de cabinet 4817:Académie des Sciences 4808:Académie des Sciences 4804:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 4778:Académie des Sciences 4771:Académie des Sciences 4766:Académie des Sciences 4699:Harmonia Macrocosmica 4566: 4366: 4335: 4273:(1459–1507) made the 4235: 4216: 4073: 4045: 3947: 3837:Juan Sebastián Elcano 3767: 3761:and to Japan (1542). 3654:Further information: 3649: 3533: 3511:, 1321. Described by 3502: 3474: 3432: 3390: 3323: 3281:Earth's circumference 3181:and Indian Oceans as 2985:Persian mathematician 2936: 2793: 2722: 2710: 2576:The multicolour map, 2564: 2419: 2398:Emperor Taizu of Song 2353: 2188:in 139 BC during the 2134:attack against Nanyue 2120:kingdom (of northern 2074: 1896: 1664: 1634:Earth's circumference 1501: 1433: 1383: 1300:), the shores of the 1118: 1071:Cuevas de El Castillo 1026:Aboriginal Australian 1003: 952:surveillance aircraft 495:Environmental studies 462:Statistical geography 95: 13610:Geoscience societies 13575:Interview (research) 13547:Land change modeling 13448:Computer cartography 13426:Techniques and tools 13284:Earth system science 12756:By country or region 12456:Sea Research Society 11858:Maritime archaeology 11667:Ameinias the Phocian 11662:Mediterranean piracy 9334:How to Lie with Maps 8534:Bagrow, Leo (2010). 8523:Creating Modern Maps 8474:Carhart, George S.: 7940:(12 December 2013). 7863:University of Exeter 7726:Robertson, Edmund F. 7645:Robertson, Edmund F. 7301:on 30 September 2009 7169:Hedin, Sven (1922). 7109:Rashid/Boyle, pp.276 7028:The History of China 6438:Cicero De Re Publica 6415:on 10 September 2009 6250:on 10 September 2009 6179:. pp. 189–194. 5684:History of surveying 5668:History of geography 5590:Cartography of India 5365:satellite navigation 5233:Software development 5174:Henry Schenck Tanner 5170:Mexican–American War 5119:Mexican–American War 4678:The Mariner's Mirror 4636:Eratosthenes Batavus 4492:Nicolaes Visscher II 4416:Netherlandish school 4285:Martin Waldseemüller 4198:Alonso de Santa Cruz 4093:Casa de Contratación 4064:Isabella of Portugal 4048:Salviati Planisphere 4025:Alonzo de Santa Cruz 3782:Christopher Columbus 3755:Pedro Álvares Cabral 3490:Babylonian World Map 3230:Abu Rayhan al-Biruni 3183:open bodies of water 2812:Cartography of India 2380:geographical chapter 2124:and parts of modern 1961:distances in mileage 1935:tomb in what is now 1927:Cartography of China 1910:Tabula Peutingeriana 1900:Tabula Peutingeriana 1888:Tabula Peutingeriana 1880:Christopher Columbus 1803:Isles of the Blessed 1752:Isles of the Blessed 1375:Hecataeus of Miletus 1326:Hecataeus of Miletus 1168:Babylonian World Map 1146:, near contemporary 1080:A polished chunk of 859:Historical geography 817:History of geography 673:Interview (research) 645:Land change modeling 546:Computer cartography 480:Integrated geography 153:Historical geography 121:History of geography 13656:Spatial citizenship 13641:Geographers on Film 13631:Geography education 13241:Atmospheric science 12931:Cantino planisphere 12880:Ptolemy's world map 11549:Maritime Jade Route 10702:Kaveri Poompattinam 9516:Slocum, T. (1999). 9422:1975CartJ..12...39P 9393:1975CartJ..12...94M 9257:. Hood, Oregon: MT. 9088:1973CartJ..10...85C 9025:2018EcInd..95..595L 8854:Magali M. Carrera, 8842:"Conic Projections" 8232:she-philosopher.com 7971:Kamiar, M. (2008). 7938:Starr, S. Frederick 7724:O'Connor, John J.; 7711:Radical Cartography 7681:. pp. 128–184. 7643:O'Connor, John J.; 7326:12 May 2016 at the 7227:Wataru Masuda p.17 7201:Shanhai yudi quantu 6873:The China Quarterly 6240:"henry-davis-image" 6125:on 5 September 2008 6015:on 10 February 2012 5971:2009JHumE..57...99U 5693:History of cadastre 5326:University of Texas 5213:was constructed by 4979:Military Revolution 4958:, 1794, containing 4509:is an example of a 4507:Mercator projection 4501:he devised for his 4488:Nicolaes Visscher I 4460:Henricus Hondius II 4420:Franciscus Monachus 3979:Cantino planisphere 3933:Mercator Projection 3725:Italian city-states 3715:(also known as the 3709:Kingdom of Portugal 3102:Book of curiosities 3007:, the direction to 2999:methods to convert 2806:gold medal in 1876. 2600:Kunyu Wanguo Quantu 2594:Shanhai Yudi Quantu 2580:dates to the early 2283:Emperor Yang of Sui 2114:Kingdom of Changsha 2077:Western Han dynasty 1799:Tropic of Capricorn 1682:Alexander the Great 1528:Pillars of Hercules 1457:Pythagoras of Samos 1157:cardinal directions 996:Earliest known maps 427:Technical geography 79:Part of a series on 13537:Statistical survey 13487:Geologic modelling 13326:Quaternary science 12097:Bajo de la Campana 11799:Peter Throckmorton 11784:Jean-Yves Empereur 11758:William L. Rodgers 11579:Maritime Silk Road 9721:Ancient World Maps 9686:, Newberry Library 9118:ESRI Cartography: 8934:on 5 November 2006 8819:10.1353/jmh.0.0160 8252:on 12 January 2006 7536:Schwartzberg, 1303 7524:Schwartzberg, 1302 7463:Cartographic Japan 7425:Short, John Rennie 7211:2008-10-21 at the 6615:on 12 January 2008 6040:DSpace @ Cambridge 5851:on 30 January 2007 5799:Schøyen Collection 5673:History of geodesy 5485:Aerial photography 5470: 5411: 5123: 5076: 4968: 4936:Guillaume Brouscon 4932:Guillaume Le Testu 4912:Henry II of France 4744:French cartography 4738:French cartography 4609:Jacob van Deventer 4579: 4440:Jacob van Deventer 4432:Christophe Plantin 4372: 4361: 4269:: German merchant 4255:: The German monk 4249: 4230: 4209:German cartography 4175:Loaysa expeditions 4147:Biblioteca Estense 4098:royal standard map 4080: 4068: 3961: 3948:Nautical chart by 3883:' work related to 3829:Ferdinand Magellan 3810:Columbian Exchange 3774: 3717:Age of Exploration 3705:Kingdom of Castile 3662:Polynesian peoples 3652: 3544: 3517: 3481: 3443: 3394:history of science 3370:Roger II of Sicily 3352:Muhammad al-Idrisi 3344: 3336:Roger II of Sicily 3332:Muhammad al-Idrisi 3302:Sub-Saharan Africa 3144:Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ 3114:London Underground 3098:Muhammad al-Idrisi 3030:, originally from 3028:Abū Zayd al-Balkhī 2942: 2808: 2729: 2717: 2699:and observations. 2615:(1674). While the 2588:Sihai Huayi Zongtu 2574: 2390: 2385:Classic of History 2101:cardinal direction 2093: 2025:Shandong Peninsula 1971:'s economic maps. 1945:Mawangdui Han tomb 1905: 1846:with parallels of 1760:Cape Verde Islands 1671: 1665:Reconstruction of 1586:is always circular 1542:. He regarded the 1508: 1447: 1390: 1128: 1069:star cluster. The 1010: 879:Critical geography 869:Regional geography 745:Post-structuralism 635:Statistical survey 585:Geologic modelling 414:Quaternary science 316:Physical geography 173:Critical geography 163:Regional geography 97: 13722: 13721: 13588: 13587: 13420: 13419: 13407:Landscape ecology 13227:Coastal geography 12987: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12545: 12544: 12532: 12531: 12152:Madrague de Giens 11871:Temple of Isthmia 11867:Maritime temples 11853:Marine navigation 11812: 11811: 11804:Shelley Wachsmann 11794:J. Richard Steffy 11704: 11703: 11637: 11636: 11506: 11505: 11493: 11492: 11444: 11443: 11174:Ocean exploration 10889: 10888: 10876: 10875: 10535:Rutter (nautical) 10491: 10490: 10478: 10477: 10334:Mortise and tenon 9968:Ancient seafaring 9934: 9933: 9651:Three volumes of 9592:978-0-226-90733-8 9569:978-0-375-70850-3 9562:. Vintage Books. 9477:978-0-415-14497-1 9371:978-0-226-53469-5 9343:978-0-226-53421-3 9262:Jeer, S. (1997). 9233:978-0-226-90728-4 9210:978-0-226-31637-6 9187:978-0-226-31635-2 9164:978-0-226-31633-8 8766:"Topographic Map" 8443:on 3 October 2018 8375:Terrae Incognitae 8287:on 11 August 2011 8234:. 29 August 2006. 8213:978-1-4597-3092-2 8186:978-0-15-600753-5 8082:978-0-8203-2157-8 7629:978-0-444-50328-2 7592:978-0-415-12410-2 7508:978-81-208-0690-0 7386:978-0-520-22154-3 7375:. Berkeley, USA: 7197:Ptak, Roderich. " 7096:978-0-521-60270-9 7081:Allsen, Thomas T. 7063:978-0-582-36896-5 6968:978-0-521-49781-7 6857:978-0-393-97374-7 6755:978-3-598-44179-0 6729:978-90-04-16063-7 6718:. Brill. p. 6557:John Horace Parry 6480:978-1-4008-3221-7 6453:978-0-521-34896-6 6301:Terrae Incognitae 6095:on 20 August 2007 6005:– Ancient Images" 5881:on 28 August 2008 5662:Related histories 5549:Forma Urbis Romae 5489:satellite imagery 4924:Pierre Desceliers 4872:Quai de l'Horloge 4867:quai de l'Horloge 4784:was that done by 4690:Andreas Cellarius 4476:Andreas Cellarius 4464:Hendrik Hondius I 4384:Gerardus Mercator 4293:Waldseemüller map 4257:Nicolaus Germanus 4153:, Italy; and the 3899:course, called a 3816:to the Americas. 3790:Caribbean islands 3743:Cape of Good Hope 3167:Mediterranean Sea 3013:Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī 3001:polar coordinates 2796:pundit (explorer) 2447:raised-relief map 2444:three-dimensional 2324:Hai Nei Hua Yi Tu 2241:Emperor Wu of Jin 2235:In the year 267, 2163:Emperor Wu of Han 2051:had his assassin 2012:Book of Documents 1923:Chinese geography 1844:coordinate system 1688:) he regards the 1495:displayed below. 1364: 611–546 BC 1142:found in 1930 at 1111:Ancient Near East 970:The English term 956:satellite imagery 914: 913: 811: 810: 659: 658: 537: 536: 505:Landscape ecology 399:Landscape ecology 361:Coastal geography 74: 73: 16:(Redirected from 13747: 13710: 13709: 13698: 13697: 13686: 13674: 13673: 13502:Geovisualization 13431: 13430: 13374:Spatial analysis 13259:Paleoclimatology 13068: 13067: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12991: 12990: 12947:Contemporary age 12918:Early Modern age 12902:Tabula Rogeriana 12870: 12869: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12687: 12686: 12674: 12673: 12568:Ark of bulrushes 12551: 12550: 12540: 12539: 12178:Oldest surviving 11888:Nusantao network 11763:Chester G. Starr 11728: 11727: 11721: 11720: 11710: 11709: 11699: 11698: 11672:Cilician pirates 11643: 11642: 11632: 11631: 11569:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 11564:Iron Age Britain 11512: 11511: 11501: 11500: 11219: 11218: 10908: 10907: 10895: 10894: 10884: 10883: 10798:Ptolemais Theron 10508: 10507: 10497: 10496: 10486: 10485: 10078:Single-outrigger 9989: 9988: 9976: 9975: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9938: 9937: 9922: 9910: 9909: 9849:Animated mapping 9826:Early world maps 9798:Geovisualization 9770: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9746: 9604: 9596: 9573: 9554: 9553:on 10 March 2016 9552: 9546:, archived from 9545: 9533: 9526:Singaravélou, P. 9521: 9512: 9503: 9494: 9481: 9462: 9433: 9404: 9375: 9356: 9347: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9319:on 22 March 2016 9315:. Archived from 9309:"Map Imitations" 9304: 9297:MacEachren, A.M. 9292: 9281:MacEachren, A.M. 9276: 9267: 9258: 9249: 9248:on 16 June 2006. 9237: 9214: 9191: 9168: 9138: 9132: 9124: 9112: 9099: 9070: 9045: 9044: 9010: 9001: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8930:. Archived from 8917: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8897:. Archived from 8891: 8885: 8878: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8802: 8796: 8789: 8774: 8773: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8717: 8716:48 (1996): 5–24. 8710: 8699: 8698:5 (2008): 17–39. 8692: 8683: 8676: 8663: 8656: 8650: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8618: 8612: 8605: 8599: 8592: 8586: 8579: 8573: 8566: 8560: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8506: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8439:. 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Archived from 7291: 7285: 7284: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7243: 7237: 7222: 7216: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7182: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6973: 6972: 6956: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6825: 6760: 6759: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6717: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6668: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6611:. Archived from 6609:BBC News, Vienna 6600: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6554: 6548: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6441: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6411:. Archived from 6401: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6346:. Archived from 6336: 6325: 6324: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6246:. Archived from 6236: 6230: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6144: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091:. Archived from 6081: 6075: 6074: 6073:on 16 July 2006. 6069:. Archived from 6063: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6011:. Archived from 5997: 5991: 5990: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5915:. Archived from 5908: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5877:. Archived from 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5847:. Archived from 5837: 5831: 5830: 5829:. 9 August 2000. 5819: 5813: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5764: 5755: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5644: 5623: 5542:Early world maps 5537: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5178:Manifest Destiny 5143:Carte du Mexique 5094:, a part of the 5071:Atlantic Neptune 5054:Atlantic Neptune 5047:In 1777 Colonel 4972:Matthias Seutter 4940:Nicolas Desliens 4883: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4832:Cassini de Thury 4620:Willebrord Snell 4484:Cornelis de Jode 4444:Willebrord Snell 4388:Abraham Ortelius 4319:celestial sphere 4297:Amerigo Vespucci 4245:Amerigo Vespucci 4133: 4127: 4114:was kept in the 4113: 4105: 4095: 4082:Founded 1504 in 3958: 3955: 3857: 3854: 3713:Age of Discovery 3666:Marshall Islands 3622: 3407: 3357:Tabula Rogeriana 3327:Tabula Rogeriana 3316:Tabula Rogeriana 3309:Tabula Rogeriana 3289:specific gravity 3270:celestial sphere 3215:Indian astronomy 3146: 3021:celestial sphere 2987:and geographer, 2888:kingdom of Nepal 2868:Dravidian people 2800:Nain Singh Rawat 2780: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2754: 2753: 2743:Sekisui Nagakubo 2691:county official 2625: 2622: 2609:(1620s) and the 2578:Da Ming Hunyi Tu 2571: 2568: 2318:(730–805), whom 2202:Hua Yang Guo Chi 2155: 2152: 1486: 1483: 1465: 1462: 1444: 1441: 1365: 1362: 1316:, the island of 1312:), the coast of 1193:circumnavigation 1176: 1173: 1130:Maps in Ancient 1125: 1122: 941:Classical Greece 906: 899: 892: 849:Age of Discovery 827: 813: 812: 803: 796: 789: 650: 649: 600:Geovisualization 528: 527: 467:Spatial analysis 352:Paleoclimatology 143:Age of Discovery 76: 75: 69: 66: 60: 37: 29: 21: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13662: 13619: 13584: 13551: 13470:Distributed GIS 13416: 13378: 13330: 13263:Palaeogeography 13191: 13059: 13026: 13018: 12988: 12979: 12958: 12942: 12913: 12890: 12866:Individual maps 12861: 12833: 12807: 12751: 12720: 12714: 12684: 12675: 12671: 12666: 12556: 12541: 12537: 12528: 12471: 12465: 12413: 12412:Institutes and 12407: 12362:Viking replicas 12303:Balangay Voyage 12216: 12210: 12194: 11949: 11942: 11818: 11808: 11767: 11715: 11700: 11696: 11691: 11648: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11520: 11502: 11498: 11489: 11440: 11397: 11250: 11210: 11155: 11148: 10949: 10902: 10885: 10881: 10872: 10748:Mueang Phra Rot 10602: 10593: 10502: 10487: 10483: 10474: 10428: 10402:Triangular sail 10363: 10300: 10274:Sail components 10185: 10154: 10128:Tessarakonteres 9983: 9970: 9965: 9935: 9930: 9898: 9889:Topographic map 9840: 9817: 9779: 9774: 9741:Old Maps Online 9684:Wayback Machine 9666:Mapping History 9625:Wayback Machine 9612: 9607: 9599: 9593: 9570: 9550: 9543: 9478: 9445:(12): 1117–28. 9372: 9344: 9322: 9320: 9307: 9240: 9234: 9211: 9188: 9165: 9149:, eds. (1987). 9147:Woodward, David 9126: 9125: 9053: 9048: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8982:. 15 March 2013 8978: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8918: 8914: 8904: 8902: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8879: 8875: 8866: 8862: 8853: 8849: 8838: 8834: 8803: 8799: 8790: 8777: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8720: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8677: 8666: 8657: 8653: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8619: 8615: 8606: 8602: 8593: 8589: 8580: 8576: 8567: 8563: 8546: 8542: 8533: 8529: 8520: 8516: 8507: 8503: 8497:Sullivan (2000) 8494: 8490: 8473: 8469: 8461:Barbara Mundy, 8460: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8417: 8413: 8398: 8394: 8371: 8367: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8307: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8165: 8161: 8148: 8144: 8129: 8125: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7981:. p. 156. 7979:Scarecrow Press 7969: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7935: 7931: 7920: 7916: 7911:Wayback Machine 7901: 7887: 7878: 7867: 7865: 7857:Behnaz Savizi. 7829: 7822: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7750: 7746: 7722: 7718: 7703: 7686: 7669: 7665: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7577: 7562: 7557: 7540: 7535: 7528: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7495: 7470: 7459: 7455: 7450:. 7 April 2011. 7442: 7441: 7437: 7423: 7419: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7328:Wayback Machine 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7267: 7263: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7235:Wayback Machine 7223: 7219: 7213:Wayback Machine 7196: 7192: 7176: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7148:10.2307/2718487 7132: 7128: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7024: 7020: 7005: 6998: 6987: 6976: 6969: 6947: 6943: 6928:10.2307/2719404 6912: 6908: 6879:(58): 357–362. 6869: 6865: 6858: 6844: 6840: 6829:Needham, Joseph 6826: 6763: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6704: 6700: 6669: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6586:"Ptolemy's Map" 6584: 6583: 6579: 6555: 6551: 6547:, pp. 406–463 . 6536: 6532: 6527: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6350:on 26 June 2006 6338: 6337: 6328: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6169: 6162: 6145: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5955: 5951: 5928: 5924: 5919:on 6 July 2006. 5911:Frenz, Thomas. 5909: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5810:Wayback Machine 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5664: 5659: 5642: 5633:Terra incognita 5621: 5568:Here be dragons 5535: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5403: 5397: 5373: 5344: 5338: 5295: 5289: 5241: 5235: 5230: 5193: 5104: 5016:Heinrich Albers 4948: 4900: 4894: 4840: 4828:topographic map 4746: 4740: 4702:) published by 4666:nautical charts 4456:Jodocus Hondius 4452:Petrus Plancius 4448:Hessel Gerritsz 4436:Lucas Waghenaer 4412:Frederik de Wit 4396:Lucas Waghenaer 4377:, Antwerp, and 4330: 4211: 4143:Vatican Library 4076:Vatican Library 4040: 4034: 3969:Juan de la Cosa 3956: 3942: 3871:Jorge de Aguiar 3869:: Cartographer 3855: 3806:Juan de la Cosa 3770:Juan de la Cosa 3739:Bartolomeu Dias 3686: 3680: 3675: 3658: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3628: 3623: 3583: 3577: 3555:portolan charts 3528: 3526:Portolan charts 3522: 3509:Pietro Vesconte 3486: 3469: 3467:Medieval Europe 3452:Kitab-ı Bahriye 3435:first World Map 3427: 3421: 3408: 3405: 3348:Arab geographer 3318: 3312: 3277:Codex Masudicus 3247:Pind Dadan Khan 3227: 3135: 3090: 2974:Marinus of Tyre 2931: 2925: 2920: 2892:Warren Hastings 2876: 2819: 2814: 2788: 2772: 2705: 2703:Japan and Korea 2661: 2623: 2591:(1532) and the 2569: 2559: 2463: 2348: 2296: 2271: 2233: 2153: 2087:and Kingdom of 2069: 2045: 2005:chapter of the 1989: 1929: 1921:Main articles: 1919: 1891: 1829: 1823: 1728:'s influential 1715:Marinus of Tyre 1712: 1710:Marinus of Tyre 1706: 1704:Marinus of Tyre 1659: 1654: 1599: 1484: 1463: 1442: 1363: 1247:stream of Ocean 1227: 1218:spherical Earth 1174: 1123: 1113: 1075:Corona Borealis 1063:Summer Triangle 998: 993: 968: 910: 807: 757: 756: 693: 683: 682: 568:Distributed GIS 525: 515: 514: 482: 472: 471: 429: 419: 418: 356:Palaeogeography 318: 308: 307: 188: 186:Human geography 178: 177: 123: 70: 64: 61: 54: 42:This article's 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13753: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13716: 13704: 13692: 13680: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13561: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13532:Remote sensing 13529: 13527:Photogrammetry 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13492:Geomathematics 13489: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13439: 13437: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13412:Time geography 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13388: 13386: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13354:Geoinformatics 13351: 13346: 13340: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13309: 13300: 13295: 13286: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13270: 13265: 13252: 13247: 13233: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13215:Phytogeography 13212: 13201: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13017: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12994: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12956: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12934: 12928: 12921: 12919: 12915: 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12337:Mediterranean 12335: 12334: 12333: 12326: 12319: 12312: 12305: 12300: 12293: 12290:Alingano Maisu 12286: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12233: 12220: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12208: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12139:De Meern ships 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12101: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12077: 12070: 12065: 12057: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12009:Cape Gelidonya 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11954: 11952: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11772:Archaeologists 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11738:David Blackman 11734: 11732: 11725: 11717: 11716: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11677:Jewish pirates 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11363:Lake Trasimene 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11264:Mediterranean: 11260: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11160: 11158: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10925: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10904: 10903: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10567:Maritime pilot 10564: 10554: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10537: 10532: 10530:Portolan chart 10527: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10103:Oared warships 10100: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9985: 9984: 9972: 9971: 9964: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9916: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9874:Nautical chart 9871: 9869:Linguistic map 9866: 9861: 9859:Choropleth map 9856: 9851: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9808:Map projection 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9773: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9729: 9723: 9718: 9717:at Convergence 9704: 9703: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9628: 9611: 9610:External links 9608: 9606: 9605: 9597: 9591: 9574: 9568: 9555: 9534: 9522: 9513: 9504: 9495: 9482: 9476: 9463: 9434: 9405: 9376: 9370: 9357: 9353:Mapping It Out 9348: 9342: 9329: 9305: 9293: 9277: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9238: 9232: 9215: 9209: 9192: 9186: 9169: 9163: 9139: 9113: 9100: 9071: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9019:(1): 595–605. 8993: 8971: 8945: 8912: 8901:on 4 July 2009 8886: 8880:Paula Rebert, 8873: 8871:, pp. 104–105. 8860: 8847: 8832: 8797: 8775: 8757: 8731: 8718: 8700: 8684: 8664: 8651: 8638: 8626: 8613: 8600: 8587: 8574: 8561: 8540: 8527: 8514: 8501: 8488: 8478:(BRILL, 2016, 8467: 8454: 8424: 8411: 8392: 8365: 8347: 8298: 8263: 8237: 8219: 8212: 8192: 8185: 8159: 8142: 8123: 8110:10.2307/602594 8088: 8081: 8061: 8039: 8032: 8012: 7994: 7987: 7960: 7929: 7914: 7899: 7876: 7820: 7795: 7784:on 12 May 2008 7744: 7716: 7684: 7663: 7635: 7628: 7598: 7591: 7560: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7507: 7468: 7453: 7435: 7417: 7392: 7385: 7379:. p. 15. 7367:Brook, Timothy 7358: 7352:978-1402045592 7351: 7331: 7312: 7286: 7279: 7261: 7238: 7217: 7190: 7171:Southern Tibet 7161: 7126: 7111: 7102: 7095: 7069: 7062: 7042: 7033: 7018: 6996: 6974: 6967: 6941: 6922:(2): 405–442. 6906: 6863: 6856: 6838: 6761: 6754: 6735: 6728: 6698: 6626: 6595: 6577: 6549: 6530: 6511: 6499: 6486: 6479: 6459: 6452: 6426: 6396: 6370: 6361: 6326: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6261: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6204: 6192: 6185: 6160: 6136: 6106: 6076: 6058: 6045: 6026: 6003:henrydavis.com 5992: 5949: 5922: 5892: 5862: 5832: 5814: 5791: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5729: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618:Pictorial maps 5615: 5609: 5606:Map projection 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5512: 5496: 5493: 5420:printing press 5396: 5393: 5372: 5369: 5337: 5334: 5288: 5285: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5192: 5189: 5185:prime meridian 5183:The Greenwich 5141:), Humboldt's 5103: 5100: 5080:army engineers 5031:Nicolas de Fer 5025:published the 4997:Johann Lambert 4947: 4944: 4896:Main article: 4893: 4890: 4855:Île de la Cité 4845:Nicolas Sanson 4839: 4836: 4742:Main article: 4739: 4736: 4706:in Amsterdam. 4704:Jan Janssonius 4651:Paris Meridian 4628:Bergen op Zoom 4503:1569 world map 4480:Gerard de Jode 4404:Jan Janssonius 4392:Dutch Republic 4356:Atlas Van Loon 4329: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4300: 4278: 4264: 4210: 4207: 4088:House of Trade 4086:, the Spanish 4036:Main article: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4018: 3992: 3982: 3972: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3927:developed the 3921:nautical chart 3874: 3864: 3694:native peoples 3682:Main article: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3643: 3640: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3611:Portolan chart 3579:Main article: 3576: 3573: 3569:nautical chart 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3485: 3482: 3468: 3465: 3423:Main article: 3420: 3417: 3403: 3379:Garden of Joys 3366:Arab merchants 3314:Main article: 3311: 3306: 3226: 3223: 3213:, a centre of 3187:Prime Meridian 3171:Canary Islands 3161:Al-Khwārizmī, 3134: 3129: 3089: 3086: 2997:map projection 2927:Main article: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2878:Maps from the 2875: 2872: 2818: 2815: 2810:Main article: 2787: 2784: 2704: 2701: 2660: 2657: 2645:published the 2558: 2555: 2462: 2459: 2347: 2344: 2295: 2292: 2270: 2267: 2232: 2229: 2068: 2065: 2044: 2041: 1993:Warring States 1988: 1985: 1918: 1915: 1903:(5th century). 1890: 1885: 1825:Main article: 1822: 1819: 1708:Main article: 1705: 1702: 1700:on the south. 1674:Pomponius Mela 1667:Pomponius Mela 1658: 1657:Pomponius Mela 1655: 1653: 1650: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1337:ancient Greece 1279:Works and Days 1226: 1225:Ancient Greece 1223: 1124: 1400 BC 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1078: 1043: 1036: 1022: 1019:Czech Republic 1006:Czech Republic 997: 994: 992: 991:Pre-modern era 989: 967: 964: 929:cave paintings 912: 911: 909: 908: 901: 894: 886: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 829: 828: 820: 819: 809: 808: 806: 805: 798: 791: 783: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 759: 758: 755: 754: 753: 752: 750:Deconstruction 747: 737: 736: 735: 730: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 694: 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 675: 670: 665: 657: 656: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 630:Remote Sensing 627: 625:Photogrammetry 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 590:Geomathematics 587: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 560: 555: 554: 553: 548: 535: 534: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 510:Time geography 507: 502: 497: 492: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 447:Geoinformatics 444: 439: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 358: 345: 344: 343: 338: 336:Phytogeography 333: 319: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 112: 107: 99: 98: 88: 87: 81: 80: 72: 71: 51:the key points 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13752: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13715: 13714: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13669: 13668: 13665: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13554: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13497:Geostatistics 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13460:Geochronology 13458: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13423: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13333: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13289:Geomorphology 13287: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13236:Earth science 13234: 13232: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13015: 13010: 13008: 13003: 13001: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12961: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12909: 12908:Catalan Atlas 12906: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12803:United States 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12711: 12706: 12704: 12699: 12697: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12663: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12638:Metamorphoses 12635: 12633: 12631: 12630:The Histories 12627: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12608:The Histories 12605: 12603: 12602: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12552: 12548: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12410: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12369: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12331: 12327: 12325: 12324: 12323:Marumaru Atua 12320: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12283:Samudra Raksa 12280: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12269:Te Au o Tonga 12266: 12264: 12263: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12129:Blackfriars I 12127: 12125: 12124:Arles Rhône 3 12122: 12120: 12119: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12082: 12078: 12076: 12075: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11945: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11928:Thalassocracy 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11913:Shell middens 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11863:Naval warfare 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11815: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11743:Lionel Casson 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11711: 11707: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11644: 11640: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11574:Incense trade 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11509: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11478:South America 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11426:Sailing ships 11424: 11422: 11421:Oared vessels 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11343:Cape Hermaeum 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11154:Migration and 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10961:Ancient Egypt 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954:Civilizations 10952: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10892: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10600: 10596: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10494: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10329:Clinker built 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10314:Boat building 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10063:Navis lusoria 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9913:Category:Maps 9905: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9879:Pictorial map 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9766: 9764: 9759: 9757: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9561: 9560:The Mapmakers 9556: 9549: 9542: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9510: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9387:(2): 94–108. 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9301:How Maps Work 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9143:Harley, J. B. 9140: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9119: 9116:ESRI (2004). 9114: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9067:R. A. Skelton 9065:. revised by 9064: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8998: 8981: 8975: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8722: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8680:Cartographica 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8661: 8658:Conley, Tom. 8655: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8623: 8617: 8610: 8604: 8597: 8591: 8584: 8578: 8571: 8565: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8518: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8484:9789004299030 8481: 8477: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8215: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8065: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8033:9781135459321 8029: 8025: 8024: 8016: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7988:9780810862449 7984: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7967: 7965: 7949: 7948: 7947:History Today 7943: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7900:0-8251-3285-1 7896: 7892: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7825: 7817: 7816:0-415-01929-X 7813: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7730:"Cartography" 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7602: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7413:0-226-31637-8 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7354: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7282: 7280:1-85995-750-1 7276: 7272: 7265: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7115: 7106: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7046: 7037: 7029: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6679:(1): 90–100. 6678: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6573:0-520-04235-2 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538:George Sarton 6534: 6525: 6524:0-321-01618-1 6521: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6186:9788447211562 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6157:. p. 19. 6156: 6152: 6151: 6143: 6141: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5965:(2): 99–111. 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5938:(2720): 8–9. 5937: 5933: 5932:New Scientist 5926: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5812:, commentary. 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5499: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375:In 1921, the 5371:Organizations 5368: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5352:OpenStreetMap 5349: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5066:Boston Harbor 5062: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4962:, map of the 4961: 4957: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920:cartographers 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4846: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597:Gemma Frisius 4594: 4590: 4589:Triangulation 4586: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513:in which the 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424:Gemma Frisius 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4271:Martin Behaim 4268: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218:Martin Behaim 4215: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:Diogo Ribeiro 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4125:Casa da Guiné 4121: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3951: 3946: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845:Spice Islands 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3768:World Map by 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747:Vasco da Gama 3744: 3741:reaching the 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3719:). Spain and 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3630:Catalan Atlas 3627: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607:Catalan Atlas 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:cosmographers 3592: 3591:cartographers 3588: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3536:Fra Mauro map 3532: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457:Piri Reis map 3454: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3425:Piri Reis map 3416: 3414: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383:Little Idrisi 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3238:trigonometric 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3119:" in 1931 by 3118: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094:Balkhī school 3085: 3083: 3079: 3078:(died 1430). 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2817:Ancient India 2813: 2805: 2801: 2798:cartographer 2797: 2792: 2783: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2713:Rokashi Hotan 2709: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681:contour lines 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2606:Wanguo Quantu 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2502:Pax Mongolica 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Mongol Empire 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:Wang Mingyuan 2305: 2301: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2225:Liang dynasty 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2142:Rites of Zhou 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2061:Qin Shi Huang 2058: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2003:Tribute of Yu 2000: 1999: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1965:economic maps 1962: 1957: 1956:Jialing River 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1907:In 2007, the 1902: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1815:Arctic Circle 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:zero meridian 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669:'s world map. 1668: 1663: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612:George Sarton 1609: 1605: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584:lunar eclipse 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Erythrean Sea 1519: 1516: 1515: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1479: 1478:Mediterranean 1475: 1471: 1469: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1358: 1357:Mediterranean 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1213:The Histories 1209: 1205: 1204:The Histories 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1117: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1033:Darling River 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1002: 988: 986: 983: 979: 975: 974: 963: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 936: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 888: 887: 885: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 830: 826: 822: 821: 818: 815: 814: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 785: 784: 782: 781: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740:Postmodernism 738: 734: 731: 729: 728:Structuralism 726: 725: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 692: 687: 686: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 655: 652: 651: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:Geostatistics 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 559: 558:Geochronology 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 518: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 481: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 422: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Geomorphology 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:Earth science 368: 366: 362: 359: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 324: 323: 322: 317: 312: 311: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 187: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 122: 117: 116: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 68: 58: 52: 50: 45: 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 13711: 13699: 13687: 13675: 13636:Geo-literacy 13593:Institutions 13475:Internet GIS 13435:Quantitative 13312:Soil science 13231:Oceanography 13220:Zoogeography 13205:Biogeography 13080:Agricultural 12970:Compass rose 12838: 12725:By continent 12659: 12650: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12616:On the Ocean 12614: 12607: 12599: 12596:Literature: 12384: 12366: 12347: 12340: 12330:Aotearoa One 12328: 12321: 12314: 12307: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12240: 12236: 12228: 12215:Experimental 12183:Museum ships 12150: 12143: 12116: 12088:Phoenician: 12079: 12074:Leontophoros 12072: 12036:Butuan boats 12031:Pontian boat 11969:Dufuna canoe 11908:Shipbuilding 11819:and theories 11789:Boris Rankov 11583: 11516:Economy and 11416:Incendiaries 11263: 11050:Indus Valley 11018:Tarumanagara 10945:Ubaid period 10863:Wadi al-Jarf 10778:Ostia Antica 10524: 10382:Fore-and-aft 10349:Shipbuilding 10324:Carvel built 10306:Construction 10264:Steering oar 10145:Sailing ship 10068:Obelisk ship 10026:Dugout canoe 9925:Portal:Atlas 9923: 9911: 9884:Thematic map 9864:Geologic map 9830: 9705: 9652: 9631: 9616: 9582: 9559: 9548:the original 9539: 9529: 9517: 9508: 9499: 9490: 9486: 9467: 9442: 9438: 9416:(1): 39–46. 9413: 9409: 9384: 9380: 9361: 9352: 9333: 9321:. Retrieved 9317:the original 9312: 9300: 9284: 9272: 9263: 9254: 9246:the original 9223: 9200: 9177: 9154: 9121: 9117: 9104: 9082:(2): 85–88. 9079: 9075: 9062: 9016: 9012: 8986:14 September 8984:. Retrieved 8974: 8962:. Retrieved 8948: 8936:. Retrieved 8932:the original 8925: 8915: 8903:. Retrieved 8899:the original 8889: 8881: 8876: 8868: 8863: 8855: 8850: 8835: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8792: 8769: 8760: 8748:. Retrieved 8744: 8734: 8726: 8725:Crone, G.R. 8721: 8713: 8695: 8679: 8659: 8654: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8608: 8603: 8595: 8590: 8582: 8577: 8569: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8517: 8509: 8504: 8491: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8445:. Retrieved 8441:the original 8436: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8381:(1): 51–62. 8378: 8374: 8368: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8338:. Retrieved 8320: 8314: 8289:. Retrieved 8285:the original 8278: 8254:. 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Retrieved 6413:the original 6408: 6399: 6384: 6379:Russo, Lucio 6373: 6364: 6352:. Retrieved 6348:the original 6343: 6307:(1): 34–51. 6304: 6300: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6252:. Retrieved 6248:the original 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6211:Thompson, 21 6207: 6172: 6149: 6127:. Retrieved 6123:the original 6118: 6109: 6097:. Retrieved 6093:the original 6088: 6079: 6071:the original 6061: 6048: 6039: 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 6013:the original 6008: 6002: 5995: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5917:the original 5883:. Retrieved 5879:the original 5874: 5865: 5853:. Retrieved 5849:the original 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5794: 5782:. Retrieved 5770: 5767:E-perimetron 5766: 5753: 5732: 5719: 5548: 5523:World portal 5483: 5471: 5455:lithographic 5452: 5448:nation state 5412: 5389:Sea of Japan 5384: 5381:hydrographic 5374: 5358:to create a 5345: 5319: 5296: 5242: 5223: 5219:Waldo Tobler 5208: 5198: 5194: 5182: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5110: 5077: 5069: 5064:A survey of 5052: 5046: 5042:Newfoundland 5035: 5020: 5009: 4994: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4964:Solar System 4901: 4877: 4866: 4849: 4841: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4798:meridian arc 4781: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4747: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4687: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4642:Eratosthenes 4639: 4635: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4582: 4580: 4568: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536:Cosmographia 4535: 4533: 4527: 4496: 4468:Willem Blaeu 4373: 4354: 4348: 4324: 4307:Johann Bayer 4302: 4280: 4266: 4260: 4253:15th century 4252: 4236: 4195: 4140: 4120:India Houses 4081: 4060:the cardinal 4054:provided by 4020: 4011:Miller Atlas 4007:Jorge Reinel 4003:Pedro Reinel 3994: 3989:Pedro Reinel 3984: 3974: 3964: 3950:Pedro Reinel 3916: 3893:great circle 3876: 3866: 3861:Pedro Reinel 3851: 3818: 3792:, including 3788:and various 3775: 3729: 3702: 3698:Steven Weber 3687: 3659: 3584: 3564:Carta Pisana 3562: 3545: 3487: 3450: 3444: 3412: 3410: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3361: 3355: 3345: 3342:conventions. 3340:cartographic 3325: 3308: 3285:Afro-Eurasia 3276: 3274: 3263: 3259:law of sines 3234:Earth radius 3228: 3160: 3153: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3106: 3101: 3091: 3080: 3076:Hafiz-i Abru 3056: 3044:al-Muqaddasi 3025: 2982: 2976:rather than 2968: 2964: 2947: 2943: 2901:compiled an 2896: 2880:Ain-e-Akbari 2877: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2764:Ino Tadataka 2761: 2746: 2741: 2730: 2662: 2659:Qing dynasty 2652: 2646: 2643:Luo Hongxian 2640: 2612:Kunyu Quantu 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2582:Ming dynasty 2575: 2557:Ming dynasty 2535: 2531:Yuan dynasty 2528: 2513:Genghis Khan 2506: 2500:. Thanks to 2464: 2455:Liao dynasty 2429: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2394:Song dynasty 2391: 2383: 2364:Stele Forest 2359: 2355: 2346:Song dynasty 2340:Tang dynasty 2332:Persian Gulf 2323: 2312:Wang Zhongsi 2310:in 661, and 2300:Tang dynasty 2297: 2294:Tang dynasty 2272: 2258: 2234: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2147:Zhou dynasty 2140: 2138: 2094: 2057:State of Qin 2046: 2017:Yellow River 2010: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1973: 1953: 1930: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1887: 1873: 1862: 1860: 1830: 1805:(around the 1797:(around the 1775:Roman Empire 1772: 1736: 1729: 1713: 1694:Persian Gulf 1678:antichthones 1672: 1652:Roman Empire 1619: 1615: 1604:Eratosthenes 1600: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1548: 1530:through the 1520: 1518:century BC. 1512: 1509: 1493: 1472: 1455: 1448: 1417:Hyperboreans 1409: 1405:Periodos Ges 1404: 1400: 1396:Periodos Ges 1394: 1391: 1372: 1366:), pupil of 1339:belonged to 1334: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1233:, Kish, and 1228: 1212: 1203: 1187: 1165: 1129: 1011: 984: 982:Middle Latin 978:cartographie 977: 971: 969: 960:Google Earth 949: 937: 926: 917: 915: 853: 834:Graeco-Roman 573:Internet GIS 532:Quantitative 484: 431: 365:Oceanography 341:Zoogeography 326:Biogeography 320: 196:Agricultural 190: 147: 128:Graeco-Roman 62: 46: 44:lead section 26: 13713:WikiProject 13565:Ethnography 13557:Qualitative 13517:Map algebra 13512:Hydrography 13453:Web mapping 13443:Cartography 13255:Climatology 13245:Meteorology 13100:Development 12954:Cassini map 12887:(Sec. V BC) 12873:Ancient age 12793:Switzerland 12783:New Zealand 12717:Cartography 12623:Argonautica 12610:(Herodotus) 12573:Flood myths 12470:Museums and 12414:conferences 12379:Vital Alsar 12217:archaeology 12026:Austronesia 12019:Hjortspring 12014:Rochelongue 11964:Pesse canoe 11918:Ship burial 11903:Sea Peoples 11836:Lighthouses 11831:Grave goods 11779:George Bass 11559:Spice trade 11156:exploration 10978:Philippines 10973:Austronesia 10966:Old Kingdom 10843:Trincomalee 10793:Prosphorion 10738:Myos Hormos 10582:Micronesian 10573:By region: 10545:Lighthouses 10353:By region: 10118:Quinquereme 10043:Kunlun ship 10036:Penteconter 10021:Dragon boat 9894:Weather map 9788:Cartography 9617:Imago Mundi 9123:. Redlands. 8938:25 February 8793:Imago Mundi 8714:Imago Mundi 8624:, pp. 61–62 8408:(2): 29–51. 7868:21 February 7305:21 December 6673:Imago Mundi 5648:Web mapping 5612:Mappa mundi 5509:Maps portal 5348:Steve Coast 5246:Google Maps 5239:Web mapping 5215:Karl Siemon 5204:Hans Maurer 5117:ending the 5023:Herman Moll 4956:Samuel Dunn 4904:Dieppe maps 4898:Dieppe maps 4862:communautés 4794:Jean Picard 4758:perspective 4731:Atlas Maior 4726:Atlas Maior 4722:Atlas Maior 4717:Atlas Maior 4712:Atlas Maior 4647:Jean Picard 4524:rhumb lines 4350:Atlas Maior 4315:Uranometria 4261:Geographica 4110:Padrão Real 4103:Padrón Real 4052:Padrón Real 4038:Padrón Real 3957: 1504 3905:rhumb lines 3881:Pedro Nunes 3856: 1485 3835:) in 1521, 3833:Philippines 3798:Puerto Rico 3690:Renaissance 3547:Roger Bacon 3503:Map of the 3494:Mappa Mundi 3492:. Known as 3398:planisphere 3330:, drawn by 3298:South India 3082:Ibn Battuta 3059:coordinates 2991:, employed 2950:cartography 2910:capital at 2850:Lokaprakasa 2843:magnum opus 2752:地球萬國山海輿地全圖說 2685:topographic 2683:. Although 2673:Zhang Huang 2628:Mao Kun map 2624: 17th 2570: 1390 2417:spelling): 2396:(960–1279) 2392:During the 2342:for more). 2304:Xu Jingzong 2275:Sui dynasty 2269:Sui dynasty 2245:Jin dynasty 2190:Han dynasty 2136:in 181 BC. 2067:Han dynasty 1981:Qin Kingdom 1977:Western Han 1949:Han dynasty 1783:World Ocean 1690:Caspian Sea 1621:Geographica 1608:Hellenistic 1560:Ister River 1556:Phoenicians 1540:Indus River 1536:Caspian Sea 1480:voyages in 1322:Anaximander 1237:, consider 1140:clay tablet 973:cartography 922:cartography 775:Geographers 663:Ethnography 654:Qualitative 615:Map algebra 610:Hydrography 551:Web mapping 541:Cartography 394:Hydrography 348:Climatology 216:Development 13729:Categories 13570:Geopoetics 13384:Integrated 13320:Edaphology 13298:Glaciology 13273:Geophysics 13268:Geobiology 13155:Settlement 13145:Population 13115:Historical 13085:Behavioral 13045:Philosophy 12895:Middle age 12885:Soleto Map 12632:(Polybius) 12276:Hawaiʻiloa 12158:Nemi ships 12043:Black Sea‎ 11989:Khufu ship 11950:and relics 11848:Marine art 11841:Alexandria 11748:Fik Meijer 11731:Historians 11618:Indo-Roman 11431:Greek navy 11333:Salamis II 11323:Hellespont 11283:Artemisium 11273:Nile Delta 11236:Achaemenid 11129:Achaemenid 10998:Langkasuka 10993:Micronesia 10911:Prehistory 10838:Sounagoura 10666:Chittagong 10641:Barbarikon 10620:Alexandria 10562:Pilot boat 10512:Navigation 10344:Sewn-plank 10339:Lashed-lug 10217:Figurehead 10190:Components 10159:Propulsion 10113:Quadrireme 10094:Polyremes 10073:Outriggers 9813:Topography 9439:Ergonomics 9059:Bagrow, L. 9051:References 8959:TechCrunch 8795:33 (1981). 8682:35 (1998). 7618:. p. 6229:Keane, 6–7 5784:24 January 5340:See also: 5291:See also: 5250:Apple Maps 5237:See also: 5038:James Cook 5027:Beaver Map 4960:star chart 4928:Johne Rotz 4694:star atlas 4640:The Dutch 4593:map making 4567:World map 4558:Mauretania 4472:Joan Blaeu 4400:Joan Blaeu 4345:Joan Blaeu 4311:star atlas 3999:Lopo Homem 3929:projection 3913:connection 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13090:Cognitive 13021:Geography 12824:Jerusalem 12788:Palestine 12732:The World 12645:Geography 12583:Gilgamesh 12472:memorials 12396:Viracocha 12309:Faʻafaite 12262:Sarimanok 12168:Yassi Ada 12081:Syracusia 12004:Canaanite 11979:Moor Sand 11449:By region 11411:Grappling 11383:Naulochus 11373:Myonessus 11328:Echinades 11313:Arginusae 11308:Cynossema 11293:Naupactus 11288:Eurymedon 11122:Classical 11097:Phoenicia 11092:Mycenaean 11055:Tamilakam 11038:Polynesia 11028:Srivijaya 10823:Satingpra 10783:Palembang 10767:Cattigara 10709:(Kadaram) 10692:Jambukola 10686:Guangzhou 10627:(Podouke) 10625:Arikamedu 10587:Polynesia 10520:Celestial 10433:Armaments 10419:Spritsail 10377:Crab claw 10319:Careening 10286:Sternpost 10140:Reed boat 10083:Catamaran 10058:Multihull 9854:Cartogram 9793:Geography 9129:cite book 8867:Carrera, 8827:129574985 8813:: 49–68. 7843:: 45–50, 7808:Routledge 7806:, p. 31, 7778:145173935 7679:Routledge 7179:cite book 6901:154338508 6563:, p. 10. 6368:Noble, 27 6321:129758198 6289:Tozer, 63 5779:1790-3769 5746:Citations 5654:World map 5424:telescope 5367:devices. 5254:Bing Maps 5221:in 1966. 5131:New Spain 5090:(now the 5018:in 1805. 4992:in 1745. 4922:included 4750:antiquity 4556:"King of 4520:conformal 4515:meridians 4379:Amsterdam 4341:world map 4305:: German 4289:world map 4202:Philip II 4056:Charles V 3909:meridians 3901:loxodrome 3780:explorer 3553:and then 3551:portolano 3540:Fra Mauro 3505:Holy Land 3477:Gough Map 3461:Piri Reis 3447:Piri Reis 3439:Piri Reis 3255:dip angle 3225:Al-Biruni 3191:Old World 3175:longitude 3163:Al-Ma'mun 3155:Geography 3052:world map 2961:al-Ma'mun 2938:Al-Masudi 2823:Pole star 2782:as 1924. 2776:大日本沿海輿地全図 2737:Cheonhado 2697:surveying 2693:Ye Chunji 2641:In 1579, 2632:strip map 2479:Ilkhanate 2407:Song Zhun 2402:Lu Duosun 2328:li (unit) 2262:Mawangdui 2223:that the 2198:Chang Chu 2181:Huainanzi 2126:Guangdong 2097:Mawangdui 2075:An early 2033:Han River 2029:Wei River 1937:Fangmatan 1933:Qin State 1856:longitude 1852:meridians 1811:Antarctic 1744:longitude 1642:parallels 1638:meridians 1626:Cleomedes 1576:Aristotle 1568:Histories 1532:Bosphorus 1514:Histories 1504:Herodotus 1468:Aristotle 1421:Herodotus 1310:Black Sea 1208:Herodotus 1183:Egyptians 1152:Cuneiform 1136:surveying 1132:Babylonia 1099:, modern 1082:sandstone 1040:Mezhyrich 966:Etymology 765:Societies 733:Semiotics 723:Modernism 640:Surveying 457:Geomatics 437:Geodesign 404:Limnology 390:Hydrology 298:Strategic 281:Transport 256:Political 246:Marketing 206:Cognitive 85:Geography 65:July 2017 49:summarize 13677:Category 13316:Pedology 13197:Physical 13160:Regional 13150:Religion 13135:Military 13125:Language 13120:Internet 13105:Economic 13095:Cultural 13064:Branches 13035:Glossary 12963:See also 12661:Tākitimu 12564:Legend: 12522:Roskilde 12401:Tangaroa 12342:Olympias 12316:Gaualofa 12255:Hōkūleʻa 12230:Kon-Tiki 12063:Ashkelon 11999:Uluburun 11958:Earliest 11724:Scholars 11606:shipping 11406:Boarding 11318:Mytilene 11303:Syracuse 11268:Alashiya 11231:Egyptian 11215:Military 11206:Timeline 11184:Sardinia 11107:Carthage 11023:Kalingga 10983:Sa Huỳnh 10918:Timeline 10868:Zanzibar 10818:Sarapion 10813:Rhacotis 10743:Martaban 10688:(Canton) 10681:Godavaya 10676:Giao Chỉ 10646:Barygaza 10636:Avalites 10557:Piloting 10445:Catapult 10440:Ballista 10414:Mast-aft 10227:Planking 10166:Paddling 10123:Hexareme 10088:Trimaran 10053:Longship 10001:Balangay 9680:Archived 9621:Archived 9459:28080606 9323:25 April 9299:(1995). 9283:(1994). 9061:(1986). 9041:92025959 8585:, p. 107 8572:, p. 131 8538:, p. 159 8327:: 1–36. 7907:Archived 7804:Avicenna 7616:Elsevier 7369:(1998). 7324:Archived 7231:Archived 7209:Archived 7083:(2004). 7013:Variorum 6559:(1981). 6512:— 6381:(2004). 6280:Goode, 2 6220:Kirsh, 1 5987:19625071 5827:BBC News 5806:Archived 5532:City map 5495:See also 5432:quadrant 5350:created 5137:(1811) ( 5021:In 1715 4782:Académie 4692:had his 4632:meridian 4575:Ortelius 4347:for his 4222:Erdapfel 4187:Zaragoza 4179:geodesic 4177:and the 4167:Magellan 4131:da Índia 3925:Mercator 3721:Portugal 3404:— 3251:Pakistan 3179:Atlantic 3117:Tube Map 3040:Estakhri 2757:Katakana 2733:Gangnido 2636:Zheng He 2509:Mongolia 2498:Mongolia 2490:Khubilai 2436:Shen Kuo 2432:polymath 2411:Song Shi 2400:ordered 2356:Yu Ji Tu 2306:in 658, 2175:Shu Jing 2116:and the 2085:Changsha 2031:and the 2007:Shu Jing 1848:latitude 1836:Egyptian 1807:Canaries 1795:Agisymba 1740:latitude 1696:and the 1684:(except 1552:Necho II 1550:Pharaoh 1538:and the 1506:, 440 BC 1489:periploi 1388:, 500 BC 1386:Hekatæus 1304:and the 1302:Bosporus 1285:Theogony 1200:Necho II 1179:Persians 1097:Anatolia 1067:Pleiades 708:Feminist 703:Critical 409:Pedology 276:Regional 266:Religion 251:Military 241:Language 236:Internet 221:Economic 211:Cultural 13701:Commons 13480:Web GIS 13349:Geodesy 13293:Geology 13277:Geodesy 13210:Ecology 13187:Tourism 13055:Outline 13040:History 12839:History 12812:By city 12798:Ukraine 12778:Jamaica 12601:Odyssey 12578:Genesis 12375:Others 12174:Lists: 12163:Marausa 12113:Roman: 12103:Punic: 12068:Kyrenia 12059:Greek: 12055:Marsala 12048:Sinop D 11923:Tacking 11657:History 11544:Meluhha 11534:Fishing 11529:Whaling 11436:Ramming 11358:Aegates 11353:Drepana 11348:Ecnomus 11278:Salamis 11266: 11256:Battles 11134:Nabatea 11117:Archaic 11087:Nuragic 11077:Somalia 10928:Oceania 10923:Britain 10900:History 10833:Socotra 10803:Qandala 10788:Piraeus 10758:Muziris 10728:Madurai 10723:Manthai 10661:Canopus 10631:Arsinoe 10603:harbors 10552:History 10540:Coastal 10470:Sambuca 10455:Dolphin 10369:Rigging 10181:Poling 10171:Sailing 10108:Trireme 10048:Liburna 10011:Coracle 9981:Vessels 9493:: 1–12. 9418:Bibcode 9389:Bibcode 9084:Bibcode 9021:Bibcode 8964:29 July 8905:20 June 8611:, p. 37 8340:5 March 8291:28 July 8256:20 June 7156:2718487 6936:2719404 6693:1151164 6619:6 March 6419:20 June 6354:20 June 6254:20 June 6129:20 June 6099:20 June 6019:20 June 5967:Bibcode 5725:stadion 5442:of the 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331:Ecology 303:Tourism 138:Islamic 133:Chinese 110:Outline 13689:Portal 13177:Social 13110:Health 13024:topics 12939:(1544) 12933:(1502) 12927:(1500) 12910:(1375) 12904:(1154) 12819:Dublin 12768:France 12747:Europe 12737:Africa 12719:topics 12652:Aeneid 12368:Viking 12349:Regina 12118:Alkedo 11974:Abydos 11948:Wrecks 11817:Topics 11647:Piracy 11601:Greece 11461:Odisha 11393:Actium 11388:Mycale 11223:Navies 11112:Greece 11102:Olmecs 11070:Pandya 11045:Minoan 11008:Champa 10988:Lapita 10933:Remote 10853:Tyndis 10808:Quilon 10753:Muscat 10718:Lothal 10713:Korkai 10697:Jeddah 10671:Essina 10615:Adulis 10525:Charts 10460:Harpax 10450:Corvus 10424:Square 10392:Settee 10387:Lateen 10296:Tiller 10291:Strake 10259:Rudder 10249:Paddle 10197:Anchor 10176:Towing 10098:Bireme 10031:Galley 10006:Bangka 9589: 9566: 9474: 9457: 9368: 9340: 9230: 9207: 9184: 9161: 9039: 8825: 8750:4 June 8598:p. 272 8525:, p. 6 8482: 8447:19 May 8210: 8183: 8118:602594 8116: 8079: 8030: 7985: 7953:6 July 7897: 7814: 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