Historical materialism

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history. Just as Marx used to say, commenting on the French "Marxists" of the late 70s: "All I know is that I am not a Marxist." In general, the word "materialistic" serves many of the younger writers in Germany as a mere phrase with which anything and everything is labelled without further study, that is, they stick to this label and then consider the question disposed of. But our conception of history is above all a guide to study, not a lever for construction after the manner of the Hegelian. All history must be studied afresh, and the conditions of existence of the different formations of society must be examined individually before the attempt is made to deduce them from the political, civil law, aesthetic, philosophic, religious, etc., views corresponding to them. Up to now but little has been done here because only a few people have got down to it seriously. In this field we can utilize heaps of help, it is immensely big, and anyone who will work seriously can achieve much and distinguish himself. But instead of this too many of the younger Germans simply make use of the phrase historical materialism (and everything can be turned into a phrase) only in order to get their own relatively scanty historical knowledge—for economic history is still in its swaddling clothes!—constructed into a neat system as quickly as possible, and they then deem themselves something very tremendous. And after that, a Barth can come along and attack the thing itself, which in his circle has indeed been degraded to a mere phrase.

2821:, Marx wrote that the first historical act, was the production of means to satisfy material needs and that labor is a "fundamental condition of all history, which today, as thousands of years ago, must daily and hourly be fulfilled merely in order to sustain human life". Human labor forms the materialist basis for society and is at the heart of Marx's account of history. Marx viewed labor throughout history, in all societies and in all modes of production, from the earliest paleolithic hunter gatherers through to feudal societies and to modern capitalist economies as an "everlasting Nature-imposed condition of human existence" that compels humans to join socially to produce their means of subsistence. 3439:

gives to it. What he has given to it is his individual quantum of labor. For example, the social working day consists of the sum of the individual hours of work; the individual labor time of the individual producer is the part of the social working day contributed by him, his share in it. He receives a certificate from society that he has furnished such-and-such an amount of labor (after deducting his labor for the common funds); and with this certificate, he draws from the social stock of means of consumption as much as the same amount of labor cost. The same amount of labor which he has given to society in one form, he receives back in another.

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amalgam of contesting forces – some promoting stability and others striving for change. It is not just external factors that bring about transformation but internal contradictions. The unceasing drive of this dynamic is played out by real people struggling to achieve their aims. The outcome is that ideas, institutions and bodies of society are reconfigured into new forms expressing new characteristics. At certain decisive moments in history, during periods of great conflict, the actions of "great historical men" can align with the "spirit of the age" to bring about a fundamental advance in freedom.

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obliged to metamorphose my historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into an historico-philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself, in order that it may ultimately arrive at the form of economy which will ensure, together with the greatest expansion of the productive powers of social labour, the most complete development of man. But I beg his pardon. (He is both honouring and shaming me too much.)

3173: 3946: 3730:, an 18th-century device which was promoted as a mechanized automaton which could defeat skilled chess players but actually concealed a human who controlled the machine. Benjamin suggested that, despite Marx's claims to scientific objectivity, historical materialism was actually quasi-religious. Like the Turk, wrote Benjamin, "he puppet called 'historical materialism' is always supposed to win. It can do this with no further ado against any opponent, so long as it employs the services of 2364: 3408:, has "forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons—the modern working class—the proletarians." Historical materialists henceforth believe that the modern proletariat are the new revolutionary class in relation to the bourgeoisie, in the same way that the bourgeoisie was the revolutionary class in relation to the nobility under feudalism. The proletariat, then, must seize power as the new revolutionary class in a 3325:. Marx argued that capitalism completely separated the economic and political forces. Marx took the state to be a sign of this separation—it existed to manage the massive conflicts of interest which arose between the proletariat and bourgeoisie in capitalist society. Marx observed that nations arose at the time of the appearance of capitalism on the basis of community of economic life, territory, language, certain features of psychology, and traditions of everyday life and culture. In 279: 10773: 2928: 12470: 11486: 2524:(1770–1831), sought to uncover organizing principles of human history in underlying themes, meanings, and directions. For many Enlightenment philosophers, the power of ideas became the mainspring for understanding historical change and the rise and fall of civilizations. History was the gradual advance of the "spirit of liberty" or the growth of nationalism or democracy, rationality and law. This view of history remains popular to this day. 3050:, the level of development of society's productive forces (i.e., society's technological powers, including tools, machinery, raw materials, and labor power) determines society's economic structure, in the sense that it selects a structure of economic relations that tends best to facilitate further technological growth. In historical explanation, the overall primacy of the productive forces can be understood in terms of two key theses: 3246: 184: 37: 2388: 2731: 12480: 3754:(1886), three years after Marx's death, Engels claimed confidently that "the Marxist world outlook has found representatives far beyond the boundaries of Germany and Europe and in all the literary languages of the world." Indeed, in the years after Marx and Engels' deaths, "historical materialism" was identified as a distinct philosophical doctrine and was subsequently elaborated upon and systematized by 2464:, coins the term "historical materialism" and describes it as "that view of the course of history which seeks the ultimate cause and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, in the consequent division of society into distinct classes, and in the struggles of these classes against one another." 3934: 6446: 129: 78: 6201: 2376: 3388:

productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.

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other ideological notions, and of actions arising through the medium of these notions, from basic economic facts. But in so doing we neglected the formal side—the ways and means by which these notions, etc., come about—for the sake of the content. This has given our adversaries a welcome opportunity for misunderstandings, of which Paul Barth is a striking example.

3567:, and therewith also the antithesis between mental and physical labor, has vanished; after labor has become not only a means of life but life's prime want; after the productive forces have also increased with the all-around development of the individual, and all the springs of co-operative wealth flow more abundantly—only then can the narrow horizon of 2792:

Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx's famous theory of

3902:, who wrote in 1995 that, "There is something off about the assumption that the collapse of Communism represents a terminal crisis for Marxism. One might think, among other things, that in a period of capitalist triumphalism there is more scope than ever for the pursuit of Marxism's principal project, the critique of capitalism." 10242: 2759:

illusion of conceiving the real as the product of thought..." Marx contended that the engine of history was to be found in a materialist understanding of society - the productive process and the way humans labored to meet their needs. Marx and Engels first set out their materialist conception of history in

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capitalist society, individual labor no longer exists in an indirect fashion but directly as a component part of total labor. The phrase "proceeds of labor", objectionable also today on account of its ambiguity, thus loses all meaning. What we have to deal with here is a communist society, not as it has

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Vol. 1, Marx emphasized that "here is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of its steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits." Reaching a scientific understanding required conscientious, painstaking research, instead of philosophical speculation

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This understanding counters the notion that human history is simply a series of accidents, either without any underlying cause or caused by supernatural beings or forces exerting their will on society. Historical materialism posits that history is made as a result of struggle between different social

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wrote: "These two directions of influence are so far from being rivals that they are actually complementary. The functional explanation requires that the secondary factor tend to have a causal effect on the primary, for this dispositional fact is the key feature of the explanation." It is because the

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The case of China shows that a trend is just a trend. In 1400 China possessed many of the ingredients for dynamic technological growth and expansion of political and economic power. They had printing presses, gunpowder, were familiar with distillation, used vaccination for small pox and explored the

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Engels warned about conceiving of Marx's ideas as deterministic, saying: "According to the materialist conception of history, the ultimately determining element in history is the production and reproduction of real life. Other than this neither Marx nor I have ever asserted. Hence if somebody twists

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Hegel's dialectical method presents the world as a complex totality where all aspects of society (familial, economic, scientific, governmental, etc.) are interconnected, mutually influential, and unable to be considered in isolation. According to Hegel, at any particular point in time, society is an

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he kernel of historical materialism was an insistence on the historicity and specificity of capitalism, and denial that its laws were the universal laws of history...this focus on the specificity of capitalism, as a moment with historical origins as well as an end, with a systemic logic specific to

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shared a similar view on nation-states. There were two opposite tendencies in the development of nations under capitalism. One of them was expressed in the activation of national life and national movements against the oppressors. The other was expressed in the expansion of links among nations, the

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in which people not only carry out different kinds of labor but occupy different social positions on the basis of those differences. The most important such division is that between manual and intellectual labor whereby one class produces a given society's wealth while another is able to monopolize

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Marx rejected the enlightenment view that ideas alone were the driving force in society or that the underlying cause of change was guided by the actions of leaders in government or religion. The "great man" and occasionally "great woman" view of historical change was popularized by the 19th-century

2627:(1760–1825) formulated his own materialist interpretation of history, similar to those later used in Marxism, analyzing historical epochs based on their level of technology and organization and dividing them between eras of slavery, serfdom, and finally wage labor. According to the socialist leader 3667:

here is only one other point lacking, which, however, Marx and I always failed to stress enough in our writings and in regard to which we are all equally guilty. That is to say, we all laid, and were bound to lay, the main emphasis, in the first place, on the derivation of political, juridical and

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Russia... will not succeed without having first transformed a good part of her peasants into proletarians; and after that, once taken to the bosom of the capitalist regime, she will experience its pitiless laws like other profane peoples. That is all. But that is not enough for my critic. He feels

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to develop, Cohen's reading of Marx is not claiming that productive forces always develop or that they never decline. Their development may be temporarily blocked, but because human beings have a rational interest in developing their capacities to control their interactions with external nature in

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Within the co-operative society based on common ownership of the means of production, the producers do not exchange their products; just as little does the labor employed on the products appear here as the value of these products, as a material quality possessed by them, since now, in contrast to

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Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. The

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The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour

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societies, were structured so that economic forces and political forces were one and the same. Societies generally did not have a state, property, money, nor social classes. Due to their limited means of production (hunting and gathering) each individual was only able to produce enough to sustain

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In the Marxian view, human history is like a river. From any given vantage point, a river looks much the same day after day. But actually it is constantly flowing and changing, crumbling its banks, widening and deepening its channel. The water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next.

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This lower-stage of communist society is, according to Marx, analogous to the lower-stage of capitalist society, i.e. the transition from feudalism to capitalism, in that both societies are "stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges." The emphasis on the idea that

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from capitalist society; which is thus in every respect, economically, morally, and intellectually, still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges. Accordingly, the individual producer receives back from society—after the deductions have been made—exactly what he

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Although Marx never brought together a formal or comprehensive description of historical materialism in one published work, his key ideas are woven into a variety of works from the 1840s onward. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded. It now has many Marxist and non-Marxist

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who sought to develop a radical critique of the Prussian authorities and their failure to introduce constitutional change or reform social institutions. However, Hegel's contention that ideas or the "spirit of the age" drive history was mistaken in Marx's view. Hegel, wrote Marx, "fell into the

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Classical economists presented a model of civil society based on a universal and unchanging human nature. Hegel challenged this view and argued that human nature as well as the formulations of art, science and the institutions of the state and its codes, laws and norms were all defined by their

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this does not preclude the ideological spheres from reacting upon it in their turn, though with a secondary effect, he cannot possibly have understood the subject he is writing about. The materialist conception of history has a lot of nowadays, to whom it serves as an excuse for not studying

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Marx extended this premise by asserting the importance of the fact that, in order to carry out production and exchange, people have to enter into very definite social relations, or more specifically, "relations of production". However, production does not get carried out in the abstract, or by

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period are all forces of production. Over time, the forces of production tend to develop and expand as new skills, knowledge and technology (for example wooden scratch plows then heavier iron plows) are put to use to meet human needs. From one generation to the next, technical skills, evolving

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Marx goes on to illustrate how the same factors can in different historical contexts produce very different results so that quick and easy generalizations are not really possible. To indicate how seriously Marx took research when he died, his estate contained several cubic metres of Russian

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In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an

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Many writers note that historical materialism represented a revolution in human thought, and a break from previous ways of understanding the underlying basis of change within various human societies. As Marx puts it, "a coherence arises in human history" because each generation inherits the

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In each society, humans were 'free by nature" but constrained by their "brutal recklessness of passion" and "untamed natural impulses" that led to injustice and violence. It was only through wider society and the state, which was expressed in each historical epoch, by a "spirit of the age",

2685:(1770–1831) which had a profound and lasting influence on his thinking. One of Hegel's key critiques of enlightenment philosophy was that while thinkers were often able to describe what made societies from one epoch to the next different, they struggled to account for why they changed. 3036:

productive forces developed previously and in turn further develops them before passing them on to the next generation. Further, this coherence increasingly involves more of humanity the more the productive forces develop and expand to bind people together in production and exchange..

3817:(1944), Polanyi asserts that both the formal and substantive definitions of economics hold true under capitalism, but that the formal definition falls short when analyzing the economic behavior of pre-industrial societies, whose behavior was more often governed by redistribution and 3128:

are sometimes included in the modes of production by later authors. In each of these stages of production, people interact with nature and production in different ways. Any surplus from that production was distributed differently. Marx propounded that humanity first began living in

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Marx and Engels explained that the coming into existence of nation-states was the result of class struggle, specifically of the capitalist class's attempts to overthrow the institutions of the former ruling class. Prior to capitalism, nations were not the primary political form.

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that a society's superstructure stabilizes or entrenches its economic structure, but that the economic base is primary and the superstructure secondary. That said, it is precisely because the superstructure strongly affects the base that the base selects that superstructure. As

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this into saying that the economic element is the only determining one, he transforms that proposition into a meaningless, abstract, senseless phrase." On another occasion, Engels remarked that "younger people sometimes lay more stress on the economic side than is due to it".

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from the countryside to the city, forming a new proletarian class. This caused the countryside to become reliant on large cities. Subsequently, the new capitalist mode of production also began expanding into other societies that had not yet developed a capitalist system (e.g.

2905:" of society. This superstructure not only has its origin in the economic base, but its features also ultimately correspond to the character and development of that economic base, i.e. the way people organize society, its relations of production, and its mode of production. 3362:

National differences and antagonism between peoples are daily more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world market, to uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto.

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and unwarranted, sweeping generalizations. Having abandoned abstract philosophical speculation in his youth, Marx himself showed great reluctance during the rest of his life about offering any generalities or universal truths about human existence or human history.

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are everything that humans use to make the things that society needs. They include human labor and the raw materials, land, tools, instruments and knowledge required for production. The flint sharpened spears and harpoons developed by early humans in the late

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believe that the lower-stage of communism constitutes its own mode of production, which they call socialist rather than communist. Marxist-Leninists believe that this society may still maintain the concepts of property, money, and commodity production.

10977: 9582: 9570: 3850:. Cohen advances a sophisticated technological-determinist interpretation of Marx "in which history is, fundamentally, the growth of human productive power, and forms of society rise and fall according as they enable or impede that growth." 3611:. One of the polemics was to ridicule the easy "world schematism" of philosophers, who invented the latest wisdom from behind their writing desks. Towards the end of his life, in 1877, Marx wrote a letter to the editor of the Russian paper 2694:

history and could only be understood by examining their historical development. Hegel’s philosophical thought saw it as an expression of a specific culture rather than an eternal truth: "Philosophy is its own age comprehended in thought."

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of society. He also explained that on the foundation of the economic base, there arise certain political institutions, laws, customs, culture, etc., and ideas, ways of thinking, morality, etc. These constitute the political/ideological

2673:(1795–1881) who wrote "the history of the world is nothing but the biography of great men". According to Marx, this conception of history amounted to nothing more than a collection of "high-sounding dramas of princes and states". 3416:

Between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the

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themselves, thus without any surplus there is nothing to exploit. A slave at this point would only be an extra mouth to feed. This inherently makes them communist in social relations although primitive in productive forces..

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it, encourages a truly historical sense lacking in classical political economy and conventional ideas of progress, and this had potentially fruitful implications for the historical study of other modes of production too.

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grew, the old feudal systems came into conflict with the new capitalist ones; feudalism was then eschewed as capitalism emerged. The bourgeoisie's influence expanded until commodity production became fully generalized:

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The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still faster. United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat.

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emerged from slave society (e.g. in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire), coinciding with the further advance of productive forces. Feudal society's class relations were marked by an entrenched

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influences in the two directions are not symmetrical that it makes sense to speak of primary and secondary factors, even where one is giving a non-reductionist, "holistic" account of social interaction..

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American criticism of orthodox Marxism and argument for a more radical version of historical materialism that sticks closer to Marx by changing itself to keep up with changes in the historical situation.

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are both determined by the means and forces of production and set the conditions of their development. For example, capitalism tends to increase the rate at which the forces develop and stresses the

11128: 10768: 10237: 2707:, that "Freedom" could be realized. For Hegel, history was the working through of a process where humans become ever more conscious of the rational principles that govern social development. 2754:

The implication of Hegel's philosophy that every social order, no matter how powerful and secure, will eventually wither away was incendiary.. These ideas were inspirational to Marx and the

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Enlightenment thinkers responded to the worldly transformations by promoting individual liberties and attacking religious dogmas and the divine right of kings. A group of thinkers including

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asserts that historical materialism is important in explaining history from a scientific perspective, by following the scientific method, as opposed to belief-system theories like

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in Europe. Despite this, however, the productive forces eventually reach a point where they can no longer expand, causing the same collapse that occurred at the end of feudalism:

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The relations of production define the mode of production, e.g. the capitalist mode of production is characterized by the polarization of society into capitalists and workers.

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materialized when the rising bourgeois class grew large enough to institute a shift in the productive forces. The bourgeoisie's primary form of production was in the form of

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in certain ways and not others, and to some extent at least, the most likely variants of the future could be specified on the basis of careful study of the known facts..

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and Jules Gay adopted materialism in their historical analysis of society as well. Marx inherited his materialist philosophy from this Gassendi-Dezamy line of thinkers.

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The actual historical process is not predetermined but depends on class struggle, especially the elevation of class consciousness and organization of the working class.

12000: 9519: 3002:—the cultural and institutional features of a society, its ideological materials—is ultimately an expression of the mode of production on which the society is founded. 2480:

and the profound scientific, political, economic and social transformations that took place in Britain and other parts of Europe in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

3169:). In his idea of a future communist society, Marx explains that classes would no longer exist, and therefore the exploitation of one class by another is abolished. 12046: 11813: 11231: 8853: 3866:

has argued that the method of historical materialism should be applied to historical materialism as an intellectual tradition, and to the history of Marxism itself.

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When a given relation of production no longer supports further progress in the productive forces, either further progress is strangled, or 'revolution' must occur.

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The relations of production are determined by the level and character of these productive forces present at any given time in history. In all societies,

10377: 2512:(1743–1794) explored new forms of inquiry, including empirical studies of human nature, history, economics and society. Some philosophers, for example, 10322: 3965: 10394: 3056:(b) The nature of the production relations of a society is explained by the level of development of its productive forces (the Primacy Thesis proper). 2970:

Humans are inevitably involved in productive relations (roughly speaking, economic relationships or institutions), which constitute the most decisive

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of the ruling class; the state is an instrument which one class uses to secure its rule and enforce its preferred relations of production and its

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modes of production do not exist in isolation but rather are materialized from the previous existence is a core idea in historical materialism.

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entering into arbitrary or random relations chosen at will, but instead are determined by the development of the existing forces of production.

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was the primary form of production. Slave society is considered by historical materialists to be the first class-stratified society formed of

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in the early 1990s, much of Marxist thought was seen as anachronistic. A major effort to "renew" historical materialism comes from historian

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between these two classes was now prevalent. With the emergence of capitalism, productive forces were now able to flourish, causing the

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Marx identified two mutually interdependent structures of humans interaction with nature and the process of producing their subsistence

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Jessop, Bob (2001). "Capitalism, the Regulation Approach, and Critical Realism". In Brown, A.; Fleetwood, S.; Roberts, J. (eds.).

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Modelled on Lenin's "Three components of Marxism" but with a section on the reception and diffusion of Marxism in the world.

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Marx came to his commitment to a materialist analysis of society and political economy around 1844 and completed his works

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believes historical materialism "needs revision in many respects", especially because it has ignored the significance of

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The first explicit and systematic summary of the materialist interpretation of history to be published was Engels's book

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and its ensuing abundance which led to the abandonment of nomadic society. Slave societies were marked by their use of

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order to satisfy their wants, the historical tendency is strongly toward further development of these capacities..

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statistical publications (it was, as the old Marx observed, in Russia that his ideas gained the most influence)..

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Marx's view of history was shaped by his engagement with the intellectual and philosophical movement known as the

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coastal states of Africa. The reasons for these advances not being capitalised on is explored by the Lin article.

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prompted Marx and Engels to theorize a scientific approach to the study of history which they first laid out in

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existed in the form of artisans and merchants. This merchant class would grow in size and eventually form the

2563: 799: 12181: 12149: 12072: 11878: 10905: 10797: 10671: 9792: 9715: 9669: 8364: 7922: 7809: 7611: 5523: 5021: 4926: 4661: 3242:. Surplus from agriculture was distributed to the citizens, who exploited the slaves that worked the fields. 2974:. These relations progress with the development of the productive forces. They are largely determined by the 2682: 2521: 2411: 1946: 849: 618: 500: 11585: 11241: 5214:. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University 3734:, which as everyone knows is small and ugly and must be kept out of sight." Benjamin's friend and colleague 12372: 12234: 12051: 11681: 11649: 11138: 10290: 9350: 8181: 8102: 7990: 7819: 7774: 7711: 7567: 7542: 7507: 4875: 3342: 2917: 2896:

Marx identified society's relations of production (arising on the basis of given productive forces) as the

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definition of economics as the way humans make their living from their natural and social environment. In

3313:

between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.

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Merchants and Revolution Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653

3778:. This occurred despite the fact that many of Marx's earlier works on historical materialism, including 3647:

Towards the end of his life, Engels commented several times about the abuse of historical materialism..

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Delves into misinterpretations of Marx including the substitution of "Historical materialism" by Lenin.

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by what happened before. Retrospectively, historical processes could be understood to have happened by

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Broadly, the importance of the study of history lies in the ability of history to explain the present.

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Winter, Max (2016). "Philosophy is its own time apprehended in thoughts": Hegel on Time and Concept".

3337:

breaking down of barriers between them, the establishment of a unified economy and of a world market (

2888:. In this way, both govern that society and live off of the wealth generated by the laboring classes. 2567: 12388: 12298: 11644: 9996: 9477: 9019: 8848: 8500: 7804: 7721: 7527: 6464: 6342: 6260: 6175: 6123: 6095: 5670: 5645: 5620: 5570: 5508: 5477: 5443: 5409: 5169: 5083: 5054: 5031: 4986: 4671: 4524: 4000: 3632:-governed processes, the possible future directions of historical development were to a great extent 2656: 2446: 2041: 1048: 932: 650: 545: 505: 435: 420: 10387: 6718: 6584: 6410: 5049: 4290: 3825:

in shaping the course of history, arguing that rather than being a realm unto itself, an economy is

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Capital: Critique of Political Economy. Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole

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In a higher phase of communist society, after the enslaving subordination of the individual to the

3020:

State power is usually only transferred from one class to another by social and political upheaval.

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Contains an early defence of the materialist conception of history against its critics of the day.

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There is considerable debate among communists regarding the nature of this society. Some such as

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which covered Gassendi's materialist philosophy as well as Gassendi's treatment on materialist

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was the first to develop the theory that economic forces were the driving factors in history.

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over time. This change in the mode of production inevitably encourages changes to a society's

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Dialectical Materialism: a Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in the Soviet Union

5584: 5153: 4662:"Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook: B. The Illusion of the Epoch" 4438: 3793: 3380: 2575: 1371: 1216: 792: 600: 515: 460: 12135: 11546: 11082: 7616: 6130:

Critique of Intelligent Design: Materialism versus Creationism from Antiquity to the Present

4553: 12525: 12418: 11895: 11236: 10953: 10308: 10148: 9881: 9757: 9728: 9499: 9161: 9135: 9082: 8916: 8843: 8688: 8653: 8607: 8575: 8453: 8167: 8025: 7932: 7889: 7849: 7761: 7537: 7432: 7205: 7157: 6308: 6135: 6111: 5823: 4761: 3985: 3857: 3822: 3759: 3696: 3584: 2879:

but, especially in class societies, do not do the same work. In such societies, there is a

2817:

Marx based his theory of history on the necessity of labor to ensure physical survival. In

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Attempts to provide an alternative to schematic interpretations of historical materialism.

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Critical account which focusses on incoherencies in the thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin.

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would argue that Benjamin's critique of historical materialism was so definitive that, as

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Marx also describes a communist society developed alongside the proletarian dictatorship:

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And if this man has not yet discovered that while the material mode of existence is the

3351: 3190: 3130: 3093: 3069: 2885: 2761: 2746: 2740: 2646: 2450: 2343: 2294: 1996: 1816: 1306: 947: 927: 922: 814: 804: 752: 742: 660: 640: 490: 410: 305: 11710: 11280: 10695: 10399: 9007: 7167:

Classical Marxist account of the philosophy of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Lukacs, and Trotsky.

7020:

Capital: Critique of Political Economy. Volume II: The Process of Circulation of Capital

3807:

definition of economics as the logic of rational choice between limited resources and a

3202: 1751: 732: 12438: 12433: 12368: 12251: 12164: 11995: 11671: 11003: 10787: 9852: 9807: 9166: 9122: 9077: 8700: 8646: 8567: 8138: 8055: 7879: 7751: 7691: 7681: 7532: 7497: 7407: 7018: 6572: 6394: 6213: 5915: 5780: 5129: 5121: 4832: 4778: 4741: 4278: 4221: 4144: 3878: 3847: 3797: 3545: 3231: 3089: 3077: 2960: 2939: 2880: 2716: 2571: 2562:. They were followed by a series of materialists in France in the 18th century such as 2539: 2356: 2338: 2316: 2242: 2179: 2169: 2124: 2119: 2076: 1781: 1506: 1476: 1341: 1311: 1171: 997: 977: 917: 665: 568: 525: 385: 9708: 7356: 6940:

Capital: Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital

6740:

Marxist view of history according to a leader of the International Socialist Tendency.

6714: 3853: 3303: 3054:(a) The productive forces tend to develop throughout history (the Development Thesis). 1831: 12256: 12110: 11858: 11155: 10166: 10005: 9430: 9189: 9128: 9087: 8904: 8789: 8725: 8636: 8613: 8557: 8465: 8198: 7985: 7937: 7779: 7746: 7686: 7651: 7547: 7482: 7422: 7340: 7211: 7201: 7176: 7120: 6938: 6785: 6677: 6667: 6558: 6520: 6346: 6286: 6139: 6128: 6017: 5919: 5837: 4956: 4906: 4855: 4697: 4573: 4563: 4528: 4487: 4444: 4417: 4392: 4346: 4319: 4309: 4268: 4248: 4200: 4171: 4134: 4048: 3884: 3564: 3521: 3469: 3456: 3215: 2975: 2952: 2834: 2621: 2513: 2380: 2309: 2269: 2247: 1976: 1961: 1941: 1531: 1451: 1376: 1186: 1117: 1091: 1043: 972: 952: 824: 787: 767: 757: 747: 720: 682: 625: 7279: 6543:

Blackledge, Paul (2018). Vidal, Matt; Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul (eds.).

5942:

Science, Class and Society: on the formation of Sociology and Historical Materialism

5832: 5133: 3863: 1771: 1676: 1611: 1561: 1426: 12520: 12423: 12130: 11953: 11929: 11890: 11470: 10627: 10017: 9876: 9864: 9156: 9116: 9111: 8936: 8823: 8758: 8585: 8580: 8562: 8420: 8221: 8174: 8060: 7980: 7957: 7884: 7769: 7731: 7587: 7557: 7014: 6934: 6821:

The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism: A Philosophical and Sociological Analysis

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which has successfully negated all remnants of capitalism, notably the concepts of

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traditions of practice and mechanical innovations are reproduced and disseminated.

2770: 2589: 2461: 2392: 2368: 2304: 2289: 2081: 2016: 1916: 1851: 1826: 1776: 1741: 1701: 1536: 1496: 1461: 1351: 1331: 1281: 1276: 1256: 1211: 1181: 1127: 1076: 1071: 1038: 937: 894: 839: 782: 380: 262: 9745: 4828: 3375:

Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie and proletariat become the two primary classes.

2091: 11848: 11455: 11029: 10705: 10069: 9891: 9676: 9440: 9266: 8911: 8226: 8030: 7582: 7452: 7289:

Critical survey of the relationship between sociology and historical materialism.

6744: 6689: 6592: 6332: 6065: 6041: 6013: 5191: 5183: 5002: 4596: 4518: 4481: 3888: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3186: 2803: 2766: 2765:, written in 1845. The book is a lengthy polemic against Marx and Engels' fellow 2755: 2632: 2555: 2454: 2321: 2212: 2164: 2159: 2071: 2006: 1986: 1926: 1821: 1796: 1761: 1756: 1746: 1716: 1671: 1661: 1526: 1466: 1421: 1386: 1366: 1326: 1301: 1147: 1066: 762: 692: 425: 9949: 4718: 3803:

bears similarities to historical materialism. Polanyi distinguishes between the

3607: 1731: 12229: 11920: 11339: 10967: 10963: 10614: 10232: 10171: 10011: 9482: 9316: 9104: 9092: 8778: 8663: 8339: 8324: 8314: 8216: 8118: 7874: 7839: 7656: 7517: 7492: 7487: 7477: 7447: 7302:

Polemic which ridicules theorists of history who do not actually study history.

7293: 6944: 6659: 6406: 6323:. Cambridge Studies in the History and Theory of Politics. Cambridge, England: 6316: 6197: 5356:[V.I. Lenin. On the national question and national policy] (in Russian) 5198: 4774: 4306:

History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688

3950: 3938: 3830: 3742:

would write, "nothing remains of historical materialism but the term itself".

3533: 3497: 3477: 3376: 3333: 3138: 3006: 2681:

While studying at the University of Berlin, Marx encountered the philosophy of

2670: 2597: 2585: 2326: 2154: 2056: 1991: 1981: 1971: 1966: 1886: 1866: 1856: 1846: 1836: 1806: 1786: 1726: 1721: 1706: 1691: 1681: 1601: 1571: 1566: 1556: 1481: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1416: 1406: 1381: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1261: 942: 874: 829: 605: 445: 12169: 7339:. Arguments of the Philosophers (2nd ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. 6726:

Argues historical materialism must be revised to include communicative action.

5099:"The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China" 4737: 4577: 4323: 4148: 3172: 2924:

To summarize, history develops in accordance with the following observations:

2628: 1581: 12499: 12309: 12261: 11703: 11329: 9492: 8816: 8797: 8741: 8695: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8527: 8522: 8399: 8392: 8015: 7834: 7736: 7726: 7631: 7332: 7232: 7110: 7086: 7054: 6852: 6838: 6681: 6282: 5491: 4944: 4759:

Pradella, Lucia (October 2014). "Hegel, Imperialism, and Universal History".

4685: 4244: 4122: 3874: 3700: 3448: 3338: 3318: 3211: 3162: 3117: 3097: 3030: 2964: 2943: 2551: 2489: 2439: 2021: 1891: 1881: 1791: 1666: 1546: 1521: 1516: 1486: 1411: 1316: 1266: 1191: 1176: 1122: 1096: 854: 635: 6644:

Captures the full subtlety of Marx's thought, but at length in four volumes.

3295:, i.e. they produced with the purpose of exchanging their products. As this 2594:

Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Benedict Spinoza

2538:

Beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries, materialism came to prominence in

10427: 10074: 9896: 9739: 9595: 9044: 9002: 8931: 8668: 8553: 8507: 8495: 8438: 8404: 7952: 7894: 7701: 7666: 7562: 7143: 6816: 6730: 6701: 6620: 6245: 6055: 5205: 4899:

The Algebra of Revolution The Dialectic and the Classical Marxist Tradition

4602: 4581: 4538: 4372: 3826: 3800: 3767: 3559:

Marx made the following comments on the higher-phase of communist society:

3452: 3134: 3113: 2979: 2872: 2543: 2264: 2086: 2061: 2026: 1956: 1951: 1936: 1921: 1871: 1861: 1711: 1696: 1686: 1636: 1606: 1591: 1576: 1541: 1361: 1321: 1271: 1221: 1142: 1086: 6781: 3605:, written with Marx's approval and guidance, and often referred to as the 12428: 10710: 10352: 10328: 9698: 9686: 9608: 9184: 8997: 8801: 8537: 8485: 8460: 8443: 8382: 7927: 7899: 7671: 7472: 7417: 6664:

Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría

6498: 6360: 6153: 5945: 5869: 5077: 4196: 3837: 3836:

Perhaps the most notable recent exploration of historical materialism is

3789: 3682: 3663:

Finally, in a letter to Franz Mehring dated 14 July 1893, Engels stated:

3592: 3529: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3481: 3322: 3292: 3276: 3219: 3166: 3158: 3073: 3041: 3010: 2936: 2855: 2778: 2774: 2735: 2533: 2493: 2101: 2046: 2001: 1896: 1841: 1766: 1596: 1586: 1491: 1471: 1431: 1356: 1346: 1336: 1137: 834: 707: 390: 325: 11600: 4836: 4782: 4745: 3176:

Ancient cave painting showing the primitive communist mode of production

12266: 11273: 10916: 10486: 9148: 8736: 8490: 8448: 8434: 8302: 8287: 7909: 7789: 7457: 7023:. Translated by Lasker, I. (2nd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. 6880: 6634: 6398: 6276: 5911: 5741: 5125: 3870: 3739: 3553: 3105: 2956: 2906: 2609: 2559: 2501: 2096: 1906: 1736: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1511: 1436: 1396: 1391: 1231: 1031: 1006: 702: 320: 7153:

Attempts to develop a post-Stalinist interpretation of Marx's project.

5082:. Vol. One: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value – via 3080:, which do not base their beliefs on verifiable facts and hypotheses. 11193: 10317: 10194: 10024: 9507: 8838: 8517: 8512: 8475: 8470: 8334: 8277: 8262: 8131: 8010: 8000: 7824: 7814: 7741: 7066: 7046: 7028: 7006: 6988: 6970: 6952: 6926: 6908: 6894: 6300: 6268: 6241: 6227: 5983: 5964: 5548: 5460: 5426: 5387: 5149: 5069: 5017: 4976: 4902: 4657: 4520:

Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown

3259: 3125: 3109: 3101: 2605: 2547: 2435: 2331: 2274: 2222: 2202: 2031: 1656: 1251: 1206: 1016: 7106:

Classic statement by a contemporary and friend of Marx & Engels.

6390: 2927: 2438:'s theory of history. Marx located historical change in the rise of 212:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 11868: 10611: 8532: 8480: 5117: 3821:. While Polanyi was influenced by Marx, he rejected the primacy of 3731: 3573:

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!

3568: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3505: 3489: 3264: 3235: 2676: 2601: 2497: 2257: 2252: 2051: 1132: 6848:

Emphasizes understanding the roots of class society and the state.

5421: 5419: 5074:"7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value" 5022:"1: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook" 3245: 8319: 8297: 8247: 8151: 8087: 7397: 7210:. Translated by Syrovatkin, Sergei. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 3346: 3268: 3223: 3142: 1026: 270: 7148:

Property and Power: Towards a Non-Marxian Historical Materialism

5718: 4368:"Blue sky thinking: 10 ideas that changed the course of history" 3571:

be crossed in its entirety and society inscribe on its banners:

8752: 8329: 8242: 7967: 5416: 5351:"V.I. Lenin. O natsional'nom voprose i natsional'noy politike" 5325: 3525: 3485: 3239: 3146: 2876: 1021: 6655:

Good reply to false interpretations of Marx's view of history.

3650:

In a letter to Conrad Schmidt dated 5 August 1890, he stated:

3141:

which were based on a ruling class of citizens and a class of

2730: 2620:

Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers, especially Condorcet, the

2550:. Notable philosophers expounding materialist views included 2387: 556:

Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

9387: 9284: 9145: 8267: 6189:

Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution

3501: 3206:

Ancient Egyptian art depicting the ancient mode of production

3150: 3040:

classes rooted in the underlying economic base. According to

2932: 2704: 2442:

and the way humans labor together to make their livelihoods.

7061:. Translated by Cohen, Jack. London: Lawrence & Wishart. 6278:

Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy

6208:(in Russian). Vol. 24 (5th ed.). pp. 113–150. 3628:

Insofar as Marx and Engels regarded historical processes as

8272: 7799: 6797:

Provides an introductory chapter on historical materialism.

6083:

Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy

5515: 4645:

Published in History Today Volume 69 Issue 9 September 2019

3752:

Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy

3345:. Alongside this development was the forced removal of the 521:

An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

5610:"Letter from Marx to Editor of the Otecestvenniye Zapisky" 5353:В.И. Ленин. О национальном вопросе и национальной политике 5294: 5292: 5290: 3615:, which significantly contained the following disclaimer: 3031:

Key implications in the study and understanding of history

7175:(2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. 6705:

Science Philosophy and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union

5239: 3829:

within its contemporary social institutions, such as the

3629: 3434:

on its own foundations, but, on the contrary, just as it

103: 10735: 6546:"Historical Materialism" in Oxford Handbook on Karl Marx 4086:(1990) . "Introduction to the English Edition (1892) of 341:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

99: 12029:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

7386: 6204:" [Critical Remarks on the National Question]. 5686:

Friedrich Engels and Modern Social and Political Theory

5287: 5260: 2951:

Social progress is driven by progress in the material,

4690:

Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty

4430: 4273:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020. 3317:

With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the concepts of

12321:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

6248:(ed.). Translated by Ryazanskaya, S. W. Moscow: 5585:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - 1872 Preface" 4609: 4111:. Atlantic Publisher & Distributors. p. 248. 3922: 2824: 2584:

Marx 's ideas were also influenced by his reading of

11169:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

6865:. International Institute for Research and Education 6710:

Sympathetically critical of dialectical materialism.

5050:"Frederick Engels' Speech at the Grave of Karl Marx" 4366:

Carnwath, Ally; Halfhead, Lucy; Toms, Katie (2008).

4365: 3307:

Factory workers in the capitalist mode of production

3249:

Medieval art depicting the feudal mode of production

2615: 2483: 12511:

Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

7095:. Translated by Archer, Bob. London: New Park Press 6237:

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy

5893:"Toward a Reconstruction of Historical Materialism" 3133:societies, then came the ancient societies such as 11129:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 10987: 8769: 7139:Trotskyist interpretations of problems of history. 7119:. Chippendale, New South Wales: Resistance Books. 6377:(1901). "The Economic Interpretation of History". 6127: 5752: 5688:. State University of New York Press. p. 168. 3966:Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism 3060:In saying that productive forces have a universal 11787: 7324:Sees historical materialism as a methodology and 6694:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism 5850: 5368: 5326:"Marx, Engels and Lenin on the National Question" 5206:"Karl Marx (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 4598:Socialism Before the French Revolution: A History 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4082: 3279:. However, production was still largely for use. 2471: 12497: 8036:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun 7319:Historical Materialism: The Method, The Theories 5744:(25 May 1995). "The Riddle of Walter Benjamin". 5330:Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal 3282: 2677:Hegel's contribution to Marx's theory of history 12353: 8596:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 5995: 5993: 5455: 5453: 3392: 2750:(1845) along with a lengthy rebuttal of Stirner 7081:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 13–15. 6890:Standard Maoist reading of Marx's materialism. 6630:Influential analytical Marxist interpretation. 5820:The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology 4630:"Is There Still Value in 'Great Man' History?" 4507: 4464: 12177:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 12047:Western European colonialism and colonization 10596: 8103: 7372: 5814:Hann, Chris (2018). "Economic Anthropology". 4443:(in Danish). Dover Publications. p. 61. 3891:draws extensively on historical materialism. 3589:In the 1872 Preface to the French edition of 3419:revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat 3197: 2412: 301:The Condition of the Working Class in England 98:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 10507: 7173:Marxism and History: A Critical Introduction 6980:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 6536:Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History 6202:Критические заметки по национальному вопросу 5990: 5958: 5701:"Eight Marxist Claims That May Surprise You" 5450: 5000:Kay, Hubert (18 October 1948). "Karl Marx". 4795: 4545: 3590: 3463: 3253: 3153:, and then capitalism which is based on the 296:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 10610: 6118: 5266: 4949:Karl Marx: Thoroughly Revised Fifth Edition 4854:. Canada: Batochhe Books. pp. 55–565. 4588: 4486:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 245–246. 3397: 65:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10603: 10589: 8110: 8096: 7379: 7365: 6720:Communication and the Evolution of Society 6542: 6533: 6299: 6281:. Translated by Nicolaus, Martin. London: 6182: 5785:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5724: 5683: 5660:"Letters: Marx–Engels Correspondence 1893" 5635:"Letters: Marx–Engels Correspondence 1890" 5497:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 5245: 5182: 4601:. Macmillan. pp. 306–307 – via 4513: 4436: 4109:Comprehensive History of Political Thought 3881:interpretation of historical materialism. 3603:Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science 3578: 2891: 2862: 2419: 2405: 441:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 316:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 11232:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7996:The East wind prevails over the West wind 6918:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon 6599:. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co. 6519: 6483:Learn how and when to remove this message 6331: 5831: 5698: 5553:"Chapter II. Proletarians and Communists" 4106: 2812: 2784: 246:Learn how and when to remove this message 228:Learn how and when to remove this message 166:Learn how and when to remove this message 12451:Historical geographic information system 9217: 7244:Classic statement of Stalinist doctrine. 6962:The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 6817:"The Origins of Dialectical Materialism" 6749:"Materialism and Historical Materialism" 6713: 6625:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 6510: 6405: 6373: 6061:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 5939: 5890: 5106:Economic Development and Cultural Change 4758: 4551: 4389:1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think 4339:The Greatest Minds and Ideas of All Time 4219: 4072:. Vol. 27. 1990. pp. xxv–xxvi. 3843:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 3782:, remained unpublished until the 1930s. 3745: 3302: 3244: 3201: 3171: 3047:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 2926: 2912:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 2729: 2725: 2688: 7316: 7260:"The Materialist Conception of History" 7200: 7085: 6688: 6658: 6555:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001 6206:Полного собрания сочинений В. И. Ленина 5770: 5699:Aboulafia, Mitchell (1 December 2019). 5392:"Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians" 4850:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2001). 4594: 4552:Robinson, Cedric J. (18 January 2019). 4336: 4190: 4161: 2844: 2710: 551:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 12498: 12091:English historical school of economics 10143:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 8197: 7238:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 7136:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 7109: 7103:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 6879: 6873:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 6851: 6814: 6800: 6767:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 6743: 6591: 6359: 6166:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing 6108:Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature 6102: 6072: 5977: 5758: 5728: 5158:Capital: Critique of Political Economy 5044: 4943: 4814: 4684: 4627: 4615: 4479: 4437:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (2012). 4414:Spirit of Liberty: An American History 4238: 4127:Karl Marx with a foreword by Alan Ryan 4121: 3180: 3083: 2663: 1227:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 12407: 12352: 12287:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 12126:Historical reliability of the Gospels 11984: 11511: 10584: 10573: 9216: 8959: 8723: 8362: 8196: 8091: 7360: 7170: 7116:Understanding History: Marxist Essays 6831:– via Marx Myths & Legends. 6647: 6321:Social Science and the Ignoble Savage 6196: 6152: 6054: 5868: 5856: 5740: 5374: 4925: 4849: 2660:in 1847 along with Friedrich Engels. 2140:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 511:Change the World Without Taking Power 89:too many or overly lengthy quotations 12479: 10574: 10104:More Irish than the Irish themselves 7331: 7292: 7278: 7247: 7065: 7045: 7027: 7005: 6987: 6969: 6951: 6925: 6907: 6893: 6771: 6525:The Crisis in Historical Materialism 6439: 6315: 6267: 6226: 6040: 5959:Hirst, Paul; Hindess, Barry (1975). 5813: 5547: 5521: 5386: 5298: 5188:The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx 5148: 5068: 5016: 4933:. Canada: Batoche Books. p. 44. 4896: 4716: 4411: 4303: 4046: 3703:. Similar arguments were brought by 3145:, then feudalism which was based on 177: 122: 71: 30: 11174:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 8363: 7387:Marxist phraseology and terminology 7255:Includes a good short introduction. 6616:Free interpretation of Marx's idea. 6597:The Theoretical System of Karl Marx 6338:Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition 6047:Theses on the Philosophy of History 5232:Charles Taylor, "Critical Notice", 5211:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5096: 4999: 4386: 4222:"Enlightenment and anti-capitalism" 3833:in the case of the market economy. 3726:compares historical materialism to 3719:Theses on the Philosophy of History 3402:The bourgeoisie, as Marx stated in 2978:, which in turn tends to determine 466:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 396:Theses on the Philosophy of History 13: 12187:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 10131:Fourth Italian War of Independence 8117: 7305: 7231: 7059:Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations 6837: 6776:. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 6729: 6700: 6633: 6605: 6435: 6411:"The Peculiarities of the English" 5961:Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production 5490: 5278: 4798:"Hegel's Understanding of History" 4560:University of North Carolina Press 3846:, which inaugurated the school of 2825:Forces and relations of production 2542:, especially in opposition to the 138:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 12537: 7637:Commanding heights of the economy 7503:Primitive accumulation of capital 7142: 6619: 6497: 5323: 4088:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 3470:higher-stage of communist society 2616:Materialist conception of history 486:Time, Labor and Social Domination 46:This article has multiple issues. 12478: 12469: 12468: 11985: 11485: 11484: 11326:Palestinian expulsion and flight 9838:5000-year civilization assertion 9414:Nadir of American race relations 8051:Revolution is not a dinner party 8021:Whole-process people's democracy 7328:as an application of the method. 7189: 7156: 6900:Manifesto of the Communist Party 6639:Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution 6513:Lineages of the Absolutist State 6444: 5891:Habermas, Jürgen (Autumn 1975). 5459: 5425: 4975: 4656: 4049:"Marx on Historical Materialism" 3973:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 3944: 3932: 2946:, painted in the 15th century BC 2734:A caricature drawn by Engels of 2386: 2374: 2362: 2198:21st-century communist theorists 536:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 451:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 371:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 277: 182: 148:guide to writing better articles 127: 76: 35: 12315:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 11189:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 11124:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 10931:Causes of the Armenian genocide 9240:Pyramid construction techniques 8807:Comparative historical research 8724: 8425:Library and information science 7948:Uneven and combined development 7463:Dictatorship of the proletariat 6943:. Translated by Moore, Samuel; 6862:The Place of Marxism in History 6774:The Social Thought of Karl Marx 6735:A People's History of the World 6158:"Marx's Historical Materialism" 5971: 5952: 5933: 5884: 5862: 5833:10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2194 5807: 5793: 5764: 5734: 5692: 5677: 5652: 5627: 5602: 5577: 5541: 5484: 5466:Critique of the Gotha Programme 5432:Critique of the Gotha Programme 5380: 5343: 5317: 5281:A People's History of the World 5272: 5251: 5226: 5176: 5142: 5090: 5062: 5038: 5010: 4993: 4969: 4937: 4919: 4890: 4876:"What did Hegel mean by Geist?" 4868: 4843: 4817:Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 4808: 4789: 4752: 4710: 4678: 4650: 4621: 4405: 4380: 4359: 4330: 4297: 4261: 4220:Davidson, Neil (6 April 2006). 4023:Progressive revelation (Baháʼí) 4011:Theory of historical trajectory 3410:dictatorship of the proletariat 2955:a society has at its disposal ( 2697: 900:Theory of historical trajectory 778:Dictatorship of the proletariat 476:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 376:History and Class Consciousness 331:Critique of the Gotha Programme 54:or discuss these issues on the 12327:Gunpowder and gun transmission 12277:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 12086:Historical school of economics 12023:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 11461:Gunpowder and gun transmission 11335:Zionism as settler colonialism 10340:Limpieza de sangre controversy 9307:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 7717:Socially necessary labour time 6947:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 5234:Canadian Journal of Philosophy 4927:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 4595:Guthrie, William Buck (1907). 4304:Hume, David (12 August 2016). 4232: 4213: 4184: 4155: 4115: 4100: 4076: 4059: 4047:Baur, Michael (January 2017). 4040: 3991:Formalist–substantivist debate 2527: 2472:Enlightenment views of history 2460:Marx's lifetime collaborator, 698:Socially necessary labour time 596:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 481:The Sublime Object of Ideology 406:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1: 12136:Opposition to Papal supremacy 11512: 9324:Indigenous population history 8077:People's Multiparty Democracy 7627:Capitalist mode of production 7612:Critique of political economy 7443:Capitalist mode of production 6467:and help improve the section. 6086:. Moscow: Progress Publishers 6064:(expanded ed.). Oxford: 5874:Karl Marx's Theory of History 4164:Science and the Enlightenment 4029: 3474:free association of producers 3289:capitalist mode of production 3283:Capitalist mode of production 3092:that Marx identified include 2796:(or historical) materialism. 619:Critique of political economy 12052:Desacralization of knowledge 10323:Carlism in the Francoist era 10291:Holodomor in modern politics 8960: 7991:Continuous revolution theory 7712:Socialist mode of production 7568:Workers of the world, unite! 7543:Socialist mode of production 7508:Proletarian internationalism 6305:Selected Works in One Volume 6303:; Engels, Friedrich (1968). 6014:10.1017/cbo9780511558344.001 6002:Democracy against Capitalism 5980:Critical Realism and Marxism 5746:The New York Review of Books 4096:. Vol. 27. p. 289. 4034: 3896:collapse of the Soviet Union 3887:, especially in the work of 3676: 3393:Communist mode of production 3185:To historical materialists, 2703:collective consciousness or 656:Falling profit-rate tendency 431:The Society of the Spectacle 7: 12444:Historiographic metafiction 12408: 12354:Organizations, publications 12143:Proto-orthodox Christianity 11093:German resistance to Nazism 10949:Persian famine of 1917–1919 10359:Islamic revolution of Spain 10286:Holodomor genocide question 10162:Revisionism of Risorgimento 10156:Rerum italicarum scriptores 10137:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 9904:Self-Strengthening Movement 9054:decolonization of knowledge 7707:Simple commodity production 6815:Jordan, Z. A. (1967). 6806:Ideology and Superstructure 6379:Political Science Quarterly 5775:. New York. pp. 44–49. 4829:10.17990/RPF/2016_72_2_0339 4796:Fox-Williams, Jack (2020). 4483:Marx's Discourse with Hegel 4093:Marx/Engels Collected Works 4069:Marx/Engels Collected Works 3918: 3750:In a foreword to his essay 3693:Conjectures and Refutations 3273:Simple commodity production 2741:The Unique and its Property 2574:. In the 19th century, the 2564:Étienne Bonnot de Condillac 2130:Capitalism Nature Socialism 646:Concrete and abstract labor 531:Capital in the Anthropocene 456:Social Justice and the City 351:The Accumulation of Capital 208:the claims made and adding 10: 12542: 12241:Wissenschaft des Judentums 12218:Criticism of Protestantism 11098:Nazi foreign policy debate 10529:Second colonial occupation 10276:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 9914:Tibetan sovereignty debate 9458:Progressive-era historians 8893:Nationalization of history 8844:Historical-critical method 7976:Antagonistic contradiction 7923:Degenerated workers' state 7284:Science, Class and Society 7207:Fundamentals of Philosophy 7171:Rigby, S. H. (1998). 7079:Marx/Engels Selected Works 6375:Seligman, Edwin R. A. 6366:The Poverty of Historicism 6343:W. W. Norton & Company 6325:Cambridge University Press 6033: 6006:Cambridge University Press 5878:Princeton University Press 5524:"Idealism and Materialism" 4953:Princeton University Press 4775:10.1521/siso.2014.78.4.426 4694:Princeton University Press 4555:An Anthropology of Marxism 4525:W. W. Norton & Company 4168:Cambridge University Press 4131:Princeton University Press 4006:Technological unemployment 3688:The Poverty of Historicism 3582: 3212:ancient mode of production 3198:Ancient mode of production 2714: 2531: 401:Dialectic of Enlightenment 18: 12463: 12414: 12403: 12359: 12348: 12297: 12101: 12060: 11991: 11980: 11836: 11522: 11518: 11507: 11479: 11448: 11412: 11306: 11260: 11246:Second Sino-Japanese War 11224: 11154: 11106: 11068: 11028: 10904: 10726: 10645: 10621: 10580: 10569: 10545: 10443: 10410: 10301: 10225: 10182: 10123: 10088: 10060: 10051:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 9995: 9922: 9828: 9756: 9470: 9399: 9332: 9294: 9227: 9223: 9212: 9037: 8970: 8966: 8955: 8732: 8719: 8546: 8413: 8375: 8371: 8358: 8235: 8209: 8205: 8192: 8125: 8069: 7966: 7908: 7820:People's democratic state 7805:General line of the party 7760: 7596: 7528:Revolutionary spontaneity 7392: 7162:The Algebra of Revolution 7092:On Historical Materialism 6885:Four Essays on Philosophy 6534:Blackledge, Paul (2006). 6502:The Illusion of the Epoch 6261:Marxists Internet Archive 6176:Marxists Internet Archive 6096:Marxists Internet Archive 5684:Blackledge, Paul (2019). 5671:Marxists Internet Archive 5646:Marxists Internet Archive 5621:Marxists Internet Archive 5571:Marxists Internet Archive 5509:Marxists Internet Archive 5478:Marxists Internet Archive 5444:Marxists Internet Archive 5410:Marxists Internet Archive 5170:Marxists Internet Archive 5097:Lin, Justin Yifu (1995). 5084:Marxists Internet Archive 5055:Marxists Internet Archive 5032:Marxists Internet Archive 4987:Marxists Internet Archive 4931:The Philosophy of History 4852:The Philosophy of History 4738:10.1080/00346769000000025 4672:Marxists Internet Archive 4001:Technological determinism 3464:Higher-stage of communism 3343:international proletariat 3260:feudal mode of production 3254:Feudal mode of production 3189:societies, also known as 2657:The Poverty of Philosophy 2447:technological development 546:Literature and Revolution 506:Late Victorian Holocausts 436:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 421:The Wretched of the Earth 12001:Crisis of historiography 11164:Auschwitz bombing debate 10850:Indian Rebellion of 1857 10701:Late Bronze Age collapse 10635:List of military museums 10238:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 10210:Polish People's Republic 10045:Sybel-Ficker controversy 9409:African-American history 9382:Colonial Spanish America 9171:Second Thirty Years' War 7870:Socialism in one country 7830:Political rehabilitation 7197:Provides a short survey. 7192:Marx's Theory of History 6772:Holt, Justin P. (2014). 6511:Anderson, Perry (1974). 5940:Therborn, Göran (1980). 5773:The Great Transformation 5352: 4726:Review of Social Economy 4191:Brenner, Robert (2003). 4162:Hankins, Thomas (1985). 3814:The Great Transformation 3710:Main Currents of Marxism 3398:Lower-stage of communism 3218:advanced, namely due to 2931:Scenes from the tomb of 2546:of philosophers such as 496:The Origin of Capitalism 366:The State and Revolution 96:summarize the quotations 11114:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 10973:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 10524:Porter–MacKenzie debate 10281:Causes of the Holodomor 9818:Problem of two emperors 9766:Catilinarian conspiracy 8993:Historical significance 8854:Indiscipline of history 8829:Historical anthropology 8046:Revolutionary base area 8006:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 7918:Deformed workers' state 7697:Relations of production 7617:Accumulation of capital 7597:Sociology and economics 7413:Base and superstructure 7393:Philosophy and politics 6843:Introduction to Marxism 6198:Lenin, Vladimir Illyich 6008:. 1995. pp. 1–16. 5558:The Communist Manifesto 5397:The Communist Manifesto 5302:The Communist Manifesto 5267:Foster & Clark 2008 4878:. Social Theory Applied 4480:Levine, Norman (2012). 4226:International Socialism 3681:Philosopher of science 3613:Otetchestvennye Zapisky 3579:Warnings against misuse 3405:The Communist Manifesto 3356:The Communist Manifesto 3352:the scramble for Africa 3328:The Communist Manifesto 2990:accumulation of capital 2986:Relations of production 2892:Base and superstructure 2863:Relations of production 2839:relations of production 2568:Claude Adrien Helvétius 2484:The "spirit of liberty" 1202:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 845:Relations of production 728:Base and superstructure 581:Dialectical materialism 541:The Revolution Betrayed 361:Terrorism and Communism 356:Philosophical Notebooks 311:The Communist Manifesto 12506:Historical materialism 12208:Protestant Reformation 12182:Second Vatican Council 12160:Succession to Muhammad 12155:Criticism of the Quran 11906:Religious perspectives 11640:Klemens von Metternich 11237:"Battle for Australia" 11119:Soviet offensive plans 11088:Broad vs. narrow front 10927:Late Ottoman genocides 9860:Century of humiliation 9641:Goguryeo controversies 9619:2,500-year celebration 9277:Double genocide theory 9064:Historical negationism 8888:Ancestral civilisation 8876:Historical materialism 8834:Historical determinism 8784:History of mentalities 7865:Socialist accumulation 7513:Proletarian revolution 7468:Historical materialism 5246:Marx & Engels 1968 4628:MacCulloch, Diarmaid. 4337:Durrant, Will (2002). 4107:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 3996:Parametric determinism 3909: 3670: 3661: 3622: 3591: 3576: 3441: 3423: 3390: 3373: 3315: 3308: 3250: 3207: 3177: 3058: 2947: 2813:The production of life 2798: 2785:Historical materialism 2751: 2576:pre-Marxist communists 2445:Karl Marx stated that 2432:Historical materialism 2145:Historical Materialism 890:Proletarian revolution 885:Primitive accumulation 880:Historical determinism 22:Historical Materialism 16:Marxist historiography 12332:Torsion mangonel myth 12235:Modern Jewish history 12230:Jesuit historiography 12223:Protestant work ethic 12203:Hesychast controversy 12068:Industrial Revolution 12018:Library of Alexandria 11936:The Lord of the Rings 11586:Constantine the Great 11466:Torsion mangonel myth 11398:Sri Lankan Civil War 10477:Storm over the gentry 10378:Colonies or Provinces 9909:Sprouts of capitalism 8983:Historic preservation 8978:Change and continuity 7785:Democratic centralism 7428:Bourgeois nationalism 7297:The Poverty of Theory 7250:Marx: An Introduction 6782:10.4135/9781483349381 6163:Marx's Concept of Man 5824:John Wiley & Sons 5816:Economic Anthropology 4762:Science & Society 4270:Philosophy of History 3904: 3792:approach of economic 3746:Continued development 3665: 3652: 3617: 3561: 3427: 3414: 3385: 3381:Industrial Revolution 3360: 3310: 3306: 3248: 3210:Slave societies, the 3205: 3175: 3052: 2930: 2875:collectively work on 2789: 2733: 2726:Algebra of revolution 2689:Hegel and historicism 2669:Scottish philosopher 2600:philosophers such as 2544:Cartesian rationalism 2381:Philosophy portal 2175:Science & Society 793:Democratic centralism 651:Factors of production 516:Caliban and the Witch 461:Women, Race and Class 19:For the journal, see 12419:Commemorative plaque 11635:Juan Manuel de Rosas 11083:"Blitzkrieg" concept 10954:Powder keg of Europe 10829:Franco-Prussian War 10499:Winter of Discontent 10482:Suffragette Campaign 10149:Italiani brava gente 10115:Revolutionary period 9937:Frankish Interregnum 9870:"Chineseness" debate 9803:Byzantine succession 9788:Fall of Western Rome 9729:Executed Renaissance 9218:By country or region 9162:Age of Enlightenment 9136:Vaticinium ex eventu 9083:Modernisation theory 8917:Quantitative history 8293:Historical documents 8026:One Divides Into Two 7933:Permanent revolution 7890:Democracy in Marxism 7850:Revolutionary terror 7647:Commodity production 7632:Crisis of capitalism 7538:Scientific socialism 7433:Bourgeois revolution 7317:Witt-Hansen, Johan. 7055:Hobsbawm, E. J. 6407:Thompson, E. P. 6309:Lawrence and Wishart 6218:: CS1 maint: year ( 6136:Monthly Review Press 6120:Foster, John Bellamy 6112:Monthly Review Press 6104:Foster, John Bellamy 5771:Polanyi, K. (1944). 4717:Choi, Young (1990). 4692:(Updated ed.). 4527:. pp. 154–156. 4412:Hart, Diane (1987). 4387:Arp, Robert (2018). 4343:Simon & Schuster 4239:Porter, Roy (2001). 3986:Economic determinism 3869:In the early 1980s, 3858:communicative action 3823:economic determinism 3585:Economic determinism 3297:commodity production 2851:forces of production 2845:Forces of production 2835:forces of production 2711:Dialectics of change 2631:, the French writer 2625:Henri de Saint-Simon 2478:Age of Enlightenment 2393:Socialism portal 2369:Communism portal 2238:History of communism 2233:Economic determinism 2218:Criticism of Marxism 2208:Creative destruction 968:Marxism and religion 688:Scientific socialism 591:Philosophy of nature 471:Imagined Communities 336:Dialectics of Nature 12248:Schools of thought 12213:Proto-Protestantism 12082:School of Thoughts 11964:William Shakespeare 11949:Robert Falcon Scott 11854:Friedrich Nietzsche 11692:Cult of personality 11677:Neville Chamberlain 11537:Alexander the Great 11419:Russo-Georgian War 11392:Sovereignty dispute 11371:Iranian Revolution 11201:"Polish death camp" 11178:In relation to the 10887:Myth of English aid 10878:War of the Pacific 10655:Albigensian Crusade 10080:Indigenous Aryanism 9776:Constantinian shift 9312:Residential schools 9069:Historian's fallacy 8988:Historic recurrence 8486:Numismatics (Money) 8258:Archaeological site 8182:theories of history 7943:Transitional demand 7810:National liberation 7795:Enemy of the people 7677:Means of production 7438:Bourgeois socialism 7423:Bourgeois democracy 7313:Alternative survey. 7075:Theses on Feuerbach 6998:The German Ideology 6823:. London: Macmillan 6650:Marxism and History 6648:Fleischer, Helmut. 6250:Progress Publishers 5528:The German Ideology 5522:Marx, Karl (1845). 5299:Marx, Karl (1848). 5027:The German Ideology 4897:Rees, John (1998). 4667:The German Ideology 4308:. Hansebooks GmbH. 3913:Theses on Feuerbach 3911:Referencing Marx's 3900:Ellen Meiksins Wood 3780:The German Ideology 3191:primitive communist 3181:Primitive communism 3131:primitive communist 3094:primitive communism 3090:modes of production 3084:Modes of production 3070:John Bellamy Foster 2886:means of production 2819:The German Ideology 2769:and contemporaries 2762:The German Ideology 2747:The German Ideology 2664:'Great man' history 2647:The German Ideology 2451:modes of production 2125:Capital & Class 805:False consciousness 753:Commodity fetishism 743:Class consciousness 661:Means of production 491:The Age of Extremes 411:The Long Revolution 346:What Is to Be Done? 306:The German Ideology 12439:Historical realism 12434:Historical fiction 12379:History institutes 12369:Historical society 12364:Heritage registers 12252:Biblical criticism 12165:Islamic golden age 12116:Early Christianity 11996:Bears in antiquity 11884:Medieval Christian 11682:Pedro II of Brazil 11630:José de San Martín 11434:Syrian revolution 11346:Malayan Emergency 11321:1948 Palestine war 11054:Spanish Civil War 11004:War guilt question 10813:American Civil War 10793:Invasion of Russia 10769:New Russian School 10553:Colonial Australia 10269:October Revolution 10032:Strukturgeschichte 9968:Location of Alésia 9887:Hua–Yi distinction 9808:Moscow, third Rome 9424:Reconstruction era 9245:Black Egypt Thesis 9167:European Civil War 9123:Translatio imperii 9078:Invented tradition 8199:Historical sources 8056:Social imperialism 7880:Social imperialism 7752:Worker cooperative 7692:Production for use 7682:Mode of production 7533:Revolutionary wave 7498:Petite bourgeoisie 7408:Barracks communism 7306:Wetter, Gustav A. 7266:. No. 1. 1979 7264:Education Bulletin 7202:Spirkin, Alexander 6521:Aronowitz, Stanley 6415:Socialist Register 6184:Kołakowski, Leszek 5912:10.1007/BF00212739 5900:Theory and Society 5236:10 (1980), p. 330. 4955:. pp. 57–61. 4905:. pp. 45–47. 4515:Kołakowski, Leszek 4416:. Addison-Wesley. 4247:. pp. 12–14. 3879:structural Marxist 3848:Analytical Marxism 3716:In his 1940 essay 3309: 3251: 3232:production for use 3208: 3178: 3078:intelligent design 2948: 2940:division of labour 2752: 2738:, whose 1844 work 2717:Hegelian Dialectic 2540:Western philosophy 2339:Worker cooperative 2317:Left-wing populism 2243:Left-wing politics 2180:Socialist Register 2170:Rethinking Marxism 963:Literary criticism 666:Mode of production 526:Capitalist Realism 386:The Black Jacobins 193:possibly contains 12493: 12492: 12459: 12458: 12399: 12398: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12257:Catholic theology 12111:Avestan geography 11976: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11959:Søren Kierkegaard 11832: 11831: 11743:Warren G. Harding 11503: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11302: 11301: 11180:Armenian genocide 11043:Polish–Soviet War 11038:Burning of Smyrna 11024: 11023: 11014:Reichstag inquiry 10937:Patriotic consent 10808: 10807: 10783:War in the Vendée 10747:French Revolution 10729:century conflicts 10718:Peloponnesian War 10679:Eighty Years' War 10565: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10470:Westminster Stone 10167:Southern question 10006:Alltagsgeschichte 9956:Legendary Saracen 9658:Early settlements 9466: 9465: 9446:Political history 9431:Consensus history 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9190:Continuity thesis 9129:Translatio studii 9015:Theory of history 8951: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8905:Subaltern Studies 8790:Nouvelle histoire 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8627:Medieval churches 8614:Geistesgeschichte 8558:Paleoanthropology 8466:Encyclopaedistics 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8222:Secondary sources 8085: 8084: 7986:Capitalist roader 7938:Social revolution 7780:Central Committee 7687:Productive forces 7652:Dominant ideology 7548:Super-imperialism 7483:Lumpenproletariat 7346:978-0-415-31697-2 7217:978-5-01-002582-3 7190:Shaw, William H. 7182:978-0-7190-5612-3 7126:978-1-876646-23-3 7015:Engels, Friedrich 6935:Engels, Friedrich 6802:Jakubowski, Franz 6791:978-1-4129-9784-3 6673:978-90-04-28468-5 6611:Man Makes Himself 6607:Childe, V. Gordon 6499:Acton, H. B. 6493: 6492: 6485: 6352:978-0-393-34791-3 6292:978-0-14-044575-6 6145:978-1-58367-173-3 6074:Engels, Friedrich 6056:Cohen, G. A. 6023:978-0-521-47096-4 5967:& Kegan Paul. 5826:. pp. 1–16. 5046:Engels, Friedrich 4569:978-1-4696-4992-4 4534:978-0-393-06054-6 4493:978-0-230-36042-6 4450:978-0-486-12283-0 4315:978-3-7428-3234-4 4170:. pp. 1–16. 4084:Engels, Friedrich 3885:Regulation theory 3762:thinkers such as 3705:Leszek Kołakowski 3565:division of labor 3522:division of labor 3457:Marxist-Leninists 3216:productive forces 3214:, were formed as 2976:division of labor 2953:productive forces 2881:division of labor 2622:utopian socialist 2429: 2428: 2270:Political ecology 2248:Marxian economics 1187:Council communism 1155: 1154: 1082:Neue Marx-Lektüre 1044:Regulation school 933:Cultural analysis 825:Lumpenproletariat 768:Cultural hegemony 758:Communist society 748:Classless society 683:Productive forces 416:Guerrilla Warfare 289:Theoretical works 256: 255: 248: 238: 237: 230: 195:original research 176: 175: 168: 142:used on Knowledge 140:encyclopedic tone 121: 120: 69: 12533: 12482: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12424:Documentary film 12405: 12404: 12384:History journals 12350: 12349: 12323: 12195: 12131:Primacy of Peter 12078:Great Depression 12058: 12057: 12031: 12009: 11982: 11981: 11930:J. R. R. Tolkien 11785: 11784: 11780: 11768: 11756: 11738:Ulysses S. Grant 11733:Thomas Jefferson 11724: 11700: 11663: 11626: 11614: 11582: 11570: 11562:Chiang Ching-kuo 11552:Cato the Younger 11542:Amin al-Husseini 11520: 11519: 11509: 11508: 11488: 11487: 11471:War and genocide 11295: 11281:Résistancialisme 11268:Battle of France 11250:Nanjing Massacre 11104: 11103: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10945: 10895: 10777: 10760: 10733: 10732: 10660:Catharism debate 10646:pre-18th century 10628:Military history 10605: 10598: 10591: 10582: 10581: 10575:By war, conflict 10571: 10570: 10519:Cambridge School 10505: 10504: 10403: 10391: 10367: 10348: 10258: 10246: 10218: 10040: 10018:Historikerstreit 9988: 9976: 9964: 9945: 9931:Cordon sanitaire 9877:New Qing History 9865:Conquest dynasty 9856: 9771:Christianization 9754: 9753: 9673: 9586: 9574: 9562: 9540: 9528: 9520:Byzantine Empire 9375:Iquicha Royalism 9364: 9330: 9329: 9253: 9225: 9224: 9214: 9213: 9157:Age of Discovery 9146:Periodization of 9143: 9142: 9117:Transhistoricity 9112:Thirty-year rule 9023: 9011: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8956: 8937:Great Man theory 8900:People's history 8862: 8767: 8766: 8759:Three-age system 8721: 8720: 8421:Archival science 8373: 8372: 8360: 8359: 8227:Tertiary sources 8207: 8206: 8194: 8193: 8143:by area of study 8112: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8061:Struggle session 7981:Anti-revisionism 7958:World revolution 7885:Soviet democracy 7770:Anti-revisionism 7762:Marxist–Leninist 7732:Subject of labor 7662:Free association 7605: 7588:World revolution 7578:Workers' control 7573:Workers' council 7558:Two-stage theory 7401: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7322: 7311: 7300: 7287: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7253: 7242: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7195: 7186: 7165: 7151: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7082: 7070: 7062: 7050: 7042: 7032: 7024: 7010: 7002: 6992: 6984: 6974: 6966: 6956: 6948: 6930: 6922: 6912: 6904: 6888: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6856: 6846: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6809: 6795: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6738: 6724: 6717:(January 1976). 6715:Habermas, Jürgen 6708: 6702:Graham, Loren R. 6697: 6690:Giddens, Anthony 6685: 6653: 6642: 6628: 6614: 6600: 6593:Boudin, Louis B. 6588: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6539: 6528: 6516: 6505: 6488: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6463:Please read the 6459:may need cleanup 6448: 6447: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6402: 6370: 6356: 6333:Nirenberg, David 6328: 6312: 6296: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6193: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6149: 6133: 6115: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6069: 6051: 6042:Benjamin, Walter 6028: 6027: 6000:"Introduction". 5997: 5988: 5987: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5897: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5835: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5589:www.marxists.org 5581: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5296: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5184:Callinicos, Alex 5180: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5103: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4823:(2/3): 339–349. 4812: 4806: 4805: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4723: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4477: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4129:(5th ed.). 4119: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4044: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3776:Nikolai Bukharin 3772:Georgi Plekhanov 3764:Eduard Bernstein 3760:Marxist–Leninist 3756:Orthodox Marxist 3701:pseudoscientific 3596: 3228:private property 3155:capitalist class 3122:state-capitalism 2972:social relations 2808: 2771:Ludwig Feuerbach 2590:Ludwig Feuerbach 2520:(1744–1803) and 2508:(1727–1781) and 2462:Friedrich Engels 2421: 2414: 2407: 2391: 2390: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2344:Workers' council 2165:Race & Class 1072:Frankfurt School 1039:Neo-Gramscianism 1012:Marxism–Leninism 994: 993: 938:Cultural Studies 895:World revolution 840:Private property 381:Prison Notebooks 281: 258: 257: 251: 244: 233: 226: 222: 219: 213: 210:inline citations 186: 185: 178: 171: 164: 160: 157: 151: 150:for suggestions. 146:See Knowledge's 131: 130: 123: 116: 113: 107: 80: 79: 72: 61: 39: 38: 31: 12541: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12488: 12455: 12410: 12395: 12355: 12336: 12319: 12302: 12293: 12189: 12097: 12073:Great Recession 12056: 12027: 12003: 11987: 11968: 11859:H. P. Lovecraft 11828: 11790: 11783: 11774: 11762: 11750: 11718: 11694: 11667:Muammar Gaddafi 11657: 11645:Leonid Brezhnev 11620: 11608: 11591:Gregory Palamas 11576: 11574:Chiang Kai Shek 11564: 11524: 11514: 11495: 11494: 11475: 11456:Conflict thesis 11444: 11408: 11298: 11289: 11256: 11220: 11150: 11102: 11064: 11030:Interwar period 11020: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10959:Schlieffen Plan 10939: 10900: 10889: 10804: 10771: 10754: 10739: 10728: 10722: 10706:Dorian invasion 10691:Fall of Babylon 10647: 10641: 10640: 10617: 10609: 10576: 10557: 10533: 10510: 10503: 10465:Kingdom of Alba 10446: 10439: 10406: 10397: 10385: 10383:Spanish decline 10361: 10342: 10297: 10252: 10240: 10221: 10212: 10178: 10119: 10084: 10070:Greater Magadha 10056: 10034: 9991: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9939: 9918: 9892:Four Barbarians 9850: 9824: 9752: 9709:Götaland theory 9677:Lusotropicalism 9667: 9648:North Macedonia 9580: 9568: 9556: 9534: 9522: 9462: 9441:Frontier thesis 9436:Cyclical theory 9419:Neoabolitionism 9395: 9358: 9328: 9290: 9267:Greater Morocco 9247: 9219: 9196: 9147: 9141: 9033: 9017: 9005: 8962: 8943: 8856: 8771: 8765: 8747:Historical eras 8728: 8707: 8542: 8439:Writing systems 8409: 8367: 8365:Fields of study 8346: 8340:Service records 8325:Religious texts 8231: 8217:Primary sources 8201: 8188: 8187: 8121: 8116: 8086: 8081: 8065: 7962: 7904: 7756: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7583:World communism 7453:Commodification 7395: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7323: 7312: 7301: 7294:Thompson, E. P. 7288: 7280:Therborn, Göran 7269: 7267: 7258: 7254: 7248:Suchting, Wal. 7243: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7196: 7183: 7166: 7152: 7138: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7068: 7048: 7030: 7008: 6990: 6972: 6954: 6945:Aveling, Edward 6928: 6910: 6889: 6875: 6868: 6866: 6854: 6847: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6810: 6796: 6792: 6762: 6760: 6739: 6725: 6709: 6674: 6660:Gandler, Stefan 6654: 6643: 6629: 6615: 6601: 6580: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6529: 6506: 6489: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6462: 6455:Further reading 6449: 6445: 6438: 6436:Further reading 6433: 6424: 6422: 6391:10.2307/2140420 6353: 6317:Meek, Ronald L. 6293: 6270: 6254: 6252: 6211: 6210: 6169: 6167: 6146: 6089: 6087: 6066:Clarendon Press 6036: 6031: 6024: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5976: 5972: 5957: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5739: 5735: 5725:Kołakowski 1978 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5697: 5693: 5682: 5678: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5564: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5520: 5516: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5471: 5469: 5458: 5451: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5417: 5403: 5401: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5192:Haymarket Books 5181: 5177: 5163: 5161: 5147: 5143: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5067: 5063: 5043: 5039: 5015: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4942: 4938: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4848: 4844: 4813: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4757: 4753: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4683: 4679: 4655: 4651: 4638: 4636: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4593: 4589: 4570: 4550: 4546: 4535: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4478: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4385: 4381: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4335: 4331: 4316: 4302: 4298: 4286: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4237: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4160: 4156: 4141: 4133:. p. 112. 4120: 4116: 4105: 4101: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3921: 3889:Michel Aglietta 3854:Jürgen Habermas 3748: 3736:Gershom Scholem 3724:Walter Benjamin 3679: 3587: 3581: 3569:bourgeois right 3466: 3400: 3395: 3285: 3256: 3200: 3187:hunter-gatherer 3183: 3086: 3055: 3033: 2894: 2884:control of the 2865: 2847: 2827: 2815: 2810: 2800: 2787: 2767:Young Hegelians 2756:Young Hegelians 2728: 2719: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2679: 2666: 2652:Leipzig Council 2641:The Holy Family 2633:Antoine Barnave 2618: 2579:Théodore Dézamy 2572:Baron d'Holbach 2556:Pierre Gassendi 2536: 2530: 2486: 2474: 2455:economic system 2449:can change the 2440:class societies 2425: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2322:Universal class 2213:Conflict theory 2193: 2185: 2184: 2160:New Left Review 2115: 2107: 2106: 1247: 1237: 1236: 1167: 1157: 1156: 1067:Budapest School 991: 990:Common variants 983: 982: 913: 905: 904: 870: 860: 859: 763:Critical theory 723: 713: 712: 693:Surplus product 621: 611: 610: 571: 561: 560: 426:Reading Capital 291: 252: 241: 240: 239: 234: 223: 217: 214: 199: 187: 183: 172: 161: 155: 152: 145: 136:This article's 132: 128: 117: 111: 108: 102:or excerpts to 93: 81: 77: 40: 36: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12539: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12516:Marxist theory 12513: 12508: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12232: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12205: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12128: 12123: 12113: 12107: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12064: 12062: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12037: 12032: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11903: 11898: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11849:Charles Darwin 11846: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11819:United Kingdom 11816: 11811: 11809:Modern Germany 11806: 11801: 11795: 11793: 11782: 11781: 11769: 11757: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11728:Thomas Aquinas 11725: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11615: 11603: 11598: 11596:Horatio Nelson 11593: 11588: 11583: 11571: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11516: 11515: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11428:Responsibility 11425: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11384: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11340:New Historians 11337: 11332: 11318: 11312: 11310: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11206:Responsibility 11203: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11186: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11160: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11074: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11040: 11034: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10982: 10970: 10964:Spirit of 1914 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10934: 10924: 10921:Fischer thesis 10910: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10884: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10864: 10862:Paraguayan War 10859: 10858: 10857: 10847: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10788:Napoleonic era 10785: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10766: 10761: 10752:Pre-revolution 10743: 10741: 10737:Coalition Wars 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10615:historiography 10608: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10433:Decline thesis 10430: 10423:Ottoman Empire 10420: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10349: 10337: 10332: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10250:Skeptic School 10235: 10233:Anti-Normanism 10229: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10190:Golden Liberty 10186: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10172:Neo-Bourbonism 10164: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10133: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10012:Borussian myth 10009: 10001: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9946: 9934: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9862: 9857: 9845: 9840: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9575: 9563: 9548: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9502: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9483:Dealbanisation 9474: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9405: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9353: 9347:May Revolution 9338: 9336: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9317:Staples thesis 9314: 9309: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9261: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9242: 9233: 9231: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9173: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9149:modern history 9140: 9139: 9132: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9095: 9093:Paradigm shift 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8868: 8863: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8804: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8779:Annales school 8775: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8642:Constitutional 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8578: 8565: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8518:Postage stamps 8515: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8446: 8441: 8432: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8369: 8368: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8315:Oral tradition 8312: 8311: 8310: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8119:Historiography 8115: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7875:Social fascism 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Self-criticism 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7840:Real socialism 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Exchange value 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7518:Pure communism 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7493:Metabolic rift 7490: 7488:Means of labor 7485: 7480: 7478:Liquidationism 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7448:Class struggle 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7354: 7353: 7345: 7333:Wood, Allen W. 7329: 7314: 7303: 7290: 7276: 7256: 7245: 7233:Stalin, Joseph 7229: 7216: 7198: 7187: 7181: 7168: 7154: 7140: 7125: 7111:Novack, George 7107: 7087:Mehring, Franz 7083: 7063: 7043: 7025: 7003: 6985: 6967: 6949: 6923: 6905: 6891: 6877: 6849: 6839:Mandel, Ernest 6835: 6812: 6798: 6790: 6769: 6741: 6727: 6711: 6698: 6686: 6672: 6656: 6645: 6631: 6617: 6603: 6589: 6581:|journal= 6563: 6540: 6531: 6517: 6508: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6403: 6385:(4): 612–640. 6371: 6357: 6351: 6329: 6313: 6297: 6291: 6265: 6224: 6194: 6180: 6150: 6144: 6116: 6100: 6070: 6052: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6022: 5989: 5970: 5951: 5932: 5906:(3): 287–300. 5883: 5861: 5849: 5842: 5806: 5792: 5763: 5751: 5733: 5717: 5691: 5676: 5651: 5626: 5601: 5576: 5540: 5514: 5492:Stalin, Joseph 5483: 5449: 5415: 5379: 5367: 5342: 5316: 5286: 5271: 5259: 5257:Cohen, p. 134. 5250: 5248:, p. 660. 5238: 5225: 5197: 5175: 5141: 5118:10.1086/452150 5112:(2): 269–292. 5089: 5061: 5037: 5009: 4992: 4968: 4962:978-0691156507 4961: 4945:Berlin, Isaiah 4936: 4918: 4912:978-0415198776 4911: 4889: 4867: 4861:978-0486437552 4860: 4842: 4807: 4802:Philosophy Now 4788: 4751: 4732:(3): 288–302. 4709: 4702: 4696:. p. 90. 4686:Berlin, Isaiah 4677: 4649: 4620: 4618:, p. 247. 4608: 4587: 4568: 4558:(2 ed.). 4544: 4533: 4506: 4492: 4463: 4449: 4429: 4423:978-0201209235 4422: 4404: 4397: 4379: 4358: 4351: 4329: 4314: 4296: 4287:|website= 4260: 4253: 4231: 4212: 4206:978-1859843338 4205: 4183: 4176: 4154: 4149:j.ctt46n3qx.13 4139: 4123:Berlin, Isaiah 4114: 4099: 4075: 4058: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3920: 3917: 3894:Following the 3864:Göran Therborn 3794:anthropologist 3747: 3744: 3678: 3675: 3580: 3577: 3534:class struggle 3498:social classes 3465: 3462: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3377:Class struggle 3334:Vladimir Lenin 3284: 3281: 3255: 3252: 3199: 3196: 3182: 3179: 3085: 3082: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3009:is a powerful 3005:Every type of 3003: 3000:superstructure 2996: 2993: 2983: 2968: 2918:Charles Taylor 2903:superstructure 2893: 2890: 2864: 2861: 2846: 2843: 2826: 2823: 2814: 2811: 2801:— Hubert Kay, 2788: 2786: 2783: 2727: 2724: 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2678: 2675: 2671:Thomas Carlyle 2665: 2662: 2617: 2614: 2586:Young Hegelian 2529: 2526: 2485: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2327:Vulgar Marxism 2324: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2192:Related topics 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2155:Monthly Review 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2135:Constellations 2132: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1165:Other variants 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1049:Third-worldist 1046: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1009: 1001: 1000: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 958:Historiography 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 875:Class struggle 871: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 830:Metabolic rift 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 724: 719: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 679: 678: 673: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 622: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 606:Marxist ethics 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 572: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 446:Ways of Seeing 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 274: 273: 267: 266: 254: 253: 236: 235: 190: 188: 181: 174: 173: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 84: 82: 75: 70: 44: 43: 41: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12538: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12485: 12477: 12475: 12467: 12466: 12462: 12452: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12406: 12402: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12351: 12347: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12310:Merton thesis 12308: 12307: 12305: 12300: 12296: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12262:Panbabylonism 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12193: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11983: 11979: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11937: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11835: 11825: 11824:United States 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11786: 11778: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11704:Bolivarianism 11702: 11698: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11687:Simon Bolivar 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11619: 11618:Joseph Stalin 11616: 11612: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11521: 11517: 11510: 11506: 11491: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413:Post-Cold War 11411: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11387:Falklands War 11385: 11383: 11382:Iran–Iraq War 11380: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11330:Ongoing Nakba 11327: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11293: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261:Western Front 11259: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11242:Bengal famine 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11156:The Holocaust 11153: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107:Eastern Front 11105: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10979: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10838:Paris Commune 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10823:Turning point 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10775: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10727:18th and 19th 10725: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10672:Islamic views 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10644: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10606: 10601: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10442: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10401: 10396: 10395:Ser de España 10393: 10389: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10365: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10256: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9986: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9813:Ottoman claim 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9793:Prosopography 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9746:Trưng sisters 9744: 9742: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9584: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9538: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9493:Habsburg myth 9491: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9469: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9401:United States 9398: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9362: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9334:Latin America 9331: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9251: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9211: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9027: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8954: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8927:Transnational 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8817:Decoloniality 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8798:Historiometry 8796: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742:Periodization 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528:Sigillography 8526: 8524: 8523:Prosopography 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Local history 8398: 8394: 8393:Human history 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388:World history 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:New Democracy 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Popular front 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737:Surplus value 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Social murder 7725: 7723: 7722:Socialization 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7348: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7144:Nowak, Leszek 7141: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6731:Harman, Chris 6728: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6621:Cohen, Gerald 6618: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6574: 6566: 6564:9780190695545 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6487: 6484: 6476: 6466: 6465:editing guide 6460: 6456: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6283:Penguin Books 6280: 6279: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6246:Dobb, Maurice 6243: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5876:. Princeton: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5845: 5843:9780470657225 5839: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5803:. p. 41. 5802: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5611: 5605: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5479: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5355: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5324:Dixon, Norm. 5320: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5194:. p. 99. 5193: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5160:. Vol. 3 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5006:. p. 66. 5005: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4703:9780691157573 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4635: 4634:History Today 4631: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562:. p. 9. 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4398:9781788400886 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4352:9780743235532 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4254:9780140250282 4250: 4246: 4245:Penguin Books 4242: 4241:Enlightenment 4235: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4177:0-521-28619-0 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4140:9780691156507 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3877:elaborated a 3876: 3875:Barry Hindess 3872: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787:substantivist 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697:unfalsifiable 3694: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468:To Marx, the 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449:Joseph Stalin 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339:globalization 3335: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3319:nation-states 3314: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163:working class 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118:mixed economy 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098:slave society 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017:onto society. 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965:capital goods 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944:Ancient Egypt 2941: 2938: 2935:depicting an 2934: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2898:economic base 2889: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2654:in 1846, and 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:Ancient Greek 2595: 2592:'s 1833 work 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Francis Bacon 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2516:(1668–1744), 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504:(1723–1790), 2503: 2500:(1694–1778), 2499: 2496:(1689–1755), 2495: 2492:(1588–1679), 2491: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2300:Revolutionary 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2280:Authoritarian 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2082:Moufawad-Paul 2080: 2078: 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9003:Historiology 8875: 8800: / 8788: 8751: 8689:Quantitative 8612: 8608:Intellectual 8574: / 8570: / 8556: / 8554:Anthropology 8508:Phaleristics 8501:preservation 8496:Oral history 8437: / 8423: / 8405:Microhistory 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8150: 8141: / 8137: 8130: 8031:People's war 7953:United front 7895:United front 7702:Ruling class 7667:Law of value 7563:Wage slavery 7553:Theoretician 7467: 7336: 7325: 7318: 7307: 7296: 7283: 7268:. 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Retrieved 4633: 4623: 4611: 4603:Google Books 4597: 4590: 4582:Google Books 4580:– via 4554: 4547: 4539:Google Books 4537:– via 4519: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4482: 4454:. Retrieved 4439: 4432: 4413: 4407: 4388: 4382: 4373:The Guardian 4371: 4361: 4338: 4332: 4305: 4299: 4269: 4263: 4240: 4234: 4225: 4215: 4192: 4186: 4163: 4157: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4091: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4053:ResearchGate 4052: 4042: 3971: 3964: 3910: 3905: 3893: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3801:Karl Polanyi 3790:ethnographic 3784: 3779: 3768:Karl Kautsky 3751: 3749: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3656:primum agens 3655: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3608:Anti-Dühring 3606: 3602: 3600: 3588: 3562: 3558: 3548:. It is the 3467: 3455:, and other 3453:Fidel Castro 3446: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3326: 3316: 3311: 3286: 3257: 3209: 3184: 3114:Mercantilism 3087: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3044:, author of 3038: 3034: 3015:exploitation 2980:social class 2937:agricultural 2923: 2910: 2895: 2873:human beings 2870: 2866: 2850: 2848: 2830: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2802: 2799: 2790: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2720: 2701: 2698:World spirit 2692: 2680: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2619: 2593: 2583: 2537: 2487: 2475: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2265:Municipalism 2077:Bhattacharya 1222:Situationist 1197:Instrumental 867: 850:State theory 815:Immiseration 810:Human nature 800:Exploitation 630:accumulation 242: 224: 215: 192: 162: 153: 137: 109: 94:Please help 86: 62: 55: 49: 48:Please help 45: 28: 21: 12526:Materialism 12429:Hagiography 12190: [ 12150:Early Islam 12004: [ 11896:Historicity 11874:Historicity 11864:Jane Austen 11844:The Beatles 11814:Netherlands 11775: [ 11772:Zhuge Liang 11763: [ 11751: [ 11748:Yuan Shikai 11719: [ 11716:Sun Yat Tse 11695: [ 11658: [ 11621: [ 11609: [ 11606:Jiang Zemin 11577: [ 11565: [ 11557:Che Guevara 11290: [ 11225:Pacific War 11009:Article 231 10999:Reparations 10976: [ 10940: [ 10917:Color books 10906:World War I 10890: [ 10867:War of 1812 10772: [ 10755: [ 10740:(1792–1815) 10711:Sea Peoples 10696:Gallic Wars 10398: [ 10386: [ 10373:Revisionist 10362: [ 10353:Reconquista 10343: [ 10335:Inquisition 10329:Convivencia 10253: [ 10241: [ 10213: [ 10110:Revisionism 10035: [ 9983: [ 9971: [ 9959: [ 9940: [ 9882:Golden ages 9851: [ 9848:Wunu School 9843:Archaeology 9716:Switzerland 9699:Kosovo Myth 9687:Great Union 9668: [ 9653:Philippines 9636:Nationalist 9609:Ages of Man 9581: [ 9569: [ 9557: [ 9535: [ 9523: [ 9359: [ 9356:Revisionist 9248: [ 9185:Renaissance 9050:Coloniality 9018: [ 9006: [ 8998:Historicity 8922:Revisionist 8912:Pop history 8883:Nationalist 8857: [ 8802:Cliometrics 8770:Approaches, 8726:Methodology 8622:Linguistics 8572:Environment 8538:Vexillology 8461:Diplomatics 8444:Chorography 8383:Big History 8335:War diaries 8308:Illuminated 8303:Manuscripts 8288:Hieroglyphs 8168:historicity 8041:Revisionism 7928:French Turn 7900:Vanguardism 7855:Secretariat 7845:Revisionism 7672:Materialism 7523:Revisionism 7473:Imperialism 7418:Bourgeoisie 7326:Das Kapital 6635:Draper, Hal 5946:Verso Books 5759:Engels 1946 5742:Lilla, Mark 5729:Popper 1957 5615:10 November 5279:Harman, C. 5218:6 September 5190:. Chicago: 4616:Levine 2012 4440:On Religion 4391:. Octopus. 4197:Verso Books 4066:"Preface". 4017:Comparative 3838:G. A. Cohen 3819:reciprocity 3809:substantive 3798:sociologist 3683:Karl Popper 3638:conditioned 3593:Das Kapital 3530:countryside 3518:proletariat 3514:bourgeoisie 3510:commodities 3482:nationality 3323:nationalism 3293:commodities 3277:bourgeoisie 3220:agriculture 3167:proletariat 3159:bourgeoisie 3074:creationism 3042:G. A. Cohen 3011:institution 2967:and so on). 2856:Paleolithic 2794:dialectical 2779:Max Stirner 2775:Bruno Bauer 2736:Max Stirner 2629:Jean Jaurès 2534:Materialism 2528:Materialism 2494:Montesquieu 2228:Communalism 1627:Wallerstein 1217:Revisionist 948:Film theory 928:Criminology 923:Archaeology 835:Proletariat 820:Imperialism 733:Bourgeoisie 708:Wage labour 601:Reification 391:On Practice 12500:Categories 12484:Multimedia 12303:Technology 12267:Urreligion 12170:Kharijites 12121:Background 11789:Historical 11760:Zhou Enlai 11655:Mao Zedong 11650:Louis Riel 11423:Background 11274:Guilty Men 11216:Uniqueness 11139:Background 11134:Winter War 11058:Background 10991:Versailles 10845:Great Game 10492:Ricardians 10487:Tudor myth 10205:Partitions 9798:Succession 9088:Narratives 9073:Presentism 9029:Philosophy 8849:Humanistic 8737:Case study 8669:Indigenous 8647:Diplomatic 8591:Capitalism 8491:Onomastics 8449:Chronology 8278:Facsimiles 8263:Chronicles 8161:historians 8132:Historians 7910:Trotskyist 7790:Dual power 7458:Dialectics 7223:15 January 7158:Rees, John 6895:Marx, Karl 6881:Mao Zedong 6753:New Essays 6745:Harper, J. 6473:April 2018 6457:" section 6307:. London: 6301:Marx, Karl 6242:Marx, Karl 6228:Marx, Karl 6078:"Foreword" 5982:. London: 5963:. London: 5944:. London: 5925:5 December 5857:Cohen 2000 5665:7 December 5640:7 December 5549:Marx, Karl 5461:Marx, Karl 5427:Marx, Karl 5388:Marx, Karl 5164:5 December 5150:Marx, Karl 5070:Marx, Karl 5018:Marx, Karl 4982:Grundrisse 4977:Marx, Karl 4901:. London: 4769:(4): 428. 4658:Marx, Karl 4578:1083096631 4499:13 January 4456:13 January 4324:1129763042 4030:References 3871:Paul Hirst 3740:Mark Lilla 3722:, scholar 3583:See also: 3554:capitalism 3494:alienation 3226:and minor 3161:) and the 3106:capitalism 2957:technology 2909:argues in 2907:G.A. Cohen 2610:Democritus 2560:John Locke 2532:See also: 2468:variants. 2285:Democratic 2150:Mediations 1762:Przeworski 1702:Poulantzas 1552:Sivanandan 1507:Bettelheim 1407:Horkheimer 1402:Mariátegui 1377:Pashukanis 1302:Liebknecht 1232:Wertkritik 1172:Analytical 1032:Trotskyism 1007:Autonomist 998:Structural 978:Philosophy 918:Aesthetics 703:Value-form 671:Capitalist 576:Alienation 569:Philosophy 321:Grundrisse 218:March 2022 202:improve it 156:March 2022 104:Wikisource 51:improve it 12272:Perennial 12061:Economics 12013:Feudalism 11799:Australia 11547:Aurangzeb 11523:Political 11513:By person 11194:Pius Wars 10989:Treaty of 10648:conflicts 10455:Poor Laws 10318:Hispanism 10195:Sarmatism 10025:Sonderweg 9783:Expansion 9508:Litvinism 9342:Argentina 9176:Long 18th 9059:Dark Ages 8839:Historism 8637:Political 8576:Geography 8513:Philology 8476:Genealogy 8471:Epigraphy 8414:By source 8253:Artifacts 8011:Mass line 8001:Four Olds 7825:Politburo 7815:New class 7742:Use value 7642:Commodity 7337:Karl Marx 7073:(1969). " 6682:1570-1522 6583:ignored ( 6573:cite book 6421:: 311–362 6214:cite book 6200:(n.d.). 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