History of Afghanistan

2697: 1699: 3424: 4948:. In December 1978 the PDPA leadership signed an agreement with the Soviet Union which would allow military support for the PDPA in Afghanistan if needed. The majority of people in the cities including Kabul either welcomed or were ambivalent to these policies. However, the Marxist–Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population. Repressions plunged large parts of the country, especially the rural areas, into open revolt against the new Marxist–Leninist government. By spring 1979 unrests had reached 24 out of 28 Afghan provinces including major urban areas. Over half of the Afghan army would either desert or join the insurrection. Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional 2677: 5315: 2026: 4580: 5925:" – or large assembly of elders – to initiate peace talks. Karzai also asked for creation of a new peacemaking organization, to be called the National Council for Peace, Reconciliation and Reintegration. Karzai's top adviser on the reconciliation process with the insurgents said that the country must learn to forgive the Taliban. In March 2010, the Karzai government held preliminary talks with Hezb-i-Islami, who presented a plan which included the withdrawal of all foreign troops by the end of 2010. The Taliban declined to participate, saying "The Islamic Emirate has a clear position. We have said this many, many times. There will be no talks when there are foreign troops on Afghanistan's soil killing innocent Afghans on daily basis." 9996:

tasks by themselves. The women were now exposed to the Russians, who kidnapped them with helicopters. By November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. In the city of Kabul, too, the Russians kidnapped women, taking them away in tanks and other vehicles, especially after dark. Such incidents happened mainly in the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons. At times such acts were committed even during the day. KhAD agents also did the same. Small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets, apparently to question them but in reality to satisfy their lust: in the name of security, they had the power to commit excesses.

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will continue to fight. So, for them, I don't think that we have a way forward with talks or negotiations or contacts or anything as such. Then we have to be prepared to tackle and deal with them militarily. In terms of the Taliban on the ground, there are lots of possibilities and opportunities that with the help of the people in different parts of the country, we can attract them to the peace process; provided, we create a favorable environment on this side of the line. At the moment, the people are leaving support for the government because of corruption. So that expectation is also not realistic at this stage.

5658: 1897: 3458: 5898: 4023: 4825: 2446: 44: 5355: 2629: 5133:. During Rabbani's first five years illegal term before the emergence of the Taliban, the eastern and western provinces and some of the northern provinces such as Badakhshan, Takhar, Kunduz, the main parts of Baghlan Province, and some parts of Kandahar and other southern provinces were under the control of the central government while the other parts of southern provinces did not obey him because of his Tajik ethnicity. During the 9 year presidency of Burhanuddin Rabani, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was directed, funded and supplied by the Pakistani army. Afghanistan analyst 4936: 1453: 4385: 3612: 994: 4099:, nephew of the late Gurgín Khán, with an army of 30,000 men to effect its subjugation, but in spite of an initial success, which led the Afghans to offer to surrender on terms, his uncompromising attitude impelled them to make a fresh desperate effort, resulting in the complete defeat of the Persian army (of whom only some 700 escaped) and the death of their general. Two years later, in 1713, another Persian army commanded by Rustam Khán was also defeated by the rebels, who thus secured possession of the whole province of Qandahár. 1975: 5363: 4653: 1293: 10088:

Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul and West wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil in order to recognise it. He then ordered an assault using mujahideen leaders on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration.

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thus acquired a throne, was in possession of India, when Seleucus was laying the foundations of his future greatness; who, after making a league with him, and settling his affairs in the east, proceeded to join in the war against Antigonus. As soon as the forces, therefore, of all the confederates were united, a battle was fought, in which Antigonus was slain, and his son Demetrius put to flight.

2747:— officially known as the Empire of Iranians— was the last kingdom of the Persian Empire before the rise of Islam. Named after the House of Sasan, it ruled from 224 to 651 AD. In the east around 325, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan. Much of modern-day 12033: 3029:

Caesarea (Book I. ch. 3), related the Huns of Europe with the Hephthalites or "White Huns" who subjugated the Sasanians and invaded northwestern India, stating that they were of the same stock, "in fact as well as in name", although he contrasted the Huns with the Hephthalites, in that the Hephthalites were sedentary, white-skinned, and possessed "not ugly" features.

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thousands of civilians in Isfahan; including more than three thousand religious scholars, nobles, and members of the Safavid family. The vast majority of the Persians rejected the Afghan regime which they considered to have been usurping power from the very start. Hotaki rule continued in Afghanistan until 1738 when Shah Hussain was defeated and banished by

5110:, started war on his president and Massod force entrenched in Kabul. This ignited civil war, because the other mujahideen parties would not settle for Hekmatyar ruling alone or sharing actual power with him. Within weeks, the still frail unity of the other mujahideen forces also evaporated, and six militias were fighting each other in and around Kabul. 4517:'s foreign affairs. Abdur Rahman's reforms of the army, legal system and structure of government gave Afghanistan a degree of unity and stability which it had not before known. This, however, came at the cost of strong centralisation, of harsh punishments for crime and corruption, and of a certain degree of international isolation. 5487:, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. They also said, that "hese have been highly systematic and they all lead back to the Ministry of Defense or to 4737: 2025: 9901:

not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.

5522:– then as Chief of Army Staff – was responsible for sending thousands of Pakistanis to fight alongside the Taliban and Bin Laden against the forces of Massoud. In total there were believed to be 28,000 Pakistani nationals fighting inside Afghanistan. 20,000 were regular Pakistani soldiers either from the 9900:

During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were

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Afghan President Hamid Karzai told world leaders during the London conference that he intends to reach out to the top echelons of the Taliban within a few weeks with a peace initiative. Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in

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asking the international community to provide humanitarian help to the people of Afghanistan. He stated that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda had introduced "a very wrong perception of Islam" and that without the support of Pakistan the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for up to a

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The Taliban say: "Come and accept the post of prime minister and be with us", and they would keep the highest office in the country, the presidentship. But for what price?! The difference between us concerns mainly our way of thinking about the very principles of the society and the state. We can not

4622:), which made elementary education compulsory. Some of the reforms that were actually put in place, such as the abolition of the traditional Muslim veil for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools, quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders, which led to the revolt of the 3886:

as the center of a cultural rebirth. A century later, the emperor Babur, a descendant of Timur, visited Herat and wrote, "the whole habitable world had not such a town as Herat." For the next 300 years the eastern Afghan tribes periodically invaded India creating vast Indo-Afghan empires. In 1500 CE,

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ascended a hill to view the forces of Jeipal, which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in number like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. But Subooktugeen considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to

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Khorāsān, also spelled Khurasan, historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south,

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as an instrument of policy, the government of Pakistan, and most especially the Pakistani army and ISI, jeopardizes not only the prospect of our strategic partnership but Pakistan's opportunity to be a respected nation with legitimate regional influence. They may believe that by using these proxies,

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In October 2008 U.S. Defense Secretary Gates had asserted that a political settlement with the Taliban was the endgame for the Afghanistan war. "There has to be ultimately – and I'll underscore ultimately – reconciliation as part of a political outcome to this," Gates stated. By 2010 peace

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democracy" worldwide. At the same time he was very wary not to revive the failed Kabul government of the early 1990s. Already in 1999 he started the training of police forces which he trained specifically to keep order and protect the civilian population in case the United Front would be successful.

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In 1995 the Hezb-i Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the Iranian-backed Hezb-i Wahdat as well as Rashid Dostum's Junbish forces were defeated militarily in the capital Kabul by forces of the interim government under Massoud who subsequently tried to initiate a nationwide political process with the goal

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At the same time, the PDPA imprisoned, tortured or murdered thousands of members of the traditional elite, the religious establishment, and the intelligentsia. The government launched a campaign of violent repression, killing some 10,000 to 27,000 people and imprisoning 14,000 to 20,000 more, mostly

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subject, to govern their easternmost territories in the Greater Kandahar region. One of Gurgīn's main objectives was to crush the rebellions started by native Afghans. Under his rule the revolts were successfully suppressed and he ruled Kandahar with uncompromising severity. He began imprisoning and

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and to take revenge of his father and uncle's death ordered the city to be sacked. The Ghorids or Ghurids lost the northern territory of Transoxiana and northern Great Korasan especially their capital Ghor province due to the invasion of Seljucks but Sultan Ala al-Din's successors consolidated their

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gave way to rule by Arab governors but in the east, in the mountains, cities submitted only to rise in revolt and the hastily converted returned to their old beliefs once the armies passed. The harshness and avariciousness of Arab rule produced such unrest, however, that once the waning power of the

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in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred somtime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565 to 670, when the capitals were

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and becoming vice-president of the Supreme Defence Council. Taraki remained General Secretary, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and in control of the Army. On 14 September, Amin overthrew Taraki, who was killed. Amin stated that "the Afghans recognize only crude force." Afghanistan expert Amin

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between the Mughals (who shortly established a Qandahar subah 1638–1648) and Persia's Safavids, with the native Afghans often switching support from one side to the other. Babur explored a number of cities in the region before his campaign into India. In the city of Kandahar, his personal epigraphy

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His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the 'green Islamic flag' would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the

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While military operations in the country were going on, women were abducted. While flying in the country in search of mujahideen, helicopters would land in fields where women were spotted. While Afghan women do mainly domestic chores, they also work in fields assisting their husbands or performing

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According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan

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I should say that Taliban are not fighting in order to be accommodated. They are fighting in order to bring the state down. So it's a futile exercise, and it's just misleading. ... There are groups that will fight to the death. Whether we like to talk to them or we don't like to talk to them, they

5384:. They imposed on the parts of Afghanistan under their control their political and judicial interpretation of Islam, issuing edicts forbidding women from working outside the home, attending school or leaving their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) said: 4703:

In 1964, King Zahir Shah promulgated a liberal constitution providing for a bicameral legislature to which the king appointed one-third of the deputies. The people elected another third, and the remainder were selected indirectly by provincial assemblies. Although Zahir's "experiment in democracy"

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Some time after, as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander, a wild elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord, and, as if tamed down to gentleness, took him on its back, and became his guide in the war, and conspicuous in fields of battle. Sandrocottus, having

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A final weapon of terror the Soviets used against the mujahideen was the abduction of Afghan women. Soldiers flying in helicopters would scan for women working in the fields in the absence of their men, land, and take the women captive. Russian soldiers in the city of Kabul would also steal young

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In early 2001 Massoud employed a new strategy of local military pressure and global political appeals. Resentment was increasingly gathering against Taliban rule from the bottom of Afghan society including the Pashtun areas. Massoud publicized their cause "popular consensus, general elections and

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The short lived Hotaki dynasty was a troubled and violent one from the very start as internecine conflict made it difficult for them to establish permanent control. The dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds that made their hold on power tenuous. There was a massacre of

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Seventy-seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces; 67 percent say the same of NATO/ISAF forces more generally. Despite the country's travails, eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001. And many more blame either the Taliban or al-Qaeda for the

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The Taliban are not a force to be considered invincible. They are distanced from the people now. They are weaker than in the past. There is only the assistance given by Pakistan, Osama bin Laden and other extremist groups that keep the Taliban on their feet. With a halt to that assistance, it is

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confirms that "20–40 percent of Taliban soldiers are Pakistani." The document further states that the parents of those Pakistani nationals "know nothing regarding their child's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan." A further 3,000 fighter of the

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in Italy. Daoud abolished the monarchy, abrogated the 1964 constitution, and declared Afghanistan a republic with himself as its first president and prime minister. His attempts to carry out badly needed economic and social reforms met with little success, and the new constitution promulgated in

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that had been prepared by Mirwais at his house outside the city. Around four days later, an army of well-trained Georgian troops arrived in the city after hearing of Gurgīn's death, but Mirwais and his Afghan forces successfully held the city against the troops. Between 1710 and 1713, the Afghan

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Pakistan was keen to gear up for a breakthrough in Central Asia. Islamabad could not possibly expect the new Islamic government leaders to subordinate their own nationalist objectives in order to help Pakistan realize its regional ambitions. Had it not been for the ISI's logistic support and

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and many more to the Europe. The Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan brought with them verifiable stories of murder, collective rape, torture and depopulation of civilians by the Soviet forces. Faced with mounting international pressure and great number of casualties on both sides, the Soviets

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editorial (May 28, 1978) which declared: "Privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country ... Educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government

4700:, the king's cousin and brother-in-law. Daoud looked for a closer relationship with the Soviet Union and a more distant one towards Pakistan. However, disputes with Pakistan led to an economic crisis and he was asked to resign in 1963. From 1963 until 1973, Zahir Shah took a more active role. 3873:

moved the capital of the Timurid empire to Herat in 1405. The Timurids, a Turkic people, brought the Turkic nomadic culture of Central Asia within the orbit of Persian civilisation, establishing Herat as one of the most cultured and refined cities in the world. This fusion of Central Asian and

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that ruled in Afghanistan. A group of Central Asian tribes, Hunas or Huna, via the Khyber Pass, entered India at the end of the 5th or early 6th century and successfully occupied areas as far as Eran and Kausambi, greatly weakening the Gupta Empire. The 6th-century Roman historian Procopius of

5503:. Others were kidnapped by the Taliban, touching off a hostage crisis that nearly escalated to a full-scale war, with 150,000 Iranian soldiers massed on the Afghan border at one time. It was later admitted that the diplomats were killed by the Taliban, and their bodies were returned to Iran. 4670:. He then executed him in 1 November of same year. He began consolidating power and regenerating the country. He abandoned the reforms of Amanullah Khan in favour of a more gradual approach to modernisation. In 1933, however, he was assassinated in a revenge killing by a student from Kabul. 3787:

The Mongols invaded Afghanistan in 1221 having defeated the Khwarazmian armies. The Mongols invasion had long-term consequences with many parts of Afghanistan never recovering from the devastation. The towns and villages suffered much more than the nomads who were able to avoid attack. The

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Zaman Shah and his brothers had a weak hold on the legacy left to them by their famous ancestor. They sorted out their differences through a "round robin of expulsions, blindings and executions," which resulted in the deterioration of the Afghan hold over far-flung territories, such as

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According to Human Rights Watch in 1997 Taliban soldiers were summarily executed in and around Mazar-i Sharif by Dostum's Junbish forces. Dostum was defeated by the Taliban in 1998 with the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif. Massoud remained the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan.

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Southern Afghanistan was made into an independent local Pashtun kingdom. Refusing the title of king, Mirwais was called "Prince of Qandahár and general of the national troops" by his Afghan countrymen. He died of natural causes in November 1715 and was succeeded by his brother

3733:' until the early 20th century. The empire was established by three brothers from Ghor region of Afghanistan Qutb al-Din, Sayf al-Din, Baha al-Din which all them fought against Ghaznavid emperor Bahram Shah of Ghazni but were not successful and killed in the process. Initially 3344:, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sabuktigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the 3376:

glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Hindoo line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.

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In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b.

3949:, arrived from present-day Uzbekistan and moved to the city of Kabul. He began exploring new territories in the region, with Kabul serving as his military headquarters. Instead of looking towards the powerful Safavids towards the Persian west, Babur was more focused on the 8292:

The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud

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was the easternmost regions of the Achaemenid Empire, part of its Seventh tax district according to Herodotus, along with Gandārae, Dadicae and Aparytae. It is believed to have been situated east of the Sulaiman Mountains up to the Indus River in the basin around Bannu.[

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parties and armies form a coalition government shattered. Mujahideen did not abide by the mutual pledges and Ahmad Shah Masood forces because of his proximity to Kabul captured the capital before Mujahideen Govt was established. So the elected prime minister and warlord

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responsible for introducing Buddhismin that country. Originally these two were merchants of the kingdom of Balhika, as the name Bhalluka or Bhallika probably suggests the association of one with that country. They had gone to India for trade and had happened to be at

1993: 6028:, told Radio Pakistan that "The attack that took place in Kabul a few days ago, that was the work of the Haqqani network. There is evidence linking the Haqqani Network to the Pakistan government. This is something that must stop." Other top U.S. officials such as 5703:

was launched in which teams of American and British special forces worked with commanders of the United Front (Northern Alliance) against the Taliban. At the same time the US-led forces were bombing Taliban and al-Qaeda targets everywhere inside Afghanistan with

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of anti-British feelings and of Afghan rebellion along the borders of India. His policy of neutrality was not universally popular within the country, and Habibullah was assassinated in 1919, possibly by family members opposed to British influence. His third son,

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On September 26, 1996, as the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support by Saudi Arabia, prepared for another major offensive, Massoud ordered a full retreat from Kabul. The Taliban seized Kabul on September 27, 1996, and established the

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withdrew in 1989. Their withdrawal from Afghanistan was seen as an ideological victory in the United States, which had backed some Mujahideen factions through three U.S. presidential administrations to counter Soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil-rich

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countries. This large return of Afghans may have helped the nation's economy but the country still remains one of the poorest in the world due to the decades of war, lack of foreign investment, ongoing government corruption and the Pakistani-backed

4743: 4741: 4739: 4203:. After several military campaigns against the Afghans, he effectively reduced the Hotakis' power to only southern Afghanistan. The last ruler of the Hotaki dynasty, Shah Hussain, ruled southern Afghanistan until 1738 when the Afsharids and the 1919:. His army faced very strong resistance in the Afghan tribal areas where he is said to have commented that Afghanistan is "easy to march into, hard to march out of." Although his expedition through Afghanistan was brief, Alexander left behind a 5128:

the next US appointed interim president. During Rabbani's presidency some parts of the country including a few provinces in the north such as Mazar e-Sharif, Jawzjan, Faryab, Shuburghan and some parts of Baghlan provinces were ruled by general

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of providing small level of support to the Taliban insurgents. According to a report by the United Nations, the Taliban and other militants were responsible for 76% of civilian casualties in 2009, 75% in 2010 and 80% in 2011. A report titled

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faction. Atrocities were committed by individuals of the different factions while Kabul descended into lawlessness and chaos as described in reports by Human Rights Watch and the Afghanistan Justice Project. Again, Human Rights Watch writes:

4456:" significantly influenced Afghanistan during the 19th century. British concern over Russian advances in Central Asia and over Russia's growing influence in West Asia and in Persia in particular culminated in two Anglo-Afghan wars and in the 4742: 5543:

became a state within the Taliban state. Bin Laden sent Arab recruits to join the fight against the United Front. Of roughly 45,000 Pakistani, Taliban and Al-Qaeda soldiers fighting against the forces of Massoud only 14,000 were Afghan.

4513:, known as the "Iron Emir", came to the Afghan throne. During his reign (1880–1901), the British and Russians officially established the boundaries of what would become modern Afghanistan. The British retained effective control over 7505:"and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350" 9776:

The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in

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In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid

3865:. Timur rebuilt most of Afghanistan's infrastructure which was destroyed by his early ancestor. The area was progressing under his rule. Timurid rule began declining in the early 16th century with the rise of a new ruler in Kabul, 5888:) believe that Karzai plans to appease the insurgents' senior leadership at the cost of the democratic constitution, the democratic process and progress in the field of human rights especially women's rights. Dr. Abdullah stated: 5778:

led many offensives against the Taliban but failed to fully defeat them. By 2009, a Taliban-led shadow government began to form in many parts of the country complete with their own version of mediation court. After U.S. President

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which was committed against them by the Soviet Union. Soviet forces and their proxies killed between 562,000 and 2 million Afghans and Russian soldiers also engaged in abductions and rapes of Afghan women. About 6 million fled as

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commented on the progress of peace talks to date, stating, "The prospect for reconciliation with senior Taliban leaders certainly looms out there...and there have been approaches at (a) very senior level that hold some promise."

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advanced that Cyrus had conquered only the trans-Indus borderlands around Peshawar which had belonged to Gandhāra while Pukkusāti remained a powerful king who maintained his rule over the rest of Gandhāra and the western Punjab.

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Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan. Eighty-three percent said they have a favorable view of "the US military forces in our country" (39% very favorable). Just 17% have an unfavorable

4782:(or "Kaibar"), was killed by the government. The leaders of PDPA apparently feared that Daoud was planning to exterminate them all, especially since most of them were arrested by the government shortly after. Nonetheless, 2094:. The Mauryas further entrenched Hinduism and introduced Buddhism to the region, and were planning to capture more territory of Central Asia until they faced local Greco-Bactrian forces. Seleucus is said to have reached a 11231: 5514:

was responsible for mass-killings of Afghan civilians. The report by the United Nations quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people.

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The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by forces of the Islamic State government under Ahmad Shah Massoud. Amnesty International, referring to the Taliban offensive, wrote in a 1995 report:

5500: 4543:(May to August 1919) with an attack on India. The Afghans gave a severe defeat to the British. During the ensuing conflict the war-weary British relinquished their control over Afghan foreign affairs by signing the 3663:(Mahmude Ghaznavi in local pronunciation) consolidated the conquests of his predecessors and the city of Ghazni became a great cultural centre as well as a base for frequent forays into the Indian subcontinent. The 12945: 6341: 4740: 4284:. By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and for a short time, subjugated large swathes of the Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with 3407:, who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the 6121:, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in U.S. bank accounts. In October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage. On 11 November 2021, the 5555:

set up democratic institutions and signed the Women's Rights Charter. Human Rights Watch cites no human rights crimes for the forces under direct control of Massoud for the period from October 1996 until the

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narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings

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The early Arab forces did not fully explore Afghanistan due to attacks by the mountain tribes. Much of the eastern parts of the country remained independent, as part of the Hindu Shahi kingdoms of Kabul and

5124:. Rabbani reigned as the official and elected president of Afghanistan by Shurai Mujahiddin Peshawer (Peshawer Mujahiddin Council) from 1992 until 2001 when he officially handed over the presidency post to 4480:

as a de facto vassal, Dost Mohammad could focus on reuniting Afghanistan, which was divided following the Durrani-Barakzai civil wars. Dost Mohammad began his conquest while only ruling the major cities of

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at the advice of the USA and its allies, was interested in a trans-national Islamic revolution which would cover Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia. For this purpose the ISI masterminded an attack on

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efforts began. In early January, Taliban commanders held secret exploratory talks with a United Nations special envoy to discuss peace terms. Regional commanders on the Taliban's leadership council, the

4509:(1878–1880) resulted from the refusal by Emir Sher Ali (reigned 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 to 1879) to accept a British diplomatic mission in Kabul. In the wake of this conflict Shir Ali's nephew, Emir 4255:

Nadir Shah was assassinated on 19 June 1747 by several of his Persian officers, and the Afsharid empire fell to pieces. At the same time the 25-year-old Ahmad Khan was busy in Afghanistan calling for a

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However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the

10634: 8305:, 1954, pp 112 ff; "The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab", 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians. 4008:

can be found in the Chilzina rock mountain. Like in the rest of the territories that used to make part of the Indian Mughal Empire, Afghanistan holds tombs, palaces, and forts built by the Mughals.

10901: 11454: 7637:

Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906

6695: 4696:, became prime minister and began an experiment allowing greater political freedom, but reversed the policy when it went further than he expected. In 1953, he was replaced as prime minister by 4618:, Amanullah Khan's Foreign Minister and father-in-law — and an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's first constitution (declared through a 2676: 5120:

a well known Kabul university professor and the leader of Jamiat-e-Islami party of Mujahiddin who fought against Russians during the occupation was chosen by all of the Jahadi leaders except

4610:

in 1925, he established diplomatic relations with most major countries and, following a 1927 tour of Europe and Turkey (during which he noted the modernization and secularization advanced by

10324:

Amnesty International. "Document – Afghanistan: Further Information on Fear for Safety and New Concern: Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings: Civilians in Kabul". 16 November 1995 Accessed at*

5584:

The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud a position of power to make him stop his resistance. Massoud declined for he did not fight to obtain a position of power. He said in one interview:

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To PHR's knowledge, no other regime in the world has methodically and violently forced half of its population into virtual house arrest, prohibiting them on pain of physical punishment.

4856:, Babrak Karmal and Amin Taha overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud, who was assassinated along with all his family members in a bloody military coup. The coup became known as the 8159: 5589:

accept their conditions of compromise, or else we would have to give up the principles of modern democracy. We are fundamentally against the system called "the Emirate of Afghanistan".

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meeting to initiate peace talks. These steps have resulted in an intensification of bombings, assassinations and ambushes. Some Afghan groups (including the former intelligence chief

5766:

to set up the modern Afghan government, and some progress was made in key areas such as governance, economy, health, education, transport, and agriculture. NATO had been training the

4331:, fled the wrath of his brother and sought refuge with the Sikhs. Durrani invaded the region of Punjab three times, during his invasions he destroyed a holy shrine of the Sikhs – the 4180:

took advantage of the continuing political unrest and civil strife to seize former Persian territories for themselves, limiting the amount of territory under Shah Mahmud's control.

1332:

were small farmers and herdsmen, very probably grouped into tribes, with small local kingdoms rising and falling through the ages. Urbanization may have begun as early as 3000 BCE.

5268:-run religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan) also developed in Afghanistan as a politico-religious force, reportedly in opposition to the tyranny of the local governor. 5280:

describe the Taliban as developing into a proxy force for Pakistan's regional interests. In 1994 the Taliban took power in several provinces in southern and central Afghanistan.

11019:

country's violence, 53 percent, than blame the United States, 12 percent. The latter is about half what it was in 2012, coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment.

4460:(1837–1838), in which the Persians, trying to retake Afghanistan and throw out the British, sent armies into the country and fought the British mostly around and in the city of 4260:("grand assembly") to select a leader among his people. The Afghans gathered near Kandahar in October 1747 and chose Ahmad Shah from among the challengers, making him their new 11414: 11226: 4952:, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of 4147:

Mahmud began a short-lived reign of terror against his Persian subjects who defied his rule from the very start, and he was eventually murdered in 1725 by his own cousin, Shah

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Abdur Rahman had meanwhile become known as the 'Iron Emir' for his ruthless measures to break the tribal, or feudal, system in Afghanistan as well as the power of the mullahs.

3498:

they introduced the religion of Islam as they entered new cities. Afghanistan at that period had a number of different independent rulers, depending on the area. Ancestors of

4738: 11772: 1274:. Although initially claiming it would form an inclusive government for the country, in September 2021 the Taliban re-established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan with an 11831: 11438: 3457: 14652: 11058: 5408:) against the Taliban, who were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and Dostum. The United Front included beside the dominantly 4924:. The PDPA invited the Soviet Union to assist in modernizing its economic infrastructure (predominantly its exploration and mining of rare minerals and natural gas). The 12863:

An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy

6337: 10976: 8126:

The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the third century AD, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana'...

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was facing acute food insecurity, adding that "Close to 1 million children are severely malnourished and 2.3 million are suffering from moderate acute malnutrition."

6036:

made similar statements. On October 16, 2011, "Operation Knife Edge" was launched by NATO and Afghan forces against the Haqqani network in south-eastern Afghanistan.

1629:

The descendants of Kambojas have mostly been assimilated into newer identities, however, some tribes remain today that still retain the names of their ancestors. The

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students in his hometown of Kandahar. As Gulbuddin Hekmatyar remained unsuccessful in conquering Kabul, Pakistan started supporting the Taliban. Many analysts like

2577:

Emperor Kanishka was a great patron of Buddhism; however, as Kushans expanded southward, the deities of their later coinage came to reflect its new Hindu majority.

1923:

cultural influence that lasted several centuries. Several great cities were built in the region named "Alexandria," including: Alexandria-of-the-Arians (modern-day

12924:. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, 6144:

back to Afghanistan. Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act." In December 2023, speaking about the situation in Afghanistan,

11253: 10703: 9746:

Charles Norchi, a Visiting Scholar at Yale Law School, directed the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights (with the Committee for a Free Afghanistan).

8851: 12069: 11806: 10049: 8499: 4191:

The Hotakis were eventually removed from power in 1729, after a very short lived reign. They were defeated in the October 1729 by the Iranian military commander

2656: 10941: 7442: 7325: 2319:(now isolated from the rest of the Hellenistic world after the fall of Bactria) to its height between 165 and 130 BCE, expanding the kingdom in Afghanistan and 11384: 5857: 4762:

Amid corruption charges and malfeasance against the royal family and the poor economic conditions created by the severe 1971–72 drought, former prime minister

2146: 1584:

and after over-running the Achaemenid Empire he dashed into today's eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. There he encountered resistance from the Kamboja

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agenda. It moved to replace religious and traditional laws with secular and Marxist–Leninist ones. Men were obliged to cut their beards, women could not wear

4888:

Saikal writes: "As his powers grew, so apparently did his craving for personal dictatorship ... and his vision of the revolutionary process based on terror."

2971:

in Afghanistan. They are supposed to have originated in Western China and arrived in Bactria with the great migrations of the second half of the 4th century.

13474: 11531: 9570: 5323: 10786: 8358:... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ... 6113:

Western countries have suspended most humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021. The United States has

5375:

This is the first time in several months that Kabul civilians have become the targets of rocket attacks and shelling aimed at residential areas in the city.

10100: 9617: 3887:

Babur was driven out of his home in the Ferghana valley. By the 16th century western Afghanistan again reverted to Persian rule under the Safavid dynasty.

2149:

is recorded through wide-ranging archeological finds, including religious and artistic remnants. Buddhist doctrines are reported to have reached as far as

5002:

but more recent reports state that the U.S. and Saudi Arabia provided as much as up to $ 40 billion in cash and weapons, which included over two thousand

14552: 1939:, at Bordj-i-Abdullah); and finally, Alexandria-Eschate (near Kojend), in the north. After Alexander's death, his loosely connected empire was divided. 13412: 12589: 5597:

There should be an Afghanistan where every Afghan finds himself or herself happy. And I think that can only be assured by democracy based on consensus.

4132:, allegedly for planning to give Kandahar's sovereignty back to Persia. Mahmud led an Afghan army into Persia in 1722 and defeated the Safavids at the 1150:

from 1823 to 1863, where he conquered the independent principalities of Afghanistan under the Emirate of Kabul. Dost Mohammad died in 1863, days after

12797: 12729: 12705: 12681: 12616: 12555: 12398: 12374: 12351: 12304: 12280: 12253: 11464: 9442: 5601:

Massoud wanted to convince the Taliban to join a political process leading towards democratic elections in a foreseeable future. Massoud stated that:

5101:

With the crumbling of the Najibullah regime early in 1992, Afghanistan fell into further disarray and civil war. A U.N.-supported attempt to have the

4932:. Upon the PDPA's ascension to power, and the establishment of the DRA, the Soviet Union promised monetary aid amounting to at least $ 1.262 billion. 9965:

women. The object was rape, although sometimes the women were killed, as well. The women who returned home were often considered dishonored for life.

6443: 5530:

filling regular Taliban ranks. The estimated 25,000 Taliban regular force thus comprised more than 8,000 Pakistani nationals. A 1998 document by the

4476:

and the dispatch of a second British invasion army. Following the British defeat in the First Anglo-Afghan War, where they tried to re-establish the

12515: 10811: 9302: 10202:

How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace (1st ed.)

7528:

which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.

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has led it to being described, picturesquely, as the ‘roundabout of the ancient world’. The land has historically been home to various peoples and

980: 13561:

so altered the climate that the winter became ten months long and the summer only two. Along the way, they settle down near large rivers, such as

12105: 10902:"A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price'" 9710:

W. Michael Reisman is Hohfeld Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale Law School and a member of the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights.

9631: 6720:

H.-P., Francfort; et al. (2005). "La civilisation de l'Oxus et les Indo-iraniens et les Indo-aryens en Asie centrale". In Fussman, G. (ed.).

6363: 3788:

destruction of irrigation systems maintained by the sedentary people led to the shift of the weight of the country towards the hills. The city of

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concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.

5699:

as the faces behind the attacks. When the Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden to US authorities and to disband al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan,

5436:. From the Taliban conquest in 1996 until November 2001 the United Front controlled roughly 30% of Afghanistan's population in provinces such as 2667: 737: 12883: 10671: 10071: 5491:

himself." The Taliban especially targeted people of Shia religious or Hazara ethnic background. Upon taking Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998, about 4,000

14263: 13013: 10768: 10215: 8697: 7028: 6044:, explained that the operation will "help eliminate the insurgents before they struck in areas along the troubled frontier". In November 2011, 5381: 5150:

There was no time for the interim government to create working government departments, police units or a system of justice and accountability.

1255: 688: 8226: 15134: 9655: 4075: 3332:

in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of

3258:, a Chinese pilgrim, visiting the Afghanistan area several times between 630 and 644 CE also speaks about them. Ancestors of many of today's 13048: 8043: 7977: 7254: 5990:

they are hedging their bets or redressing what they feel is an imbalance in regional power. But in reality, they have already lost that bet.

14094: 13449: 13441: 13408: 12986: 12574:

Jabeen, Mussarat, Prof Dr Muhammad Saleem Mazhar, and Naheed S. Goraya. "US Afghan Relations: A Historical Perspective of Events of 9/11."

9380: 9094: 9062: 8383: 1698: 11881: 10517:"Afghanistan: Situation in, or around, Aqcha (Jawzjan province) including predominant tribal/ethnic group and who is currently in control" 10171: 4299:

In October 1772, Ahmad Shah retired to his home in Kandahar where he died peacefully and was buried at a site that is now adjacent to the

4059:

executing the native Afghans, especially those suspected in having taken part in the rebellions. One of those arrested and imprisoned was

13532: 13465: 12186: 9599: 6552: 4811: 4775: 4705: 3100:

of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.

1845:

was the area north of the Hindu Kush, west of the Pamirs and south of the Tian Shan, with the Amu Darya flowing west through the center (

1398: 1388: 79: 5969:

took place across Afghanistan. This led to the United States warning Pakistan of a possible military action against the Haqqanis in the

4151:. Some sources say he died of madness . Ashraf became the new Afghan Shah of Persia soon after Mahmud's death, while the home region of 2542:

Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line), according to the Rabatak inscription

1146:. Afghanistan would be reunited in the 19th century after seven decades of civil war from 1793 to 1863, with wars of unification led by 11997: 10886: 10400: 6266: 913: 9827: 2415:. The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Scythians were defeated by the south Indian Emperor 2407:

from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from

14808: 14253: 12141: 11411: 3874:

Persian culture was a major legacy for the future Afghanistan. Under the rule of Shah Rukh the city served as the focal point of the

3771: 1068: 723: 443: 11369: 9883: 2580:

They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent and its spread to Central Asia and China.

1072: 12999: 11782: 11141: 6092: 4869: 11002: 9790: 9723: 9687: 8792:

Taliban Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, 2nd ed. Rashid, Ahmed. Introduction, page 9. Yale University Press

7677:

Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia

6874:

Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In

6748:

Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia

2098:

with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.

1351:

Early inhabitants, around 3000 BCE were likely to have been connected through culture and trade to neighboring civilizations like

15083: 14238: 11624: 11446: 5724: 4757: 1693: 1320:, suggest that early humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 52,000 years ago. A cave called Kara Kamar contained 1203: 638: 13043: 12015: 10574: 5205:(the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days. 2562:, the empire spread to encompass much of Afghanistan, and then the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as 1328:

dated at 34,000 years old. Farming communities in Afghanistan were among the earliest in the world. Artifacts indicate that the

15144: 11202: 11062: 9546: 4803: 4766:

seized power in a non-violent coup on July 17, 1973, while Zahir Shah was receiving treatment for eye problems and therapy for

4677: 4173: 1883: 12991: 8138: 2277:

from the east. The Yuezhi now had complete occupation of Bactria. It is thought that Eucratides' dynasty continued to rule in

14268: 9361: 9274: 8721: 8658: 8632: 8605: 8578: 8419: 7933: 7861: 7834: 7549: 6970: 6935: 6907: 6858: 6783: 6756: 6249: 6180: 6175: 6002: 4704:

produced few lasting reforms, it permitted the growth of parties on both the left and the right. This included the communist

1259: 891: 698: 10486: 10327:"Afghanistan: Further information on fear for safety and new concern: Deliberate and arbitrary killings: Civilians in Kabul" 5314: 668: 11724: 11430: 11283: 7609: 7504: 6096: 6021: 2554:, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came from an Indo-European language-speaking Central Asian tribe called the 2550:

expanded out of Bactria (Central Asia) into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor,

1375:, but their date of arrival has been estimated widely from as early as about 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE. (For further detail see 973: 12236: 11750: 10376: 6468: 15058: 14369: 12977: 12051: 10236: 8197: 7824: 5970: 5962: 5557: 5284:

of national consolidation and democratic elections, also inviting the Taliban to join the process. The Taliban declined.

4967:

invaded its southern neighbor. Over 100,000 Soviet troops took part in the invasion, which was backed by another 100,000

4928:

also sent contractors to build roads, hospitals and schools and to drill water wells; they also trained and equipped the

4708:(PDPA), which had close ideological ties to the Soviet Union. In 1967, the PDPA split into two major rival factions: the 4692:, who held the post of prime minister and continued the policies of Nadir Khan. In 1946, another of Zahir Shah's uncles, 3972:

From the 16th century to the 17th century CE, Afghanistan was divided into three major areas. The north was ruled by the

1974: 11306: 11085: 11032: 10424: 5758:

While the Taliban began regrouping inside Pakistan, the rebuilding of war-torn Afghanistan kicked off in 2002 (see also

5687:

in the United States, when Afghan-based Al-Qaeda suicide bombers hijacked planes and flew them into four targets in the

14364: 14273: 14243: 11810: 11261: 10008: 8859: 8551: 7685: 6137: 6053: 5759: 5644: 4873: 4807: 4606:

moved to end his country's traditional isolation in the years following the Third Anglo-Afghan war. After quelling the

3915: 1271: 1244: 1218: 1080: 1018: 918: 908: 901: 658: 12478:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

10047: 8480:

International Business Publication: Afghanistan. Country Study Guide, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments

5177:, as Iran was attempting to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence. Saudi Arabia was trying to strengthen the 4971:

men and supporters of the Parcham faction. In the meantime, Hafizullah Amin was killed and replaced by Babrak Karmal.

4388:

Map of Afghanistan 1839–1863, showing the First Anglo-Afghan war, and unification of Afghanistan by Dost Mohammad Khan

3071:

established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader

2933:

were peoples who were of a group of Central Asian tribes. Four of the Huna tribe conquered and ruled Afghanistan: the

1182:

saw a British victory and the successful establishment of British political influence over Afghanistan. Following the

15103: 14642: 14572: 14527: 14311: 13022: 12929: 12912: 12852: 12810: 12787: 12742: 12718: 12694: 12670: 12646: 12629: 12568: 12544: 12503: 12486: 12466: 12447: 12430: 12411: 12387: 12337: 12317: 12293: 12266: 12225: 11388: 10866:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

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on January 8. It was the first such meeting between the UN and senior members of the Taliban. On 26 January 2010, at

5249:

operating as the regular Islamic State forces (as agreed upon in the Peshawar Accords) under the Defence Ministry of

5146:

supply of a large number of rockets, Hekmatyar's forces would not have been able to target and destroy half of Kabul.

5098:

in March 1989, for the Mujahideen to establish their own government in Afghanistan, but this failed in three months.

4987: 4524: 4497:. By the time of his death in 1863, Dost Mohammad had reunited most of Afghanistan. Following Dost Mohammad's death, 4363: 4249: 2302: 861: 11481: 9978: 15208: 14557: 14517: 14379: 14228: 14087: 11903: 11535: 11504: 11339: 5309: 5069: 5065: 5016:

Scholars such as W. Michael Reisman, Charles Norchi and Mohammed Kakar, believe that the Afghans were victims of a

5009:, for building up Islamic groups against the Soviet Union. The U.S. handled most of its support through Pakistan's 4627: 4579: 4560: 4498: 3767: 2484:

province of Pakistan) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence the capital shifted between

1240: 1237: 1234: 1155: 856: 11584: 1363:. Urban civilization may have begun as early as 3000 BCE and it is possible that the early city of Mundigak (near 15203: 14632: 14411: 14354: 14306: 14278: 14163: 14158: 13784: 13775: 10925: 10794: 10713: 7826:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th–11th Centuries

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utside forces saw instability in Afghanistan as an opportunity to press their own security and political agendas.

4607: 4403: 4396: 3858: 3485: 2809: 2062: 1267: 1151: 1064: 966: 942: 923: 871: 733: 23: 13034: 11852: 9759: 4071:, but the charges against him were dismissed by the king, so he was sent back to his native land as a free man. 2516:, had built a palace for the king at Taxila and had also ordained leaders for the Church before leaving for the 2492:. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the 14123: 11426: 10456: 7163: 4457: 4087:

forces defeated several large Persian armies that were dispatched from Isfahan by the Safavids, which included

3800:

they besieged the city of Bamyan. In the course of the siege a defender's arrow killed Genghis Khan's grandson

3780: 3400:, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty. 2165:

In this context a legend recorded by Husang Tsang refers to the first two lay disciples of Buddha, Trapusa and

2031: 1287: 1222: 1032: 60: 7075:

Fleming, David (April 1982). "Achaemenid Sattagydia and the geography of Vivana's campaigns (DB III, 54–75)".

5626: 2476:, during or slightly before the 1st century CE. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held 14801: 14617: 14537: 14532: 14374: 14359: 14233: 12654: 8251: 6875: 4095:

Several half-hearted attempts to subdue the rebellious city having failed, the Persian Government despatched

1523:, who reigned around 550 BCE, engaged in expansionist ventures which brought him into conflict with the king 719: 608: 12586: 10596: 5260:

was a centre of lawlessness, crime and atrocities fuelled by complex Pashtun tribal rivalries. In 1994, the

1199: 628: 14893: 14584: 14579: 14542: 14406: 14258: 13060: 11558: 10282: 9613: 9449: 8222: 8075: 7987: 6045: 5155: 4392: 3606: 886: 708: 678: 8183:

Niazi, Shaheer. "'The Origin of the Pathans'." Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 18.1 (1970): 23.

7541:

The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys

6422: 4903:, banning forced marriages and giving state recognition of women's right to vote. A prominent example was 4523:, Abdur Rahman's son, came to the throne in 1901 and kept Afghanistan neutral during World War I, despite 3742:

power in India by defeating the remainder of Ghaznavid rulers. At their largest extent they ruled east of

15139: 14761: 14708: 14562: 14398: 14349: 14080: 12519: 12209:

Afghanistan's foreign affairs to the mid-twentieth century: relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain

12180: 11922: 10819: 10790: 10657: 10371: 9299: 9158: 9128: 8521: 6153: 5978: 5837: 5565: 5429: 5209:

The main forces involved during that period in Kabul, northern, central and eastern Afghanistan were the

5086: 5010: 4991: 3804:. The Mongols razed the city and massacred its inhabitants in revenge, with its former site known as the 2904: 1476:

river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the

293: 119: 8044:"The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8)" 6493: 6377: 1499:

During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west South Asia, with the

1304:

of Afghanistan. Early peasant farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan about 7,000 years ago.

15098: 15003: 14567: 14301: 9641: 9466: 8691: 8193: 7134: 7022: 6899: 6439: 6149: 5732: 5720: 5700: 5688: 5640: 5632: 4975: 3685: 2493: 2282: 2016: 1671:

are another group that still retain the name however have integrated into new identity. The country of

558: 51: 12123: 10524: 9574: 9219:

archive.org: "Sale's brigade in Afghanistan, with an account of the seizure and defence of Jellalabad"

9123: 4907:, who was a major Marxist leader and a member of the Revolutionary Council. Ratebzad wrote the famous 4614:), introduced several reforms intended to modernize Afghanistan. A key force behind these reforms was 3494:

Arabs had conquered most of West Asia from the Sasanians and Byzantines, and from the western city of

14128: 13428: 13008: 12887: 10679: 6145: 5736: 5425: 3548: 3397: 3389: 1360: 69: 10836: 4666:

became King of Afghanistan on 15 October 1929 after he took control of Afghanistan by defeating the

3355:

Before his struggle began Jaipal had raised a large army of Punjabi Hindus. When Jaipal went to the

2618:

By the 3rd century, their empire in India was disintegrating and their last known great emperor was

15108: 14825: 14794: 14688: 14657: 14478: 14337: 12824:"Durand's Curse: A Line Across the Pathan Heart" by Rajiv Dogra, Publisher: Rupa Publications India 12323: 7876: 7117: 6170: 5938: 5861: 5829: 5790: 5661: 5074: 4635: 4200: 3318: 3067:

in Afghanistan, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The

1966: 1920: 1645: 1309: 1139: 1048: 588: 12836: 12509:

Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the

11602: 10549: 10105:

The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region

5762:). The Afghan nation was able to build democratic structures over the years by the creation of an 5657: 4982:

before the Soviet invasion. After the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the U.S. began arming the

3243: 1702:

Much of the area corresponding to modern-day Afghanistan was subordinated to the Achaemenid Empire

1278:

made up entirely of Taliban members. The Taliban government remains internationally unrecognized.

15053: 15018: 14973: 14723: 14637: 14500: 14384: 14213: 14183: 13528: 13512: 12982: 12857: 12087: 11412:"Body Count – Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the 'War on Terror' – Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan" 10727: 8965: 8051: 7991: 7910:

from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan.

6185: 6059: 5995: 5926: 5767: 4968: 4548: 4506: 4469: 4293: 4104: 3359:, his army was raised to 100,000 horsemen and an innumerable host of foot soldiers. According to 3049:, observed that they had no belief in the Buddhist law and served a large number of divinities." 1896: 1336:

is the name of an ancient kingdom from the Vedic period and its capital city located between the

1179: 1096: 1092: 1014: 10179: 9665: 9377: 9102: 9070: 8969: 8387: 7958: 6229: 5897: 1348:), although Kandahar in modern times and the ancient Gandhara are not geographically identical. 14943: 14938: 14754: 14747: 14671: 14647: 14600: 14547: 14223: 14218: 14208: 14193: 14107: 13665: 11459: 10708: 8999: 8517: 7574: 7468: 6560: 6107: 6076: 6014: 5771: 5751: 5709: 5696: 5668: 5433: 5297: 5198: 5113: 5006: 4647: 4540: 4465: 4377: 3797: 2416: 2412: 2308: 2235: 2203: 2193: 1248: 1209:

Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including

1187: 1186:

in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent

1183: 1175: 1143: 1127: 1006: 866: 618: 598: 149: 11676: 10937: 10748: 10022: 9922: 9030: 8933: 8900: 8711: 8648: 8568: 8409: 8013: 7763: 7675: 7202: 7043: 6297: 4022: 3547:

of Seistan shone briefly in the Afghan area. The fanatic founder of this dynasty, the persian

3543:

became apparent, native rulers once again established themselves independent. Among these the

2508:, which means "Holder of Glory", were even related. Christian writings claim that the Apostle 1580:

as he invaded Central Asia. The Macedonian conqueror made short shrift of the arrangements of

15063: 15038: 14953: 14933: 14883: 14853: 14843: 14718: 14703: 14627: 14622: 14473: 14248: 13728: 12608: 12359:. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977. 10278: 9814:

people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.

8882: 8852:"Afghan Leaders Yearbook, Afghanistan main interactive web site, made by Afghans for Afghans" 8622: 8479: 8459: 7954:"DRANGIANA or Zarangiana; territory around Lake Hāmūn and the Helmand river in modern Sīstān" 7923: 7894: 7747: 7539: 6959:

Proceedings, 1965, p 39, by Punjabi University. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies – History.

6775:

Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia

5719:

border into Pakistan. In December 2001, after the Taliban government was toppled and the new

5531: 4819: 4473: 3738: 3526:

in 642 CE and then they marched with confidence to the east. On the western periphery of the

3392:

once more and suffered yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day

2461: 2440: 1554: 1316:

in 1966 where 800 stone implements were recovered along with a fragment of Neanderthal right

1230: 1135: 1076: 199: 12372:

Chasing tales: travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan

11923:"Afghanistan Live Updates: Government Collapses as President Flees, and Taliban Enter Kabul" 10408: 8819: 6524: 6518: 6274: 5712:

in the north followed by all the other cities, as the Taliban and al-Qaeda crossed over the

1447: 43: 15213: 15149: 15028: 15023: 14903: 14770: 14698: 14490: 14317: 14203: 11158: 11110: 10841: 9858: 9487: 9201:

Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 198,

8230: 7486: 6669:(2 ed.). United States: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492 6165: 6130: 6114: 6080: 5954: 5775: 5747: 5684: 5627:

NATO's presence, the Emergency Loya Jirga, the Taliban's takeover and the Panjshir uprising

5506:

The documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in these killings.

5354: 5305: 5265: 4949: 4945: 4892: 4824: 4689: 4676:, Nadir Khan's 19-year-old son, succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973. The 4544: 4418: 3987:

Mughals of northern India, who under Akbar established in Kabul one of the original twelve

2584: 2445: 1912: 1263: 1119: 1104: 12088:"Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies" 10326: 9184:

Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 18,

4935: 4280:

tribe after this. Ahmad Shah not only represented the Durranis but he also united all the

2599:

through the Indus valley, encouraging long-distance trade, particularly between China and

1134:, it was divided into multiple smaller independent kingdoms, including but not limited to 8: 15123: 15093: 15043: 14998: 14978: 14968: 14868: 14693: 13893: 11138: 6883: 6850: 6118: 5958: 5873: 5728: 5615: 5437: 5401: 5343: 5238: 5214: 5202: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5116:

was elected as Afghanistan's elected interim president for two months and then professor

5107: 5047: 5026: 4929: 4853: 4829: 4763: 4713: 4697: 4673: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4593: 4399: 4300: 4289: 4241: 4152: 4096: 4047: 3950: 3883: 3875: 3747: 3572: 3499: 3199: 3186:) are now located in Afghanistan. The countries of Kandahar, Ghazni and Kabul formed the 3159: 2270: 2111: 2107: 2091: 1944: 1916: 1908: 1577: 1195: 1056: 896: 876: 12996: 11698: 11650: 9917:

Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban

6395: 2364: 15068: 14983: 14963: 14848: 14838: 14775: 14323: 14188: 13959: 13949: 13674: 13638: 13026: 12771:

Afghanistan: a military history from Alexander the Great to the war against the Taliban

12343: 11180: 10753: 10545: 10209: 10175: 9915: 9850: 9797: 9730: 9694: 9134: 8992: 7800:(tr. Samuel Beal), London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1906, pp. 167–168 7567: 7388: 7380: 7100: 7092: 6950:

Panjab Past and Present, pp 9–10; also see: History of Porus, pp 12, 38, Buddha Parkash

6812: 6317: 6041: 5942: 5869: 5814: 5783:

announced the deployment of another 30,000 soldiers in 2010 for a period of two years,

5676: 5636: 5577: 5561: 5552: 5397: 5362: 5339: 5327: 5250: 5230: 5194: 5181: 4865: 4414: 4407: 4384: 4328: 4312: 4304: 4269: 4245: 4133: 3973: 3905: 3588: 3211: 3058: 2989: 2559: 2509: 2420: 2316: 2298: 2134: 2103: 1940: 1770: 1738: 1611: 1341: 1275: 1147: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1036: 954: 433: 303: 248: 169: 5796:

In 2009, the United States resettled 328 refugees from Afghanistan. Over five million

3824:. The Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush were usually either allied with the 2102:

Alexander took these away from the Hindus and established settlements of his own, but

1452: 993: 15178: 15113: 15048: 15013: 14948: 14928: 14918: 14878: 14863: 14858: 14173: 13580: 13445: 13049:

British Museum Lecture: An Introduction to the History of Afghanistan by Bijan Omrani

12962: 12954: 12925: 12908: 12848: 12806: 12783: 12738: 12714: 12690: 12666: 12642: 12625: 12564: 12540: 12499: 12482: 12462: 12443: 12426: 12407: 12383: 12333: 12313: 12289: 12262: 12221: 11930: 10815: 10582: 10126: 10028: 9984: 9953: 9926: 9889: 9765: 9515: 9422: 9357: 9330: 9241: 9218: 9202: 9185: 9036: 9003: 8939: 8906: 8825: 8802: 8746: 8717: 8654: 8628: 8601: 8574: 8547: 8439: 8415: 8347: 8245: 8109: 8101: 8019: 7929: 7857: 7830: 7681: 7545: 7392: 7372: 7331: 7304: 7273: 7208: 7104: 7049: 6931: 6903: 6854: 6779: 6752: 6725: 6700: 6592: 6528: 6303: 6245: 6195: 6190: 5986: 5950: 5946: 5902: 5885: 5648: 5540: 5465: 5457: 5405: 5301: 4983: 4979: 4900: 4510: 4224: 4208: 4168: 3812:, located in a fertile valley, was destroyed as well but was rebuilt under the local 3805: 3796:

described it as a city still in ruins. While the Mongols were pursuing the forces of

3734: 3464: 3217: 3191: 3001: 2635: 2360: 2066: 2047: 1758: 1734: 1726: 1687: 1675: 1649: 1538: 1434: 1329: 1321: 881: 363: 333: 109: 12535: 12472: 12439:

The emergence of modern Afghanistan: politics of reform and modernization, 1880–1946

10172:"Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity" 9854: 9543: 9063:"An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)" 8970:"An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)" 4680:

saw Zahir Shah's reign being challenged by Zadran, Safi and Mangal tribesmen led by

4547:

in August 1919. In commemoration of this event Afghans celebrate 19 August as their

3820:

while Balkh and the strip of land from Kabul through Ghazni to Kandahar went to the

3063:

The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns and one of the four

2647: 1503:

being part of the kingdom, while the other states of the Punjab region, such as the

15154: 15073: 15033: 15008: 14988: 14923: 14898: 14888: 14873: 14198: 14138: 14048: 13912: 13838: 13486: 13478: 13321: 13017: 12832: 12614:

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878

12452: 11257: 9842: 9636: 9237:

Afghanistan: A Military History From Alexander The Great To The Fall Of The Taliban

9154: 9032:

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878

8935:

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878

8902:

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878

8743:

Afghanistan: A Military History From Alexander The Great To The Fall Of The Taliban

8537: 8080: 7656: 7364: 7084: 6879: 6647:"The Persian Empire: Studies on Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East" 6626: 6237: 5519: 5461: 5319: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5185: 5174: 5034: 4904: 4779: 4693: 4441: 4429: 4367: 4233: 4196: 4125: 4000: 3821: 3690: 3660: 3628: 3611: 3511: 3368: 3341: 3259: 3167: 2881: 2828: 2551: 2481: 2211: 2035: 1984: 1706: 1581: 1481: 1301: 1088: 816: 453: 383: 89: 12950: 12637: 9271: 7953: 7317: 7010: 6091:, and the U.S.-backed Afghan government collapsed. Anti-Taliban forces formed the 5535:

regular Taliban army were Arab and Central Asian militants. From 1996 to 2001 the

5473: 14993: 14958: 14913: 14908: 14817: 14143: 13829: 13737: 13692: 13683: 13647: 13602: 13553: 13536: 13498: 13453: 13416: 13055: 13038: 13003: 12920: 12903: 12862: 12843: 12801: 12794: 12778: 12764:

The Pashtun Question The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan

12733: 12726: 12709: 12702: 12685: 12678: 12661: 12620: 12613: 12593: 12559: 12552: 12494: 12477: 12457: 12438: 12421: 12402: 12395: 12378: 12371: 12355: 12348: 12328: 12308: 12301: 12284: 12277: 12257: 12250: 12243: 11418: 11145: 10675: 10494: 10428: 10053: 9550: 9384: 9351: 9324: 9306: 9278: 9235: 8783:

Babur-Nama, translated by Nette Beverage, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1979.

8713:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

8595: 8541: 8341: 8103: 7851: 7267: 6773: 6746: 6664: 6609: 6141: 6100: 6029: 5966: 5797: 5763: 5507: 5477: 5469: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5234: 5030: 5022: 4880: 4857: 4837: 4815: 4799: 4783: 4717: 4520: 4332: 4240:

subsequently absorbing all of Afghanistan in his empire and renaming Kandahar as

3980: 3965:

and his army, Babur turned (Old) Delhi into the capital of his newly established

3954: 3926: 3314: 3231: 2817: 2752: 2729: 2719: 2497: 2424: 2255: 2141:

Having consolidated power in the northwest, Chandragupta pushed east towards the

2012: 1948: 1822: 1653: 1542: 1528: 1469: 1368: 1214: 1210: 1130:. Following the Durrani Empire's decline and the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani and 1025:(one of the strongest one in the world), considered the founding state of modern 1010: 648: 373: 209: 159: 129: 12216: 10146: 8264: 7617: 7508: 6421:

Watkins, Andrew H. (November 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.).

6241: 5876:). Supported by NATO, Karzai called on the group's leadership to take part in a 3239: 2759:

extended his authority eastwards into Afghanistan and the previously autonomous

14683: 14612: 14178: 14028: 13939: 13874: 13856: 13847: 13746: 13719: 13598: 13569: 11979: 11954: 9231: 7744:

Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

6887: 6025: 5998: 5974: 5941:

in Pakistan, many prominent Afghan figures began being assassinated, including

5930: 5881: 5864:

Hamid Karzai said he intends to reach out to the Taliban leadership (including

5705: 5692: 5680: 5523: 5484: 5453: 5003: 4995: 4603: 4589: 4529: 4477: 4449: 4445: 4347: 4308: 4281: 4220: 4177: 4160: 3857:. The city of Herat became one of the capitals of his empire, and his grandson 3854: 3837: 3825: 3730: 3680: 3431: 3274:

and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there. Among these were the

3271: 3267: 3126: 3075:, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son 3017: 2512:– an architect and skilled carpenter – had a long sojourn in the court of king 2384: 2376: 2356: 2352: 2336: 2074: 2008: 1836: 1786: 1750: 1714: 1500: 1191: 1171: 1100: 1052: 1022: 578: 503: 493: 413: 393: 323: 229: 179: 11439:"U.S. War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade" 10882: 10653: 10421: 9846: 9421:(2006 1st ed.). I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York. p. 352. 8801:

Ross Marlay, Clark D. Neher. 'Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders pp.269.

7368: 7088: 4963:

faction, the Soviet Union decided to intervene on December 27, 1979, when the

4876:(DRA), and the PDPA regime lasted, in some form or another, until April 1992. 3635:

into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's

1825:, referred to as Arachosians or Arachoti. It is assumed that they were called 15197: 15172: 14416: 14168: 14133: 14038: 14007: 13996: 13968: 13930: 13793: 13710: 13701: 13656: 13399: 12966: 11934: 11036: 10364:"The Taliban's War on Women. A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan" 8679: 8337: 8102:

Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Conrad J. Schetter; Reinhard Schlagintweit (2002).

7376: 6690: 6580: 5417: 5246: 5218: 5210: 5170: 4998:. Early reports estimated that $ 6–20 billion had been spent by the U.S. and 4917: 4899:, and mosques were declared off limits. The PDPA made a number of reforms on 4884: 4861: 4725: 4681: 4502: 4261: 4237: 4156: 4060: 4043: 4027: 4017: 3992: 3966: 3930: 3901: 3527: 3411: 3356: 3309: 3275: 3005: 2850: 2740: 2547: 2533: 2521: 2453: 2286: 2087: 1980: 1960: 1810: 1754: 1615: 1600: 1520: 1392: 1376: 1372: 1317: 1292: 1174:. The British Raj attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but was repelled in the 1158:

with fighting amongst his successors. During this time, Afghanistan became a

1110:

The Durrani Empire is considered to be the foundational polity of the modern

1084: 1060: 826: 781: 568: 548: 528: 423: 353: 189: 139: 12106:"'What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees" 8526:. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "g". 7660: 5739:. The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion of their country. 5683:

inside Afghanistan. Two days later about 3,000 people became victims of the

5166:

According to Human Rights Watch, numerous Iranian agents were assisting the

4844: 3910: 3522:

Arab armies carrying the banner of Islam came out of the west to defeat the

2464:

was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its eponymous first ruler

1888: 14153: 13921: 13811: 13766: 13558: 13522: 13517: 13064: 9282: 9163: 8887: 8484: 8464: 7850:

Bosworth, C. E. (1975), "The Tāhirids and Ṣafārids", in Frye, R. N. (ed.),

7775: 7649:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

6923: 6430: 6084: 6049: 6033: 5910: 5845: 5801: 5780: 5664: 5409: 5151: 5125: 5039: 4999: 4925: 4688:

among others. Until 1946 Zahir Shah ruled with the assistance of his uncle

4615: 4343: 4148: 4129: 4117: 3962: 3958: 3813: 3648: 3301: 3295: 3097: 3092: 3068: 2938: 2909: 2888: 2870: 2839: 2783: 2604: 2600: 2595:

The empire linked the Indian Ocean maritime trade with the commerce of the

2558:, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, 2538: 2517: 2428: 2262: 2198: 2142: 2095: 1928: 1660: 1597: 1558: 1512: 1457: 1422: 1356: 1258:

received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001

1159: 1111: 801: 538: 483: 313: 12973: 12844:

The history of India, as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan period

12070:"'Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN" 11585:"Karzai's Taleban talks raise spectre of civil war warns former spy chief" 11362:"Citing rising death toll, UN urges better protection of Afghan civilians" 9595: 7647:

Marshak, Boris; Grenet, Frantz (2006). "Une peinture kouchane sur toile".

7233: 7167: 3816:. After the Mongol Empire splintered, Herat eventually became part of the 2724: 2504:

proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title

2114:), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants. 1663:

dards are another group that retain the name of the Kamboja Aśvakans. The

1596:

that was inhabitanted by the Kambojas has gone through many rules such as

15182: 14713: 14283: 14148: 14103: 14057: 13802: 13482: 12600:

Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan

12417: 11115: 10118: 9414: 8201: 7137:. United States: Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997 6009: 5865: 5805: 5785: 5716: 5511: 5488: 5277: 5269: 5134: 4913: 4634:

uprising in the north eventually managed to depose Amanullah, leading to

4433: 4004: 3996: 3984: 3919: 3793: 3776: 3706: 3664: 3636: 3624: 3468: 3444: 3436: 3349: 3291: 3207: 3171: 3135: 3115: 3084: 3064: 3038: 3025: 2980: 2968: 2942: 2924: 2859: 2795: 2787: 2748: 2687: 2513: 2465: 2335:) were defeated in c. 10 CE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom was succeeded by the 2324: 2266: 2239: 1485: 1313: 1167: 1040: 1026: 821: 748: 283: 238: 12866:. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, and J. Murry, 1819. 9221:, by Gleig, G. R. (George Robert), 1796–1888. London: John Murray, 1846 8335: 7922:

Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (14 December 2016).

7384: 7096: 6816: 6800: 4539:), regained control of Afghanistan's foreign policy after launching the 4417:(1793–1863) gained control in Kabul in 1826 after toppling his brother, 1401:

became prominent between 2200 and 1700 BCE (approximately). The city of

14441: 14436: 14072: 13865: 13820: 13381: 13336: 12272: 12016:"Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation" 11998:"Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid?" 11747:"President Karzai Address to the Nation on Afghanistan's Peace Efforts" 11227:"Wikileaks: Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks" 10861: 9660: 9350:

Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib; Muḥammad, Faiḍ (1999).

8443: 7352: 6088: 5906: 5877: 5560:

in September 2001. As a consequence many civilians fled to the area of

5154:

and Iran also armed and directed Afghan militias. A publication by the

5102: 4631: 4619: 4453: 4265: 4257: 4229: 4192: 4185: 3977: 3934: 3923: 3842: 3656: 3652: 3602: 3556: 3515: 3404: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3337: 3329: 3263: 3203: 3143: 3139: 3109: 3076: 3042: 2997: 2946: 2791: 2764: 2733: 2643: 2619: 2332: 2323:

to even larger proportions than Demetrius. After Menander's death, the

2312: 2243: 1947:

officer during Alexander's campaign, declared himself ruler of his own

1850: 1798: 1593: 1473: 1337: 1226: 1163: 836: 811: 806: 463: 403: 258: 12160:"Over 1 mn Afghan children facing severe malnutrition, says WHO chief" 11677:"Afghan government pursues talks with Taliban leaders – World AP" 7227: 6106:

On 7 September 2021 Taliban announced an interim government headed by

5848:, sought a meeting with the UN special representative in Afghanistan, 4751: 4611: 4570: 14451: 14018: 13903: 13756: 13618: 13586: 13575: 13354: 13031: 12288:. Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints. Oxford University Press, 1983. 12124:"Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues" 11777: 10279:"Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists" 7982: 6895: 6650: 5366:

Map of the situation in Afghanistan in August 2001 until October 2001

5178: 5095: 5090: 4490: 4276:('King, "pearl of the age") and the Abdali tribe became known as the 4088: 4079: 4055: 4034: 3870: 3817: 3544: 3540: 3523: 2964: 2958: 2934: 2896: 2779: 2771: 2744: 2663: 2596: 2404: 2392: 2328: 2227: 2004: 1867: 1829:

by ethnicity, and that name may have been in reference to the ethnic

1806: 1790: 1774: 1710: 1626:

and modern day being split between Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan.

1493: 1325: 1044: 776: 473: 219: 12624:. Elibron Classic Replica Edition. Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. 11455:"220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan: report" 10487:"Confidential UN report details mass killings of civilian villagers" 10230:"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001" 9828:"Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths" 7760:

Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean

6666:

An Historical Guide To Afghanistan (Chapter 3: Sites in Perspective)

4112: 2798:

to rule Afghanistan. These invaders initially issued coins based on

1641: 1557:, marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire. The scholar 14728: 14461: 14446: 14421: 13986: 13977: 13548: 13437: 13372: 12603: 12202:

Historical dictionary of Afghan wars, revolutions, and insurgencies

9532:

Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan,

9512:

Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century

8379: 8039: 7077:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

6364:"Professing Faith: Religious traditions in Afghanistan are diverse" 6216:

State Formation in Afghanistan: A Theoretical and Political History

5849: 5713: 5619: 5536: 5492: 5421: 5257: 5082: 5017: 4964: 4953: 4667: 4623: 4372: 4336: 4064: 3879: 3862: 3751: 3694: 3644: 3560: 3507: 3491: 3393: 3360: 3325: 3305: 3255: 3227: 3195: 3190:

region between Khorasan and the Indus. This land, inhabited by the

3187: 3151: 3072: 3046: 3034: 3030: 2799: 2756: 2683: 2639: 2571: 2489: 2469: 2449: 2408: 2400: 2320: 2219: 2215: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2011:

of Afghanistan. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring

1932: 1871: 1859: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1794: 1766: 1762: 1672: 1657: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1571: 1535: 1524: 1465: 1430: 1426: 1364: 1333: 796: 14786: 12879:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. 10977:"WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban" 9101:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Archived from 9069:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Archived from 7702: 5742: 5576:

The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is

3328:, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the 14512: 14431: 13883: 13563: 13508: 11955:"Anti-Taliban resistance group says it has thousands of fighters" 11284:"Iran Is Helping Taliban in Afghanistan, Petraeus Says (Update1)" 10432: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10150: 9240:(reprint ed.). Da Capo Press (published 2003). p. 218. 8765:

Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective – Page 129

6110:, although the government remained unrecognized internationally. 5527: 5496: 5347: 5334: 5293: 5273: 5261: 5059: 4960: 4793: 4790:

faction managed to remain at large and organize a military coup.

4767: 4721: 4685: 4324: 4277: 4204: 4137: 4083: 4068: 3801: 3718: 3668: 3535: 3440: 3408: 3279: 3234:

during the 3rd century CE which is later recorded in the form of

3088: 3080: 2985: 2775: 2760: 2591:

He played the part of a second Ashoka in the history of Buddhism.

2567: 2501: 2396: 2347: 2251: 2223: 2207: 2078: 2039: 1842: 1778: 1742: 1718: 1637: 1345: 1251: 791: 343: 11882:"Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group" 10775:(March 1, 2009 ed.). Webster University Press. p. 310. 10311:(March 1, 2009 ed.). Webster University Press. p. 310. 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10125:(2006 1st ed.). London New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 352. 6133:

has also issued multiple warnings of worsening food insecurity.

5965:

intensified and many large scale attacks by the Pakistani-based

4074:

In April 1709, Mirwais along with his militia under Saydal Khan

2614:

The Kushan period is a fitting prelude to the Age of the Guptas.

1417: 14466: 14456: 14426: 13614: 13610: 13606: 13590: 13544: 13390: 13363: 12831:(Oxford University Press, 2016) online edition for libraries: 10358: 10356: 9353:

Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising

9326:

Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising

8774:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia – Page 465

6996: 6975:

Salve Regina University, Faculty and Staff: Articles and Papers

6523:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 6126: 6064: 5413: 4896: 4494: 4486: 4437: 4320: 3726: 3710: 3702: 3632: 3620: 3564: 3552: 3448: 3333: 3246:. It was used to refer to a common legendary ancestor known as 3175: 3155: 3009: 2993: 2603:. The Kushans brought new trends to the budding and blossoming 2563: 2555: 2477: 2274: 2247: 2175: 2154: 2119: 2070: 2043: 1936: 1855: 1802: 1782: 1753:: The region of Aria was separated by mountain ranges from the 1746: 1722: 1668: 1664: 1607: 1504: 1489: 1477: 1406: 1352: 831: 786: 12142:"Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months" 11749:. The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, DC. Archived from 10954: 10704:"Book Review: The inside track on Afghan wars by Khaled Ahmed" 10618: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10289: 10139: 8434:

Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1971) "Sites in Perspective (Chapter 3)"

4444:

but could not capture the fort. Rivalry between the expanding

1911:

arrived in the area of Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating

14522: 13622: 13594: 13345: 13330: 13312: 13076:

Chronological chart for the historical periods of Afghanistan

12805:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Oxford, UK & Massachusetts, US. 12495:

Afghanistan: hidden treasures from the National Museum, Kabul

11648: 11422: 10520: 10264: 10246: 10041: 7973: 7856:, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–112, 7414:

World history from early times to A D 2000 by B .V. Rao: p.97

6846: 6842: 5922: 5853: 4921: 4833: 4787: 4774:

As disillusionment set in, in 1978 a prominent member of the

4771:

February 1977 failed to quell chronic political instability.

4709: 4514: 4482: 4461: 4351: 4285: 4003:(only 1646–47). The Kandahar region in the south served as a 3991:(imperial top-level provinces), bordering Lahore, Multan and 3988: 3946: 3942: 3866: 3850: 3809: 3789: 3755: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3531: 3495: 3345: 3183: 3179: 3147: 3013: 2930: 2705: 2702: 2485: 2473: 2388: 2368: 2278: 2150: 2000: 1924: 1863: 1846: 1550: 1546: 1516: 1508: 1402: 1297: 99: 13014:

Afghanistan's Importance From the Perspective of the History

12583:

A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863–1901

11595: 10868:(February 23, 2004 ed.). Penguin Press HC. p. 720. 10773:

Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader

10353: 10309:

Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader

10222: 8233:. pp. 417–437. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13 5860:

which brought together some 70 countries and organizations,

4720:

who were supported by elements within the military, and the

4140:(Safavid capital) and Mahmud briefly became the new Persian 3953:. In 1526, he left with his army to capture the seat of the 3853:(Tamerlane) incorporated much of the area into his own vast 2145:. Afghanistan's significant ancient tangible and intangible 1729:

that made up most of what is now Afghanistan during 500 BCE.

14483: 13626: 13540: 13521:('land of seven great rivers', which may correspond to the 12904:

The light garden of the angel king: journeys in Afghanistan

12052:"Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix" 11725:"Gates Says U.S. Forces in Afghanistan for 'Years' to Come" 10607: 10147:"The September 11 Sourcebooks Volume VII: The Taliban File" 7972: 7292: 5833: 5818: 5809: 5526:

or army and an estimated 8,000 were militants recruited in

5287: 5167: 5052: 5043: 4141: 3743: 3722: 3698: 3640: 3251: 2372: 2261:

The Greco-Bactria Kingdom continued until c. 130 BCE, when

2034:

is an inscription on a slab of natural rock in the area of

1777:

in the south. It is described in a very detailed manner by

1604: 1531:. Pukkusāti was successful in this struggle with Pradyota. 12536:

Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan

11332:"UN: Taliban Responsible for 76% of Deaths in Afghanistan" 10856: 10854: 10852: 10575:"Iranian military exercises draw warning from Afghanistan" 10550:"Incitement of Violence Against Hazaras by Governor Niazi" 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10160: 8283:, p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar. 8108:. University of Michigan, United States: IKO. p. 18. 5193:

Rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of

4554: 4236:

army arrived in the town of Kandahar in 1738 and defeated

3995:(added to Kabul in 1586, later split-off) and short-lived 3138:

to around 1750 the eastern regions of Afghanistan such as

2770:

From around 370, however, towards the end of the reign of

2254:(and probably the surrounding provinces) seceded from the 12748:

Saikal, Amin, A.G. Ravan Farhadi, and Kirill Nourzhanov.

12034:"Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine?" 11853:"U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack" 9553: 8018:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 416. 7921: 4630:. Although the Shinwari revolt was quelled, a concurrent 4357: 4067:. Mirwais was sent as a prisoner to the Persian court in 2496:

dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of

2182: 1900:

Alexander's troops beg to return home from India in plate

10831: 10829: 9443:"The Soviet-Afghan War:Breaking the Hammer & Sickle" 8166:. Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition. December 15, 1983 7303:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 64. 7232:. American International School of Kabul. Archived from 7160:

Dr. Barbara Robson and Dr. Juliene G. Lipson. Dr. Robson

6129:

due to collapsed economy and broken banking system. The

4128:. Aziz was killed about two years later by Mirwais' son 4082:

began when George XI and his escort were killed after a

11559:"Karzai Divides Afghanistan in Reaching Out to Taliban" 10849: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10467: 10157: 10009:

Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia

9349: 9323:

Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999).

5804:

in the last decade, including many who were forcefully

4883:

took over as prime minister, retaining the position of

4311:

from Kandahar to Kabul. Timur died in 1793 and his son

4214: 3737:, the son of Baha al-Din defeated the Ghazanavid ruler 3510:, which lasted that way until the forces of the Muslim 1441: 1126:

is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first

12750:

Modern Afghanistan: a history of struggle and survival

11801: 11799: 11651:"Taliban say no decision yet on Karzai offer of talks" 10743: 10741: 10123:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

10072:"The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul" 9980:

The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

9761:

The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

9419:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

8050:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from 6296:

Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson, Michael York (2012).

6136:

In October 2023, the Pakistani government ordered the

5139:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

4848:

The day after the Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978

4641: 4172:), winning against a superior Ottoman army during the 13613:

and later Younger Avesta is composed - at least - in

11086:"Taliban shadow officials offer concrete alternative" 10826: 9571:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

8684:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6

8411:

Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2

8038: 6971:"Regional Geographic Influence on Two Khmer Polities" 4786:

and a number of military wing officers of the PDPA's

4406:, 26 May 1879, on the occasion of the signing of the 3689:

Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of

2423:. Later the Saka kingdom was completely destroyed by 1741:. The area was divided into several provinces called 1565: 1412: 13551:

1.1-21), they are compelled to leave their homeland

11773:"Panetta: U.S. will pursue Pakistan-based militants" 11324: 10641: 10626:"Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast" 10401:"Afghan rebels seize capital, hang former president" 7925:

Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes

7204:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

7045:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

6805:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

5927:

In June 2010 the Afghan Peace Jirga 2010 took place.

5495:

were executed by the Taliban and many more reported

3502:, including his father, were from the Kabul region. 2708:

worshipped by Kushan devotees, circa 2nd century CE.

1194:. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until 13071: 11796: 10738: 10235:. Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005. Archived from 10093: 9950:

The War Chronicles: From Flintlocks to Machine Guns

9791:"Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan" 9724:"Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan" 9688:"Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan" 9606: 8964: 8600:. Sydney University Press. p. 26, Figure I:2. 8494: 8492: 5981:spy network as the masterminds behind all of this. 4752:

Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the monarchy

1519:being under Gāndhārī suzerainty. The Gāndhārī king 12944: 12886:. Depts.washington.edu. 2004-05-23. Archived from 12302:Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia 11921:Gall, Carlotta; Khapalwak, Ruhullah (2021-08-15). 11225: 11059:"Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Backgrounder" 11003:"Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey" 10624: 10544: 9914: 8991: 8972:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29 8844: 8384:"History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India" 7566: 6273:. Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from 5424:forces under the leadership of commanders such as 5338:Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996; 4747:1973 film about contemporary events in Afghanistan 4731: 3957:, which at that point was possessed by the Afghan 3717:The Ghaznavid dynasty was defeated in 1148 by the 3615:Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE 3000:), 4th–6th century CE. The inscription in cursive 2520:in a chariot, for sailing out to eventually reach 1785:and corresponds, according to that, almost to the 1409:) was founded about this time (c. 2000–1500 BCE). 1254:controlled most of the country by 1996, but their 12757:Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War 11980:"Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan" 11649:Hamid Shalizi and Abdul Malek (29 January 2010). 11246: 11061:. Afghanistan.gc.ca. July 9, 2010. Archived from 10877: 10875: 10011:". Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. 9624: 7353:"Who Founded the Indo-Greek Era of 186/5 B.C.E.?" 6583:(1995) "Historical Setting" pp. 90–120, page 91, 4432:. In 1837, the Afghan army descended through the 4354:) from the Afghans while they were in civil war. 2650:, and a Buddhist monk. 2nd–3rd century, Gandhara. 2327:steadily declined and the last Indo-Greek kings ( 2073:(reigned 269–233 BCE), which were written in the 1656:of Nuristan also retain the name of Aśvakas. The 1534:By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the 1492:valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the 1083:. The various conquests and periods in both the 15195: 12992:Encyclopædia Britannica – History of Afghanistan 12422:The rise of the Indo-Afghan empire, c. 1710–1780 11904:"Push launched against Haqqanis in border areas" 11832:"Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency" 11366:United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan 11159:"Germany begins deportations of Afghan refugees" 11148:". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 10664: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10440: 9826:Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). 9264: 9153: 8489: 7564: 7423:A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p.136 7324:Lomazoff, Amanda; Ralby, Aaron (1 August 2013). 6926:(2000). "To Pāṇini's Time from Pāṇini's Place". 6338:"The remarkable rugs of war, Drill Hall Gallery" 6258: 5973:. The U.S. blamed Pakistan's government, mainly 5404:, two former enemies, created the United Front ( 4912:attention." The PDPA also carried out socialist 3895: 3783:seriously depopulated large areas of Afghanistan 3463:Coins of the Hindu Shahis, which later inspired 3202:, which loosely covered a wide area between the 1821:to the south. The inhabitants of Arachosia were 11699:"Taliban say not involved in Kabul peace talks" 11550: 11436: 11111:"Photo Gallery: The 'Kill Team' in Afghanistan" 10761: 10749:"Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001" 10698: 10696: 10597:"Taliban threatens retaliation if Iran strikes" 10320: 10318: 10111: 9825: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9322: 7432:Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 234 7228:Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). 6423:"An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months" 6125:reported that Afghanistan is facing widespread 5791:US soldiers who killed unarmed Afghan civilians 4626:in November 1928, marking the beginning of the 2468:. They ruled parts of present-day Afghanistan, 2046:about 260 BCE, and often categorized as one of 1951:, which also included present-day Afghanistan. 1769:in the north, while a desert separated it from 13511:, one of the oldest known texts written in an 12997:UNESCO Sites in Afghanistan – Travel and Gears 11739: 11603:"Abdullah Abdullah: Talks With Taliban Futile" 11532:"AFP: UN chief names new envoy to Afghanistan" 11385:"Afghanistan marks 10 years since war started" 11223: 10872: 10099: 8386:. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from 7002: 5272:started his movement with fewer than 50 armed 5060:Foreign interference and civil war (1989–1996) 4872:of the PDPA. The country was then renamed the 4794:Democratic Republic and Soviet war (1978–1989) 1904:3 of 11 by Antonio Tempesta of Florence, 1608. 1262:. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after 1211:coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars 14802: 14088: 12233:Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History 11920: 11809:. Reuters. September 22, 2011. Archived from 11807:"U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack" 11576: 10806: 10804: 10437: 10259:The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997 10024:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89 9022: 8925: 8892: 8474: 8472: 8453: 8451: 7762:, 439–700, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 7646: 7537: 7323: 5817:. The United States also accuses neighboring 4939:Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan in 1982 4891:Once it was in power, the PDPA implemented a 3976:, the west was under the rule of the Iranian 3846:Timurid Empire at its greatest extent in 1405 3619:The Ghaznavid dynasty ruled from the city of 3367:The two armies having met on the confines of 3178:. Two of the four main capitals of Khorasan ( 2638:triad. From left to right, a Kushan devotee, 2607:, which reached its peak during Kushan Rule. 1877: 1091:cultural spheres made the area a center for, 974: 12987:Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 12942: 11618: 11616: 11254:"US General Accuses Iran Of Helping Taliban" 10812:"The Last Interview with Ahmad Shah Massoud" 10693: 10315: 9559: 9394: 9089: 9087: 8516: 7445:. Marymount School, New York. Archived from 6322:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6234:Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964–83 5653:Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021) 5033:, and from there over 38,000 made it to the 4596:and his followers, who rose against the King 4026:Map of the Hotak Empire during the Reign of 3693:. In the west, Ghurid territory extended to 3166:), while its western parts were included in 3121: 1009:in 1823 is shared with that of neighbouring 13032:Afghanistan Online – History of Afghanistan 13009:Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia) 12679:Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era? 12665:. Odyssey Publications, 2nd Edition, 2011. 12187:Bibliography of the history of Central Asia 11224:Crilly, Rob; Spillius, Alex (26 Jul 2010). 10554:Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif 10193: 10117: 9921:. University of Washington Press. pp. 9648: 9534:New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p.115 9413: 8382:. Ameer Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen (ed.). 8374: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8011: 7148: 7035: 6494:"The Taliban: Unrecognized and unrepentant" 6295: 5050:(former head of the Afghan secret service, 4159:. Ashraf was able to secure peace with the 4155:was ruled by Mahmud's younger brother Shah 4144:. He was known after that as Shah Mahmud. 2967:were a nomadic clan, the first of the four 2778:to invaders from the north. These were the 2452:Buddhist reliquary with content, including 997:Present-day location of Afghanistan in Asia 14809: 14795: 14095: 14081: 11901: 11433:, First international edition (March 2015) 11307:"Gates: Taliban Getting Weapons From Iran" 10801: 10261:, Oxford University Press, (1999), pp.25–6 10214:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10020: 9588: 8811: 8696:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8624:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History 8469: 8448: 8407: 7746:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, 7710:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 7694: 7581: 7127: 7027:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6722:Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale 6685: 6683: 6546: 6544: 3709:. Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as 3321:, also known as Hund for its new capital. 2895: 1745:, which were each ruled by a governor, or 981: 967: 12921:A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus 12837:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190247782.001.0001 11642: 11613: 11557:Trofimov, Yaroslav (September 11, 2010). 11030: 10883:"Massoud in the European Parliament 2001" 9788: 9721: 9685: 9084: 9055: 8958: 8817: 8677: 8346:, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, 8070: 8068: 7877:"Khorāsān | historical region, Asia" 7350: 7230:"An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name" 7156:"The Afghans – Their History and Culture" 6772:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). 6771: 6607: 4986:, thanks in large part to the efforts of 4350:(present-day Pakistan, but not including 4346:, eventually wrested a large part of the 4063:who belonged to an influential family in 3890: 3772:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire 2187: 1221:, and subsequent infighting prompted the 1049:has witnessed numerous military campaigns 14102: 12539:. University of California Press, 2006. 12382:. Rodopi, 2007. Amsterdam and New York. 11556: 11523: 11482:"Suicide bombers target Afghan ministry" 11205:. United States: ABC News. July 31, 2008 10893: 10837:"The man who would have led Afghanistan" 10767: 10422:Massoud's last stand against the Taliban 10306: 10107:(2002 1st ed.). Palgrave, New York. 10027:. Oxford University Press. p. 232. 9789:Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. 9686:Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. 9514:Cornell University Press, 2004. p. 219. 9370: 9028: 8931: 8898: 8650:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 8570:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 8566: 8401: 8363: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8141:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version 8032: 7887: 7849: 7703:"Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins" 7435: 7298: 7200: 6778:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 175–177. 6378:"Afghanistan: the land that forgot time" 6093:National Resistance Front of Afghanistan 6073:United States forces and allies withdrew 6058: 6048:in the Pakistan border region. In 2014, 6008: 5896: 5828: 5741: 5656: 5361: 5358:Ethno-linguistic map of Afghanistan 1997 5353: 5333: 5313: 5288:Taliban and the United Front (1996–2001) 5073: 4934: 4843: 4823: 4812:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 4776:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 4735: 4706:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 4651: 4391: 4383: 4371: 4111: 4033: 4021: 3983:, and the eastern section was under the 3909: 3841: 3775: 3701:, while Ghurid troops reached as far as 3684: 3610: 3130:Map of the region during the 7th century 3125: 2984: 2723: 2537: 2444: 2346: 2206:circa 180 BCE, including the regions of 2197: 1895: 1887: 1705: 1697: 1576:The Kambojas entered into conflict with 1451: 1416: 1291: 1021:. The Sadozai monarchy ruled the Afghan 992: 14294: 14229:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 13533:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 13515:, is composed in a region described as 13466:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 12871:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 11622: 11582: 11529: 11505:"UN in secret peace talks with Taliban" 11496: 11376: 11035:. Afghanistan.usaid.gov. Archived from 10484: 10454: 9912: 9888:. Transaction Publishers. p. 129. 9289:, Volume 38, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 145–57. 9147: 8983: 8620: 8221: 8152: 8105:Afghanistan -a country without a state? 7948: 7587:Oxford History of India – Vincent Smith 7074: 7041: 7008: 6798: 6792: 6724:. Paris: de Boccard. pp. 276–285. 6689: 6680: 6559:. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from 6550: 6541: 6420: 6414: 6264: 6063:Taliban fighters patrolling Kabul in a 6046:NATO forces attacked Pakistani soldiers 5961:and others. Also in the same year, the 5725:International Security Assistance Force 4555:Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war 4505:succeeding and beginning his rule. The 4307:, who transferred the capital of their 3792:was destroyed and even 100 years later 3754:, and north and central part of modern 2431:from eastern India in the 4th century. 1694:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 1399:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1389:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1266:and overthrowing the government of the 15196: 14066: 12518:. Depts.washington.edu. Archived from 12248:Bleaney, C. H; María Ángeles Gallego. 11902:Sharifzada, Jawad (October 18, 2011). 11834:. Associated Press. September 23, 2011 11583:Starkey, Jerome (September 30, 2010). 11502: 11382: 11354: 11304: 10955:"United States Mission to Afghanistan" 10860: 10622: 10199: 9722:Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles. 9230: 9167:. The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I 9095:"Until His Assassination In A.D. 1747" 8998:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8989: 8740: 8716:. BRILL. 17 August 2020. p. 237. 8593: 8543:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 8215: 8065: 7700: 7673: 7610:"The History of Pakistan: The Kushans" 7253:Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, 6930:. Aditya Prakashan. pp. 121–172. 6922: 6744: 6662: 6656: 6516: 6510: 6469:"Who Will Run the Taliban Government?" 6056:to be the president of Afghanistan. 5499:. Among those killed in Mazari Sharif 5396:to the Taliban on September 27, 1996, 4380:) and surrounding nations, dated 1860. 4358:Barakzai dynasty and British influence 2868: 2183:Classical Period (c. 250 BCE – 565 CE) 1884:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great 1152:his last campaign to unite Afghanistan 14790: 14076: 12652:Omrani, Bijan & Leeming, Matthew 12498:. National Geographic Society, 2008. 12220:. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2003. 11625:"U.S. cool to Karzai plan on Taliban" 11383:Haddon, Katherine (October 6, 2011). 11203:"Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban" 11083: 10899: 10069: 9976: 9881: 9819: 9757: 9596:"How the CIA created Osama bin Laden" 9378:Former King of Afghanistan Dies at 92 8597:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 8536: 8320: 8095: 8015:Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 7798:Buddhist Records of the Western World 7597:Ancient and Medieval History of India 6873: 6719: 6696:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture 6635:The Circle Of Ancient Iranian Studies 6591:Nova Science Publications, New York, 6557:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 6449:from the original on 29 November 2021 6344:from the original on 22 November 2021 6227: 6181:List of heads of state of Afghanistan 6176:List of Pashtun empires and dynasties 6077:Taliban to intensify their insurgency 6003:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 5483:According to a 55-page report by the 4244:. Around this time, a young teenager 3631:turned the former provincial city of 2886: 2879: 2857: 2848: 2837: 2732:at its greatest extent c. 620, under 2292: 2157:(563 BCE to 483 BCE), as recorded by 1005:, preceding the establishment of the 13074: 12881:Draft annotated English translation. 12737:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. 12713:. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. 12332:. Princeton University Press, 1973. 12211:(University of Arizona Press, 1974). 12195:Historical dictionary of Afghanistan 11479: 10995: 10720: 10623:Rashid, Ahmed (September 11, 2001). 9782: 9272:Afghanistan and the Search for Unity 9035:. London: Elibron.com. p. 459. 8938:. London: Elibron.com. p. 459. 8905:. London: Elibron.com. p. 459. 8824:. Infobase Publishing. p. 130. 8704: 8438:Afghan Tourist Organization, Kabul, 8378: 8303:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7915: 7822: 7272:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 352. 7265: 7221: 7207:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 349. 7166:(CAL). June 30, 2002. Archived from 7009:Schmitt, Rüdiger (August 10, 2011). 6968: 6836: 6230:"The Land and the People in History" 6075:from Afghanistan, which allowed the 5721:Afghan government under Hamid Karzai 5614:In early 2001 Massoud addressed the 4215:Afsharid Invasion and Durrani Empire 3929:garrison of Kandahar in 1638 to the 3729:continued to live in Ghazni as the ' 3300:The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the 2826: 2815: 2774:, the Sasanians lost the control of 1817:) to the north and to the east, and 1749:. These ancient satrapies included: 1681: 1442:Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500 – 535 BCE) 1308:Excavations of prehistoric sites by 1213:. The conflict began in 1978 when a 14816: 12978:Library of Congress Country Studies 12481:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999. 12442:. Stanford University Press, 1969. 11530:Aziakou, Gerard (27 January 2010). 11305:Baldor, Lolita C. (June 13, 2007). 10969: 10457:"Taliban massacres outlined for UN" 9906: 9875: 9751: 8627:. Routledge. p. 37, Map 16.2. 8614: 8227:"The Turkish dialect of the Khalaj" 8198:Library of Congress Country Studies 7776:"The White Huns – The Hephthalites" 7048:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 150. 6867: 5971:Federally Administered Tribal Areas 5046:continued to support Afghan leader 4852:On 28 April 1978, the PDPA, led by 4758:Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) 4642:Reigns of Nadir Khan and Zahir Khan 3158:) were recognized as being part of 1382: 1154:, and Afghanistan was consequently 13: 13539:, western Afghanistan and western 13527:c. 1350 BC: Migration of waves of 12829:Afghan History Through Afghan Eyes 12818: 12776:Wahab, Shaista; Barry Youngerman. 12655:Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide 12396:Afghanistan: a history of conflict 12349:An Historical Guide to Afghanistan 12174: 11503:Borger, Julian (28 January 2010). 11286:. Bloomberg L.P. February 14, 2009 10900:Tyler, Patrick (October 8, 2001). 9983:. University of California Press. 9764:. University of California Press. 8641: 8510: 8436:An Historical Guide To Afghanistan 8258: 7569:Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia 7135:"Achaemenid Rule, ca. 550-331 B.C" 7042:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). 6745:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010). 6653:1968, pp. 279, 293–94, 336–38, 345 6608:Lendering, Jona (11 August 2020). 6138:expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan 5963:Pakistani-Afghan border skirmishes 5735:and provide basic security to the 4956:participation in Afghan politics. 4874:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 4808:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 4804:History of Afghanistan (1978–1992) 4678:Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 4207:Pashtuns defeated him at the long 3828:of northern India or independent. 3761: 3583:, conquering in the name of Islam. 3403:Jayapala was succeeded by his son 3214:. The earliest record of the name 3041:nomads at his summer residence in 2713: 2271:defeated and driven out of Bactria 2202:Approximate maximum extent of the 1566:Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE) 1413:Ancient period (c. 1500 – 250 BCE) 1229:fought against the Soviets in the 1223:Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan 14: 15225: 12936: 12884:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West" 12703:A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan 11623:Richter, Paul (29 January 2010). 11338:. August 10, 2010. Archived from 11139:Fiscal Year 2009 Refugee Arrivals 11084:Witte, Griff (December 8, 2009). 9952:. Fair Winds. 2009. p. 393. 9656:"The Cost of an Afghan 'Victory'" 9311:Encyclopædia Iranica, volume VIII 8994:A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan 8745:. DA CAPO PRESS. pp. 81–82. 8567:Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). 8460:Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival 7544:. Algora Publishing. p. 93. 6265:Griffin, Luke (14 January 2002). 6013:A map of Afghanistan showing the 5915:2014 Afghan presidential election 4472:; causing great panic throughout 4364:European influence in Afghanistan 4248:joined Nader Shah's army for his 3627:. From 997 to his death in 1030, 3551:, came forth from his capital at 3052: 2434: 2342: 2303:History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom 2289:was also defeated by the Yuezhi. 15177: 15168: 15167: 12953:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 12943:Nölle-Karimi, Christine (2020). 12602:(Oxford University Press. 2022) 12553:The Making of Modern Afghanistan 12458:Afghanistan: An Abridged History 12152: 12134: 12116: 12098: 12080: 12062: 12044: 12026: 12008: 11990: 11972: 11947: 11914: 11895: 11874: 11845: 11824: 11781:. September 2011. Archived from 11765: 11717: 11691: 11674: 11668: 11473: 11437:Gabriela Motroc (7 April 2015). 11403: 11298: 11276: 11217: 11195: 11173: 11151: 11131: 11103: 11077: 11051: 11024: 10947: 10919: 10779: 10637:from the original on 2022-01-12. 10589: 10567: 10538: 10509: 10415: 10393: 10340: 10063: 10014: 10001: 9970: 9942: 9937:2 million afghans killed soviet. 9758:Kakar, Mohammed (3 March 1997). 9715: 9679: 9537: 9524: 9504: 9480: 9459: 9435: 9343: 9316: 9292: 9224: 9212: 9195: 9178: 9116: 8874: 8818:Otfinoski, Steven Bruce (2004). 8795: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8734: 8671: 8621:Schmidt, Karl J. (20 May 2015). 8587: 8523:A Historical Atlas of South Asia 8279:Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: 7299:Doumanis, Door Nicholas (2009). 6520:An Encyclopedia of World History 6517:Langer, William L., ed. (1972). 6340:. The Australian. 30 July 2021. 5256:Meanwhile, the southern city of 4578: 4569: 4091:and Georgian/Circassian troops. 4011: 3768:Mongol campaigns in Central Asia 3479: 3456: 3422: 3024:The Alchons are one of the four 2808: 2695: 2675: 2655: 2627: 2178:had just attained enlightenment. 2055: 2024: 1992: 1973: 1954: 1935:); Alexandria-ad-Caucasum (near 1862:which corresponds to modern day 1793:, corresponds to the modern-day 948: 938: 937: 42: 14633:Opium production in Afghanistan 13044:Afghanistan History: Prehistory 12847:. Elibron.com, 1952. Volume 8. 12278:The Pathans: 500 B.C.–A.D. 1957 12128:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 11863:from the original on 2015-09-24 11480:Shah, Saeed (30 October 2008). 11463:. 30 March 2015. Archived from 11368:. March 9, 2011. Archived from 11234:from the original on 2022-01-12 11183:. DW-World.De. January 22, 2006 11181:"Living in Fear of Deportation" 10926:United Nations Security Council 10523:. February 1999. Archived from 10070:Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). 9885:The Widening Circle of Genocide 9029:Malleson, George Bruce (1878). 8932:Malleson, George Bruce (1878). 8899:Malleson, George Bruce (1878). 8560: 8530: 8428: 8336:P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; 8308: 8296: 8286: 8273: 8186: 8177: 8131: 8005: 7966: 7942: 7869: 7843: 7816: 7803: 7790: 7768: 7752: 7736: 7723: 7667: 7640: 7631: 7602: 7590: 7558: 7531: 7522: 7497: 7479: 7461: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7344: 7259: 7247: 7194: 7181: 7111: 7068: 6989: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6916: 6830: 6765: 6738: 6713: 6639: 6620: 6601: 6574: 6486: 6461: 5606:extremely difficult to survive. 5551:In the areas under his control 5233:supported by Saudi Arabia, the 4732:Contemporary era (1973–present) 4534: 4525:encouragement by Central Powers 4404:Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari 4303:. He was succeeded by his son, 3922:depicting the surrender of the 3486:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 3114:The Nezaks are one of the four 3037:, who visited the chief of the 2063:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 1268:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 1033:Human habitation in Afghanistan 15135:British Indian Ocean Territory 12961:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 12779:A brief history of Afghanistan 11884:. Fox News. September 18, 2011 10350:(New York: Penguin, 2005), 14. 9835:European Journal of Population 9632:"Story of US, CIA and Taliban" 8343:The Cambridge history of Islam 8281:The Forgotten City of Gandhara 7978:"Events Of The Year 910 (p.4)" 7899:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7164:Center for Applied Linguistics 6969:Chad, Raymond (1 April 2005). 6388: 6370: 6356: 6330: 6289: 6221: 6218:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. 6208: 6140:. Iran also decided to deport 5760:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 5727:(ISAF) was established by the 5645:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 5501:were several Iranian diplomats 5382:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 5078:Kabul during civil war in 1993 3781:Mongol invasions and conquests 3555:in 870 CE and marched through 3285: 2974: 2032:Aramaic inscription of Laghman 1892:Alexander Empire in South Asia 1652:retain their Kamboj name. The 1545:, soon after his conquests of 1371:. The first known people were 1288:Ancient history of Afghanistan 1270:, thus bringing an end to the 1256:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1: 13589:introduces a new religion at 12782:. Infobase Publishing, 2007. 10672:"Profile: Ahmed Shah Massoud" 8686:. New York. pp. 586–590. 8678:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001b). 7853:The Cambridge History of Iran 7327:The Atlas of Military History 6892:The Cambridge Ancient History 6201: 5679:was assassinated by two Arab 5568:concluded in its documentary 5322:sent more troops against the 5264:(a movement originating from 4950:Afghan understanding of Islam 4501:amongst his sons, leading to 4470:destruction of a British army 4452:in what became known as the " 4422: 3896:Mughals, Uzbeks, and Safavids 3596: 3324:The Hindu Shahis under ruler 3103: 2395:) who migrated from southern 1281: 14553:Current provincial governors 14407:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 13023:An Historical Guide to Kabul 12974:A Country Study: Afghanistan 12563:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 11727:. Fox News. 2 September 2010 11008:. 29 January 2015. p. 4 10581:. 1997-08-31. Archived from 10407:. 1996-07-27. Archived from 10283:George Washington University 9356:. Markus Wiener Publishers. 9329:. Markus Wiener Publishers. 8573:. UNESCO. pp. 432–433. 7988:Packard Humanities Institute 6837:Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). 6699:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 6663:Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977). 6079:. On 15 August 2021, as the 5858:a major conference in London 5695:accused Osama bin Laden and 5310:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 5156:George Washington University 5070:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 5066:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 4628:Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) 4561:Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) 4468:(1839–1842) resulted in the 4327:. Durrani's other grandson, 4264:. After the inauguration or 3667:Khans became princes of the 3607:Ghaznavid campaigns in India 2996:with a worshipper (probably 2952: 2153:even during the life of the 2015:, including in the northern 7: 13605:. He composes Older (i.e. ' 13308: 13061:Ten Myths about Afghanistan 12393:Griffiths, John C. (1981). 12364:Afghanistan – a new history 12251:Afghanistan: a bibliography 12181:Bibliography of Afghanistan 11607:National Public Radio (NPR) 10791:National Geographic Society 10658:National Geographic Society 10372:Physicians for Human Rights 10021:Brathwaite, Rodric (2013). 9129:Central Intelligence Agency 7974:Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur 7443:"Parthian Pair of Earrings" 6924:Sethna, Kaikhosru Danjibuoy 6551:Shroder, John Ford (2006). 6438:(9). West Point, New York: 6242:10.1007/978-1-349-17443-0_1 6159: 6117:in assets belonging to the 6022:U.S. ambassador to Pakistan 5838:Kabul International Airport 5708:. These actions led to the 5318:Former Pakistani President 5087:Inter-Services Intelligence 3831: 3671:until the Soviet invasion. 3118:that ruled in Afghanistan. 2763:were obliged to accept his 2610:H. G. Rowlinson commented: 2367:(right) was found inside a 1245:Soviets' withdrawal in 1989 914:Hindu and Buddhist heritage 724:Transitional Administration 294:Principality of Chaghaniyan 10: 15230: 14714:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 14653:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 12983:Video on Afghan-Soviet War 12727:The history of Afghanistan 12492:Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage. 12184: 12178: 11443:Australian National Review 11230:. London: U.K. Telegraph. 9913:Goodson, Larry P. (2001). 8883:The History of Afghanistan 8653:. UNESCO. 1 January 1998. 8546:. Allen Lane. p. 38. 6900:Cambridge University Press 6440:Combating Terrorism Center 6302:. Routledge. p. 200. 6150:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 5929:In September 2010 General 5884:and opposition leader Dr. 5701:Operation Enduring Freedom 5689:Northeastern United States 5641:Operation Enduring Freedom 5633:Presidency of Hamid Karzai 5630: 5412:forces of Massoud and the 5291: 5245:of Hussain Anwari and the 5241:backed by Uzbekisten, the 5217:directed by Pakistan, the 5063: 4978:started providing limited 4860:. On 1 May, Taraki became 4797: 4755: 4645: 4558: 4361: 4288:in India. He defeated the 4218: 4116:Modern-day sketch work of 4042:In 1704, the Safavid Shah 4015: 3961:of India. After defeating 3899: 3835: 3765: 3678: 3674: 3600: 3483: 3289: 3107: 3056: 2978: 2956: 2922: 2717: 2682:Kushan prince, said to be 2531: 2527: 2438: 2296: 2283:Alexandria of the Caucasus 2191: 2086:The territory fell to the 2038:, Afghanistan, written in 1964: 1958: 1881: 1878:Alexander and the Seleucus 1737:after it was conquered by 1691: 1685: 1644:from the Kamboja age. The 1592:tribes. The Region of the 1569: 1559:Kaikhosru Danjibuoy Sethna 1445: 1437:in West, around c. 500 BCE 1386: 1285: 1260:US invasion of Afghanistan 1156:thrown back into civil war 770:Related historical regions 15163: 15122: 15082: 14824: 14741: 14679: 14670: 14608: 14599: 14508: 14499: 14397: 14345: 14336: 14129:Indus Valley civilisation 14114: 13429:Indus Valley Civilisation 11161:. wsws.org. June 25, 2005 9977:Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). 9847:10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6 9614:"Putting Empires at Rest" 8317:, 2001, p 203, John Keay. 8250:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8040:Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah 7928:. Routledge. p. 51. 7573:. Brill Archive. p. 7565:Grégoire Frumkin (1970). 7369:10.1017/S0009838809990140 7201:Nakamura, Hajime (1987). 7089:10.1017/S0035869X00159155 6928:Problems of Ancient India 6271:Afghanistan Country Study 4638:taking control of Kabul. 3278:which are known today as 3210:, principally around the 3122:Middle Ages (565–1504 CE) 2686:, making a donation to a 2500:tribes who lived east of 1999:Newly excavated Buddhist 1361:Indus Valley Civilisation 70:Indus Valley civilisation 14884:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14350:Administrative divisions 13144:−1000 — 13134:−1200 — 13124:−1400 — 13114:−1600 — 13104:−1800 — 13094:−2000 — 13084:−2200 — 13081: 12946:"Afghanistan until 1747" 12858:Elphinstone, Mountstuart 12689:. APH Publishing, 2002. 12641:. Capstone Press, 2005. 12461:. Fenestra Books, 2003. 12204:(Scarecrow Press, 2005). 12197:(Scarecrow Press, 2011). 10455:Newsday (October 2001). 10060:: Afghanistan – History. 9300:Education in Afghanistan 8741:Tanner, Stephen (2003). 8414:. Brill. pp. 127–. 8408:André Wink (June 1991). 8139:"History of Afghanistan" 8076:"Afghan and Afghanistan" 7796:Hiuen Tsiang, Si-Yu-Ki, 7405:Bernard (1994), p. 126. 7351:Jakobsson, Jens (2009). 7330:. Simon & Schuster. 7269:Buddhism in central Asia 7266:Puri, Baij Nath (1987). 6799:Prakash, Buddha (1951). 6299:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 6267:"The Pre-Islamic Period" 6171:Invasions of Afghanistan 6115:frozen about $ 9 billion 5939:death of Osama bin Laden 5836:'s military terminal at 5789:published images of the 5558:assassination of Massoud 5432:, Qari Baba or diplomat 5330:than the Afghan Taliban. 4440:killed the Sikh general 3937:commanded by Kilij Khan. 3308:from the decline of the 3238:by the Vedic astronomer 3226:) being mentioned is by 3083:Hindu, moved up to near 2670:devotee, 2nd century CE. 2387:were descended from the 1789:of today's Afghanistan; 1733:Afghanistan fell to the 589:Principality of Qandahar 15209:History of Central Asia 15145:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14214:Second Anglo-Afghan War 14184:Third Battle of Panipat 13601:- which spreads across 13184:−200 — 13174:−400 — 13164:−600 — 13154:−800 — 12755:Shahrani, M Nazif, ed. 12406:. Carlton Books, 2001. 12237:excerpt and text search 11563:The Wall Street Journal 9882:Klass, Rosanne (1994). 9544:Kabul's prison of death 9510:Benjamin A. Valentino. 9099:Edward Granville Browne 9067:Edward Granville Browne 8966:Edward Granville Browne 8518:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. 8270:. 2006. 16 October 2006 8268:Encyclopædia Britannica 8084:. alamahabibi.com. 1969 7881:Encyclopedia Britannica 7701:Tandon, Pankaj (2013). 7661:10.3406/crai.2006.87101 7491:Encyclopædia Britannica 7473:Encyclopædia Britannica 7357:The Classical Quarterly 6587:Gladstone, Cary (2001) 6228:Hyman, Anthony (1984). 6214:Rahimi, Mukiib Rahman. 6186:Politics of Afghanistan 6038:Afghan Defense Minister 5852:, and it took place in 5750:in 2010, including the 5539:of Osama bin Laden and 5114:Sibghatuallah Mojaddedi 5007:surface-to-air missiles 4920:. They also prohibited 4712:(Masses) was headed by 4507:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4294:Third Battle of Panipat 4272:. He adopted the title 4136:. The Afghans captured 3549:Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari 3340:and in that of his son 3262:Afghans settled in the 2918: 1527:of the rising power of 1484:and westwards into the 1204:Republic of Afghanistan 1180:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1079:, and most recently by 1039:era, and the country's 1019:the Indian subcontinent 15204:History of Afghanistan 14284:Second Islamic Emirate 14224:Kingdom of Afghanistan 14219:Third Anglo-Afghan War 14209:First Anglo-Afghan War 14194:Emirate of Afghanistan 14144:Yabghus of Tokharistan 13513:Indo-European language 12959:Encyclopaedia of Islam 12773:(Da Capo Press, 2009). 12609:Malleson, George Bruce 12235:(Princeton U.P. 2010) 12217:Afghanistan the People 11859:. September 17, 2011. 10940: 31 May 2001. – ( 10818:. 2001. Archived from 10793:. 2007. Archived from 10712:. 2008. Archived from 10678:. 2010. Archived from 10375:. 1998. Archived from 9664:. 1999. Archived from 9640:. 2009. Archived from 8594:Thomas, David (2018). 7829:. BRILL. p. 116. 7680:. Brill. p. 159. 7674:Neelis, Jason (2010). 7538:Rafi U. Samad (2011). 6839:Malwa Through the Ages 6751:. BRILL. p. 232. 6108:Mohammad Hassan Akhund 6068: 6017: 6015:2021 Taliban offensive 6007: 5917: 5895: 5840: 5755: 5754:standing in the front. 5752:ANA Commando Battalion 5710:fall of Mazar-i-Sharif 5697:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed 5672: 5608: 5599: 5591: 5582: 5434:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai 5390: 5377: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5331: 5298:History of the Taliban 5225:directed by Iran, the 5207: 5199:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 5164: 5148: 5137:concludes in his book 5079: 4940: 4849: 4841: 4748: 4660: 4648:Kingdom of Afghanistan 4541:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4466:first Anglo-Afghan War 4410: 4389: 4381: 4120: 4110: 4039: 4031: 3938: 3891:Modern era (1504–1973) 3878:, whose glory matched 3847: 3798:Jalal al-Din Mangburni 3784: 3714: 3639:, eastern and central 3616: 3594: 3378: 3242:in his 6th century CE 3131: 3021: 2736: 2616: 2593: 2543: 2457: 2456:coins. 1st century CE. 2417:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2380: 2242:kingdom, founded when 2236:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2231: 2204:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 2194:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2188:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2180: 2139: 2125: 2069:of the Indian Emperor 2042:by the Indian emperor 1915:a year earlier at the 1905: 1893: 1730: 1703: 1461: 1438: 1305: 1249:Islamic fundamentalist 1202:, following which the 1188:Kingdom of Afghanistan 1184:Third Anglo-Afghan War 1176:First Anglo-Afghan War 1170:in South Asia and the 1118:being credited as its 1007:Emirate of Afghanistan 1003:history of Afghanistan 998: 955:Afghanistan portal 892:List of heads of state 150:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 14264:First Islamic Emirate 13400:Proto Elamite Culture 12841:Elliot, Henry Miers. 12550:Hopkins, B. D. 2008. 12513:." 2nd Draft Edition. 12185:Further information: 11417:30 April 2015 at the 11387:. AFP. Archived from 10058:Columbia Encyclopedia 8880:Runion, Meredith L.: 8856:www.afghanembassy.com 7778:. Silkroad Foundation 6589:Afghanistan revisited 6498:Middle East Institute 6400:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6152:said that 30% of the 6131:UN World Food Program 6081:Taliban entered Kabul 6062: 6012: 5983: 5900: 5890: 5832: 5745: 5733:Karzai administration 5675:On 9 September 2001, 5660: 5631:Further information: 5603: 5595: 5586: 5574: 5532:U.S. State Department 5386: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5350:(yellow) territories. 5337: 5317: 5191: 5160: 5143: 5077: 4976:Carter administration 4938: 4916:and moved to promote 4847: 4827: 4746: 4655: 4499:a civil war broke out 4395: 4387: 4375: 4362:Further information: 4315:took over the reign. 4274:padshah durr-i dawran 4268:, he became known as 4115: 4093: 4037: 4025: 3913: 3845: 3779: 3766:Further information: 3705:on the shores of the 3688: 3614: 3520: 3443:, consecrated by the 3365: 3336:both in the reign of 3317:and Kabul, and later 3129: 2988: 2743:'s rule was ended by 2727: 2612: 2589: 2587:said about Kanishka: 2541: 2462:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2448: 2441:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2350: 2201: 2163: 2126: 2100: 1927:); Alexandria-on-the- 1899: 1891: 1805:. Arachosia bordered 1709: 1701: 1455: 1420: 1295: 1114:of Afghanistan, with 1051:, including those by 996: 200:Indo-Parthian kingdom 180:Indo-Scythian kingdom 15059:United Arab Emirates 14370:Environmental issues 14318:Graveyard of empires 14307:Arabs in Afghanistan 13543:. According to the 13507:c.1700-1100 BC: The 12869:Hill, John E. 2004. 12762:Siddique, Abubakar. 12724:Runion, Meredith L. 10957:. Nato.usmission.gov 10842:St. Petersburg Times 10787:"Inside the Taliban" 10654:"Inside the Taliban" 10585:on 11 December 2008. 10497:on November 18, 2002 10200:Gutman, Roy (2008). 10121:(13 November 2004). 9417:(13 November 2004). 8990:Romano, Amy (2003). 8504:www.afghan-bios.info 8231:University of London 8012:Ibn Battuta (2004). 7959:Encyclopædia Iranica 7952:(15 December 1995). 7823:Wink, André (2002). 7577:. GGKEY:4NPLATFACBB. 7015:Encyclopædia Iranica 6396:"DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN" 6366:. 16 September 2021. 6166:Fall of Kabul (2021) 5955:Ghulam Haider Hamidi 5901:From left to right: 5764:emergency loya jirga 5748:Afghan National Army 5691:. Then US President 5685:September 11 attacks 5518:Pakistani President 5306:Afghan training camp 5266:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 4980:assistance to rebels 4946:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 4690:Mohammad Hashim Khan 4545:Treaty of Rawalpindi 4419:Sultan Mohammad Khan 4376:Map of Afghanistan ( 3725:, but the Ghaznavid 3530:area the princes of 1967:Seleucid–Mauryan war 1913:Darius III of Persia 1468:centered around the 1456:Gandhara Kingdom in 1215:communist revolution 1120:Father of the Nation 1107:throughout history. 15086:limited recognition 14324:Wars in Afghanistan 14244:Democratic Republic 13904:Ilkhanate (Mongols) 12918:Wood, John (1872). 12901:Levi, Peter. 1972. 12792:Vogelsang, Willem. 12576:South Asian Studies 12516:"The Han Histories" 12436:Gregorian, Vartan. 12344:Dupree, Nancy Hatch 12166:. 22 December 2023. 12148:. 11 December 2023. 12112:. 22 November 2023. 12094:. 11 November 2021. 12058:. 10 November 2021. 12004:. 11 November 2021. 11986:. 7 September 2021. 11908:Pajhwok Afghan News 11753:on October 12, 2011 11609:. October 22, 2010. 11538:on January 29, 2010 11391:on October 10, 2011 11336:The Weekly Standard 11311:The Washington Post 11090:The Washington Post 11039:on October 17, 2010 11033:"USAID Afghanistan" 10257:Matinuddin, Kamal, 9556:, February 27, 2006 9530:Kaplan, Robert D., 7742:Anthony Kaldellis, 7301:A History of Greece 6853:. pp. 98–104. 6851:Motilal Banarsidass 6473:www.crisisgroup.org 6119:Afghan central bank 5985:In choosing to use 5959:Burhanuddin Rabbani 5937:After the May 2011 5874:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 5768:Afghan armed forces 5731:to help assist the 5729:UN Security Council 5616:European Parliament 5566:National Geographic 5402:Abdul Rashid Dostum 5239:Abdul Rashid Dostum 5215:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 5203:Burhanuddin Rabbani 5131:Abdul Rashid Dostum 5122:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 5118:Burhanuddin Rabbani 5108:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 5048:Mohammad Najibullah 4930:Afghan Armed Forces 4854:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4830:Presidential Palace 4764:Mohammad Daoud Khan 4714:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4698:Mohammed Daoud Khan 4674:Mohammad Zahir Shah 4668:Habibullah Kalakani 4664:Mohammed Nadir Khan 4657:Mohammad Zahir Shah 4636:Habibullāh Kalakāni 4594:Habibullah Kalakani 4402:with Britain's Sir 4301:Shrine of the Cloak 4038:Hotaki Empire, 1728 3951:Indian subcontinent 3884:Italian Renaissance 3876:Timurid Renaissance 3748:Indian subcontinent 3252:King Saul of Israel 3194:(i.e. ancestors of 3160:Indian subcontinent 2882:JUAN-JUAN KHAGANATE 2751:became part of the 2472:, and northwestern 2355:, representing the 2092:Chandragupta Maurya 2090:, which was led by 1917:Battle of Gaugamela 1909:Alexander the Great 1636:are said to be the 1578:Alexander the Great 1190:in June 1926 under 1128:modern Afghan state 1057:Alexander the Great 1043:along the historic 659:Democratic Republic 14643:Telecommunications 14613:Afghani (currency) 14528:Leadership Council 14312:European influence 14189:Dost Mohammad Khan 14124:Pre-Islamic period 14058:Modern Afghanistan 13960:Khanate of Bukhara 13499:Coming of Iranians 13442:Deh Morāsi Ghūndai 13054:2019-11-02 at the 13037:2006-05-14 at the 13027:Nancy Hatch Dupree 13002:2023-01-26 at the 12949:. In Fleet, Kate; 12800:2022-12-28 at the 12759:(Indiana UP, 2018) 12752:(IB Tauris, 2012). 12732:2022-12-28 at the 12708:2022-12-28 at the 12684:2022-12-28 at the 12660:2022-12-28 at the 12619:2022-12-28 at the 12604:online book review 12598:Leake, Elisabeth. 12592:2021-09-09 at the 12581:Kakar, M. Hassan. 12558:2022-12-28 at the 12418:Gommans, Jos J. L. 12401:2022-12-28 at the 12377:2022-12-28 at the 12366:(Routledge, 2013). 12354:2022-12-28 at the 12312:. ABC-CLIO, 2003. 12307:2022-12-28 at the 12283:2022-12-28 at the 12256:2022-12-28 at the 12242:2017-02-05 at the 12231:Barfield, Thomas. 12207:Adamec, Ludwig W. 12200:Adamec, Ludwig W. 12193:Adamec, Ludwig W. 12130:. 4 December 2023. 12092:Human Rights Watch 12076:. 25 October 2021. 12040:. 29 October 2021. 12038:The New York Times 12022:. 20 October 2021. 11927:The New York Times 11342:on January 2, 2011 11144:2012-03-20 at the 10754:Human Rights Watch 10546:Human Rights Watch 10427:2009-09-27 at the 10411:on 8 October 2008. 10329:. 16 November 1995 10176:Human Rights Watch 10101:Neamatollah Nojumi 10052:2021-08-17 at the 9803:on 26 October 2016 9736:on 26 October 2016 9700:on 26 October 2016 9618:Al-Ahram Democracy 9549:2017-06-05 at the 9389:The New York Times 9383:2020-04-19 at the 9305:2007-02-27 at the 9277:2021-02-25 at the 9135:The World Factbook 8194:"Islamic conquest" 7449:on 24 October 2007 7189:Afghanistan (1973) 7122:Afghanistan (1973) 6384:. 26 October 2001. 6277:on 3 November 2001 6123:Human Rights Watch 6069: 6042:Abdul Rahim Wardak 6018: 5943:Mohammed Daud Daud 5918: 5870:Sirajuddin Haqqani 5841: 5815:Taliban insurgency 5756: 5677:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5673: 5637:Taliban insurgency 5578:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5570:Inside the Taliban 5562:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5553:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5416:forces of Dostum, 5398:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5368: 5360: 5352: 5332: 5328:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5251:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5231:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 5195:Ahmad Shah Massoud 5182:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 5080: 4941: 4866:head of government 4850: 4842: 4840:on April 28, 1978. 4838:Marxist revolution 4836:, a day after the 4749: 4661: 4436:on Sikh forces at 4415:Dost Mohammad Khan 4411: 4408:Treaty of Gandamak 4390: 4382: 4329:Shuja Shah Durrani 4313:Zaman Shah Durrani 4305:Timur Shah Durrani 4270:Ahmad Shah Durrani 4174:Ottoman–Hotaki War 4134:Battle of Gulnabad 4121: 4040: 4032: 3974:Khanate of Bukhara 3945:, a descendant of 3939: 3906:Khanate of Bukhara 3848: 3785: 3715: 3647:, parts of India, 3617: 3589:Nancy Hatch Dupree 3398:Battle of Peshawar 3266:area and began to 3212:Sulaiman Mountains 3132: 3091:to central India. 3059:Hephthalite Empire 3022: 2990:Vishnu Nicolo Seal 2737: 2560:Kanishka the Great 2544: 2458: 2421:Satavahana dynasty 2381: 2317:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2299:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2293:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2285:until 70 BCE when 2232: 1906: 1894: 1739:Darius I of Persia 1731: 1704: 1678:from the Kamboja. 1462: 1458:Early Vedic Period 1448:Gandhāra (kingdom) 1439: 1342:Sulaiman Mountains 1306: 1276:interim government 1241:amongst themselves 1200:overthrown in 1973 1148:Dost Mohammad Khan 1124:Dost Mohammad Khan 1116:Ahmad Shah Durrani 1081:a US-led coalition 1041:strategic location 1037:Middle Paleolithic 1035:dates back to the 999: 862:Political violence 669:Tanai coup attempt 304:Rashidun Caliphate 249:Hephthalite Empire 170:Indo-Greek kingdom 15191: 15190: 15128:other territories 14784: 14783: 14737: 14736: 14666: 14665: 14595: 14594: 14558:Foreign relations 14393: 14392: 14332: 14331: 14234:Saqqawist Emirate 14174:Siege of Kandahar 14070: 14069: 14042: 14022: 14011: 14000: 13953: 13897: 13760: 13747:Kushano-Sasanians 13581:Avestan geography 13535:westwards to the 13446:Kandahār Province 13304:2200 — 13294:2000 — 13284:1800 — 13274:1600 — 13264:1400 — 13254:1200 — 13244:1000 — 12907:. Collins, 1972. 12827:Green, Nile, ed. 12769:Tanner, Stephen. 12635:Olson, Gillia M. 12453:Habibi, Abdul Hai 12369:Fowler, Corinne. 12299:Clements, Frank. 12164:Business Standard 11679:. MiamiHerald.com 11629:Los Angeles Times 10979:. 30 January 2006 10816:Piotr Balcerowicz 10548:(November 1998). 10204:. Washington D.C. 9455:on June 17, 2010. 9363:978-1-55876-155-1 9133:. United States: 8723:978-90-04-43736-4 8692:cite encyclopedia 8660:978-92-3-103467-1 8634:978-1-317-47681-8 8607:978-1-74332-542-1 8580:978-92-3-103467-1 8538:Eaton, Richard M. 8457:Meher, Jagmohan: 8421:978-90-04-09509-0 7935:978-1-351-92605-8 7863:978-0-521-20093-6 7836:978-0-391-04173-8 7758:Jonathan Conant, 7551:978-0-87586-859-2 7162:. United States: 7023:cite encyclopedia 6937:978-8-177-42026-5 6909:978-0-521-22804-6 6902:. pp. 1–52. 6880:Hammond, N. G. L. 6860:978-8-120-80824-9 6785:978-90-6186-037-2 6758:978-90-04-18159-5 6649:, ed. G. Walser, 6251:978-0-333-36353-9 6236:. pp. 3–22. 6196:Timeline of Herat 6191:Timeline of Kabul 6154:Afghan population 6148:Director-General 5987:violent extremism 5951:Jan Mohammad Khan 5947:Ahmed Wali Karzai 5903:Abdullah Abdullah 5886:Abdullah Abdullah 5681:suicide attackers 5649:Panjshir conflict 5541:Ayman al-Zawahiri 5406:Northern Alliance 5394:the fall of Kabul 5302:Northern Alliance 5089:(ISI), headed by 4984:Afghan mujahideen 4870:General Secretary 4820:Soviet–Afghan War 4744: 4592:, and a photo of 4342:The Sikhs, under 4250:invasion of India 4225:Siege of Kandahar 4209:Siege of Kandahar 4201:Battle of Damghan 4169:Treaty of Hamedan 3861:held the seat of 3735:Ala al-Din Husayn 3435:, representing a 2636:Mahayana Buddhist 2147:Buddhist heritage 2135:Junianus Justinus 2067:Major Rock Edicts 2048:Minor Rock Edicts 2017:Samangan Province 1735:Achaemenid Empire 1727:Achaemenid Empire 1721:were the ancient 1688:Achaemenid Empire 1682:Achaemenid Empire 1648:/Kamoz people of 1539:Achaemenid Empire 1501:valley of Kaśmīra 1460:, around 1500 BCE 1435:Achaemenid Empire 1330:indigenous people 1322:Upper Paleolithic 1231:Soviet–Afghan War 1206:was established. 991: 990: 882:Afghan (ethnonym) 857:Political history 761: 760: 609:Saqqawist Emirate 559:Sadozai Sultanate 512: 511: 298:7th–8th centuries 267: 266: 120:Macedonian Empire 110:Achaemenid Empire 80:Oxus civilization 15221: 15181: 15171: 15170: 15140:Christmas Island 14826:Sovereign states 14811: 14804: 14797: 14788: 14787: 14764: 14757: 14750: 14677: 14676: 14606: 14605: 14506: 14505: 14343: 14342: 14292: 14291: 14279:Islamic Republic 14239:Daoud's Republic 14204:Afghan–Sikh Wars 14199:Battle of Jamrud 14159:Islamic conquest 14139:Greater Khorasan 14097: 14090: 14083: 14074: 14073: 14049:Barakzai dynasty 14036: 14016: 14005: 13994: 13947: 13891: 13794:Turkish Khanates 13754: 13630: 13585:c. 1100-550 BC: 13490: 13487:Baghlān Province 13479:Jawzjān Province 13457: 13420: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13234:800 — 13230: 13225: 13224:600 — 13220: 13215: 13214:400 — 13210: 13205: 13204:200 — 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13072: 13018:Abdul Hai Habibi 12970: 12948: 12898: 12896: 12895: 12530: 12528: 12527: 12214:Banting, Erinn. 12168: 12167: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12012: 12006: 12005: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11918: 11912: 11911: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11878: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11803: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11620: 11611: 11610: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11534:. Archived from 11527: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11450: 11445:. Archived from 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11260:. Archived from 11258:Voice of America 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11229: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11155: 11149: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11119:. March 21, 2010 11107: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11007: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10986: 10984: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10951: 10945: 10938:S/RES/1386(2001) 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10879: 10870: 10869: 10858: 10847: 10846: 10833: 10824: 10823: 10808: 10799: 10798: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10745: 10736: 10735: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10700: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10650: 10639: 10638: 10628: 10620: 10605: 10604: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10493:. Archived from 10485:Newsday (2001). 10482: 10465: 10464: 10452: 10435: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10381: 10368: 10360: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10304: 10287: 10286: 10275: 10262: 10255: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10213: 10205: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10178:. Archived from 10168: 10155: 10154: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10067: 10061: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10018: 10012: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9920: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9863: 9857:. Archived from 9832: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9810: 9808: 9802: 9796:. Archived from 9795: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9741: 9735: 9729:. Archived from 9728: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9693:. Archived from 9692: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9637:The Brunei Times 9628: 9622: 9621: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9573:. Archived from 9563: 9557: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9522: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9469:. Lcweb2.loc.gov 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9448:. Archived from 9447: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9411: 9392: 9391:, July 23, 2007. 9374: 9368: 9367: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9320: 9314: 9309:", published in 9296: 9290: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9199: 9193: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9155:Friedrich Engels 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 8997: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8896: 8890: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8862:on 18 March 2013 8858:. Archived from 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8815: 8809: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8687: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8496: 8487: 8476: 8467: 8455: 8446: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8376: 8361: 8360: 8333: 8318: 8315:India, A History 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8277: 8271: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8190: 8184: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8146: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8081:Abdul Hai Habibi 8072: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8048:Sir H. M. Elliot 8036: 8030: 8029: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7990:. Archived from 7983:Memoirs of Babur 7970: 7964: 7963: 7950:Schmitt, Rüdiger 7946: 7940: 7939: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7820: 7814: 7811:History of India 7807: 7801: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7772: 7766: 7756: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7731:India: A History 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7707: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7616:. Archived from 7606: 7600: 7599:– H.G. Rowlinson 7594: 7588: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7507:. Archived from 7501: 7495: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7198: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7131: 7125: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7026: 7018: 7017:. United States. 7006: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6693:(1997). "BMAC". 6687: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6660: 6654: 6643: 6637: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6605: 6599: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6427: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6313: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6095:and launched an 6067:, 17 August 2021 6005: 5862:Afghan President 5746:Soldiers of the 5723:was formed, the 5667:speaking before 5662:Afghan President 5520:Pervez Musharraf 5320:Pervez Musharraf 5243:Harakat-i Islami 5227:Ittehad-i Islami 5223:Abdul Ali Mazari 5186:Ittihad-i Islami 5175:Abdul Ali Mazari 4905:Anahita Ratebzad 4893:Marxist–Leninist 4780:Mir Akbar Khyber 4745: 4724:(Banner) led by 4694:Shah Mahmud Khan 4582: 4573: 4549:Independence Day 4538: 4537: 1919–1929 4536: 4442:Hari Singh Nalwa 4430:Barakzai dynasty 4427: 4424: 4368:Barakzai dynasty 4126:Abdul Aziz Hotak 4108: 4105:Edward G. Browne 4001:Badakhshan Subah 3822:Chagatai Khanate 3691:Muhammad of Ghor 3661:Mahmud of Ghazni 3629:Mahmud of Ghazni 3592: 3518:conquered them. 3514:followed by the 3512:Saffarid dynasty 3460: 3426: 3087:to the east and 2899: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2866: 2855: 2846: 2835: 2824: 2812: 2699: 2679: 2659: 2631: 2552:Kujula Kadphises 2480:(in the present 2258:around 250 BCE. 2137: 2123: 2104:Seleucus Nicator 2059: 2028: 1996: 1985:Ashoka the Great 1977: 1903: 1761:in the west and 1676:derives its name 1482:Pothohar Plateau 1425:, including the 1383:Bactria–Margiana 1367:) was a part of 1302:Badghis Province 1300:in the northern 1296:Tents of Afghan 983: 976: 969: 953: 952: 951: 941: 940: 924:Muslim conquests 909:Hinduism history 872:Economic history 756: 734:Islamic Republic 525: 524: 454:Chagatai Khanate 280: 279: 220:Kidarite kingdom 90:Gandhara kingdom 66: 65: 46: 36: 18: 17: 15229: 15228: 15224: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15159: 15127: 15118: 15099:Northern Cyprus 15085: 15078: 14820: 14818:History of Asia 14815: 14785: 14780: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14733: 14662: 14591: 14495: 14389: 14328: 14290: 14274:War (2001–2021) 14164:Mongol invasion 14110: 14101: 14071: 14062: 14061: 14053: 14052: 14044: 14043: 14033: 14032: 14024: 14023: 14013: 14012: 14002: 14001: 13991: 13990: 13982: 13981: 13973: 13972: 13964: 13963: 13955: 13954: 13944: 13943: 13935: 13934: 13926: 13925: 13917: 13916: 13908: 13907: 13899: 13898: 13888: 13887: 13879: 13878: 13870: 13869: 13861: 13860: 13852: 13851: 13843: 13842: 13834: 13833: 13825: 13824: 13816: 13815: 13807: 13806: 13798: 13797: 13789: 13788: 13780: 13779: 13771: 13770: 13762: 13761: 13751: 13750: 13742: 13741: 13733: 13732: 13724: 13723: 13715: 13714: 13706: 13705: 13697: 13696: 13688: 13687: 13679: 13678: 13670: 13669: 13666:Greco-Bactrians 13661: 13660: 13652: 13651: 13643: 13642: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13603:Iranian plateau 13584: 13537:Iranian plateau 13531:begin from the 13526: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13494: 13493: 13492: 13472: 13469: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13454:Takhār Province 13435: 13432: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13417:Nīmrūz Province 13406: 13403: 13395: 13394: 13386: 13385: 13377: 13376: 13368: 13367: 13359: 13358: 13350: 13349: 13341: 13340: 13334: 13326: 13325: 13317: 13316: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13077: 13056:Wayback Machine 13039:Wayback Machine 13004:Wayback Machine 12955:Rowson, Everett 12939: 12893: 12891: 12882: 12821: 12819:Primary sources 12816: 12802:Wayback Machine 12734:Wayback Machine 12710:Wayback Machine 12686:Wayback Machine 12662:Wayback Machine 12621:Wayback Machine 12594:Wayback Machine 12560:Wayback Machine 12525: 12523: 12514: 12473:Harmatta, János 12425:. Brill, 1995. 12403:Wayback Machine 12379:Wayback Machine 12362:Ewans, Martin. 12356:Wayback Machine 12309:Wayback Machine 12285:Wayback Machine 12261:. Brill, 2006. 12258:Wayback Machine 12244:Wayback Machine 12189: 12183: 12177: 12175:Further reading 12172: 12171: 12158: 12157: 12153: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12122: 12121: 12117: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12014: 12013: 12009: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11964: 11962: 11953: 11952: 11948: 11939: 11937: 11919: 11915: 11900: 11896: 11887: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11875: 11866: 11864: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11837: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11816: 11814: 11805: 11804: 11797: 11788: 11786: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11730: 11728: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11708: 11706: 11705:. 23 March 2010 11697: 11696: 11692: 11682: 11680: 11673: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11647: 11643: 11633: 11631: 11621: 11614: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11581: 11577: 11567: 11565: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11528: 11524: 11514: 11512: 11501: 11497: 11487: 11485: 11478: 11474: 11453: 11419:Wayback Machine 11408: 11404: 11394: 11392: 11381: 11377: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11277: 11267: 11265: 11252: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11222: 11218: 11208: 11206: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11186: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11164: 11162: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11146:Wayback Machine 11136: 11132: 11122: 11120: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11094: 11092: 11082: 11078: 11068: 11066: 11065:on May 14, 2011 11057: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11031:Julie Fossler. 11029: 11025: 11011: 11009: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10982: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10960: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10924: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10898: 10894: 10881: 10880: 10873: 10859: 10850: 10835: 10834: 10827: 10810: 10809: 10802: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10766: 10762: 10747: 10746: 10739: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10702: 10701: 10694: 10685: 10683: 10676:History Commons 10670: 10669: 10665: 10652: 10651: 10642: 10621: 10608: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10558: 10556: 10543: 10539: 10530: 10528: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10483: 10468: 10461:Chicago Tribune 10453: 10438: 10429:Wayback Machine 10420: 10416: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10345: 10341: 10332: 10330: 10325: 10323: 10316: 10305: 10290: 10277: 10276: 10265: 10256: 10247: 10239: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10207: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10185: 10183: 10170: 10169: 10158: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10133: 10116: 10112: 10098: 10094: 10080: 10078: 10068: 10064: 10054:Wayback Machine 10046: 10042: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10006: 10002: 9991: 9975: 9971: 9960: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9911: 9907: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9830: 9824: 9820: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9787: 9783: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9726: 9720: 9716: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9671: 9669: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9580: 9578: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9551:Wayback Machine 9542: 9538: 9529: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9496: 9494: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9472: 9470: 9465: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9412: 9395: 9385:Wayback Machine 9375: 9371: 9364: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9307:Wayback Machine 9297: 9293: 9285:, published in 9279:Wayback Machine 9269: 9265: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9232:Tanner, Stephen 9229: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9200: 9196: 9183: 9179: 9170: 9168: 9152: 9148: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9108: 9106: 9093: 9092: 9085: 9076: 9074: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9027: 9023: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8988: 8984: 8975: 8973: 8963: 8959: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8930: 8926: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8863: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8739: 8735: 8724: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8689: 8688: 8676: 8672: 8661: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8535: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8477: 8470: 8456: 8449: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8393: 8391: 8377: 8364: 8354: 8340:, eds. (1977), 8334: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8278: 8274: 8263: 8259: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8220: 8216: 8207: 8205: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8169: 8167: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8144: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8087: 8085: 8074: 8073: 8066: 8057: 8055: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7995: 7971: 7967: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7883:. 3 April 2024. 7875: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7757: 7753: 7741: 7737: 7728: 7724: 7715: 7713: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7623: 7621: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7582: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7523: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7297: 7293: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7199: 7195: 7187:Dupree, Louis: 7186: 7182: 7173: 7171: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7116: 7112: 7073: 7069: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7020: 7019: 7007: 7003: 6995:Prolemy, 6.17; 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6894:. Vol. 4. 6872: 6868: 6861: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6644: 6640: 6625: 6621: 6606: 6602: 6579: 6575: 6566: 6564: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6162: 6142:Afghan refugees 6101:Panjshir Valley 6085:President Ghani 6030:Hillary Clinton 6006: 5994: 5967:Haqqani network 5798:Afghan refugees 5772:national police 5706:cruise missiles 5655: 5629: 5508:Osama bin Laden 5312: 5292:Main articles: 5290: 5235:Junbish-i Milli 5072: 5064:Main articles: 5062: 5023:Afghan refugees 4969:Afghan military 4959:To bolster the 4909:New Kabul Times 4881:Hafizullah Amin 4879:In March 1979, 4858:Saur Revolution 4822: 4816:Saur Revolution 4800:Afghan conflict 4798:Main articles: 4796: 4784:Hafizullah Amin 4760: 4754: 4736: 4734: 4718:Hafizullah Amin 4650: 4644: 4608:Khost rebellion 4600: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4574: 4563: 4557: 4533: 4521:Habibullah Khan 4478:Durrani Kingdom 4450:Russian Empires 4425: 4421:, and founded ( 4370: 4360: 4348:Durrani Kingdom 4333:Harmandir Sahib 4292:in 1761 at the 4227: 4219:Main articles: 4217: 4109: 4103: 4020: 4014: 3955:Delhi Sultanate 3908: 3900:Main articles: 3898: 3893: 3840: 3834: 3806:City of Screams 3774: 3764: 3762:Mongol invasion 3683: 3677: 3609: 3601:Main articles: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3488: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3461: 3452: 3427: 3390:attacked Ghazni 3298: 3290:Main articles: 3288: 3260:Turkic-speaking 3232:Sasanian Empire 3124: 3112: 3106: 3061: 3055: 2983: 2977: 2961: 2955: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2753:Sasanian Empire 2730:Sasanian Empire 2722: 2720:Sasanian Empire 2716: 2714:Sasanian Empire 2709: 2700: 2691: 2680: 2671: 2660: 2651: 2632: 2536: 2530: 2443: 2437: 2425:Chandragupta II 2345: 2305: 2297:Main articles: 2295: 2256:Seleucid Empire 2196: 2190: 2185: 2138: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2082: 2060: 2051: 2029: 2020: 2013:Ghazni Province 1997: 1988: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1949:Seleucid Empire 1901: 1886: 1880: 1823:Iranian peoples 1696: 1690: 1684: 1574: 1568: 1470:Peshawar Valley 1466:Gandhara region 1450: 1444: 1415: 1395: 1387:Main articles: 1385: 1369:Helmand culture 1290: 1284: 1264:capturing Kabul 1219:socialist state 1178:. However, the 987: 949: 947: 930: 929: 928: 851: 843: 842: 841: 771: 763: 762: 754: 749:Islamic Emirate 689:Islamic Emirate 649:Saur Revolution 522: 514: 513: 444:Mongol Invasion 418:before 879–1215 277: 269: 268: 210:Sasanian Empire 194:135 BC – 248 AD 160:Parthian Empire 130:Seleucid Empire 63: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 15227: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15175: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15090: 15088: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14830: 14828: 14822: 14821: 14814: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14791: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14778: 14773: 14766: 14765: 14758: 14751: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14618:Communications 14615: 14609: 14603: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14538:Prime Minister 14535: 14533:Supreme Leader 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14484:Persian (Dari) 14476: 14471: 14470: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14403: 14401: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14375:Extreme points 14372: 14367: 14362: 14360:Climate change 14357: 14352: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14298: 14296: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14179:Durrani Empire 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14120: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14100: 14099: 14092: 14085: 14077: 14068: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14055: 14054: 14046: 14045: 14035: 14034: 14029:Durrani Empire 14026: 14025: 14015: 14014: 14004: 14003: 13993: 13992: 13984: 13983: 13975: 13974: 13966: 13965: 13957: 13956: 13946: 13945: 13937: 13936: 13928: 13927: 13919: 13918: 13910: 13909: 13901: 13900: 13890: 13889: 13881: 13880: 13872: 13871: 13863: 13862: 13854: 13853: 13845: 13844: 13836: 13835: 13827: 13826: 13818: 13817: 13809: 13808: 13800: 13799: 13791: 13790: 13782: 13781: 13773: 13772: 13764: 13763: 13753: 13752: 13744: 13743: 13735: 13734: 13729:Indo-Parthians 13726: 13725: 13717: 13716: 13708: 13707: 13699: 13698: 13690: 13689: 13681: 13680: 13672: 13671: 13663: 13662: 13654: 13653: 13645: 13644: 13636: 13635: 13599:Zoroastrianism 13554:Airyana Vaēǰah 13529:Iranian tribes 13504: 13496: 13495: 13470: 13463: 13462: 13433: 13426: 13425: 13404: 13397: 13396: 13388: 13387: 13379: 13378: 13370: 13369: 13361: 13360: 13352: 13351: 13343: 13342: 13328: 13327: 13319: 13318: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13194:0 — 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13046: 13041: 13029: 13020: 13011: 13006: 12994: 12989: 12980: 12971: 12951:Krämer, Gudrun 12938: 12937:External links 12935: 12934: 12933: 12916: 12899: 12867: 12855: 12839: 12825: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12814: 12790: 12774: 12767: 12760: 12753: 12746: 12722: 12698: 12674: 12650: 12633: 12606: 12596: 12579: 12572: 12548: 12531: 12507: 12490: 12470: 12450: 12434: 12415: 12391: 12367: 12360: 12341: 12321: 12297: 12270: 12246: 12229: 12212: 12205: 12198: 12190: 12179:Main article: 12176: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12151: 12133: 12115: 12097: 12079: 12061: 12043: 12025: 12007: 12002:Deutsche Welle 11989: 11971: 11946: 11913: 11894: 11873: 11844: 11823: 11795: 11764: 11738: 11716: 11690: 11667: 11641: 11612: 11594: 11575: 11549: 11522: 11495: 11472: 11470: 11469: 11467:on 5 May 2015. 11451: 11449:on 5 May 2015. 11434: 11402: 11375: 11372:on 2011-07-26. 11353: 11323: 11297: 11275: 11245: 11216: 11194: 11172: 11150: 11130: 11102: 11076: 11050: 11023: 10994: 10968: 10946: 10918: 10906:New York Times 10892: 10871: 10848: 10825: 10822:on 2006-09-25. 10800: 10797:on 2008-09-29. 10778: 10760: 10737: 10719: 10716:on 2008-09-13. 10692: 10663: 10640: 10606: 10588: 10566: 10537: 10508: 10466: 10436: 10414: 10392: 10352: 10339: 10314: 10307:Marcela Grad. 10288: 10263: 10245: 10242:on 2013-10-04. 10221: 10192: 10156: 10138: 10131: 10110: 10092: 10062: 10040: 10033: 10013: 10000: 9989: 9969: 9958: 9941: 9931: 9905: 9894: 9874: 9818: 9781: 9770: 9750: 9714: 9678: 9647: 9644:on 2013-12-05. 9623: 9605: 9587: 9558: 9536: 9523: 9503: 9479: 9458: 9434: 9427: 9393: 9376:Barry Bearak, 9369: 9362: 9342: 9335: 9315: 9291: 9263: 9246: 9223: 9211: 9194: 9177: 9146: 9115: 9083: 9054: 9041: 9021: 9008: 8982: 8957: 8944: 8924: 8911: 8891: 8873: 8843: 8830: 8810: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8751: 8733: 8722: 8703: 8670: 8659: 8640: 8633: 8613: 8606: 8586: 8579: 8559: 8553:978-0713995824 8552: 8529: 8509: 8488: 8468: 8447: 8427: 8420: 8400: 8362: 8352: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8285: 8272: 8257: 8229:(2 ed.). 8214: 8185: 8176: 8164:Ch. M. Kieffer 8151: 8130: 8114: 8094: 8064: 8031: 8024: 8004: 7965: 7941: 7934: 7914: 7886: 7868: 7862: 7842: 7835: 7815: 7809:N. Jayapalan, 7802: 7789: 7767: 7751: 7735: 7722: 7693: 7687:978-9004181595 7686: 7666: 7639: 7630: 7614:www.kushan.org 7601: 7589: 7580: 7557: 7550: 7530: 7521: 7496: 7478: 7460: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7398: 7363:(2): 505–510. 7343: 7336: 7316: 7309: 7291: 7278: 7258: 7246: 7220: 7213: 7193: 7180: 7147: 7126: 7110: 7067: 7054: 7034: 7001: 6988: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6915: 6908: 6876:Boardman, John 6866: 6859: 6829: 6811:(1): 198–233. 6791: 6784: 6764: 6757: 6737: 6730: 6712: 6705: 6691:Mallory, J. P. 6679: 6655: 6638: 6619: 6600: 6573: 6540: 6533: 6509: 6485: 6460: 6413: 6387: 6369: 6355: 6329: 6308: 6288: 6257: 6250: 6220: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6026:Cameron Munter 5992: 5975:Pakistani Army 5931:David Petraeus 5882:Amrullah Saleh 5693:George W. Bush 5628: 5625: 5524:Frontier Corps 5485:United Nations 5289: 5286: 5085:'s spy agency 5061: 5058: 5056:) until 1992. 5004:FIM-92 Stinger 4996:Gust Avrakotos 4988:Charlie Wilson 4901:women's rights 4795: 4792: 4756:Main article: 4753: 4750: 4733: 4730: 4646:Main article: 4643: 4640: 4604:Amanullah Khan 4590:Amanullah Khan 4587: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559:Main article: 4556: 4553: 4458:Siege of Herat 4359: 4356: 4290:Maratha Empire 4282:Pashtun tribes 4221:Durrani Empire 4216: 4213: 4195:, head of the 4178:Russian Empire 4161:Ottoman Empire 4101: 4078:revolted. The 4054:), a ruthless 4016:Main article: 4013: 4010: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3855:Timurid Empire 3838:Timurid Empire 3836:Main article: 3833: 3830: 3826:Khalji dynasty 3763: 3760: 3746:, much of the 3681:Ghurid dynasty 3679:Main article: 3676: 3673: 3598: 3595: 3585: 3484:Main article: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3451:, Afghanistan. 3432:Gardez Ganesha 3428: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3287: 3284: 3250:, grandson of 3244:Brihat-samhita 3198:), was called 3123: 3120: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 3057:Main article: 3054: 3053:The White Huns 3051: 3018:British Museum 2979:Main article: 2976: 2973: 2957:Main article: 2954: 2951: 2923:Main article: 2920: 2917: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2871: 2860: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2718:Main article: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2648:Avalokiteśvara 2633: 2626: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2439:Main article: 2436: 2435:Indo-Parthians 2433: 2385:Indo-Scythians 2377:British Museum 2371:with coins of 2359:surrounded by 2353:Bimaran casket 2344: 2343:Indo-Scythians 2341: 2337:Indo-Scythians 2315:, brought the 2294: 2291: 2222:to the north, 2192:Main article: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2131: 2122:, 64 BCE–24 CE 2116: 2084: 2083: 2075:Greek language 2061: 2054: 2052: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2009:Logar Province 1998: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1972: 1959:Main article: 1956: 1953: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1876: 1787:Herat Province 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1570:Main article: 1567: 1564: 1446:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1414: 1411: 1384: 1381: 1344:(mountains of 1312:and others at 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1243:following the 1217:established a 1192:Amanullah Khan 1172:Russian Empire 1101:Zoroastrianism 1023:Durrani Empire 989: 988: 986: 985: 978: 971: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 945: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 919:Jewish history 916: 911: 906: 905: 904: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 853: 852: 850:Related topics 849: 848: 845: 844: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 759: 758: 752: 745: 744: 741: 730: 729: 726: 716: 715: 712: 705: 704: 701: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 645: 644: 641: 635: 634: 631: 625: 624: 621: 615: 614: 611: 605: 604: 601: 595: 594: 591: 585: 584: 581: 579:Durrani Empire 575: 574: 571: 565: 564: 561: 555: 554: 551: 545: 544: 541: 535: 534: 531: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 509: 506: 500: 499: 496: 490: 489: 486: 480: 479: 476: 470: 469: 466: 460: 459: 456: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 420: 419: 416: 410: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 386: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 356: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 326: 324:Tibetan Empire 320: 319: 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 286: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 232: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 204:20 BC – 50? AD 202: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 162: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 132: 126: 125: 122: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 72: 64: 59: 58: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15226: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15174: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15109:South Ossetia 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15081: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14807: 14805: 14800: 14798: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14752: 14749: 14745: 14744: 14740: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14586: 14585:Chief Justice 14583: 14582: 14581: 14580:Supreme Court 14578: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14543:Deputy Leader 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14400: 14396: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14325: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14269:2001 invasion 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14259:Islamic State 14257: 14256: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14169:Hotak dynasty 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14134:Maurya Empire 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14098: 14093: 14091: 14086: 14084: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14065: 14060: 14059: 14051: 14050: 14041: 14040: 14039:Qajar dynasty 14031: 14030: 14021: 14020: 14010: 14009: 14008:Hotak dynasty 13999: 13998: 13997:Hotak dynasty 13989: 13988: 13980: 13979: 13971: 13970: 13962: 13961: 13952: 13951: 13942: 13941: 13933: 13932: 13924: 13923: 13915: 13914: 13906: 13905: 13896: 13895: 13894:Khwārazm-Shāh 13886: 13885: 13877: 13876: 13868: 13867: 13859: 13858: 13850: 13849: 13841: 13840: 13832: 13831: 13823: 13822: 13814: 13813: 13805: 13804: 13796: 13795: 13787: 13786: 13778: 13777: 13769: 13768: 13759: 13758: 13749: 13748: 13740: 13739: 13731: 13730: 13722: 13721: 13713: 13712: 13711:Great Kushans 13704: 13703: 13702:Early Kushans 13695: 13694: 13686: 13685: 13677: 13676: 13668: 13667: 13659: 13658: 13650: 13649: 13641: 13640: 13631: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13593:(present-day 13592: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13560: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13524: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13510: 13501: 13500: 13491: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13468: 13467: 13458: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13431: 13430: 13421: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13402: 13401: 13393: 13392: 13384: 13383: 13375: 13374: 13366: 13365: 13357: 13356: 13348: 13347: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13332: 13324: 13323: 13315: 13314: 13080: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12931: 12930:0-576-03322-7 12927: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12914: 12913:0-00-211042-3 12910: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12890:on 2005-03-15 12889: 12885: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12853:0-543-94714-9 12850: 12846: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12812: 12811:0-631-19841-5 12808: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12791: 12789: 12788:0-8160-5761-3 12785: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12772: 12768: 12766:(Hurst, 2014) 12765: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743:0-313-33798-5 12740: 12736: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12723: 12720: 12719:0-8239-3863-8 12716: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12700:Romano, Amy. 12699: 12696: 12695:81-7648-319-2 12692: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12676:Reddy, L. R. 12675: 12672: 12671:962-217-816-2 12668: 12664: 12663: 12659: 12656: 12651: 12648: 12647:0-7368-2685-8 12644: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12631: 12630:1-4021-7278-8 12627: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12585:(Brill, 2006) 12584: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12569:0-230-55421-0 12566: 12562: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12549: 12546: 12545:0-520-24993-3 12542: 12538: 12537: 12533:Holt, Frank. 12532: 12522:on 2006-04-26 12521: 12517: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12504:1-4262-0295-4 12501: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12488: 12487:81-208-1408-8 12484: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12467:1-58736-169-8 12464: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12448:0-8047-0706-5 12445: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12432: 12431:90-04-10109-8 12428: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12412:1-84222-597-9 12409: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12392: 12389: 12388:90-420-2262-0 12385: 12381: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12345: 12342: 12339: 12338:0-691-03006-5 12335: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12324:Dupree, Louis 12322: 12319: 12318:1-85109-402-4 12315: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12298: 12295: 12294:0-19-577221-0 12291: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12267:90-04-14532-X 12264: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12226:0-7787-9336-2 12223: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12182: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12129: 12125: 12119: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11917: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11883: 11877: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11833: 11827: 11813:on 2011-09-25 11812: 11808: 11802: 11800: 11785:on 2016-03-05 11784: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11726: 11720: 11704: 11700: 11694: 11678: 11675:Shah, Saeed. 11671: 11656: 11652: 11645: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11617: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11568:September 11, 11564: 11560: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11526: 11510: 11506: 11499: 11483: 11476: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11316:September 28, 11312: 11308: 11301: 11290:September 28, 11285: 11279: 11268:September 28, 11264:on 2010-06-07 11263: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11238:September 28, 11233: 11228: 11220: 11209:September 28, 11204: 11198: 11182: 11176: 11160: 11154: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11134: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11106: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11004: 10998: 10991: 10978: 10972: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10922: 10907: 10903: 10896: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10867: 10863: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10733: 10729: 10728:"Brigade 055" 10723: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10699: 10697: 10682:on 2014-01-25 10681: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10636: 10632: 10631:The Telegraph 10627: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10603:. 1997-09-15. 10602: 10598: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10527:on 2013-01-20 10526: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10382:on 2007-07-02 10378: 10374: 10373: 10365: 10359: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10328: 10321: 10319: 10310: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10238: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10211: 10203: 10196: 10182:on 2015-01-13 10181: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10134: 10132:1-85043-437-9 10128: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10089: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10034:9780199322480 10030: 10026: 10025: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9990:9780520208933 9986: 9982: 9981: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9959:9781616734046 9955: 9951: 9945: 9938: 9934: 9932:9780295980508 9928: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9909: 9902: 9897: 9895:9781412839655 9891: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9864:on 2014-10-06 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9773: 9771:9780520208933 9767: 9763: 9762: 9754: 9747: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9668:on 2014-03-02 9667: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9577:on 2011-02-05 9576: 9572: 9568: 9567:"Afghanistan" 9562: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9540: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9520:0-8014-3965-5 9517: 9513: 9507: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9468: 9467:"Afghanistan" 9462: 9451: 9444: 9438: 9430: 9428:1-85043-437-9 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9373: 9365: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9346: 9338: 9336:9781558761551 9332: 9328: 9327: 9319: 9313:– pp. 237–241 9312: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9295: 9288: 9287:Asian Affairs 9284: 9283:Omrani, Bijan 9280: 9276: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9249: 9247:9780306812330 9243: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9208: 9207:81-7304-785-5 9204: 9198: 9191: 9190:81-7304-785-5 9187: 9181: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9159:"Afghanistan" 9156: 9150: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9125: 9124:"Afghanistan" 9119: 9105:on 2016-03-04 9104: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9073:on 2016-03-03 9072: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9044: 9042:1-4021-7278-8 9038: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9011: 9009:0-8239-3863-8 9005: 9001: 8996: 8995: 8986: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8947: 8945:1-4021-7278-8 8941: 8937: 8936: 8928: 8914: 8912:1-4021-7278-8 8908: 8904: 8903: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8877: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8833: 8831:0-8160-5056-2 8827: 8823: 8822: 8814: 8808: 8807:0-8476-8442-3 8804: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8762: 8754: 8752:9780585482132 8748: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8563: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8452: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8404: 8390:on 2013-10-29 8389: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8353:0-521-29137-2 8349: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8338:Bernard Lewis 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8289: 8282: 8276: 8269: 8266: 8261: 8253: 8247: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8180: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8140: 8134: 8127: 8117: 8115:3-88939-628-3 8111: 8107: 8106: 8098: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8054:on 2013-07-26 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8027: 8025:0-415-34473-5 8021: 8017: 8016: 8008: 7994:on 2012-11-14 7993: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7865: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7812: 7806: 7799: 7793: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7634: 7620:on 2015-07-07 7619: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7561: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7534: 7525: 7511:on 2015-07-07 7510: 7506: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7337:9781607109853 7333: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7312: 7310:9781137013675 7306: 7302: 7295: 7281: 7279:81-208-0372-8 7275: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7236:on 2010-08-30 7235: 7231: 7224: 7216: 7214:9788120802728 7210: 7206: 7205: 7197: 7191:, pp. 276–283 7190: 7184: 7170:on 2010-03-17 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7119: 7118:Dupree, Louis 7114: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7057: 7055:90-04-08265-4 7051: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6731:2-86803-072-6 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6706:1-884964-98-2 6702: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6645:E. Herzfeld, 6642: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6597:1-59033-421-3 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6581:Baxter, Craig 6577: 6563:on 2009-10-31 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553:"Afghanistan" 6547: 6545: 6536: 6534:0-395-13592-3 6530: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6365: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6325: 6319: 6311: 6309:9781135189792 6305: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6071:In 2021, the 6066: 6061: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5776:Afghan troops 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5737:Afghan people 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5669:U.S. Congress 5666: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5510:'s so-called 5509: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5448:and parts of 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420:factions and 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247:Shura-i Nazar 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5219:Hezb-i Wahdat 5216: 5212: 5211:Hezb-i Islami 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171:Hezb-i Wahdat 5169: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5035:United States 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918:state atheism 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4885:field marshal 4882: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862:head of state 4859: 4855: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4729: 4727: 4726:Babrak Karmal 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682:Mazrak Zadran 4679: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4572: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4474:British India 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309:Afghan Empire 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262:head of state 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:Hussain Hotak 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4157:Hussain Hotak 4154: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:Mirwais Hotak 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4029: 4028:Mirwais Hotak 4024: 4019: 4018:Hotak dynasty 4012:Hotak dynasty 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3967:Mughal Empire 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3902:Mughal Empire 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3480:Arab conquest 3470: 3467:coins in the 3466: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3412:Sivalik Hills 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3396:. After the 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384:north of the 3383: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3357:Punjab region 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3319:Udabhandapura 3316: 3311: 3310:Kushan Empire 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3276:Khalaj people 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Afghan tribes 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3045:and later in 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992:representing 2991: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2908:The Imperial 2905: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2865: 2854: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Kushan Empire 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2585:Vincent Smith 2581: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:Kushan Empire 2540: 2535: 2534:Kushan Empire 2525: 2523: 2522:Malabar Coast 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2454:Indo-Parthian 2451: 2447: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:Demetrius I's 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2287:King Hermaeus 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Yuezhi tribes 2272: 2268: 2265:'s son, King 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230:to the south. 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:to the West, 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2106:gave them to 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Maurya Empire 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:is among the 2064: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Maurya Empire 1976: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1962: 1961:Maurya Empire 1955:Maurya Empire 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:Paropamisadae 1809:to the west, 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757:in the east, 1756: 1755:Paropamisadae 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1436: 1433:kingdoms and 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Mahajanapadas 1419: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1393:Indo-Iranians 1390: 1380: 1378: 1377:Indo-Iranians 1374: 1373:Indo-Iranians 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:temporal bone 1315: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:2001–2021 war 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:Maurya Empire 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 995: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 964: 962: 961: 956: 946: 944: 936: 935: 934: 933: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 887:List of years 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 847: 846: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 827:Paropamisadae 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 767: 766: 753: 750: 747: 746: 742: 739: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 721: 718: 717: 713: 710: 709:Islamic State 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 679:Islamic State 677: 676: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 642: 640: 637: 636: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 610: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 576: 572: 570: 569:Afsharid Iran 567: 566: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 550: 549:Hotak dynasty 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 518: 517: 507: 505: 502: 501: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 485: 482: 481: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 455: 452: 451: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 435: 432: 431: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 415: 412: 411: 407: 405: 402: 401: 397: 395: 392: 391: 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 335: 332: 331: 327: 325: 322: 321: 317: 315: 312: 311: 307: 305: 302: 301: 297: 295: 292: 291: 287: 285: 282: 281: 273: 272: 262: 260: 257: 256: 252: 250: 247: 246: 242: 240: 237: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 201: 198: 197: 193: 191: 190:Kushan Empire 188: 187: 183: 181: 178: 177: 173: 171: 168: 167: 164:247 BC–224 AD 163: 161: 158: 157: 153: 151: 148: 147: 143: 141: 140:Maurya Empire 138: 137: 133: 131: 128: 127: 123: 121: 118: 117: 113: 111: 108: 107: 103: 101: 100:Median Empire 98: 97: 93: 91: 88: 87: 83: 81: 78: 77: 73: 71: 68: 67: 62: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 15124:Dependencies 15054:Turkmenistan 15019:Saudi Arabia 14833: 14762:Bibliography 14563:Human rights 14518:Constitution 14399:Demographics 14154:Hindu Shahis 14115: 14056: 14047: 14037: 14027: 14017: 14006: 13995: 13985: 13976: 13967: 13958: 13948: 13938: 13929: 13920: 13911: 13902: 13892: 13882: 13873: 13864: 13855: 13846: 13837: 13828: 13819: 13812:Hindu Shahis 13810: 13801: 13792: 13783: 13774: 13767:Hephthalites 13765: 13755: 13745: 13736: 13727: 13718: 13709: 13700: 13691: 13682: 13673: 13664: 13655: 13646: 13637: 13629:and Bactria. 13579:, etc. (See 13574: 13568: 13562: 13552: 13523:Kabul Valley 13518:Sapta Sindhu 13516: 13505: 13497: 13471: 13464: 13434: 13427: 13405: 13398: 13389: 13380: 13371: 13362: 13353: 13344: 13335: 13329: 13320: 13311: 13065:The Guardian 13063: 12958: 12919: 12902: 12892:. 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Retrieved 6275:the original 6270: 6260: 6233: 6223: 6215: 6210: 6135: 6122: 6112: 6105: 6070: 6050:Ashraf Ghani 6034:Leon Panetta 6019: 5984: 5936: 5919: 5911:Ashraf Ghani 5891: 5846:Quetta Shura 5842: 5823: 5795: 5784: 5781:Barack Obama 5770:as well its 5757: 5674: 5671:in June 2004 5665:Hamid Karzai 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5550: 5546: 5517: 5505: 5482: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5346:(green) and 5324:United Front 5282: 5255: 5208: 5192: 5165: 5161: 5152:Saudi Arabia 5149: 5144: 5138: 5126:Hamid Karzai 5112: 5100: 5081: 5051: 5040:Persian Gulf 5015: 5000:Saudi Arabia 4973: 4958: 4942: 4926:Soviet Union 4914:land reforms 4908: 4890: 4878: 4851: 4828:Outside the 4773: 4761: 4702: 4672: 4662: 4616:Mahmud Tarzi 4601: 4519: 4511:Abdur Rahman 4412: 4344:Ranjit Singh 4341: 4317: 4298: 4273: 4254: 4228: 4190: 4182: 4167: 4164: 4149:Ashraf Hotak 4146: 4130:Mahmud Hotak 4122: 4118:Mahmud Hotak 4097:Khusraw Khán 4094: 4073: 4051: 4041: 3971: 3963:Ibrahim Lodi 3959:Lodi dynasty 3940: 3859:Pir Muhammad 3849: 3814:Kart dynasty 3786: 3716: 3649:Turkmenistan 3618: 3521: 3504: 3489: 3430: 3402: 3379: 3373:Subooktugeen 3366: 3354: 3346:Kabul Valley 3323: 3302:Kabul Valley 3299: 3296:Hindu Shahis 3270:much of the 3256:Hiven Tsiang 3247: 3240:Varāhamihira 3235: 3223: 3215: 3163: 3133: 3113: 3098:Yashodharman 3093:Hiuen Tsiang 3062: 3023: 2962: 2939:Hephthalites 2928: 2910:Hephthalites 2784:Hephthalites 2769: 2738: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605:Gandhara art 2594: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2545: 2518:Indus Valley 2510:Saint Thomas 2505: 2459: 2429:Gupta Empire 2382: 2311:successors, 2306: 2263:Eucratides I 2260: 2233: 2164: 2159:Husang Tsang 2143:Nanda Empire 2140: 2127: 2112:Chandragupta 2108:Sandrocottus 2101: 2096:peace treaty 2085: 1907: 1841: 1831: 1826: 1732: 1628: 1601:Mahajanapada 1589: 1585: 1575: 1533: 1498: 1463: 1396: 1357:Tappeh Sialk 1350: 1310:Louis Dupree 1307: 1208: 1166:between the 1160:buffer state 1112:nation state 1109: 1077:Soviet Union 1065:Arab Muslims 1053:the Persians 1031: 1015:Central Asia 1002: 1000: 902:List of wars 751:(reinstated) 711:(reinstated) 84:2100–1800 BC 74:2200–1800 BC 32: 15: 15214:Kabul Shahi 15183:Asia portal 15084:States with 15004:Philippines 14944:South Korea 14939:North Korea 14834:Afghanistan 14365:Earthquakes 14149:Turk Shahis 14104:Afghanistan 13803:Turk Shahis 13675:Indo-Greeks 13639:Achaemenids 13559:Aŋra Mainyu 13483:Tepe Fullol 12795:The Afghans 12638:Afghanistan 12329:Afghanistan 12273:Caroe, Olaf 11757:October 10, 11731:4 September 11460:Daily Times 11123:October 17, 11116:Der Spiegel 10911:28 February 10709:Daily Times 10501:October 12, 10491:newsday.org 10119:Amin Saikal 9492:www.hrw.org 9415:Amin Saikal 9253:14 December 8821:Afghanistan 8223:V. Minorsky 8202:Afghanistan 7729:John Keay, 7453:22 November 7011:"Arachosia" 6888:Ostwald, M. 6453:29 November 6406:February 8, 6348:22 November 5999:Mike Mullen 5913:during the 5866:Mullah Omar 5802:repatriated 5786:Der Spiegel 5774:. ISAF and 5717:Durand Line 5512:055 Brigade 5489:Mullah Omar 5430:Abdul Qadir 5278:Amin Saikal 5270:Mullah Omar 5158:describes: 5135:Amin Saikal 4434:Khyber Pass 4426: 1837 4188:of Persia. 4153:Afghanistan 4052:Gurgīn Khān 4005:buffer zone 3997:Balkh Subah 3920:Padshahnama 3794:Ibn Battuta 3739:Bahram Shah 3707:Caspian Sea 3637:Afghanistan 3625:Afghanistan 3623:in eastern 3490:In 642 CE, 3469:Middle East 3437:Hindu deity 3382:Qarakhanids 3350:Indus River 3313:located in 3292:Turk Shahis 3286:Kabul Shahi 3208:Indus River 3200:Afghanistan 3172:Tokharistan 3136:Middle Ages 3116:Huna people 3085:Pataliputra 3065:Huna people 3039:Hephthalite 3026:Huna people 2981:Alchon Huns 2975:Alchon Huns 2969:Huna people 2943:Alchon Huns 2925:Huna people 2889:Gaoju Turks 2796:Huna tribes 2794:: The four 2788:Alchon Huns 2749:Afghanistan 2688:bodhisattva 2574:(Benares). 2514:Gondophares 2506:Gondophares 2466:Gondophares 2363:(left) and 2325:Indo-Greeks 2267:Heliocles I 2240:Hellenistic 1612:Indo-Greeks 1314:Darra-e Kur 1168:British Raj 1122:. However, 1027:Afghanistan 822:Kushanshahr 699:US invasion 434:Khwarezmids 284:Kabul Shahi 239:Alchon Huns 94:1500–535 BC 35:Afghanistan 33:History of 15198:Categories 15064:Uzbekistan 15039:Tajikistan 14954:Kyrgyzstan 14934:Kazakhstan 14854:Bangladesh 14844:Azerbaijan 14523:Loya jirga 14442:Nuristanis 14254:since 1992 14249:Soviet war 13913:Chaghatais 13866:Ghaznavids 13821:Kharijites 13576:Haraxᵛaitī 13450:Shūrtūghai 13409:Gardān Rīg 13337:Badakhshān 12894:2010-01-31 12875:by Yu Huan 12526:2010-01-31 12511:Hou Hanshu 12110:Al Jazeera 11965:2021-08-29 11940:2021-08-15 11888:2011-09-21 11867:2011-09-21 11838:2011-09-23 11817:2011-09-22 11789:2011-09-21 11683:9 February 11660:9 February 11634:9 February 11542:9 February 11515:9 February 11488:30 October 11421:(PDF), by 11395:October 6, 11187:October 2, 11165:October 2, 10942:UNSCR 1386 10930:Resolution 10862:Steve Coll 10686:2013-11-23 10633:. London. 10531:2010-12-15 10386:2010-11-23 10348:Ghost Wars 10333:2014-10-18 10186:2016-12-04 10076:Al-Jazeera 9868:2017-03-01 9672:2010-11-23 9661:The Nation 9581:2011-12-01 9497:2022-01-24 9473:2010-11-14 9171:2010-08-25 9140:2010-08-16 9109:2010-09-24 9077:2010-09-24 9048:2010-11-03 9015:2010-10-17 8976:2010-09-24 8951:2010-11-03 8918:2010-11-03 8866:17 January 8837:2010-09-27 8500:"Database" 8394:2012-12-30 8237:2007-01-10 8208:2010-09-10 8170:2010-09-27 8145:2010-11-03 8121:2010-09-24 8088:2010-10-24 8058:2010-08-22 7998:2010-08-22 7904:2010-10-21 7895:"Khorasan" 7782:11 January 7716:2018-07-08 7655:(2): 957. 7624:2015-12-08 7515:2015-12-08 7285:2010-11-03 7240:2010-09-18 7174:2010-08-16 7141:2010-08-16 7124:, pg. 274. 7083:(2): 105. 7061:2010-09-24 6981:1 November 6673:2010-08-22 6631:"Gandahar" 6567:2009-10-31 6503:2022-10-18 6479:2022-10-18 6281:14 October 6202:References 6089:Tajikistan 5907:John Kerry 5878:loya jirga 5824:Body Count 5438:Badakhshan 5173:forces of 5103:mujahideen 4620:Loya Jirga 4454:Great Game 4400:Yaqub Khan 4266:coronation 4258:loya jirga 4246:Ahmad Shah 4230:Nader Shah 4193:Nader Shah 4186:Nader Shah 4176:, but the 4046:appointed 3935:Shah Jahan 3657:Uzbekistan 3653:Tajikistan 3603:Ghaznavids 3597:Ghaznavids 3516:Ghaznavids 3500:Abū Ḥanīfa 3405:Anandapala 3386:Hindu Kush 3338:Sabuktigin 3330:Ghaznavids 3268:assimilate 3264:Hindu Kush 3204:Hindu Kush 3144:Zabulistan 3140:Kabulistan 3110:Nezak Huns 3104:Nezak Huns 3077:Mihirakula 3069:White Huns 3043:Badakhshan 2998:Mihirakula 2790:, and the 2765:suzerainty 2739:After the 2734:Khosrow II 2662:Kumara or 2644:The Buddha 2620:Vasudeva I 2583:Historian 2333:Strato III 2313:Menander I 2244:Diodotus I 2050:of Ashoka. 1965:See also: 1945:Macedonian 1851:Sattagydia 1835:(Pashtun) 1799:Lashkargah 1692:See also: 1620:Gandharans 1594:Hindu Kush 1480:region in 1338:Hindu Kush 1282:Prehistory 1227:Mujahideen 1196:Zahir Shah 1164:Great Game 1132:Timur Shah 1103:and later 837:Zabulistan 812:Kafiristan 807:Kabulistan 629:Daoud coup 464:Qarlughids 404:Ghaznavids 314:Tang China 259:Nezak Huns 184:155–80? BC 154:256–125 BC 144:305–180 BC 134:312–150 BC 124:330–312 BC 114:550–330 BC 104:728–550 BC 15150:Hong Kong 15104:Palestine 15029:Sri Lanka 15024:Singapore 14904:Indonesia 14689:Education 14658:Transport 14479:Languages 14452:Qizilbash 14380:Volcanoes 14338:Geography 14019:Afsharids 13839:Saffarids 13757:Kidarites 13738:Sasanians 13693:Parthians 13684:Parthians 13648:Seleucids 13619:Arachosia 13587:Zoroaster 13355:Jalālābād 12985:from the 12967:1873-9830 11935:0362-4331 11778:USA Today 11095:March 30, 11012:2 January 10983:2 January 10210:cite book 10081:4 January 9807:7 January 9740:7 January 9704:7 January 9600:greenleft 9488:"2AFGHAN" 8680:"Ghurids" 7393:170794074 7377:0009-8388 7105:130771356 6999:, 11.10.1 6896:Cambridge 6651:Wiesbaden 6610:"Gandara" 6318:cite book 6099:from the 5493:civilians 5426:Abdul Haq 5179:Wahhabite 5096:Jalalabad 5091:Hamid Gul 4632:Saqqawist 4530:Amanullah 4491:Jalalabad 4413:The Emir 4339:in 1757. 4242:Naderabad 4199:, at the 4197:Afsharids 4163:in 1727 ( 4089:Qizilbash 4048:George XI 3941:In 1504, 3916:miniature 3871:Shah Rukh 3818:Ilkhanate 3545:Saffarids 3541:Caliphate 3524:Sasanians 3388:, Jaipal 3248:"Afghana" 3236:"Avagānā" 3134:From the 3035:Hui Zheng 2965:Kidarites 2959:Kidarites 2953:Kidarites 2935:Kidarites 2912:c. 500 CE 2830:BYZANTINE 2802:designs. 2780:Kidarites 2772:Shapur II 2745:Sasanians 2664:Kartikeya 2597:Silk Road 2405:Arachosia 2393:Scythians 2329:Strato II 2228:Arachosia 2174:when the 2081:language. 2005:Mes Aynak 1868:Jalalabad 1843:Bactriana 1807:Drangiana 1791:Arachosia 1775:Drangiana 1743:satrapies 1711:Arachosia 1590:Assakenoi 1555:Babylonia 1521:Pukkusāti 1494:Karakoram 1326:Carbon-14 1235:continued 1225:in 1979. 1045:Silk Road 777:Arachosia 743:2004–2021 728:2001–2004 693:1996–2001 683:1992–1996 663:1978–1992 643:1973–1978 623:1926–1973 603:1823–1926 593:1818–1855 583:1747–1823 573:1738–1747 563:1716–1732 553:1709–1738 543:1510–1709 533:1501–1738 508:1520–1591 498:1370–1507 488:1245–1381 478:1256–1335 474:Ilkhanate 468:1224–1266 458:1226–1245 448:1219–1226 438:1215–1231 428:1037–1194 384:Saffarids 174:180–90 BC 15173:Category 15094:Abkhazia 15044:Thailand 14999:Pakistan 14979:Mongolia 14974:Maldives 14969:Malaysia 14869:Cambodia 14771:Category 14729:War rugs 14724:Religion 14709:Olympics 14638:Taxation 14501:Politics 14462:Turkmens 14447:Pashtuns 14422:Farsiwan 14385:Wildlife 14302:Timeline 14295:By topic 14108:articles 13987:Safavids 13978:Safavids 13950:(Uzbeks) 13940:Timurids 13857:Samanids 13848:Samanids 13830:Tahirids 13657:Mauryans 13557:because 13549:Vendidad 13438:Mundigak 13373:Kandahār 13052:Archived 13035:Archived 13000:Archived 12957:(eds.). 12860:. 1819. 12798:Archived 12730:Archived 12706:Archived 12682:Archived 12658:Archived 12617:Archived 12611:(1878). 12590:Archived 12556:Archived 12399:Archived 12375:Archived 12352:Archived 12305:Archived 12281:Archived 12275:(1958). 12254:Archived 12240:Archived 12146:VOA News 12020:CBS News 11984:BBC News 11959:BBC News 11861:Archived 11709:25 March 11511:. London 11415:Archived 11232:Archived 11142:Archived 10887:EU media 10635:Archived 10601:CNN News 10579:CNN News 10425:Archived 10405:CNN News 10050:Archived 9855:14344770 9547:Archived 9381:Archived 9303:Archived 9275:Archived 9234:(2002). 9157:(1857). 8540:(2019). 8520:(1978). 8380:Firishta 8246:cite web 8160:"Afghan" 7976:(1525). 7813:, p. 134 7733:, p. 158 7487:"Yuezhi" 7385:20616702 7097:25211309 6890:(eds.). 6817:41784590 6444:Archived 6442:: 1–14. 6342:Archived 6160:See also 6097:uprising 6087:fled to 5993:— 5977:and its 5921:a "loya 5850:Kai Eide 5806:deported 5620:Brussels 5537:Al-Qaeda 5528:madrasas 5466:Samangan 5458:Nuristan 5258:Kandahar 5184:and his 5083:Pakistan 5027:Pakistan 5018:genocide 4994:officer 4965:Red Army 4954:Islamist 4778:(PDPA), 4624:Shinwari 4503:Sher Ali 4337:Amritsar 4234:Afsharid 4232:and his 4102:— 4080:uprising 4065:Kandahar 4056:Georgian 3981:Safavids 3933:army of 3880:Florence 3863:Kandahar 3832:Timurids 3752:Pakistan 3695:Nishapur 3645:Pakistan 3586:— 3561:Kandahar 3508:Gandhara 3492:Rashidun 3394:Peshawar 3361:Firishta 3326:Jayapala 3306:Gandhara 3228:Shapur I 3206:and the 3196:Pashtuns 3188:frontier 3168:Khorasan 3152:Kandahar 3073:Toramana 3047:Gandhara 3031:Song Yun 3004:reads: " 3002:Bactrian 2945:and the 2841:NORTHERN 2819:SASANIAN 2800:Sasanian 2757:Shapur I 2755:, since 2684:Huvishka 2640:Maitreya 2572:Varanasi 2490:Peshawar 2470:Pakistan 2450:Gandhara 2409:Gandhara 2401:Pakistan 2375:inside. 2321:Pakistan 2220:Ferghana 2216:Sogdiana 2212:Traxiane 2172:Bodhgaya 2167:Bhallika 2132:— 2117:— 1941:Seleucus 1933:Kandahar 1921:Hellenic 1872:Peshawar 1860:Gandhara 1827:Paktyans 1819:Gedrosia 1815:Gandhara 1795:Kandahar 1771:Carmania 1767:Hyrcania 1763:Margiana 1673:Cambodia 1650:Nuristan 1634:Pashtuns 1631:Yusufzai 1624:Paristan 1586:Aspasioi 1572:Kambojas 1525:Pradyota 1513:Uśīnaras 1509:Madrakas 1431:Kambojas 1427:Gandhara 1365:Kandahar 1359:and the 1334:Gandhara 1238:fighting 1140:Kandahar 1097:Hinduism 1093:Buddhism 943:Category 817:Khorasan 797:Gandhara 738:politics 639:Republic 539:Safavids 494:Timurids 408:963–1187 394:Samanids 374:Tahirids 364:Abbasids 334:Umayyads 276:Medieval 52:Timeline 24:a series 22:Part of 15069:Vietnam 14984:Myanmar 14964:Lebanon 14894:Georgia 14849:Bahrain 14839:Armenia 14748:Outline 14684:Cuisine 14672:Culture 14648:Tourism 14601:Economy 14548:Cabinet 14513:Taliban 14432:Hazaras 14355:Borders 14116:History 13969:Mughals 13931:Kayanis 13922:Kartids 13884:Ghurids 13875:Seljuks 13570:Harōiva 13509:Rigveda 13391:Seistān 13322:Bādghis 13299:– 13289:– 13279:– 13269:– 13259:– 13249:– 13239:– 13229:– 13219:– 13209:– 13199:– 13189:– 13179:– 13169:– 13159:– 13149:– 13139:– 13129:– 13119:– 13109:– 13099:– 13089:– 11857:Reuters 11703:Reuters 11655:Reuters 10936:. 10889:. 2001. 10845:. 2002. 10757:. 2001. 10660:. 2007. 10433:YouTube 10285:. 2007. 10153:. 2003. 10151:gwu.edu 9620:. 2010. 9602:. 2001. 8666:control 7493:. 2015. 7475:. 2015. 7255:XV.4.19 6822:12 June 6801:"Poros" 6054:elected 5996:Admiral 5497:torture 5462:Laghman 5428:, Haji 5422:Pashtun 5348:Taliban 5342:(red), 5340:Massoud 5294:Taliban 5274:madrasa 5262:Taliban 4961:Parcham 4897:chadors 4768:lumbago 4722:Parcham 4686:Salemai 4659:in 1963 4612:Atatürk 4446:British 4378:Emirate 4325:Kashmir 4278:Durrani 4138:Isfahan 4084:banquet 4069:Isfahan 4030:, 1715. 3993:Kashmir 3927:Safavid 3882:of the 3802:Mutukan 3727:Sultans 3719:Ghurids 3675:Ghurids 3669:Kharoti 3536:Seistan 3465:Abbasid 3441:Ganesha 3409:Kashmir 3369:Lumghan 3280:Ghilzai 3272:culture 3230:of the 3224:"Abgân" 3164:Al-Hind 3089:Gwalior 3081:Saivite 2776:Bactria 2761:Kushans 2666:with a 2568:Sarnath 2528:Kushans 2502:Parthia 2494:Arsacid 2427:of the 2419:of the 2413:Mathura 2397:Siberia 2307:One of 2273:by the 2252:Bactria 2224:Bactria 2208:Tapuria 2079:Prakrit 2040:Aramaic 2036:Laghmân 1858:); 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