History of Beijing

6847: 7166: 6967: 6865: 8730: 8721:, made Beijing one of the most expensive cities in the country. By 2010, new apartments inside the Third Ring Road cost Y30,000 per m (US$ 360 per sq. ft.), about ten times the average monthly wages. In response, the city government pledged to build low-income housing and imposed stringent limitations on home ownership. In February 2011, Beijing couples who already owned two or more homes and single residents with at least one home were barred from buying additional properties in the city. Individuals without resident permits, who can own only one property in the city, must pay local income tax for five consecutive years before they are eligible to buy it. In March 2013, the state imposed capital gains taxes on real estate transactions and raised down payment requirements for mortgages, but prices continued to climb. By August 2013, the average price of apartments inside the Fourth Ring Road reached Y42,259 per m (US$ 634 per sq. ft.), nearly twice as high as in 2009, leading to concerns of a property bubble. 6910: 4460: 6558: 4648: 6856: 6570: 6236: 5513: 5115: 2222:, and defeated two Song army advances. After Yelü Chun died of illness in the early summer, Guo Yaoshi, an ethnic Han commander in the Liao Army, defected to the Song and led the vanguard of the Song Army in a raid on Nanjing. The raiders entered the city, but the Liao Empress Xiao continued to resist from the walled palace complex. After three days of street fighting, Liao reinforcements reached the city ahead of the main Song Army, and managed to expel Guo Yaoshi's forces. In the winter of 1122, the Jin Army drove through the Juyong Pass and marched on Nanjing from the north. This time, Empress Xiao fled to the steppes and the remaining Liao officials capitulated. Wanyan Aguda allowed the surrendering officials to retain their positions and encouraged refugees to return to the city, which was renamed Yanjing. 8606: 6582: 7497: 8633: 2296: 8739: 5966: 3701: 4873: 3293: 4623: 3954: 4122: 7455: 4100: 1411: 6594: 7148: 8560:

diesel fuels create much of the problem. By 2008 for the city's 12 million residents, pollution was not only a hazard, but a political issue tied in with the Summer Olympics scheduled for August 2008. The city's bid for the 2000 Olympics in 1993 failed partly because of high pollution levels; in response the city began a massive cleanup campaign. That campaign has been successful in terms of 2000 standards, but the city's economy is 2.5 times larger now, with millions more people. Over 3 million cars and trucks clog the streets, and 400,000 more are added annually as the wealth shoots up rapidly. Factories and power plants were changed to burn cleaner, low-sulfur coal;

6298: 8615: 5001: 7130: 6385:, Sanlihe, and Diaoyutai 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Tiananmen. Advisors from the Soviet Union countered with a proposal to concentrate new government buildings in the old urban core especially around Tiananmen Square. Building in the old city would enable government employees to reside in existing city neighborhoods as adding new residential units to accommodate a new government center in the suburbs was deemed uneconomical. The Soviet advisors also called for the city to industrialize, noting that workers accounted for only four percent of the local population and that the capital of a Communist government ought to have a strong 4004: 2418: 7641:

city should also strive to become among the most advanced in the world for science and technology, culture and education. The city should raise the standard of living for its residents and develop an economy suitable for the unique qualities of the national capital. Beijing would no longer attract heavy industry. In 1981, city planners devised a blueprint that organized urban expansion around concentric ring roads. The aging inner core of the city, where the historical relics are concentrated, would have low density development and renewed over time. New enterprises would be built in the second band (between the

8322: 7139: 3679: 6631: 5393: 7943:, who refused to enforce the martial law order, was court-martialed. On May 27, student leaders voted to end their occupation of the Square on May 30, but some students remained, believing that the protests would lose leverage and held out hope that National People's Congress would convene in June. On May 25, Wan Li, who had been on a foreign trip, was summoned by Zhao to call an emergency parliamentary meeting to invalidate the martial law order. But Wan's plane was diverted to Shanghai, and he subsequently declared support for martial law. On May 30, students and teachers from the 5905: 7777:. They demanded the Party rescind past criticism of Hu, renounce the campaigns against spiritual pollution and bourgeois liberalism, disclose the assets of the family members of party officials, lift orders against public assembly, permit freedom of the press, and increase salaries for university graduates. On the night of April 21, 100,000 students marched into Tiananmen Square to attend Hu's funeral, which was held inside the Great Hall of the People the following day. Officials inside the Hall did not meet with students in the Square, who began to boycott classes. Workers formed 6194: 1902: 7873: 4709:. The following day Sun resigned from the provisional presidency and recommended Yuan for the position. Under the terms of the imperial abdication, the Puyi would retain his dignitary title and staff and receive an annual stipend of 4 million Mexican silver dollars from the Republic. He was permitted to continue to reside in the Forbidden City for a time but was required to eventually move to the Summer Palace. His tomb and rituals were to be maintained at the expense of the Republic. The abdication ended the Qing dynasty and averted further bloodshed in the revolution. 2404: 8404: 5087: 6117: 4778: 2794: 3995: 3279: 3257: 4966:, who had attended the Peace Conference and was known to be friendly to Japanese interests. They razed Cao's residence and beat up Zhang Zongxiang, another pro-Japanese diplomat. The police arrested 32 students, which provoked further protests and arrests. Within weeks, the movement had spread to 200 cities and towns in 22 provinces. Workers in Shanghai struck and merchants closed shops in support of the protests. By late June, the government pledged not to sign the treaty, removed Cao and Zhang from office and released students from jail. 4992: 8431: 6220: 3715: 4221:, calling for the expulsion of all foreign influence in China. They attacked Westerners especially missionaries and converted Chinese, and were called the "Boxers" by Westerners. The Qing court initially suppressed the Boxers but the Empress Dowager attempted to use them to curtail foreign influence and permitted them to gather in Beijing, then expelled the Boxers from the city after ransacking occurred and ordered the foreigners in the legations to leave to Tianjin, which they refused to do. In June 1900, the Qing forces including 5345: 4758: 8624: 5433:. The government issued warrants for the arrest of Nationalists and Communists including Li Dazhao, who fled to the Soviet Embassy in the Legation quarters. Within weeks, Feng Yuxiang was defeated by Zhang Zuolin and Duan's government fell. After Zhang took power on May 1, 1926, both the Nationalists and Communists were driven underground. A year later, Zhang Zuolin raided the Soviet Embassy in the Legation and seized Li Dazhao. Li and 19 others Communist and Nationalist activists were executed in Beijing on April 25, 1927. 5583:

idea of the public park as a place where common people could relax in a pastoral setting came to China from the West via Japan. Public parks in Beijing were almost all converted from imperial gardens and temples, which had previously been off-limits to most commoners. The Beijing municipal government, local gentry and merchants all promoted the development of public parks to provide wholesome entertainment and reduce alcoholism, gambling, and prostitution. After the Beijing Coup of 1924, Feng Yuxiang evicted Puyi from the

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food supply helped the Qing court maintain a degree of political stability. Temple fairs such as the Huguo Fair, which are like monthly bazaars held around temples, added to the commercial vibrance of the city. At the height of the Qianlong Emperor's reign in 1781, the city had a population of 776,242 (and another 2.18 million in the surrounding region). Thereafter, Qing authorities began to restrict inward migration to the city. A century later, the census of 1881–82 showed similar figures of 776,111 and 2.45 million.

3642: 6181:. The city's name was restored to Beijing, which again served as the national capital. At the time, the city limits contained 707 km (273 sq mi) of territory and had just over 2.03 million residents. Over the next sixty years, the city would reach unprecedented size in both territory (expanding 23-fold) and population (growing ten-fold) as well as political stature and importance. As the political center of a highly centralized government, Beijing witnessed and its residents took part in many of the 2912: 4983: 8530: 7989:. At about 4:00 am, troops from the west and south fought their way to the Square, and at 5:00 am most of the students retreated out of the Square to the south. Several students were hit by lethal gunfire in the Square and nearly a dozen were run over by an armored personnel vehicle west of the Square. Tanks also ran over the tent city. Helicopters lifted away the debris. By dawn of June 4, the army controlled the Square and major intersections around the city although clashes with residents continued. 4082: 2599: 7746: 8296: 6252: 8642: 8510: 16123: 3323: 8247: 6327: 6680: 5896: 829: 7317: 8413: 3483: 2312: 5716: 2507:, who persuaded Genghis Khan that while China could be conquered from the saddle, it could not be ruled from the saddle. Rather than converting northern China into pastures, it would be more beneficial for Mongols to tax the agrarian population. Genghis Khan heeded the advice and the Mongol pillaging eased. The Mongols continued to the war against the Jurchens until the capture of Kaifeng in 1234 ended the Jin dynasty. Yelü Chucai was buried on the east bank of 6699:, including sparrows, which were blamed for eating grain. At the height of this effort in April 1958, over three million residents using fire crackers, gongs, clanging pots and colorful flags, literally deprived sparrows (and other birds) a place to land in the city so that the birds flew until they dropped dead from fatigue. Over 400,000 sparrows (and countless other birds) were killed over a three-day period. The campaign was halted after the eradication of 15931: 3641: 8540: 2892: 1258: 4325: 3963: 2499:, after considerable debate, decided to move the capital from Zhongdu to Kaifeng further to the south. In June 1214, as the Jin imperial procession departed the city, a detachment of Khitan guards rebelled at the Lugou Bridge and defected to the Mongols. Genghis Khan believed the Jin was trying to rebuild military strength further south in breach of the terms of peace and decided to reinvade the Jin. By winter, Mongol troops were again besieging Zhongdu. 7899:

Zhao's approach was not working and the party center could not afford to speak with two voices. Student protests had spread to 27 cities. On the night of May 17, Deng Xiaoping resolved to impose martial law, which was signed by Li Peng and announced by Chen Xitong on May 19. That night, Zhao Ziyang made his final appearance in public, warning the hunger striking students in the Square that he had come too late. The students called off the hunger strike.

7437: 3093: 5527: 3833: 7903: 15640: 7157: 6268: 9312:, are the only streets named after modern personages in the city of Beijing. The three streets were named in 1946 after Nationalist generals who died defending the city and country in World War II. After taking the city in 1949, the Chinese Communists, who issued a policy against naming streets after personages to prevent the rise of the cult of personality, retained the street names. No other streets have since been named after people. Several 3372: 2129: 6284: 5157: 3339: 2669: 8147: 7469: 5957: 1213: 5747: 4576: 2114: 1249: 7687:, which drew broad support from city residents, attracted worldwide attention and exposed deep divisions within the country's leadership, ended in bloodshed on June 3–4, as conservative leaders ordered a military crackdown of unprecedented force. The confrontation in Tiananmen Square was the culmination of a decade-long debate within the Communist Party and society over the freedom of expression and the course of political reform. 3073: 2629: 1539: 4064: 2076: 4592: 3356: 6998: 5171: 2485:. Though the Jin court was weakened by a palace coup, the city was protected by three layers of moats and 900 towers. When disease broke out within the Mongol ranks, Genghis Khan sent Muslim envoy Ja'far into the city to negotiate, and the Jin court agreed to a peace treaty by ceding territory and accepting vassal status. Among Genghis Khan's demands was marriage to a Jurchen princess. The Qicheng Princess, daughter of 1787: 8121:, what was once farmland surrounding the city was developed into new residential and commercial districts. Modern expressways and high-rise buildings were built throughout the city to accommodate the growing and increasingly affluent population of the city. Foreign investment transformed Beijing into one of the most cosmopolitan and prosperous cities in the world. In September 1995, the city hosted the United Nation's 5129: 3850: 7483: 5548: 6126: 4451: 15943: 6314: 2569: 6029:

joining the Communist movement. Once in Beiping, the student refugees were given meager food rations but no means of reconstituting their schools. Once their rations ran out, the students marched on the city government in protest but were fired upon by the Nationalists' Youth Army, which killed at least nine and wounded 48. The July 5th Massacre was widely condemned across the country. Then vice-president

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of bank capital held by the 23 most important banks in China. That proportion fell to just 2.8% in 1928 and 0% in 1935, as wealth followed political power out of the city. The city's jurisdiction also shrank as surrounding counties were redrawn into Hebei. For the first time since the Ming dynasty, city no longer had control over agricultural regions and watershed. Even the power plant for the city's

7423: 5101: 4546: 7308: 2839:. The city had earthen walls 24 m thick and 11 city gates, two in the north and three each in the other cardinal directions. Later, the Ming dynasty lined portions of Dadu's eastern and western walls with brick and retained four of the gates. Thus, Dadu had the same width as the Beijing of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The geographic center of the Dadu was marked with a pavilion, which is now the 7786: 9282:

the number of untaxed individuals, including imperial staff, religious personages and military personnel. Han Guanghui's 1996 compilation of historical census figures for Beijing provides two estimates for the city's population during each period: (1) the population within the walled city and (2) the population of the surrounding region that correspond, approximately, to the extent of modern

42: 8422: 5013:(shown here the "Red Building" on what is now May 4th Boulevard), played a prominent role in the Movement. Left: Students arrested in the demonstrations returned triumphantly to campus on May 7th after their release. Right: the Movement began a tradition of popular student protest in Beijing as students marched again in Tiananmen Square in November 1919 to protest Japanese imperialism. 5143: 1478:. The Qin removed defensive barriers dividing the Warring States, including the southern wall of the Yan, which separated the Beijing Plain from the Central Plain, and built a national roadway network. Ji served as the junction for the roads connecting the Central Plain with Mongolia and Manchuria. The First Emperor visited Ji in 215 BC and, to protect the frontier from the 6994:" of bourgeois elements in government. The movement spread and Mao ordered that the Red Guards be given free rides on trains and room and board across the country to spread the revolution. From August 18 to November 26, he presided over eight Red Guard rallies in Tiananmen Square attended by over 11 million youth. The rallies helped drive Liu Shaoqi from power. 5218: 5204: 4826:. Adult males over the age of 21 who were educated or owned property and paid taxes and who could prove two-year residency in a particular county could vote. An estimated 4–6% of China's population were registered for the election. The Nationalist Party won a majority in both houses of the National Assembly, which convened in Beijing in April 1913. 7050:. Countless others suffered public humiliation, beatings and extrajudicial detentions at the hands of Red Guards and rebels. Many historical sites, including those designated by the city's historical protection bureau, were damaged or destroyed in the mayhem. Landmarks such as the Temple of Heaven, Beihai, Old and New Summer Palaces, Ming Tombs, 6544:, adding 11,988 km (4,629 sq mi) for a total of 16,800 km (6,500 sq mi). In 1958, the municipal population reached 6,318,497, of which 31.5% resided in the walled city, 29% in the immediate suburbs and the remainder in outlying towns and rural areas. City planners set a target population of 10 million for Beijing. 8175:, was removed from office and deputy-mayor Wang Baosen committed suicide. Chen was convicted and sentenced to 16 years imprisonment in 1998 of corruption and negligence of official duty and became the highest ranking Chinese official to be convicted of a crime since the trial of the Gang of Four. Chen reportedly lost a power struggle against 5287:. Sun was stricken with cancer when he arrived in Beijing in early 1925 for one last effort to heal the north–south divide. He was welcomed by hundreds of civic organizations and called on Duan to include broad segments of civil society in reconstructing a united government. He died in Beijing on March 12, 1925, and was entombed at the 2387:, over the Yongding River southwest of the city, was built in 1189. Seventeen Jin emperors are buried in Fangshan District, including those whose tombs were originally built in Shangjing and moved to Zhongdu. The city's population grew from 82,000 in 1125 to 400,000 in 1207 (and from 340,000 in the surrounding region to 1.6 million). 4745:, a loyal officer of Yuan. Disorder among military ranks spread to Tongzhou, Tianjin and Baoding. These events gave Yuan the pretext to stay in the north to guard against unrest. On March 10, Yuan was inaugurated in Beijing as the provisional president of the Republic of China. Yuan based the executive office and residence in 9044:, the seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names. In 616, the government was called Youzhou Zongguanfu (幽州总管府); in 622, Youzhou Dazongguanfu (幽州大总管府); in 624, Youzhou Dadudufu (幽州大都督府) and in 626, Youzhou Dudufu (幽州都督府). From 710, the head of the government in Youzhou became a 6681: 6683: 6419:. Many neighborhoods in the old city were razed to make room for factories, government bureaus and apartment buildings. Many palaces and gardens were converted to residences, schools and offices. Large factories were built in the western and eastern suburbs. The national leadership took residence in the 8274:

issued an apology for the airstrike, which the Pentagon blamed on outdated maps, and agreed to pay $ 32.5 million to the victims of the bombing and to compensate for the damage to the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade. The Chinese government agreed to pay $ 2.87 million to compensate the U.S. for damage to

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and other edible wild plants. Malnutrition became widespread in the city. Some 420,000 residents were sent to the countryside because the city could no longer support them. The food shortage caused the rate of "deaths from non-natural causes" in the Beijing to climb from 3.64% of the total population

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to boost agricultural output and the food surplus to free up labor for industrial development. In urban Beijing, as in other cities, new apartment buildings were constructed without kitchens. Instead, residents dined in communal mess halls, which served free meals. Residents were mobilized to produce

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Unlike prior dynastic changes, the end of Qing rule in Beijing did not cause a substantial decline in the city's population, which was 785,442 in 1910, 670,000 in 1913 and 811,566 in 1917. The population of the surrounding region grew from 1.7 to 2.9 million over the same period. In 1917, Beijing was

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As a condition for ceding leadership to Yuan, Sun insisted that the provisional government remain in Nanjing. On February 14, the Provisional Senate initially voted 20–5 in favor of making Beijing the capital over Nanjing, with two votes going for Wuhan and one for Tianjin. The Senate majority wanted

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Dorgon preserved trappings of imperial power including the bureaucracy, rituals and palaces, and moved the Qing capital to Beijing. In so doing, he positioned the Qing as the political heir to the Ming and legitimate ruler of China. Above, Qing imperial procession at the Forbidden City depicted in an

3427:, killing Esen's brother in the barrage, and repelled another attack on Xizhimen. Esen retreated to Mongolia and three years later, returned the captive Zhengtong Emperor with no ransom paid. In 1457, the Zhengtong Emperor reclaimed the throne and had Yu Qian executed for treason. Yu Qian's home near 2502:

In 1215, after a bitter siege in which many of the city's inhabitants starved, Zhongdu's 100,000 defenders and 108,000 households surrendered. The city was still looted and burned by the invaders. Zhongdu was renamed Yanjing and its population shrank to 91,000 in 1216 (with 285,000 in the surrounding

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Until the late Qing dynasty, the imperial census of the various dynasties counted only the number of taxable households in each administrative jurisdiction. To arrive at actual population figures, historical demographers have had to estimate the household size of each district in each era and add in

8395:. To improve environmental quality, the city added nine sewage treatment plants, dredged 290 km (180 mi) of waterways and built waste incineration and wind power generation facilities. From 2001 to 2007, the city's economy doubled in size and per capita income rose from $ 3,262 to $ 7,654. 7606:

and right to evaluate state leaders. The gatherings and public challenge to authority alarmed party conservatives who pressed Deng to take a harder line and he did so after consolidating control of the party. In late March, the city government restricted public postings and gatherings to only Xidan.

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With the abolition of the unequal treaties, the foreign powers were deprived of special rights to station military units and consular offices in the Legation Quarter. The United States, France and Netherlands, which refused to recognize the new government, were forced to abandon their consulates and

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Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu joined forces against Feng Yuxiang, who relied on support from the Soviet Union. Feng took a generally accommodating stance toward the Nationalist and Communist parties which were active in spreading influence in the city. During this period, Beijing was a hotbed of student

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was abolished in 1905, and replaced with a Western-style curriculum and degree system. Public education for women received greater emphasis and even drew support from reactionaries like the Empress Dowager. Beijing's school for girls in the late Qing period made unbound feet an entrance requirement.

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During the Ming dynasty, 15 epidemic outbreaks occurred in the city of Beijing including smallpox, "pimple plague" and "vomit blood plague" - the latter two were possibly bubonic plague and pneumonic plague. In most cases, the public health system functioned well in gaining control of the outbreaks,

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with leaders from over two dozen countries attending and honor guards from 17 countries joining the People's Liberation Army in the procession. On 18 November 2017, a fire killed nineteen people in Beijing in a southern industrial neighborhood. The municipal government launched a forty-day campaign

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emissions fell by 25% 2001–2007, even though much more coal is burned, reaching 30 million tons in 2006. Furthermore, Beijing saw more than 160 million square meters (1.7 billion square feet) of new construction begun 2002–2007 due to pollution. Athletes may have some breathing problems, but in the

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As Mao expanded the power struggle at the elite level in the spring of 1966, he encouraged youth from Beijing's universities and high school to join his campaign. On May 16, 1966, Mao unveiled the "May 16 Circular", which officially launched a Cultural Revolution to cleanse the party and country of

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Throughout the summer and fall of 1958 the quality and quantity of food served at communal mess halls steadily declined, and mess halls were shut down altogether in early 1959. Residents instead received food ration tickets (15–17 kilos of grain per month for each man, 13.75 kg for each woman,

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who commanded 550,000 troops. The city in 1948 had 1.5 million residents and another 4.1 million in the surrounding region. Among them were over 20,000 student airlifted out of Manchuria by Nationalist authorities to relieve pressure on food supplies in besieged cities and to prevent the youth from

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The demotion of Beijing from national capital to a mere provincial city greatly constrained urban planners' initiatives to modernize the city. Along with political stature, Beiping also lost government revenue, jobs and jurisdiction. In 1921, large banks headquartered in Beijing accounted for 51.9%

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The first railway in China was built in Beijing in 1864 by a British merchant to demonstrate the technology to the imperial court. About 600 meters of tracks were laid outside Xuanwumen. The steam locomotive shook the neighborhood and alarmed the capital guards. The Qing court looked on the strange

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In the early Ming dynasty, the northern part of old Dadu was depopulated and abandoned. In 1369, the city's population had been reduced to 95,000, with only 113,000 in the surrounding region. A new northern wall was built 2.5 km (1.6 mi) to the south of the old wall, leaving the Jishuitan

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The rapid growth of population, motor vehicles and factories has created high pollution levels. Days with gray, acrid skies, with an eye-reddening pollution score over 400, are common, as health officials advise wearing masks and staying indoors. Heavy trucks are allowed in only at night but their

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with 2,521 probable cases (including at least 394 infected medical personnel) and 191 deaths. Public schools, theaters, discos, and entertainment centers were closed at the order of the government in late April when 100 new cases were reported daily. A large quarantine base was set up in Changping

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In 2000, the city's total population reached 13.56 million, including 2.49 million temporary migrants. The city's population has continued to grow, largely through inbound migration, reaching 15.38 million in 2005 (including 3.57 million temporary migrants) and exceeding 20 million in 2011. Of the

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set forth the guiding principles for Beijing's development. As the country's political center, Beijing should become a center for international exchange to support China's opening to the world. As a window to the world, the city should be the most orderly, clean and scenic city in the country. The

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Urban development also reflected changes in political attitudes as the republican form of government prevailed over the monarchy and attempts to reintroduce imperial rule. One example of the newfound emphasis on civic rights over imperial tradition was the development of city parks in Beijing. The

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and introduced urban planning and zoning rules. The authorities also built modern water utilities, improved urban sanitation, educated the public about the proper handling of food and waste and monitored outbreaks of infectious diseases. With these public health measures, infant mortality and life

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in July 1913, which failed and forced him into exile. Yuan then forced the National Assembly to elect him as the president and expel Nationalist members. In early 1914, he dissolved the National Assembly and abolished the provisional constitution in May. On December 23, 1915, Yuan declared himself

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The Qing dynasty maintained a relatively stable supply of food for the population of the capital during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The government's grain tribute system brought food from the provinces and kept grain prices stable. Soup kitchens provided relief to the needy. The secure

2875:. The pavilions of the palaces took on various architectural styles from across the empire. The entire palace complex occupied the south central portion of Dadu. Following Chinese tradition, the temples for ancestral rites and harvest rites were built, respectively, to west and east of the palace. 7898:

brought worldwide attention to the demonstrations. On May 18, Li Peng met with several student representatives but the two sides failed to agree on how to end the hunger strike. To defuse tensions, Zhao Ziyang tried to persuade Deng Xiaoping to back off of the April 26 editorial, but Li Peng said

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editorial, declared: "Let the people's say what they wish. The heavens will not fall." On January 14, a crowd of Cultural Revolution victims marched from Tiananmen Square to Zhongnanhai calling for food, work, democracy and human rights. A China Human Rights Association was formed and distributed

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was headquartered in Beiping where a truce was brokered on January 10, 1946, and a three-person committee, consisting of a Nationalist, a Communist and an American representative, was created to investigate breaches in the ceasefire in North China and Manchuria. The truce began to unravel in June

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and, with the other seven Boxer Powers, issued an ultimatum demanding the removal of all defenses between Beijing and the sea as set forth under the Protocols. The ultimatum provoked student protests in Beijing that were jointly organized by the left-wing Nationalists and Communists. Two thousand

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Until the mid-15th century, Beijing residents relied on wood for heating and cooking. The growing population led to massive logging of the forests around the city. By the mid-15th century, the forests had largely disappeared. As a substitute, residents turned to coal, which was first mined in the

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that there would not be turmoil in China, that the students, who accepted the country's reforms, were not fundamentally opposed to party leadership and socialism, but simply wanted leaders to correct errors in their work. Students from 47 institutions, including thousands streaming in from other

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welcomed his defection, ignoring warnings from his diplomats that the Jurchens would regard the acceptance of defectors as a breach of the treaty. The Jurchens defeated Zhang Jue who took refuge with Guo Yaoshi at Yanshan. The Song court had Zhang Jue executed to satisfy Jin demands, much to the

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by surrounding their vehicles. Residents brought food and water to the soldiers and pleaded with them not to advance on the peaceful demonstrations. More than a million people marched in defiance of the martial law order, many calling for the resignation of Deng Xiaoping and Li Peng. The troops

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As the assembly set out to ratify the constitution, Yuan resisted efforts to share power. Without the assembly's knowledge, he arranged for the large and expensive Reorganization Loan from a consortium of foreign lenders to fund his military. The loan, signed into effect at the HSBC Bank in the

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On the afternoon of June 3, demonstrators confronted soldiers in plain clothes sneaking weapons into the city and police fired tear gas at the demonstrators. That evening, state-run television warned residents to stay indoors but crowds of people took to the streets to block the incoming army.

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On May 13, to support political reforms and demonstrate their peaceful resolve, about 300 students began a hunger strike in Tiananmen Square, which soon expanded to thousands. A makeshift tent city was set up for the hunger strikers, who attracted broad public sympathy. On May 15–17, more than

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on April 4, a traditional tomb-sweeping holiday, the square was filled with wreaths and poetry and an estimated two million city residents visited to pay their respects. The following day, the Gang of Four ordered the police to seize and destroy the wreaths and seal off the square from further

5699:'s art collection was removed to Nanjing in 1934 and air defense shelters were built in Zhongnanhai. The influx of refugees from Manchuria and presence of university campuses made Beiping a hotbed for anti-Japanese sentiment. On December 9, 1935, the university students in Beiping launched the 5311:

in 1925, the student population in Beijing grew substantially in the early 1920s. Middle school students also joined the protests. In October, students protested against imperialism during an international conference on customs and tariffs held in the city. In November, Li Dazhao organized the

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as provinces in the south rebelled. Yuan was forced to step down from emperor to president in March 1916. He died in Beijing in June 1916, leaving military men from the Beiyang Army vying for control of the government. Over the next 12 years, the Beiyang Government in Beijing had no fewer than

3757:, including the Manchu, Mongol, and Han Banners were assigned to guard and live near the eight gates of the Inner City. Outside the city, the Qing court seized large tracts of land for Manchu noble estates. Northwest of the city, Qing emperors built several large palatial gardens. In 1684, the 2846:

The most striking physical feature of Dadu was the string of lakes in the heart of the city. These lakes were created from the Jinshui River inside the city. They are now known as the six seas ("hai") of central Beijing: Houhai, Qianhai, and Xihai (the Rear, Front, and Western Seas) which are

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further south, Fu Zuoyi and over 200,000 Nationalist defenders were surrounded in Beiping. After weeks of intensive negotiations, Fu agreed on January 22, 1949, to pull his troops out of the city for "reorganization by the PLA." His defection spared the city, its residents and its historical

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Xu, Yamin. "Wicked Citizens and the Social Origins of China's Modern Authoritarian State: Civil Strife and Political Control in Republican Beiping, 1928-1937." PhD dissertation U. of California, Berkeley 2002. 573 pp. DAI 2003 64(2): 613-A. DA3082468 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &

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75.2 million in cash. During the height of the Red Guard fervor in August and September, at least 1,772 residents were killed. Many were driven to suicide or beaten to death by the Red Guards. Notable Beijing residents who took their own lives include deputy mayor Liu Ren, renowned writer

6684: 698:. The northern border of ancient China ran close to the present city of Beijing, and northern nomadic tribes frequently broke in from across the border. Thus, the area that was to become Beijing emerged as an important strategic and a local political centre. During the first millennia of 1886:) still exists today. In Beijing, the City of Ji gradually became known as Youzhou. During the prosperous early Tang, Youzhou's ten counties tripled in size from 21,098 households and about 102,079 residents to 67,242 households and 371,312 residents in 742. In 742, Youzhou was renamed 2489:, was designated for the Mongol chieftain. She along with 100 guards, 500 boys and girl servants, 3,000 bolts of cloth, and 3,000 horses were sent to the Mongol camp. The Qicheng Princess became one of the four main wives of Genghis Khan, who lifted the siege and withdrew north of the 5621: 3418:

rejected Esen's demands for ransom despite the Zhengtong Emperor's pleadings. Yu said the responsibility to protect the country took precedence over the Emperor's life. He rejected calls by other officials to move the capital to the South and instead elevated the Zhengtong Emperor's

2230:

In the spring of 1123, Wanyan Aguda agreed, as per treaty terms, to hand Yanjing and four other prefectures to the Song in exchange for tribute. The handover occurred after the Jurchens had looted the city's wealth and forced all officials and craftsman to move to the Jin capital at

8551:

Rapid modernization and population growth also created numerous problems such as heavy traffic, pollution, the destruction of historic neighborhoods, and a large population of impoverished migrant workers from the countryside. By early 2005, the city government attempted to control

3536:

and Jingtong storehouses near the terminus of the Grand Canal, which fed a growing population and sustained the military. The granaries helped control prices and prevent inflation, but price controls became less effective as the population grew and demand for food exceeded supply.

1274:

The capital of Yan was located about 45 km (28 mi) to the south of Ji, in the village of Dongjialin in Liulihe Township of Fangshan District, where a large walled settlement and over 200 tombs of nobility have been unearthed. Among the most significant artifacts from the

1865:

The Tang dynasty reduced the size of a prefecture, as a unit of administration administrative division, from a province to a commandery and renamed Zhuojun back to Youzhou, which was one of over 300 Tang Prefectures. With the creation of a separate prefecture called Jizhou

5611:

were denied. The city, anchored by its historical relics and universities, remained a center for tourism and higher education and became known as "China's Boston." In 1935, the city's population stood at 1.11 million, with another 3.485 million in the surrounding region.

6197:

After prostitution was banned in Beijing in 1949, former brothels were converted into centers for women's production and education, where former prostitutes received reeducation, career training and medical treatment. At the time, over 90% of prostitutes in Beijing had

9080:

After 1151, the capital of the Jin dynasty from Shangjing to Yanjing, which was renamed Zhongdu. Zhongdu refers to the Zhongdulu (中都路), an administrative unit which governed about 12 surrounding prefectures and 39 counties. The governing seat of Zhongdulu was Daxingfu

1611:

During the early Eastern Han dynasty in 57 AD, the five counties of Guangyang Commandery had 44,550 households and an estimated 280,600 residents. By population density, Guangyang ranked in the top 20 among the 105 commanderies nationally. In the late Eastern Han, the

7781:

and joined the protests. On April 23, as Zhao Ziyang was departing for a trip to North Korea, he told Li Peng to restore normalcy, avoid worsening tensions with students and refrain from using force, except against those who commit offenses against life and property.

7061:

By 1967, with schools closed and authority figures toppled, Red Guard factions began to compete with each other for control of institutions they had seized. The clashes grew violent, and some groups turned to challenge Jiang Qing. In 1968, Mao ordered the military to

6711:

12.75 kg for young adults, 3.75 kg for children under age 10). Due to bullish grain production forecast, winter wheat was not planted in 1958 leaving no harvest in the spring of 1959. By May 1959, residents were forced to supplement their meager diet with

3171:. As the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, he was not content to stay in Nanjing. He executed hundreds in Nanjing for remaining loyal to his predecessor, who was reportedly killed in a palace fire but was rumored to have escaped. The Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch 2526:

for advice on "keeping the empire in good order." The 76-year old Qiu had previously declined invitations from the emperors of the Jin and Southern Song, but agreed to travel from Shandong to Yanjing and then to Central Asia, where, at the Mongol encampment in the

6747:

in 1959. But as the scale of the disaster became more apparent, an extraordinary work conference for cadres from around the country was hastily convened in Beijing in early 1962. At the so-called 7,000 Cadre Conference held from January 11 to February 7, President

6671:

using personal metal possessions (such as pots and cutlery, which they were presumed to no longer need as cooking was done centrally by the mess halls). The campaign hastened the demolition of city walls, whose bricks were used to build the furnaces. The low grade

1663:, controlled ten of the Han dynasty's prefectures including Youzhou and its capital Ji. The Wei court instituted offices in Youzhou to manage relations with the Wuhuan and Xianbei. To help sustain the troops garrisoned in Youzhou, the governor in 250 AD built the 8592:

topping the overall medal count. Some 1.7 million city residents volunteered during the games, setting an Olympic record. In keeping with its promise to IOC authorities that the right of public assembly would be respected during the Games, Beijing authorities

7888:

was surrounded at Muxidi by angry residents showing bloody clothing from the massacre the night before. The 28th Army's commanders defied orders to counterattack and instead had troops retreat into the museum, leaving their vehicles to be burned by protesters

7576:, as it became known, attracted thousands of posters and hundreds of thousands of readers. Victims of the Cultural Revolution sought justice—some called for the release of those jailed in the April Fifth Incident of 1976; some criticized Mao and Hua Guofeng's 8370:

300 billion (about US$ 36 billion in 2005 exchange rate) in preparation. The city built 12 permanent athletic venues and 8 temporary venues, expanded 11 existing venues, and renovated 45 practice facilities. The bulk of the new venues was concentrated in the

6821:, the editor of the newspaper, and Liao Mosha, another Beijing literary figure and official. The trio was accused of making veiled attacks against Maoism. Deng Tuo committed suicide and Wu Han later died in prison. Their fall implicated the mayor of Beijing, 5573:

During the Beiyang period, Beijing transitioned from an imperial capital into a modern city. The city's population grew from 725,235 in 1912 to 863,209 in 1921. The municipal government reconfigured city walls and gates, paved and widened streets, installed

3446:

among ethnic Mongol troops stationed inside Beijing. The plot was betrayed and the Tianshun Emperor ordered the gates of the Forbidden City and the Inner City closed, trapping the mutineers, who were unable to break into the palace complex and were killed.

1783:, who raided Youzhou in 564 and 578. Centuries of warfare severely depopulated northern China. During the Eastern Wei (534–550), Youzhou, Anzhou (modern Miyun) and East Yanzhou (modern Changping) had a combined 4,600 households and about 170,000 residents. 10952:

walls, which were built on stamped clay and crowned with crenellated brick battlements, measured 18 miles (28km) in circumference and reached a height of 12 m (40 feet). Twelve gates gave access to the city, and there were 900 towers and three lines of

4320:

opened branches in the Legation Quarter. The building of railroads was capital intensive and required large-scale financing and foreign expertise. Beijing's earliest railroads were designed, financed and built under the supervision of foreign concerns.

5881:

On October 10, 1945, Japanese occupation of Beiping ended with surrender to Chinese Nationalist forces at a ceremony in the Forbidden City. With the end of World War II, the city reverted to Chinese Nationalist control and was renamed back to Beiping.

7355:

After Zhou Enlai died on January 8, 1976, Yao Wenyuan published a series of propaganda works criticizing the legacy of Zhou, which drew widespread public disapproval. On March 20, 1976, students from the Niufang Primary School laid a wreath at the

3552:

During the 15th and 16th centuries, banditry was common near Beijing despite the presence of imperial government. Due to inadequate supervision and economic privation, imperial troops in the capital region to protect the throne would often turn to

5402:

located inside the Forbidden City between Tiananmen and Zhongnanhai became a city park in 1914. In 1928, the park was renamed "Zhongshan Park" in honor of Sun, whose statue is visible in the background. (One of his alternative appellations is Sun

7653:, city planners expected to control the city's population to 10 million by 2000 with 40% living in the urban center and the remainder in residential communities scattered around the third band. Examples of these satellite communities include the 4961:

to protest the betrayal of China by the other Western powers and the corruption of the Anfu government by Japanese financial support. They marched toward the foreign legation but were blocked and proceeded to the home of deputy foreign minister

8347:. Under the motto "New Beijing, Great Olympics", the city pledged that holding the Games in China for the first time would promote not only the city's economy but also education, health and human rights of its residents. Beijing prevailed over 15051:

Shi, Mingzheng. "Beijing Transforms: Urban Infrastructure, Public Works, and Social Change in the Chinese Capital, 1900-1928." PhD dissertation Columbia U. 1993. 467 pp. DAI 1994 54(7): 2699-A. DA9333861 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &

3932:

arrived in Beijing in 1792, but failed to persuade the Qianlong Emperor to ease trade restrictions or to permit a permanent British Embassy in the city. Nevertheless, Macartney observed weaknesses within the Qing regime, which would influence

2342:

The Jin expanded the city to the west, east, and south, doubling its size. On today's map of urban Beijing, Zhongdu would extend from Xuanwumen in the northeast to the Beijing West railway station to the west, and south to beyond the southern

3244:, to Nanjing to prepare for the move, but the latter chose to keep the capital in Beijing after his accession to the throne. Like his grandfather, the Xuande Emperor was interested in monitoring affairs on the northern frontier. Most of the 6354:

military offices by 1950. The Soviet Union negotiated a move to a new embassy in the northeast corner of the old city. The United Kingdom, which recognized the PRC, was among the last countries to leave the legation quarters in 1954. A new

4914:. Li fled to the Japanese Embassy in the Legation. The imperial restoration lasted just 12 days as Duan Qirui's army reclaimed the capital, and sent Zhang seeking refuge in the Dutch Embassy. Under Duan's command, China declared war on the 6962:

denouncing their teachers. Jiang Qing visited campus to lend her support to the rebellions students. By July 29, classes at all universities and high schools in the city were halted as students mobilized to join the Cultural Revolution.

7981:, deadliest use of force against students in the history of Beijing until 1989. As news of the lethal force reached the Square, students at the Square were persuaded to leave the Square by several older intellectuals, including future 5234:

In the 1920s, military strongmen of the Beiyang Army split into cliques and vied for control of the Republican government and its capital. In July 1920, Duan's government, weakened by the May 4 Protests, was driven out of Beijing by

2157:, built from 1100 to 1119. Under Liao rule, the population inside the walled city grew from 22,000 in 938 to 150,000 in 1113 (and the population of the surrounding region grew from 100,000 to 583,000) as large numbers of Khitan, Xi, 4046:, the commander of the expedition, ordered the burning of the Old Summer Palace in retaliation of Qing mistreatment of Western prisoners. He spared the Forbidden City, saving it as a venue for the treaty-signing ceremony. Under the 4386:. The Qing court resisted the extension of railways inside city walls. Foreign powers who seized the city during the Boxer Rebellion extended the railway inside the outer city wall to Yongdingmen in 1900 and then further north to 7393: 4272:. In 1911, the Boxer Indemnity Scholar Program established the American Indemnity College in the Qinghua Gardens northwest of Beijing as a preparatory school for students planning to study abroad. In 1912, the school was renamed 2930:

The inclusion of the Jinshui and Gaoliang rivers gave Dadu a larger supply of water than the Lotus Pool which had nourished Ji, Youzhou, and Nanjing for the previous 2,000 years. To boost water supply even more, Yuan hydrologist

8584:("Bird's Nest"). Along with 10,942 athletes from 204 countries and regions who competed in 28 sports and 302 events, leaders from 80 countries also gathered in Beijing, for the largest international event in the city's history. 1203:

outside Xibianmen, about 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Guang'anmen. South and west of Guang'anmen, roof tiles used for palace construction and dense concentrations of wells lined with ceramic ring tiles have been discovered.

3777:, commonly referred to as the "Summer Palace". The two summer palaces represent both the culmination of Qing imperial splendor and its decline. Both were ransacked and razed by invading Western powers in the late Qing dynasty. 2955:

enabled the city to import greater volumes of grain to sustain a larger population. The completion of the Tonghui Canal in 1293 allowed barges from Tongzhou to sail through the city right to the gates of the imperial palace at

2105:). The Liao retained the Tang configuration of the city, which had eight gates in its outer wall, two in each cardinal direction, an inner walled city, which was converted into palace complex, and 26 residential neighborhoods. 7619:

was amended to eliminate the right to post big-character posters. Although Beijing Spring ended, the tensions within the party between liberals and conservatives over the toleration of dissent continued into the next decade.

8928:, which had four counties: Ji County, Changping, Jundu and Guangyang County, and was governed from the City of Ji. Fanyang Commandery was governed from Zhuo County. Yuyang Commandery was governed from Yuyuang (in modern-day 5315:

Though the Nationalists, under Sun's leadership, had allied with the Communists in the struggle against warlords, this alliance was not without tension. In November 1925, a group of right-wing Nationalist leaders met in the

2254:) on their way to the Northeast, they persuaded the governor Zhang Jue to restore them to their home city. Zhang Jue, a former Liao official who had surrendered to the Jin dynasty, then switched his allegiance to the Song. 1325:, Yan conquered Ji and moved its capital to Ji, which continued to be called Jicheng or the City of Ji until the 2nd century AD. Due to its historical association with the State of Yan, the city of Beijing is also known as 5838:

in December 1941, the Japanese shut down Yenching University and imprisoned its American staff. Some were rescued by Communist partisans that waged guerrilla warfare in rural outlying areas. The village of Jiaozhuanghu in

3655:(1521−1567 AD), shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the 2351:

are preserved in Fengtai District. The Jin emphasized the centrality of the regime by placing the walled palace complex near the center of Zhongdu. The palace was situated south of present-day Guang'anmen and north of the

7761:'s death in April 1989, university students staged a silent sit-in outside the gate, demanding dialogue with the leadership. The sit-in was dispersed by police and provoked the first large-scale student march on April 21. 7292: 5928:

in Beiping with a "Committee of Three" to mediate disputes between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists. The mission brokered a truce in 1946 and but failed to create a coalition government and prevent the outbreak of

7544:, sought to publish poetry from the April 5th Incident. The publication was blocked by propaganda chief Wang Dongxing for failing to praise Mao. In November, the articles were instead posted on a wall near a bus stop on 11635: 8262:

to protest U.S. military aggression. Some of the protesters pelted the embassy compound with stones and smashed cars, keeping the U.S. ambassador and staff confined in the compound for several days. Then vice-president

4830:

Legation Quarter, effectively surrendered the government's collection of salt tax revenues to foreign control. Yuan's agents assassinated Nationalist leader Song Jiaoren in Shanghai. In response, Sun Yat-sen launched a

3155:. Zhu Di did not move to Beiping until 1380 but quickly built up his military power in defense of the northern frontier. His three older brothers all predeceased his father who died in 1398. The throne was passed on to 4398:

to carry grain shipped from the south on the Grand Canal. This extension breached the city wall at Dongbianmen. The Lugouqiao-Hankou Railway, financed by French-Belgian capital and built from 1896 to 1905, was renamed

14022: 8594: 4692:

was not recognized by any foreign powers, and Sun agreed to cede leadership to Yuan Shikai in exchange for the latter's assistance in ending the Qing dynasty. On February 12, Yuan compelled the Qing court, under the

4375: 14619:

Campbell, Cameron Dougall. "Chinese Mortality Transitions: The Case of Beijing, 1700-1990." PhD dissertation U. of Pennsylvania 1995. 467 pp. DAI 1995 56(5): 1997-A. DA9532148 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &

7894:

million people visited the Square each day. Many government employees marched in support. Relaxed censorship allowed news of the hunger strike to be broadcast nationally. Foreign press on hand to cover the visit of

4369:

The city's first commercial railway, Tianjin-Lugouqiao Railway, was built from 1895 to 1897 with British financing. It ran from the Marco Polo Bridge to Tianjin. The rail terminus was extended closer to the city to

7295:. The embassy district in eastern Beijing, outside Dongzhimen, Chaoyangmen and Jianguomen began to expand with diplomatic compounds, hotels, and Western business interests, and eventually developed into the city's 14238: 7092:

held in Beijing in April 1969, Mao declared the Cultural Revolution completed and named Lin Biao as successor. But on September 13, 1971, Lin died in a plane crash as he tried to flee to the U.S.S.R. following an

6682: 9242:

In the 3rd century BC, the Yellow River followed a more northerly course than the present day. It emptied into the Bohai Sea at a point south of Tianjin in what is now Hebei province as opposed Shandong Province

1079:, in the northeastern fringe of Beijing Municipality, is one of several places in China claiming to host the Yellow Emperor's Tomb. Yuzishan's association with Yellow Emperor dates back at least 1,300 years when 3458:

raid on Beijing that pillaged the northern suburbs but did not attempt to take the city. To protect the city's southern suburbs, including neighborhoods from the Liao and Jin-eras and the Temple of Heaven, the

14594: 8919:

moved Youzhou's prefectural seat from Ji County (in modern-day Tianjin) to the City of Ji (in modern-day Beijing). In 96 AD, the City of Ji served as the seat of both the Guangyang Commandery and Youzhou. The

4497: 3792:, but most Manchus eventually learned to speak Chinese. The Manchus adopted Beijing Mandarin as their spoken language and this was a feature of Manchu Banner garrisons in areas of southern China. In 1728, the 8028:. The identity of this protester, like many facts about the events of spring 1989, remains unknown because the government has barred any reporting, research or remembrance of the "June 4 Incident", which was 4738: 7678: 4296:

from 1915, set the standard for the training of nurses. The Metropolitan University Library in Beijing, founded in 1898, was China's first modern academic library devoted to serving public higher education.

15113:

Song, Weijie. "Mapping Modern Beijing: A Literary and Cultural Topography, 1900s-1950s." PhD dissertation Columbia U. 2006. 301 pp. DAI 2006 67(4): 1346-A. DA3213600 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &

14077: 3796:, who could not understand officials from southern China, decreed that all takers of the civil service examination must be able to speak Beijing Mandarin. Though the decree was eventually lifted under the 6020:

by two U.S. Marines in Dongdan on Christmas Eve 1946 sparked student demonstrations against the U.S. military presence in China. After Marshall's departure in February 1947, full-scale civil war erupted.

4527:

and reverted the city's name to Beijing to serve as capital for the puppet regime. After Japan's surrender in 1945, the city returned to Chinese rule and was again renamed Beiping. During the subsequent

4050:

that ended the war, the Qing government was forced to allow Western powers to establish permanent diplomatic presence in the city. The foreign embassies were based southeast of the Forbidden City in the

7717:

spread to Beijing, where students marched around campuses in the university district northwest of the city, calling for direct election of political representatives, freedom of the press and release of

7397: 7819:

said the student demonstrations were manipulated by plotters seeking to overthrow the party-state and had to be halted. The following day, Deng Xiaoping, after hearing reports from Premier Li Peng and

3549:

except in 1643. That year, epidemics claimed 200,000 lives in Beijing, thus compromising the defense of the city from the attacks of the peasant rebels and contributing to the downfall of the dynasty.

6350:

was banned in the city. Some 224 brothels were closed and 1,308 prostitutes were sent to reeducation centers where they received medical treatment and career retraining. Opium use was banned in 1952.

8267:

declared the government's support for the demonstrations, which reflected the anger and patriotism of the Chinese people, but urged against extreme and illegal conduct. The crisis was diffused after

7885: 7360:

in Tiananmen Square to commemorate Zhou, and others followed. Many of the wreaths carried poems remembering the Premier also criticized the Gang of Four through allegorical allusions. By the time of

6846: 6033:

and Fu Zuoyi met with students and promising to hold the culprits accountable. Chiang Kai-shek agreed to pull the Youth Army out of Beiping, but over 250 student organizers were arrested in August.

7503: 6756:

reported the severe decline in the economy and called for urgent course correction, citing numerous policy failures. Mao acknowledged that mistakes were made and the need for cadres to vent. Only

2778:. Construction of Dadu began in 1267 and the first palace was finished the next year. The entire palace complex was completed in 1274 and the rest of the city by 1285. In 1279, when Mongol armies 6064:

attempted a last-ditch effort to secure a truce. Peace talks were held at the Six Nations Hotel in Beiping from April 1–12, but the Communists could not be persuaded to halt their advance at the

2867:, housed the imperial offices. The city's construction drew builders from all over the Mongols' Asian empire, including local Chinese as well as those from places such as Nepal and Central Asia. 10735: 10700: 10646: 10615: 7858: 6782:, Chairman Mao's campaign to change the social and cultural fabric of Chinese society, was launched from and ultimately halted in Beijing, with profound consequences for the city and country. 15274: 14223: 6760:, the new defense minister, prominently defended Chairman Mao. Liu and Deng's policy arguments drew extensively on research prepared by the Beijing Municipal Government and provided by mayor 4532:

between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, the city was peacefully transferred to Communist control in 1949 and renamed Beijing to become the capital of the People's Republic of China.

1142:, King Wu of Zhou was so eager to establish his legitimacy that before dismounting his chariot, he named the descendants of the Yellow Emperor as the rulers of Ji. He then named his kinsman, 7396:

held in December 1978, the Party, under Deng's leadership, rehabilitated the victims of Cultural Revolution, reversed the verdict of the April Fifth Incident, and adopted a policy course of

1286:

whose inscriptions recount the journey of Jin, who was sent by Ji Ke to deliver a batch of food and drink to his father, Ji Shi, in the Zhou capital. The father was thrilled and awarded Jin

7722:. On January 1 and 2, 1987, several hundred students attempted to march on Tiananmen Square in defiance of orders of the city government. The protests attracted little public attention but 6355: 3761:

built the Changchun Garden on the site of the Ming dynasty's Qinghua (or Tsinghua) Garden (outside today's west gate of Peking University). In the early 18th century, he began building the

7965:

intersection west of the Square, where the first civilian fatality occurred. Crowds were stunned and responded by hurling insults and projectiles. Among those killed was Duan Changlong, a

4288:

The Beijing Police Academy, founded in 1901 as China's first modern institution for police training, used Japanese instructors and became a model for police academies in other cities. The

6732:

in 1958 to 4.4% in 1961, an increase of 90,000 deaths. The famine was far more severe in other provinces where the unnatural death rate in 1960 was as high as 13.8% in Anhui and 9.08% in

2145:

Thus, the City of Ji, ceded to the Liao as Youzhou, continued as Nanjing in what is today the southwest part of urban Beijing. Some of the oldest landmarks in southern Xicheng (formerly

7709:

sided with the reformers and ended that campaign. By 1986, newspaper editorials began calling for political reform and university students organized democracy salons. Liberal physicist

7081:

and some 300,000 city residents were mobilized to build elaborate underground bunkers designed to shelter up to 40% of the city's population in the event of a nuclear attack. Beijing's

6966: 6676:

produced from these furnaces were ill-suited for industrial use. The policy was a complete failure and the misallocation of resources halted the city's reconstruction plans for years.

2960:. In 1270, Dadu had a population of 418,000 and another 635,000 in the surrounding region. By 1327, the city had 952,000 residents with another 2.08 million in the surrounding region. 742:(1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 1420 and 1928 to 1949, Beijing would remain as 7165: 2863:, the Yuan imperial family lived west of the lakes in the Xingsheng (兴圣宫) and Longfu (隆福宫) Palaces. A third palace east of the lakes, called the Danei (大内), at the site of the later 2819:

Rather than continuing on the foundation of Zhongdu, the new capital Dadu was shifted to the northeast and built around the old Daning Palace on Qionghua Island in the middle of the

6469:

The city became the most concentrated center for higher education and academic research in China. Though foreign-funded universities were closed or converted to public institutions—

886:. These sites indicate that farming was widespread in the area 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. Painted pottery and carved jade of the Shangzhai and Xueshan Cultures resemble those of the 31: 7005:. For example, Andingmen Inner Street became "Great Leap Forward Road"; Taijichang Street became the "Road for Eternal Revolution"; Dongjiaominxiang, the main street of the former 7958: 3742:. In the following decades, the Manchus would conquer the rest of the country and ruled China for nearly three centuries from the city. During this era, Beijing was also known as 1830:), which was administered from Ji. In 609, Zhuo Commandery and neighboring Anle Commandery (modern Miyun) had a combined 91,658 households and an estimated population of 458,000. 3387:

reservoir outside the city as part of the northern moat. A new southern wall for the city was built half a kilometer south of the southern Dadu wall. These changes completed the

15859: 15624: 9100: 5812: 4524: 1750:, another Xianbei regime, united northern China and restored Ji as the capital of Youzhou. While this designation continued through the remainder of the Northern Dynasties, the 4418:'s fortification. Thus, began the tearing down of city gates and walls to make way for rail transportation. The first railway in China built without foreign assistance was the 6076: 4749:, next to the Forbidden City. On April 5, the Provisional Senate in Nanjing voted to make Beijing the capital of the Republic and convened in Beijing at the end of the month. 14032: 6373:

As the seat of power for the People's Republic, Beijing was transformed to reflect the ideals of socialist state. At a planning conference in November 1949, chaired by mayor

4729:

presented Wuhan as a compromise. The next day, the Provisional Senate voted again, this time, 19–6 in favor of Nanjing with two votes for Wuhan. Sun sent a delegation led by

15981: 14518: 6990:" group to protect Chairman Mao from the enemies of the revolution. Students at other Beijing schools followed. In August, Mao praised the Red Guards and called on them to " 6864: 5654:

of 1933 gave control of the Great Wall to the Japanese and imposed a 100-km demilitarized zone south of the wall. This deprived Beiping of its northern defenses. The secret

5312:"Capital Revolution" a protest by students and workers demanding Duan's resignation. The protest was more violent, burning down a major newspaper office, but was disbanded. 4265:

of 450 million taels of silver with interest at four percent. The Boxer indemnities stripped the Qing government of much of its tax revenues and further weakened the state.

1616:

erupted in Hebei in 184 AD and briefly seized Youzhou. The court relied on regional militaries to put down the rebellion and Youzhou was controlled successively by warlords

8379:

accounted for less than 5% of overall Olympic spending, the lion's share of which went to building infrastructure, including 578 km (359 mi) of express highways,

8056:

population reached 10.32 million, of which 61% were in urban areas. In addition, the city had 1.27 million non-resident migrants, for a total population of 11.59 million.

7629: 7369:, the largest spontaneous public gathering against the Cultural Revolution, was branded a counter-revolutionary criminal incident blamed on Deng Xiaoping, who was purged. 5692:, which declared its independence from the Republic of China and controlled 22 counties east of Beiping, including Tongzhou and Pinggu in modern-day Beijing Municipality. 3889:, opened in 1669 by a royal physician, became the sole supplier of herbal medicine to the Qing court in 1723. Baikui Laohao, the Hui Muslim restaurant serving traditional 14235: 8785:

forum was held in Beijing on November 10–12, 2014. An international convention center was built by Yanqi Lake in Huairou District for the occasion. On September 3, 2015,

8556:

by restricting development to two semicircular bands to the west and east of the city center, instead of the concentric rings of suburbs that had been built in the past.

4073:, and spent days in densely packed cubicles. Highest scorers received degrees and government positions. The exams were abolished in 1905 as part of the education reforms. 10276: 9166:, wrote to Duke of Yan to report that he had enough booty to fill two palaces and planned to bring home a new tree species to plant on the Hill of Ji, north of the city. 7850: 14406: 5862:. Strains of infectious diseases developed by Unit 1855 were used about 70 times during the war, killing over 100,000 civilians in northern China. In 1943, a strain of 3870:

to perform for the Qianlong Emperor. Under the Qianlong Emperor, the Nanfu had up to a thousand employees, including actors, musicians, and court eunuchs. In 1827, the

7376:

in Tiananmen Square was completed one year later. Less than one month after his death on October 7, 1976, the Gang of Four was arrested in Zhongnanhai by Mao's former

6508:

From 1949 to 1958, the city steadily acquired land from neighboring Hebei Province. The last major additions occurred in 1958 with the incorporation of nine counties:

3750:. The city's population, which had fallen to 144,000 in 1644, rebounded to 539,000 in 1647 (the population of the surrounding area rose from 554,000 to 1.3 million). 16234: 11081: 8702:

added enormous wealth to the city. By the end of 2012, the city's economy was 1.8 times bigger than in 2008 and triple the size of 2004. Due to the concentration of

7288: 11057: 8729: 6825:, who was accused of running the city government as his fiefdom and harboring anti-party conspirators. The attack on Peng Zhen, in turn, undermined the standing of 5332:, and members of the so-called "Western Hills Group" were either expelled or left out of the party leadership. They moved to Shanghai and regained power during the 2693:, visited Yanjing in 1261, much of the city lay in ruin, so he stayed in the Daning Palace on Qionghua Island. Unlike other Mongol leaders who wanted to retain the 2207:. The two nations agreed to jointly invade the Liao and split captured territories, with most of the Sixteen Prefectures going to the Song. Under the leadership of 11435: 11415: 8063:, which were held in China for the first time and attended by 6,122 athletes from 37 countries competing in 29 sports. The city was awarded the games in 1984 over 7865:, called a parliamentary session for June 20 to consider the reform agenda. Li Peng, however, opposed the agenda, and only a portion of which was published in the 3198:(顺天府). From 1403 to 1420, Yongle prepared his new capital with a massive reconstruction program. Some of Beijing's most iconic historical buildings, including the 14083: 10732: 10697: 7580:; and others complained of youth unable to return from the countryside. On November 26, Deng Xiaoping told a visiting Japanese politician that the writing of the 5874:, Unit 1855 began removing or destroying evidence of its existence and departed the city ten days later leaving few traces of its activities. The unit evaded the 5808:, but Chinese forces had retreated to the south. The city itself was spared of urban fighting and destruction that many other Chinese cities suffered in the war. 3190:(北京, the "Northern Capital"), and elevated the city to the status of capital, on par with Nanjing. For the first time, Beijing took on its modern name, while the 1361:, and built walled fortifications across its northern frontier. Remnants of the Yan walls in Changping County date to 283 BC. They predate Beijing's better known 1146:, as the vassal of Yan. Shi was preoccupied with other matters and dispatched his eldest son to take the position. This son, Ke, is considered the founder of the 10848: 8482: 8086:, under construction since the 1960s and built on the foundation of the outer Ming city wall, was finally completed in 1992. Where city gates once stood are now 4957:

gave those possessions to Japan. News of the treaty sparked outrage in the Chinese capital. On May 4, 3,000 students from 13 universities in Beijing gathered in

2017:

in 916 and, from 917 to 928, tried seven times to take Youzhou. In 936, a rift in the Later Tang court allowed Yelü Abaoji to help another ethnic Shatuo general

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to persuade Yuan to move to Nanjing. Yuan welcomed the delegation and agreed to accompany the delegates back to the south. Then on the evening of February 29,

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Also in 1905, the Board of Revenue and private investors founded the Hubu Bank, China's first central bank and largest modern bank. This bank was renamed the

2985:

or streets. Each of the large avenues had underground sewers which carried rain and refuse to the south of the city. The main markets were located in Dongsi,

10474: 10256: 10141: 8683: 7877: 6416: 6080: 6068:

and concede southern China to the Nationalists. On April 23, the PLA resumed the offensive across the Yangtze and captured the Nanjing on the following day.

3893:, opened its first store next to the Longfu Temple in 1780. Roast duck was part of the imperial menu dating back to the Yuan dynasty and restaurants serving 2239:). Thus, the Song, having failed to take the city militarily from the Khitans, managed to purchase Yanjing from the Jurchens. Song rule of the city, renamed 863:. The artifacts date to 24,000 to 25,000 years ago and are preserved in the Wangfujing Paleolithic Museum in the lower level of the New Oriental Plaza mall. 1600:. The tomb of Liu Jian, the Prince of Guangyang who ruled Youzhou from 73 to 45 BC was discovered in Fengtai District in 1974 and has been preserved in the 7089: 6655: 6092: 2729:

opening to the south and the steppes just beyond the mountain passes to the north, Beijing was an ideal midway point for Kublai Khan's new seat of power.

8710:

Company headquarters than any other city in the world. It also ranked No. 4 in the number of billionaire residents after Moscow, New York and Hong Kong.

7884:

in western Beijing. At nearby Muxidi on the night of June 3, soldiers of the 38th Army opened fire on civilian demonstrators. The following morning, the

6909: 6494: 6462:

and held at the Peace Hotel on October 2–12, 1952, was attended by over 400 delegates from 37 countries. The newly developed residential neighborhood of

4661:. The New China Gate was built as the southern entrance to Zhongnanhai during Yuan's reign. Above: honor guard accompanying a foreign delegation in 1924. 2457:

and southern Siberia, had assisted the Jurchen in the war against the Khitans, but were not given the promised compensation. In 1211, the Mongols led by

13913: 10378: 7594:

a call for political reform. A public forum convened at the Monument to the People's Heroes where speakers debated the political future of the country.

4283:

After the Boxer Rebellion, the struggling Qing dynasty accelerated the pace of reform and became more receptive to foreign influence. The centuries-old

3874:, the Qianlong Emperor's grandson, changed the name from Nanfu to Shengpingshu, and reduced the number of performances. Nevertheless, the court invited 3545:

during the Yuan dynasty and expanded in the Ming. The use of coal caused many environmental problems and changed the ecological system around the city.

3284:

Much of the Ming city walls were torn down in the 1960s. The Zhengyang Gate (Qianmen) and its iconic archery tower is one of the few sections remaining.

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to demolish "illegal structures", which housed millions of workers from foreign countries, who the government deems as Beijing's "low-end population".

4931: 4823: 4602: 2541:, made him the head Daoist priest of the empire and exempted Daoism from taxation. Qiu returned to Yanjing in 1224 and expanded what would become the 8224:, was demolished a mere seven years after the Haidian government had recognized it. Though Uyghur shopowners were compensated for their losses, their 2045:, it was an important entryway into China for tribal peoples to the north. The city's stature grew from the 10th century with successive invasions of 1925:

To guard against barbarian invasions, the imperial court created six frontier military commands in 711 AD, and Youzhou became the headquarters of the

15974: 9121: 8573: 5684:. This army was relocated and confined to an area south of the Beiping near Nanyuan. In November 1935, the Japanese created a puppet regime based in 3514: 3233: 10172: 8747:

Left: World leaders gathered for the 22nd APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting on November 11, 2014. Right: From the rostrum atop Tiananmen Gate, Chinese

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began a tradition of student activism in Beijing and had a profound political and cultural impact on modern China. Leading intellectuals including

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and made Fanyang, Yanjing or "the Yan Capital." After the rebellion was suppressed, the seat of government became Youzhou Lulong Dudufu (幽州卢龙都督府).

7833:. The students felt maligned by the editorial and 100,000 from more than 40 universities marched to the city center, past Tiananmen Square to the 5420:

near Tianjin exchanged fire with Japanese warships carrying Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian troops. Japan accused the Chinese government of violating the

3528:

On the eve of the Tumu Crisis in 1448, the city had 960,000 residents with another 2.19 million living in the surrounding region. Beijing was the

1742:, making the city a sovereign capital for the first time in over 500 years. Five years later, the Former Yan's capital was moved further south to 15681: 15348:

Peking: A Social Survey Conducted Under the Auspices of the Princeton University Center in China and the Peking Young Men's Christian Association

14536: 14130: 13068: 8255: 8040:. Martial law was lifted on January 11, 1990. In subsequent years, first-year students at colleges in Beijing were required to undergo a year of 7276: 6557: 1967:

continued the rebellion from Youzhou. Shi Siming's tomb was discovered in Wangzuo Village in Fengtai District in 1966 and excavated in 1981. The

14505: 14480: 10560: 10501: 9611:

Beijing is the quintessential example of traditional Chinese city. Beijing's earliest period of recorded settlement dates back to about 1045 BC.

4459: 1155: 1154:. Bronzeware inscriptions have confirmed these events described in Sima Qian's history. Although the dates in Sima Qian's history before 841 BC 16250: 12012: 11079:(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1888). pp. 83-88; reprinted in Marilyn Shea "Baiyun Guan 白云观 White Cloud Temple, Temple of Founder Qiu 邱祖殿" 2009 11055:(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1888). pp. 37-39; reprinted in Marilyn Shea "Baiyun Guan 白云观 White Cloud Temple, Temple of Founder Qiu 邱祖殿" 2009 7820: 7713:

toured campuses, advocating democratic reforms and the independence of universities from the government. In December 1986, student protests in

7401: 5796:, another 29th Army commander who died later in the war, are the only three modern personages after whom city streets are named in Beijing. In 3805: 12752: 9938: 7665:'s first line, which commenced trial operations in 1969 but was plagued by technical problems, finally passed inspection assessments in 1981. 7054:

and the Great Wall were also targeted. Almost all houses of worship were shut down. The Forbidden City was protected on the orders of Premier

5815:, to manage occupied territories in northern China and designated Beiping, renamed Beijing, as its capital. This government later merged with 4253:

and lifted the siege. The foreign armies looted the city and occupied Beijing and the surrounding area in Zhili. Empress Dowager Cixi fled to

2823:. This move set in place Beijing's current north–south central axis. Dadu was nearly twice the size of Zhongdu. It stretched from present-day 1535:(广阳国/廣陽國). In the early Western Han, the four counties of Guangyang Principality had 20,740 households and an estimated population of 70,685. 15149: 12700: 8197:

on the night of March 7, killing three and injuring ten. The second, one day later, claimed two more lives. The bombings, which followed the

5591:. Parks also provided places for commercial activities and the open exchange of political and social ideas for the middle and upper classes. 4647: 4352:

railway from her residence in Zhongnanhai to her dining hall in Beihai. The Empress, concerned that the locomotive's noise would disturb the

4305: 4269: 4110: 3490:, established in 1442, as depicted by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville in 1737. In the Qing dynasty, Jesuit directors of the observatory, 11587:

David M. Robinson, "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: the Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450–1525)."

15967: 15724: 14426: 12922: 11976: 10318: 8278:

On October 1, 1999, the city celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic with a parade, the first since 1984.

7739: 6482: 6164: 4199: 2678:, first built in 1272, marked the geographic center of Dadu. Di'anmen Outer Avenue still forms part of the city's north–south central axis. 13945: 7826:, called the demonstrations a "disturbance" that was to be halted through coercive measures. Deng's characterization was published in the 3532:

from 1425 to 1635 and from 1710 to 1825. To feed the growing population, Ming authorities built and administered granaries, including the

15900: 15619: 15614: 14852: 10232: 9283: 8588:, became the 22nd country to host the Olympics, and won the most gold medals for the first time. A record 86 countries medaled, with the 7674: 6983: 5827: 5059:

who worked as a library assistant under Li Dazhao at Peking University. Mao left the city for Shanghai in 1920 where he helped found the

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to the throne and assembled 220,000 troops to defend the city. Ming forces with firearms and cannons ambushed the Mongol cavalry outside

902: 779: 10755: 9326:

to Liu Rong), who defeated Japanese pirates in the 15th century. Liusulan Hutong is named after Liu Lan, a famous Yuan dynasty sculptor.

6855: 6569: 3800:, the Beijing dialect spread first among officials and then among commoners under subsequent regimes. Shortly after the founding of the 1309:, was a convenient rest stop for trade caravans. Here, the route to the northwest through the mountain passes diverged from the road to 13121: 4768: 2963:

The city's residential districts were laid out in a checkerboard pattern divided by avenues 25 m in width and narrow alleyways, called

13362: 8287:

20.18 million total population in 2011, 12.77 million were long-term residents with temporary migrants making up 7.4 million (36.7%).

15905: 15669: 14339: 13031: 11559: 10432: 9197:

from the south in the 530s BC, the capital returned to the north, either back to the City of Jicheng or the Ancient City of Doudian (

8589: 7940: 7778: 7632:, urban planning in Beijing moved in a new direction. In April 1980, in reviewing the city's application for infrastructure funding, 6088: 6072: 6003:

were allies during the Sino-Japanese War, but their domestic rivalry resumed after the defeat of Japan. To prevent the resumption of

4849: 3529: 2339:(中都) or the "Central Capital". For the first time in its history, the city of Beijing became a political capital of a major dynasty. 13489:

Joel Andreas, "Institutionalized Rebellion: Governing Tsinghua University During the Late Years of the Chinese Cultural Revolution"

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in broader society. They ransacked homes of class enemies in search of incriminating evidence, smashed cultural relics deemed to be

5114: 15910: 15892: 14204: 13428: 13412: 9103:, a puppet regime backed by the Japanese occupation. The city's name reverted to Beiping after the defeat of Japan in World War II. 8703: 8565:

long-run air quality is expected to remain a critical issue as the city grows beyond 20 million inhabitants. The city also imposed

8474: 8172: 8041: 7808: 7730:". Hu Yaobang was forced to resign on January 17 and Fang Lizhi was expelled from the Communist Party. Zhao Ziyang succeeded Hu as 7058:. Many city streets were renamed after revolutionary slogans. The Red Guards sought to rename the city itself as East is Red City. 6235: 5820: 5275:. On October 23, 1924, Feng seized the capital, imprisoned President Cao Kun, restored Duan Qirui as the head of state and invited 4304:

after the Xinhai Revolution and began Beijing's tradition as the center of state banks in China. Large foreign banks including the

14148: 13339: 13314: 13294: 13274: 11734: 11694: 11104: 4341:

contraption with disfavor and had the railway dismantled. To secure the support of Empress Dowager Cixi for railway construction,

2806: 2537:, telling the great khan medicine for immortality did not exist and urged him to preserve lives. The Mongol leader called Qiu an 1294:

to remember the event. The inscription thus confirms the appointment of King Zhou's kin to Yan and the location of Yan's capital.

16202: 14312: 11473: 8605: 6764:. The conference paved the way for economic recovery led by Liu and Deng but also planted the seeds for the Cultural Revolution. 5320:

and called for the expulsion of Communists from the Nationalist Party and severance of ties with the Comintern including advisor

3580:

into believing that Yuan Chonghuan had actually betrayed the Ming. In 1630, the Chongzhen Emperor had Yuan executed in public at

3163:. The new emperor sought to curtail his uncle's power in Beiping, and a bitter power struggle ensued. In 1402, after a four-year 9814: 9322:

is named after the Song dynasty prime minister. Guangningbo Jie is named after the Duke of Guangning, Liu Jiang (renamed by the

6346:

The Communist leadership moved swiftly to establish a new order in Beijing. Within weeks of the founding of the new government,

2465:

with the exception of the capital Zhongdu. In March 1214, he set up headquarters in Zhongdu's northern suburbs and with brother

13400:

Youqin Wang, "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

9360: 8915:, Youzhou, as one of 12 prefectures, contained a dozen subordinate commanderies, including the Guangyang Commandery. In 24 AD, 7607:

Wei Jingsheng was arrested, and convicted and sentenced in October to 15 years in imprisonment for leaking state secrets about

6581: 6145:, proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, and Beijing again became the capital of China. 5512: 5279:

to Beijing for peace talks. At that time, Sun was building a Nationalist regime in Guangzhou with the assistance of the Soviet

4938:. The so-called Anfu Parliament was named after Anfu Hutong, near Zhongnanhai where Duan's Anhui-based supporters congregated. 3648: 3463:

was built in 1553. The Outer City wall had seven gates, three to the south, two each to the east and west. The Inner and Outer

2003: 1601: 14450:"Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued, what to expect next?" 12637:

Mingzheng Shi, "From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks: the Transformation of Urban Space in Early Twentieth-century Beijing."

8071:

was built north of the city center beyond the Third Ring Road. The Worker Stadium served as the Games' main venue. The city's

7914:

until 1984. On June 5, 1989, from the hotel's porches overlooking Chang'an Avenue, foreign press took the iconic image of the

7803:, stood in Tiananmen Square for six days from May 30 to June 4, 1989, and was torn down by the military enforcing martial law. 7033:. Within one month of Mao's first rally on August 18, they ransacked 114,000 homes in the city, seizing 3.3 million items and 6381:

proposed to preserve the architectural integrity of the old walled city by building a new urban area and government center in

3866:

In 1790, the Qing court's Nanfu office, which was in charge of organizing entertainment for the emperor, invited the dramatic

2992:

As Kublai Khan had intended, the city was a showcase of the cosmopolitan Yuan Empire. A number of foreign travelers including

2612:. On his first visit to Beijing in 1261, Kublai Khan stayed on this island, which was then a suburb of the city. He liked the 15798: 15204: 15134: 15098: 15019: 14726: 14403: 12966: 12956: 11328: 8718: 8577: 8456: 8392: 8384: 8259: 7194: 6894: 6447: 6052:

to the northwest on December 24 and Tianjin to the southeast on January 15, 1949. With the defeat of the Nationalists in the

2348: 1199:. Several historical accounts mention a "Hill of Ji" northwest of the city, which would correspond to the large mound at the 1023: 14103: 8597:, but no permits for public demonstration were issued—the applications were either withdrawn or denied—and none took place. 7930:

personnel advanced on the city to enforce martial law, but students and Beijing residents managed to block them outside the

5866:

released by the unit in southern Beijing to test its virulence killed 1,872 residents. Biological warfare was banned by the

2295: 1768:

in China was massively increased in this period, from 21 in the early 4th century to more than 200 in the late 6th century.

1433:

During the first one thousand years of Chinese imperial history, Beijing was a provincial city on the northern periphery of

15802: 15686: 10803: 8632: 8477:

spread to Beijing from southern China. Initial underreporting of the epidemic by government authorities was exposed by Dr.

8213: 7911: 4230: 3926: 3635:. Wu had defected to the Manchus and allowed them inside the Great Wall. They drove Li Zicheng from Beijing in late April. 3438:

of Tianshun, first promoted and then became distrustful of officials who had aided his restoration. One of them, the grand

15009: 14449: 12537: 12204: 12180: 12149: 12125: 12028: 11752: 11074: 7853:

and proposed six points of reform including the disclosure of officials' assets, expanded press freedoms and rule of law.

7392:. The arrests ended the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping was rehabilitated and then wrested power away from Hua. At the 4468:

Left: Qianmen (Zhengyangmen) railway station in the 1900s. Right: The old railway station is now the China Railway Museum.

2705:, Kublai Khan was eager to become the emperor of a cosmopolitan empire. He spent the next four years waging and winning a 15166: 14695: 14632: 14387: 11050: 10540: 9758: 9538: 9518: 9498: 9478: 9420: 9400: 9380: 7840:

When Zhao Ziyang returned from North Korea, he delivered a conciliatory speech commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the

7181:, the first by a sitting U.S. president to China, marked the beginning of the People's Republic's orientation toward the 6954:

elements. Nie was initially rebuked by the university but her poster was published nationally with Mao's blessing in the

6799:, had been praised by Mao in the early 1960s. But on November 10, 1965, the work was criticized by Shanghai propagandist 4894:, the prime minister, and the National Assembly was reconvened. The government soon faced a crisis over whether to enter 3557:. Officials responsible for eradicating banditry often had ties to brigands and other marginal elements of Ming society. 3240:, ordered the capital be moved back to Nanjing, but died of illness in 1425. The Hongxi Emperor sent his son, the future 2779: 2270:

in modern Miyun County. Guo Yaoshi then surrendered Yanshan and then guided the Jin's rapid advance on the Song capital,

2154: 2135: 2029:

including Youzhou, Shunzhou (modern Shunyi), Tanzhou (modern Changping) and Ruzhou (modern Yanqing) to the Liao dynasty.

867: 13139: 12501: 12101: 11809:

Lillian M. Li and Alison Dray-Novey, "Guarding Beijing's Food Security in the Qing Dynasty: State, Market, and Police."

11677: 11432: 11412: 9687: 5850:

unit based in Beijing, which operated laboratories next to the Temple of Heaven, Beihai and in the Union Hospital. Like

5843:

still has a labyrinth of tunnels with underground command posts, meeting rooms, and camouflaged entrances from the war.

4561:

in October 1911, but agreed to end the Qing dynasty in February 1912 to secure the safety of the royal family. His son,

16246: 16154: 15777: 15328: 15284: 14624: 14362: 8376: 8312: 7944: 7800: 7766: 7357: 7326: 7110: 6502: 6404: 5704: 5209:

Students demonstrated in Tiananmen Square on March 18, 1926, against the special privileges of foreign powers in China.

4831: 4685: 4597:

Sun Yat-sen founded the new Republic but agreed to give the provisional presidency to Yuan Shikai. Sun then formed the

4069:

The Imperial Examination Hall (Gongyuan) in 1909. For centuries, students flocked to the capital each year to take the

3414:, then drove through the Great Wall and marched on the Ming capital with the captive emperor in hand. Defense Minister 2461:

took revenge against the Jin by invading northern China. By 1213, he had controlled most of Jin territory north of the

2446: 2263: 804: 11343: 10845: 9717: 9556: 8738: 7496: 2149:) and Fengtai Districts date to the Liao era. They include Sanmiao Road, one of the oldest streets in Beijing and the 15916: 15659: 15437: 15194: 15184: 15158: 15067: 15042: 14998: 14971: 14932: 14906: 14883: 14862: 14833: 14802: 14747: 14705: 14684: 14663: 14640: 14574: 14192: 13175: 13149: 12932: 11788: 11762: 11496: 11369: 11155: 10939: 10925: 9604: 9570: 9358:"Ji, a Northern City of Military Importance in the Qin Dynasty" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 8782: 8695: 8585: 8336: 8072: 7699: 7684: 7066:, universities and factories and had the Red Guards disband and leave the city for the countryside where they would " 6303: 5965: 5707:, a semi-autonomous authority to administer the remainder of Hebei and Chahar not yet under direct Japanese control. 5647: 4872: 4632: 759: 14779: 14674: 13566:

Lauri Paltemaa, "Individual and Collective Identities of the Beijing Democracy Wall Movement Activists, 1978-1981."

12593:

Cameron Campbell, "Public Health Efforts in China Before 1949 and Their Effects on Mortality: the Case of Beijing."

9071:

The seat of government in Nanjing was known as Youdufu (幽都府) until 1012, when the name was changed to Xijinfu (析津府).

8380: 6785:

Mao initiated the campaign by directing attacks against political-literary figures in Beijing. The first target was

6473:

merged into Peking University, which moved from the city centre to the Yenching campus in the northwest suburbs and

4202:

were publicly beheaded at Caishikou outside Xuanwumen. One legacy of the short-lived reform era was the founding of

3700: 3460: 3388: 2662:). The Jinshui and Gaoliang rivers were made into a string of lakes and drained by the Tonghui Channel to the south. 16169: 15828: 15307: 15225: 15057: 14610: 13165: 11224: 10388: 8655: 8448: 8122: 7234: 7067: 6973:

on September 15, 1966, the occasion of Chairman Mao's third of eight mass rallies with Red Guards in 1966. Source:

4480: 2981:

is unique to the Yuan-era city; in older neighborhoods that date to the Liao and Jin eras, narrow lanes are called

14651: 11778: 10669: 10480: 10253: 10138: 9318:

in the city are named after personages from the city's more distant past. Wenchengxiang Hutong near the shrine of

3292: 15832: 10038: 10007: 9976: 9907: 9138: 8566: 8460: 8332: 7537: 7221: 7063: 6946:" accusing the school administrators of obstructing the Cultural Revolution and calling on the masses to destroy 6490: 4836: 4802:

In August, Sun Yat-sen traveled to Beijing where he was welcomed by Yuan Shikai and a crowd of thousands. At the

3915: 3878:

came to perform. The Anhui and Hubei operatic styles eventually blended together in the mid-19th century to form

3801: 3024:

near Fuchengmen was commissioned by Kublai Khan in 1271. Its famous white stupa was designed by Nepali architect

1683: 13465:

Andrew G. Walder, "Ambiguity and Choice in Political Movements: the Origins of Beijing Red Guard Factionalism."

5823:, a collaborationist government based in Nanjing, though effective control remained with the Japanese military. 4622: 3971:

Left:Illustration by Godefroy Durand on December 22, 1860, depicting the sacking of a Baroque-style hall in the

2079:

Map showing the change of the city walls in Beijing throughout Liao, Jurchen Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

15360: 15236: 14823: 11949:

Jing Liao, "The Genesis of the Modern Academic Library in China: Western Influences and the Chinese Response."

10093: 9731: 9338:

US dollar equivalents based USD:CNY conversion rate of Y6.7695 = US$ 1.00 in 2010 and Y6.1957 = $ 1.00 in 2013.

9179:

nomads from the north during the reign of Duke Heng of Yan (698-691 BC), the capital was moved south to Linyi (

8268: 8113:

The 1990s and the start of the new millennium were a period of rapid economic growth in Beijing. Following the

7342: 7249: 7098: 5492:

and spread terror in Beijing, their revolt was quickly suppressed. The city was made the provincial capital of

4718: 4043: 3953: 3232:

of the Ming to Beijing, which made Beijing the main capital of the Ming dynasty. From Beijing, Yongle launched

2935:

built channels to draw additional spring water from Yuquan Mountain in the northwest through what is today the

2006:

paved the way for Khitan expansion into northern China, which prompted the rise of Beijing in Chinese history.

976: 15031:"Chapter 4: Urban Identity and Urban Networks in Cosmopolitan Cities: Banks and Bankers in Tianjin, 1900-1937" 13910: 7454: 5830:. Furen University was protected by the Holy See's neutrality with the Axis Powers. After the outbreak of the 3816:

reaffirmed the Beijing dialect as the standard in 1932. The People's Republic of China followed suit in 1955.

15820: 15816: 15696: 14988: 14825:

Embassies in the East: The Story of the British Embassies in Japan, China, and Korea from 1859 to the Present

8786: 8755: 8452: 8388: 8202: 8126: 8010: 7862: 7443: 6791: 6593: 6463: 6178: 5781: 5689: 5637: 5264: 4490: 4277: 4121: 3560:

During the late Ming dynasty, Beijing faced threats from both within and beyond the Great Wall. In 1629, the

2811: 1645: 1449:

Plains used the city to manage trade and military relations with nomadic peoples of the north and northeast.

763: 653: 600: 15030: 11652: 10194: 9445: 8924:

reorganized and decentralized the governance of commanderies under Youzhou. Guangyang Commandery became the

7147: 5055:. Among the many youth who flocked to the Chinese capital during this period was a student from Hunan named 4206:

in 1898. The university would have a profound impact on the intellectual and political history of the city.

4099: 2319:

became a Buddhist sanctuary in the early 9th century. Of the seven pagodas standing today, five date to the

15824: 15808: 15078: 8861: 8714: 7280: 6100: 5925: 5757: 5500:

in 1930, Yan Xishan briefly tried to establish a rival national government in Beijing but lost the city to

5453: 5260: 4942: 4508: 4411: 4289: 4128: 3813: 3191: 2840: 2783: 2675: 1979: 1438: 1410: 1377: 1314: 743: 683: 406: 384: 131: 14163: 11905:

Weikun Cheng, "Going Public Through Education: Female Reformers and Girls' Schools in Late Qing Beijing."

10347: 9050:, a military regional commander. In 742, Youzhou was renamed Fanyang Commandery (范阳郡). In 759, during the 8497:

District north of the city. After the last new case was reported on May 29, the epidemic subsided and the

7528:

As the national leadership was changing course, a brief period of political openness in the city known as

5480:

warlord Yan Xishan who had allied himself with Nationalists. On 2 March 1929, the city was the place of a

3020:, lived in Dadu. The Mongols commissioned the building of an Islamic observatory and Islamic academy. The 16282: 16131: 15882: 15872: 15691: 12335: 11521: 11241: 10169: 9309: 8614: 8493: 8250:

Armored column in the parade celebrating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC on Oct. 1, 1999.

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in Beijing on March 10, 1912. He maneuvered to keep the capital of the new republic in Beijing where his

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Update 87 - World Health Organization changes last remaining travel recommendation -- for Beijing, China

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Both Yan and Ji were situated along an important north–south trade route along the eastern flank of the

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In the spring of 1999, two large public demonstrations took place in Beijing. On April 25, over 10,000

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class. The Soviet proposals largely prevailed and guided Beijing's urban planning for the next decade.

6367: 5797: 5769: 5685: 5633: 5600: 5308: 4516: 4395: 4131:, founded in 1906 by the American and British missionaries, remains one of China's top medical schools. 3822: 3608: 3518: 3476: 3215: 3147:

or the capital of the new dynasty. Two years later, Zhu Yuanzhang conferred Beiping to his fourth son,

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left written accounts of visits to the city. Some of the most famous writers of the Yuan era including

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is the second largest in China. The temple houses 198 stone tabulets engraved with the names of 51,624

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The first event in Beijing's history with archaeological support dates to the 11th century BC when the

818: 414: 14304: 13065: 9624:"The Britannica Guide to Modern China: A Comprehensive Introduction to the World's New Economic Giant" 5854:, its more notorious counterpart, Unit 1855 devised virulent strains of bacteria and conducted lethal 5000: 3052: 2266:. In 1125, Jin forces defeated Guo Yaoshi at the Battle of the Bai River, on the upper reaches of the 2176:, after unifying the rest of China in 960, sought to recapture the lost northern territories. In 979, 1779:. In 553–56, the Northern Qi extended this Great Wall eastward to the Bohai Sea to defend against the 16144: 15877: 15867: 15854: 15846: 15734: 14589: 14280: 12506: 10557: 10511: 10507: 8925: 8498: 8240: 7264: 7260: 7178: 7129: 7120: 6877: 6647: 6498: 6478: 5677: 5355: 4946: 4903: 4788: 4598: 4450: 2993: 2094: 1671: 1551: 1405: 980:, occurred in the 26th century BC, may have taken place near the Upper and Lower Banquan Villages of 230: 14493: 12009: 11222:

Nine Dragons, One River: The Role of Institutions in Developing Water Pricing Policy in Beijing, PRC

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From 2001 to 2008, a clock on the east side of Tiananmen Square, counted down to the opening of the

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parts of the country, marched on May 4 without police interference. On May 8, Zhao Ziyang chaired a

4771:

Building during the early Republic. The first elected National Assembly convened here in April 1913.

3722:

On May 3, 1644, the Manchus seized Beijing in the name of freeing the city from the rebel forces of

1771:

In 446, the Northern Wei built a Great Wall from Juyong Pass west to Shanxi to protect its capital,

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The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898-1929.

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Geiss, James. "Beijing under the Ming (1368–1644)", Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1979.

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The Qing largely retained the physical configuration of Beijing inside the city walls. Each of the

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was appointed as the supervisor of the construction of the imperial city and a chief architect was

2749: 2357: 2185: 2146: 1522: 1498: 1317:. The Liulihe settlement relied on the more seasonal flow of the Liuli River. Some time during the 27: 15352: 13542: 4717:

and others reasoned that having the capital in Beijing would check against Manchu restoration and

4585:

by extracting the abdication of the imperial court and the provisional presidency of the Republic.

2713:

to build his new capital at Yanjing. In 1260, he had already begun construction of his capital at

1521:

tribes of the steppes. Liu Bang's eighth son took control of Yan, which was subsequently ruled by

699: 16042: 15812: 13713: 11929:

Kaiyi Chen, "Quality Versus Quantity: the Rockefeller Foundation and Nurses' Training in China."

10289: 8840: 8344: 8114: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8083: 7931: 7646: 7642: 7590: 7377: 7272: 7189:

and the return of Western diplomatic and business interests to the city. Captions from left: (1)

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Republican troops fighting to retake the Forbidden City on July 12, 1917, during the short-lived

4840: 4714: 4313: 4250: 4175: 4151: 3267: 3048: 2832: 2706: 2496: 2417: 2347:. The walled city had 13 gates, four in the north and three openings in each of the other sides. 2275: 2255: 2177: 1862:. The Fayuan Temple, now within Xicheng District, is one of the oldest temples in urban Beijing. 1847: 1799: 1613: 76: 68: 15248: 14768: 14423: 13575: 13498: 13474: 12646: 12626: 12602: 12399: 11973: 11958: 11938: 11914: 11890: 11854: 11818: 11596: 11051:"Chinghis Khan's letter of invitation to Ch'ang ch'un [Qiu Chuji]" in E. Bretschneider, 10442: 10315: 10302: 8321: 8239:

to protest criticism of the sect in the state media. The gathering resulted in the government's

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elements such as Peng Zhen. On May 25, 1966, several junior faculty at Peking University led by

6811:. The scope of attack then expanded to the "Three Family Village", so-named for a column in the 5303:

to Tiananmen in support of protesters in Shanghai. With the opening of private colleges such as

4426:

and terminated just outside Xizhimen. By the late Qing dynasty, Beijing had rail connections to

3391:

of Beijing, which had nine gates (three in the south and two each to the north, east and west).

1313:. Ji also had a steady water supply from the nearby Lotus Pool, which still exists south of the 870:

settlements and burial sites throughout the municipality. The most notable include Zhuannian of

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calling on the Nationalist Chinese government to resist Japanese expansion into northern China.

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The first Mongol siege of Beijing in 1213–1214. The city fell in the second siege of 1214–1215.

2070: 1972: 1510: 1147: 1075:) later became one of the historical names for Beijing. Yuzishan, in Shandongzhuang Village of 52: 14182: 13028: 12390:

Zheng Yuan, "The Capital Revolution: a Case Study of Chinese Student Movements in the 1920s."

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a lone protester blocking a long column of tanks driving east of the Square on Chang'an Avenue

7017:

became "Red Guard Park". Most of the Cultural Revolution-era name changes were later reversed.

5826:

During the war, Peking and Tsinghua Universities relocated to unoccupied areas and formed the

3568:, but were defeated outside the outer city walls at Guangqumen and Zuoanmen by Ming commander 15767: 15430: 12898: 12791: 11542: 11391: 10752: 9723: 9462: 9233:

Province. At the time of the Qin conquests in 226 BC, the capital was back in the City of Ji.

8095: 7581: 7085:, built from 1969 to 1979, was later converted to underground shopping centers and a museum. 7022: 6947: 6935: 6881: 6833:

became the first casualty of the revolution; its leaders were replaced with radical Maoists.

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eventually became the official national language for the country. In the early Qing dynasty,

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built a network of canals from the Central Plain to Zhuojun to carry troops and food for the

1442: 1343: 1302: 161: 14027:[Map of Fatalities from the June Fourth Tiananmen Tragedy] (in Simplified Chinese). 13438: 13422: 13118: 12958:

The Marshall Mission to China, 1945–1947: The Letters and Diary of Colonel John Hart Caughey

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The State of Yan had several capitals beside the City of Ji. When Yan was threatened by the

7029:, and struggled against political and cultural luminaries who were accused of following the 6662:

sought to overcome China's shortage of capital through mass mobilization, using large-scale

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and failed cease-fire talks, Japanese reinforcements with air support launched a full-scale

5436:

Zhang Zuolin controlled the Beiyang Government until June 1928 when the Nationalists on the

5223:

After the students marched to Duan Qirui's presidential office on the Iron Lion Hutong, now

3467:

stood until in the 1960s when all but a couple small sections were pulled down to build the

2215:, the Jurchens captured in rapid succession the Liao's Upper, Central and Eastern Capitals. 1218:

For several centuries before the unification of China in 221 BC, Beijing was the capital of

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In the five years after the Olympics, Beijing's economy continued to grow rapidly, and the

8340: 8258:, which killed three Chinese nationals, thousands of students and residents marched on the 8006: 7949: 7791: 7727: 7373: 7366: 7346: 6943: 5662:

units from Hebei Province and suppress anti-Japanese activities by the Chinese public. The

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moved the capital of the Ming dynasty from Nanjing to Beijing in 1421. He commissioned the

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In the spring of 1919, the Republic of China, as a victor nation sent a delegation to the

4902:

or remain neutral. Li dismissed Duan, who favored entry into the war, and invited warlord

2947:

to Jishuitan, which was a large reservoir inside Dadu. The expansion and extension of the

2859:. Qionghua Island is now the island in Beihai Park on which the White Dagoba stands. Like 1667:, an irrigation system that greatly improved agricultural output in the plains around Ji. 1513:. But Zang rebelled and was executed, and Liu granted the kingdom to his childhood friend 8: 16187: 16159: 16112: 16092: 16077: 15959: 15739: 15462: 15387:

Peking and the Pekingese during the first year of the British embassy at Peking, Volume 1

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Mingzheng Shi, "Rebuilding the Chinese Capital: Beijing in the Early Twentieth Century."

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When Hu Yaobang died suddenly on April 15, 1989, university students laid wreaths at the

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in 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutions in modern Chinese history. Mourners of

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in October 1971, marked the beginning of the country's diplomatic orientation toward the

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Among the most quixotic features early in the campaign was the effort to exterminate the

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Beiping was the headquarters of the Nationalists' North China military operations led by

5875: 5777: 5445: 5437: 5351: 5304: 5248: 5020: 4972: 4512: 4404: 4273: 4163: 4106: 3895: 3328: 3037: 2997: 2948: 2901: 2203:, a semi-agricultural, forest-dwelling people living northeast of the Liao in modern-day 2196: 2026: 1831: 1505:, who had joined the revolt that overthrew the Qin, seized the City of Ji and sided with 1114:

and conferred titles to nobles within his domain including the rulers of the city states

64: 15346: 14259: 14054: 9418:"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-民族大融合的魏晋十六国北朝时期" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 8962:

In 350, Murong Jun captured Youzhou in the name of restoring northern China to Jin rule.

8686:, a military parade was held on Chang'an Avenue and a gala concert in Tiananmen Square. 8403: 7844:, which was favorably received by the students. On May 4, he also told the board of the 7611:. In December 1979, postings at the Xidan Wall were banned and instead consigned to the 7228:-- in Haidian District; (5) the American delegation was treated to a performance of the 7021:

Having halted classes and toppled school administrations, the Red Guards then turned to

5603:

fell outside the city's jurisdiction. Appeals to Nanjing for the recovery of towns like

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The first elected National Assembly was dissolved by Yuan Shikai in 1914, reconvened by

4403:

after it was routed to Qianmen from the west. This required the partial demotion of the

3730:

of the Ming dynasty and reappointed many Ming officials. In October, he moved the child

3678: 3513:

and became the first Westerner to have access to the Forbidden City. He established the

3059:, but not after heavy fighting around Dadu and across the country among Mongol princes. 1901: 1682:, the prefectural capital of Youzhou. In the early 4th century, the Western Jin dynasty 1493:, which followed the short-lived Qin in 206 BC, initially restored some local autonomy. 16192: 16149: 16139: 16102: 16087: 16082: 16067: 16062: 16027: 15999: 15729: 15651: 15547: 15527: 15497: 15118: 15082: 14895: 13336: 13311: 13291: 13271: 12918: 11731: 11101: 9015: 8933: 8707: 8029: 7994: 7881: 7827: 7754: 7545: 7338: 6786: 6689: 6659: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6116: 6008: 5917: 5847: 5655: 5497: 5425:

students marched on Duan Qirui's executive office and called for the abrogation of the

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the last of the Song dynasty in southern China, Beijing became for the first time, the

2542: 2232: 2098: 1888: 1877: 1743: 1707: 1457: 1376:. The Qin eventually ended Yan in 222 BC. The following year, the ruler of Qin, having 1354:. Like subsequent rulers of Beijing, the Yan also faced the threat of invasions by the 1159: 1111: 883: 875: 302: 72: 58: 14318: 11468: 11037: 6071:

As the PLA continued to gain control over the rest of the country, Communist leaders,

6016:

1946 and the Marshall Mission ultimately failed to create a coalition government. The

2786:. After the construction of Dadu, Xanadu, also known as Shangdu, became Kublai Khan's 1517:. Later, Liu became mistrustful of Lu, and the latter fled the City of Ji to join the 1464:), two of which are located in present-day Beijing. The City of Ji became the seat of 16107: 16097: 16032: 16012: 15744: 15588: 15537: 15532: 15507: 15356: 15324: 15280: 15200: 15180: 15154: 15130: 15094: 15063: 15038: 15015: 14994: 14967: 14928: 14902: 14879: 14873: 14858: 14829: 14798: 14764: 14743: 14722: 14716: 14701: 14680: 14659: 14652:"Chapter 8: Defining Beiping - Urban Reconstruction and National Identity, 1928-1936" 14636: 14570: 14188: 14028: 13571: 13494: 13470: 13171: 13145: 12962: 12928: 12642: 12622: 12598: 12395: 11954: 11934: 11910: 11886: 11850: 11814: 11784: 11758: 11592: 11365: 10935: 10931: 10538:郗志群 & 王新迎, "试论五代前期幽州的军事与战争" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 9727: 9600: 9566: 8895: 8820: 8311:

features Beijing's "jing (京)" character styled to resemble a man running. Nearly all

7990: 7982: 7895: 7698:

guided the country through economic reforms, conservative leaders pushed back with a

7603: 7361: 7078: 7030: 6987: 6889: 6813: 6700: 6525: 6400: 6209: 6199: 6182: 6057:

architecture from imminent destruction. On February 3, the PLA marched into Beiping.

6041: 6004: 5930: 5871: 5761: 5732:: Japanese magazine cover showing the Japanese military marching through the gate at 5725: 5430: 5333: 5324:. This manifesto was denounced by the Nationalists' party center in Guangzhou led by 5296: 5193: 5032: 5010: 4950: 4907: 4741:

broke out in all over the city. They were allegedly started by disobedient troops of

4677: 4612: 4582: 4529: 4486: 4203: 4088: 4039: 3972: 3929: 3793: 3762: 3727: 3714: 3577: 3464: 3399: 3278: 2726: 2482: 2454: 2403: 2353: 2278: 1739: 1563: 1475: 1401: 1298: 1264: 1177: 1171: 967: 963: 787: 314: 212: 125: 15174: 13517: 12031:

Meeting Technology's Advance: Social Change in China and Zimbabwe in the Railway Age

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ended in September 1993 with a narrow loss by a vote of 43–45 in the final round to

6219: 5444:

and Feng Yuxiang jointly advanced on Beijing. Zhang left the city for Manchuria and

5429:. Police opened fire and killed over 50 and wounded 200 in what became known as the 4991: 4684:, who returned from exile, founded the Republic of China in Nanjing and was elected 1187:), was located in the southwestern part of present-day urban Beijing, just south of 16215: 16072: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16037: 16017: 16007: 15990: 15934: 15598: 15572: 15557: 15517: 15512: 15502: 15489: 15472: 15423: 15122: 10213: 9623: 9577:

A settlement since c. 1000 BC, Beijing served as China's capital from 1421 to 1911.

9378:"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-秦王朝北方的燕蓟重镇" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 9305: 9230: 9207:

of Fangshan District. Historians sometimes refer to the City of Ji as the Shangdu (

9186: 9142: 9051: 8929: 8748: 8667: 8130: 8060: 7796: 7703: 7650: 7572:

in October, also posted their works on the wall. Others soon followed suit and the

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laid thousands of floral wreaths at and around the foot of the monument during the

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fell into disrepair and was demolished in the 1960s during the construction of the

6392: 6150: 6053: 6045: 6012: 5921: 5859: 5765: 5604: 5426: 5399: 5344: 5040: 4958: 4885: 4757: 4669: 4558: 4371: 4342: 4027: 3994: 3944: 3871: 3809: 3766: 3589: 3435: 3428: 3361: 3256: 3203: 3176: 3164: 1971:

lasted eight years and severely weakened the Tang dynasty. For the next 150 years,

1926: 1795: 1695: 1691: 1641: 1617: 1597: 1426: 1196: 1192: 1007: 887: 871: 98: 23: 19: 11780:

Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China

9398:"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-东汉时期的幽州蓟城" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 8623: 7953:

statue in the Square, which boosted student morale and drew millions of visitors.

7341:

of 1976. The Monument later became the gathering point student leaders during the

15706: 15593: 15562: 15552: 15542: 15385: 15318: 15311: 15229: 14941: 14783: 14737: 14614: 14430: 14410: 14242: 13917: 13406: 13366: 13343: 13318: 13298: 13278: 13125: 13072: 13035: 12905: 12801: 12208: 12184: 12153: 12129: 12105: 12016: 11980: 11738: 11681: 11639: 11619: 11500: 11477: 11459: 11439: 11419: 11228: 11108: 11085: 11061: 10852: 10759: 10739: 10704: 10673: 10650: 10619: 10564: 10544: 10322: 10260: 10236: 10176: 10145: 9691: 9671: 9542: 9522: 9502: 9496:"北方军事重镇-汉唐经略东北的基地-隋朝统治下的北京" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 9482: 9449: 9424: 9404: 9384: 9364: 9219:), or "Middle Capital." In the 4th century BC, Duke Shaoxiang of Yan established 9125: 8778: 8699: 8307: 8198: 8183: 7071: 6975: 6922: 6900: 6610: 6529: 6517: 6513: 6083:

at Zhongnanhai in Beiping on September 21. In preparation for establishment of a

6017: 5985:

entered the city on February 3, 1949. Pictured is the military procession toward

5938: 5867: 5840: 5805: 5801: 5681: 5643: 5608: 5485: 5472:), or "Northern Peace". Following the Northern Expedition, Beijing was under the 5359: 5325: 5321: 5256: 4927: 4237:, which sheltered several hundred foreign civilians and soldiers and about 3,200 4214: 4167: 3985: 3890: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3731: 3652: 3607:

in March 1644. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide by hanging himself from a

3603:

launched a peasant rebellion in northwest China and, after 15 years of conquest,

3442:

Cao Jixiang, decided to strike at the throne. In August 1461, Cao's adopted son,

3420: 3222: 3211: 3180: 3021: 2439:

Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.

1820: 1687: 1362: 1358: 1310: 1107: 879: 14956: 8543:

To decrease congestion and pollution, the city accelerated the expansion of the

2376:) was erected on Qionghua Island in the lake. The grounds of this palace is now 15782: 15567: 14595:

Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement

14563: 12197: 12173: 12142: 12118: 9323: 9149:

in 1992 concluded that Yuzishan was likely to be the true location of the tomb.

9117: 8937: 8811: 8762: 8561: 8544: 8539: 8520: 8464: 7745: 7662: 7573: 7529: 7523: 7519: 6541: 6450:, the city's first major international gathering. The conference, organized by 6432: 6424: 6138: 5942: 5784:

in late July. In fighting south of the city, deputy commander of the 29th Army

5584: 5501: 5493: 5481: 5465: 5421: 4982: 4915: 4658: 4258: 4087:

Faculty of the Imperial University of Peking, the institutional predecessor of

3875: 3758: 3569: 3468: 3345: 3263: 3241: 3237: 3199: 3168: 3106: 3083: 3079: 2864: 2787: 2722: 2702: 2316: 2200: 2102: 1918: 1906: 1842:(Korea). Though the campaigns proved to be ruinous, they were continued by the 1679: 1652: 1593: 1527: 1422: 1306: 1239: 1188: 1084: 1015: 985: 981: 711: 682:

in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of

10537: 9535: 9515: 9495: 9475: 9417: 9397: 9377: 9090:

The seat of government in Beiping, later Beijing, was called Shuntianfu (顺天府).

8529: 8295: 8167:

Also in 1995, Beijing's city government was shaken by a leadership scandal as

7799:

The original plaster of paris statue, created by students and teachers of the

6505:, and the opening of national academies and institutes by various ministries. 5539:

that marked the intersection, which were torn down in 1958. (Pictured in 1920)

4824:

first national assembly elections were held from December 1912 to January 1913

4725:

argued in favor of Nanjing to balance against Yuan's power base in the north.

4672:

erupted in October 1911, the Qing court summoned Yuan Shikai and his powerful

4081: 3918:

on the Forbidden City but were repelled. In response, authorities imposed the

3047:

Yuan rule was severely weakened by a succession struggle in 1328 known as the

2598: 2504: 2478: 16276: 15247:(in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社. pp. 305–329. Archived from 12511: 12094: 11674: 11150: 10198: 9860: 9684: 9319: 9113: 8997:

In the second lunar month of 385, Murong Chui seized Youzhou from Former Qin.

8769: 8670: 8516: 8485: 8478: 8440: 8372: 8210: 8118: 8021: 7969:

student, who was shot in the chest as he tried to negotiate with soldiers at

7961:. At about 10:00 pm troops opened fire on protesters with live ammunition at 7907: 7823: 7706: 7585: 7577: 7404:

were restored in 1977 and most of the rusticated youth returned to the city.

7381: 7252: 7190: 7174: 7102: 7051: 7014: 6753: 6744: 6688:

Documentary film of daily life in Beijing in 1958. Part 1 of CIA film on the

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to replace the traditional order. The movement also heightened the appeal of

4705:

signed the abdication agreement on behalf of the five-year-old Last Emperor,

4423: 4301: 4147: 4143: 4035: 3839: 3774: 3754: 3684: 3612: 3542: 3510: 3472: 3152: 3118: 3056: 2940: 2868: 2836: 2710: 2694: 2538: 2512: 2486: 2474: 2344: 2267: 2247: 2219: 2180:

personally led a military expedition that reached and laid siege to Nanjing (

2158: 2150: 2119: 1983: 1960: 1933: 1855: 1791: 1780: 1759: 1547: 1543: 1381: 1282: 1099: 1076: 1011: 946: 937: 928: 707: 679: 445: 14739:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

11244:-era canal delivering water from a spring on Yuquan Mountain to the capital. 9229:) or the "Lower Capital", a larger settlement south of Linyi, in modern day 8641: 8509: 8246: 6326: 3041: 2831:

that still stand in northern and northeastern Beijing, between the northern

1263:

This bronze vessel used for steaming was unearthed from the Liulihe site in

16122: 15196:

Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing

14697:

North China and Japanese Expansion:Regional Power and the National Interest

14558: 11962: 11918: 11600: 9190: 9059: 9041: 9007: 8553: 8489: 8271: 8053: 8032:. Zhao Ziyang was placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life. 7723: 7679:

People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

7284: 7213: 7182: 7106: 7047: 7043: 6374: 6363: 6339: 5816: 5667: 5651: 5488:, a subordinate of Zhang Zuolin. Though the mutineers managed to seize the 5272: 5268: 5252: 5244: 5176: 5162: 4935: 4815: 4734: 4673: 4636: 4501: 4387: 4349: 4345: 4309: 4226: 4171: 3879: 3739: 3616: 3593: 3585: 3506: 3322: 3129: 3110: 3098:

The Beijing Palace City Scroll, depicting the Forbidden City, 15th century.

3013: 2936: 2932: 2733: 2690: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2578: 2508: 2462: 2458: 2393: 2384: 2332: 2324: 2300: 2208: 2173: 2089: 2084: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2018: 2014: 1956: 1947:

launched a rebellion from Youzhou, and declared himself the emperor of the

1914: 1851: 1843: 1803: 1747: 1471: 1434: 1347: 1276: 1200: 1151: 1143: 1128: 1095: 1080: 808: 792: 755: 747: 739: 719: 588: 560: 526: 479: 433: 427: 336: 157: 136: 14776: 11493: 9145:

is more famous, a study by the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences and the

8186:". He maintained that the charges against him were politically motivated. 7263:

during which he met with Mao in Beijing, visited the Great Wall, received

4170:. In June 1898, the Guangxu Emperor adopted the proposals of Kang Youwei, 3651:

The panorama painting "Departure Herald", painted during the reign of the

2911: 2037:

Though Beijing was but a peripheral city to Chinese dynasties centered in

15792: 15304: 15222: 14607: 14537:"China: 'ruthless' campaign to evict Beijing's migrant workers condemned" 14519:"Beijing is evicting its migrants and displacing its e-commerce couriers" 14404:"Olympics: More than 80 world leaders to attend Beijing opening ceremony" 13952: 11170:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States

10798:

Du, Pengfei & al. "History of Water Supply in Pre-Modern China" from

9536:"北半部中国的政治中心-金中都的建立" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 9295:

The Daning Palace is also called the Taining, Shouan, and Wanning Palace.

9028: 8878: 8865: 8673: 8236: 8217: 8190: 8179: 8168: 8157: 8033: 7834: 7816: 7774: 7750: 7695: 7553: 7389: 7385: 7316: 7296: 7268: 7010: 6931: 6804: 6800: 6740: 6420: 6386: 6331: 6049: 5895: 5846:

In 1938, the Japanese military secretly created North China Unit 1855, a

5831: 5789: 5733: 5375: 5367: 5276: 5092: 5076: 5024: 4895: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4681: 4628: 4494: 4415: 4379: 4210: 4187: 4159: 3911: 3904: 3886: 3785: 3482: 3411: 3395: 3005: 2860: 2856: 2855:(the North Sea); and Zhonghai and Nanhai which are collectively known as 2852: 2686: 2609: 2574: 2377: 2311: 2251: 2166: 1952: 1948: 1811: 1755: 1751: 1621: 1490: 1483: 1453: 1369: 1219: 1116: 1040: 1019: 989: 838: 828: 783: 727: 703: 695: 691: 687: 319: 254: 222: 198: 174: 152: 11221: 10817:

The Chinese Garden: Garden Types for Contemporary Landscape Architecture

9685:北京历史的开端-原始聚落的产生和发展 Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 8756:

parade commemorating the 70th anniversary of the victory in World War II

8547:. Schema showing the development of the Beijing Subway from 1971 to 2013 8412: 6485:

swelled with the relocation of institutions from guerilla areas such as

5715: 4910:

loyalist army marched into Beijing, dissolved the National Assembly and

4515:

and moved the capital to Nanjing. Beijing was renamed Beiping. In 1937,

4249:

was defeated and forces to turn back. On the second attempt, eventually

15218: 15144: 14948: 14878:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 14816: 14104:

Sheryl WuDunn, "Chinese College Freshmen to Join Army First" N.Y. Times

13523: 13520:". China Internet Information Center (2005-04-15). Accessed 2012-12-06. 13449: 13447: 12606: 11822: 10666: 10191: 9592:

The Asian city: processes of development, characteristics, and planning

9204: 9194: 9163: 9055: 8972: 8751: 8663: 8232: 8153: 7986: 7974: 7936: 7758: 7710: 7691: 7658: 7633: 7569: 7541: 7334: 7205: 7055: 6951: 6939: 6913: 6885: 6826: 6808: 6749: 6739:

Mao initially clung to the Great Leap Forward, firing defense minister

6716: 6443: 6395:

was expanded to accommodate large public rallies and parades. Landmark

6170: 6142: 6061: 6030: 5785: 5441: 5383: 5379: 5300: 5106: 5056: 5044: 4891: 4819: 4784: 4764: 4722: 4505: 4324: 4222: 4195: 3934: 3885:

Most of Beijing's oldest business establishments date to the Qing era.

3723: 3656: 3600: 3573: 3554: 3475:. The largest and best-preserved section of the wall is located in the 3451: 3424: 3377: 3245: 3156: 3017: 3009: 3001: 2969:, 6–7 m wide. One of the best surviving examples of such a district is 2820: 2775: 2771: 2718: 2613: 2528: 2490: 2361: 1999: 1964: 1951:. He went on to conquer Luoyang and Xi'an with a multi-ethnic army of 1731: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1703: 1698:

period, Beijing, still known as Ji, was controlled successively by the

1351: 856: 842: 796: 718:

expanded southward and made the city a capital of their dynasties, the

715: 690:. It was a provincial center in the earliest unified empires of China, 410: 278: 266: 242: 15639: 14772: 14164:"Another ousted China party chief challenges case against him" Reuters 12650: 10048: 10017: 9986: 9917: 9794: 8787:

a massive military parade was held to commemorate the 70th anniversary

8666:

sets world record in 100 m dash, (4) The Water Cube at night, and (5)

7902: 7436: 4680:

in the south, Yuan also negotiated with them. On January 1, 1912, Dr.

4631:

was inaugurated as the provisional president of the newly established

4194:. The Guangxu Emperor was imprisoned, Kang and Liang fled abroad, and 3975:

during the Second Opium War. Right: The ruins of the Old Summer Palace

3962: 3092: 2891: 2259:

alarm of Guo Yaoshi and other former Liao officials serving the Song.

1876:

in 730, the name Ji was transplanted from Beijing to Tianjin, where a

1575: 1257: 706:. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic 15035:

Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950

14828:, British Embassy Series, vol. 1, Psychology Press, p. 70, 14656:

Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950

11563: 10416: 10357: 9011: 8830: 8363:

with an absolute majority of votes in the second round of balloting.

8264: 8221: 8002: 7812: 7198: 7156: 7026: 6822: 6761: 6459: 6455: 6330:

Mao-era slogans adorn the walls of Plant No. 798, built in 1952 with

6267: 6174: 5672: 5558: 5526: 5417: 5412: 5329: 5280: 5048: 4963: 4146:

rebuilt using funds originally designated for the imperial navy, the

3832: 3624: 3565: 3248:

in northern Beijing Municipality were built during the Ming dynasty.

2957: 2897: 2848: 2738: 2698: 2558: 2523: 2335:

moved his capital from Shangjing to Yanjing and the city was renamed

2204: 1944: 1735: 1723: 1664: 1632:. In 194 AD, Yuan Shao captured Ji from Gongsun Zan with the help of 1625: 1446: 1139: 1103: 984:

on the northwestern edge of Beijing Municipality. The triumph of the

971: 852: 731: 539: 290: 15242: 14506:

Scenery of APEC venue Yanqi Lake in Huairou District English.news.cn

13800: 13444: 11194: 9719:

The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective

9516:试论北京唐代墓志的地方特色" Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage 8146: 7468: 7293:

established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China

6283: 5956: 5370:. Sun's tomb and the seat of national government were both moved to 5156: 4517:

a clash between Chinese and Japanese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge

3371: 3338: 2445:

Zhongdu served as the Jin capital for more than 60 years, until the

2262:

The Jurchens, sensing Song weakness, used the Zhang Jue incident as

2128: 2049:

by the Khitans, Jurchens, and Mongols, who respectively founded the

1762:, the size of its jurisdiction shrank drastically, as the number of 1212: 14742:. Palo Alto, California, United States: Stanford University Press. 11362:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China

9176: 9046: 8651: 8459:, was the world's largest when it opened on Feb. 29, 2008, (4) The 8455:, a high-speed rail hub, opened on Aug. 1, 2008, (3) Terminal 3 of 8356: 8206: 8087: 8068: 8025: 7998: 7962: 7915: 7654: 7202: 7034: 6917: 6818: 6757: 6724: 6673: 6658:

with an ambitious campaign to accelerate economic development. The

6382: 6359: 6025: 5978: 5870:. On August 15, 1945, immediately following the Japanese Emperor's 5851: 5746: 5666:

of June 1935 compelled the Nationalist 29th Army, a former unit of

5236: 5134: 5063:

in 1921. He did not return to Beijing until almost 30 years later.

4575: 4435: 4407: 4358: 4353: 4254: 4218: 4166:

to protest the treaty and drafted a 10,000-character appeal to the

3900: 3788:

officials serving in the imperial court were required to learn the

3735: 3172: 3160: 2952: 2917: 2503:

region). Among the captives taken from the city was a Khitan named

2189: 2113: 2042: 1995: 1839: 1675: 1555: 1538: 1506: 1373: 1355: 993: 855:

tools and bone fragments were discovered at a construction site at

14388:"Choking on Growth: Beijing's Olympic Quest: Turn Smoggy Sky Blue" 14205:

Seth Faison, "Bus Bombing Fails to Daunt Shopping Day In Beijing"

12792:"Memorial Museum of Tunnel Warfare Sites at Jiaozhuanghu Village" 11845:

Xiaoqing Ye, "Imperial Institutions and Drama in the Qing Court."

11387: 7993:, a victims' organization, has recorded civilian deaths all along 6958:

on June 2 . On June 18, Peking University students held the first

5386:, Wu Zhihui, Chiang, Chen Diaoyuan, Zhang Zuobao, and He Chengjun. 4257:

and did not return until after the Qing government had signed the

4178:. The reforms alarmed Empress Dowager Cixi, who, with the help of 4016:

near Dongbianmen on August 14, 1900. Right: Foreign armies of the

3072: 2628: 2075: 1497:, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty, recognized a number of 1248: 15446: 14797:] (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Peking University Press. 14149:

Seth Faison, "Ex-Party Chief in Beijing Gets 16 Years in Prison"

12775: 12773: 12545: 9442: 9314: 9213:) or "Upper Capital" and the Ancient City of Doudian as Zhongdu ( 8921: 8916: 8835: 8825: 8352: 8009:

in the east, and throughout the city, from Hongmiao in the east,

7735: 7557: 7039: 7001:

A 1968 city map showing streets and landmarks renamed during the

6997: 6796: 6733: 6537: 6335: 5986: 5878:

and remained largely unknown until later research by historians.

5863: 5536: 5371: 5240: 5148: 5028: 4795:, and reconvened again in 1922. (Pictured here on August 1, 1916) 4742: 4363: 4348:

imported a small train set from Germany and in 1888 built a 2-km

4183: 4063: 3903:, which opened in 1864 and introduced the "hung oven", that made 3773:-style garden pavilions. In 1750, the Qianlong Emperor built the 3770: 3561: 3455: 3415: 3407: 3114: 3025: 2965: 2584: 2450: 2290: 2281:, ending the Northern Song dynasty. Yanshan was renamed Yanjing. 2271: 2181: 2038: 1873: 1786: 1715: 1656: 1637: 1629: 1582: 1518: 1502: 1479: 1456:

built a highly centralized state and divided the country into 48

1418: 1414: 1393: 1065: 775: 672: 648: 638: 625: 612: 572: 554: 521: 508: 491: 454: 374: 363: 353: 348: 331: 226: 216: 186: 10254:北京历史与文化，第三讲　二、中央政府与地方势力的较量 - Beijing Radio Television University 8160:

compound on to protest criticism of the sect in the state media.

7287:. In 1971–72, 30 countries, mostly in Europe and Latin America, 5993:: The portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate on Feb. 12, 1949. 5170: 5128: 4591: 4500:

from revolutionaries in the south. Yuan and successors from his

3849: 3564:, who were descendants of the Jurchens, raided Beijing from the 3355: 1338:

The State of Yan continued to expand until it became one of the

782:

were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of

16258: 9159: 8985: 8950: 8076: 7854: 7482: 7365:

access. In clashes with residents, hundreds were arrested. The

6728: 6720: 6704: 6125: 5620: 5547: 5504:, the son of Zhang Zuolin who was allied with Chiang Kai-shek. 5477: 5460:

to Nanjing. For the first time since 1421, Beijing was renamed

4861: 4860:

the fourth largest city in China after Guangzhou, Shanghai and

4694: 4551: 4439: 4427: 4328:

1912 map of Beijing showing city walls, railways and stations.

4179: 3919: 3691: 3687: 3632: 3628: 3439: 3434:

Back in power, the Zhengtong Emperor, now ruling under the new

3403: 3219: 3148: 2519: 2236: 2162: 1991: 1776: 1772: 1660: 1633: 1514: 1088: 1003: 998: 812:

also lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.

751: 735: 12770: 7668: 6313: 5251:. Two years later, the Zhili Clique fought off a challenge by 2568: 1608:

but the prince formerly buried there has not been identified.

1592:), the territories of which extended from what is now central 1566:, the country was organized into 13 prefectural-provinces, or 1482:, had the Great Wall built in Yuyang Commandery and fortified 675:

has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years.

16254: 13502: 13478: 11894: 11858: 10214:

Koh Cherng Phing, "Tomb could reveal secrets of Han dynasty"

9220: 9112:

Other commonly cited locations for the Battle of Banquan are

8360: 8348: 8256:

NATO's bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia

8194: 8064: 7970: 7714: 7549: 7488:

Apartment blocks built in Tiantongyuan in the 1990s and 2000s

6533: 5334:

rupture between the Nationalists and Communists in April 1927

4431: 3867: 3738:

into the Forbidden City and made Beijing the new seat of the

3122: 3029: 2717:, some 275 km (171 mi) due north of Beijing on the 2605: 2470: 2466: 1940:

nomads just north of present-day Hebei Province. In 755, the

1287: 1029:

The Yellow Emperor is said to have founded the settlement of

11388:"An Illustrated Survey of Dikes and Dams in Jianghan Region" 7726:

reacted with fury at Hu Yaobang for his "weak" response to "

7422: 7384:, in a bloodless coup supported by Mao's anointed successor 7307: 6427:, where the Ming dynasty royal garden and palace stood. The 5804:

refused to join the Japanese in attacking the 29th Army and

5227:

Road, they were confronted by soldiers and bloodshed ensued.

5100: 4545: 3135:. Dadu's imperial palace was razed and the city was renamed 2709:

against rival Mongol chieftains and in 1264 ordered advisor

2383:

Paper money was first issued in Beijing during the Jin. The

1937: 1910: 14481:"Beijing, Shanghai announce detailed property curbs" Xinhua 14236:"Chinese in Belgrade, Beijing protest NATO embassy bombing" 9715: 8492:

to resign in April. The city became the hardest hit in the

8421: 4706: 4566: 4562: 4268:

The United States used its portion of the proceeds to fund

4191: 4020:

assemble inside the Forbidden City after capturing Beijing.

2986: 1858:) in the southeast of Ji to remember the war dead from the 1580:), and the City of Ji served as the provincial capital for 18:

or changes to the English spelling of the city's name, see

15989: 15415: 14131:

Patrick Tyler, "Beijing Party 'Decapitated' By President"

14082:(in Simplified Chinese). Tiananmen Mothers. Archived from 10581: 10139:北京历史与文化，第三讲　屏障中原的军事重镇- Beijing Radio Television University 5142: 4713:

to secure the peace agreement by taking power in Beijing.

3505:

reached Beijing at the turn of the 16th century. In 1601,

3394:

The Inner City walls withstood a major test following the

1166:

BC as the official estimate of the date of this occasion.

15276:中国改革年代的政治斗争（Political Struggle in China's Era of Reform） 14565:

Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping

14464: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14260:"Chinese Embassy Bombing in Belgrade:Compensation Issues" 13167:

Legal Reform and Administrative Detention Powers in China

12997: 12987: 12985: 12496: 12494: 8367: 8094:

followed in 1993. Construction of the city's three other

8059:

From September 22 to October 7, 1990, Beijing hosted the

8015:

Hundreds of civilians were killed, thousands were wounded

7841: 6712: 6417:

10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic

5484:

of soldiers who formerly belonged to the army of warlord

5456:

to the victorious Nationalists who moved the capital and

5299:

of 1925, 12,000 students from 90 schools marched through

4150:. After the Qing government was defeated by Japan in the 4030:, Anglo-French expeditionary forces defeated a Qing army 2616:

and ordered that the new city be built around the island.

2533: 2423:

Genghis Khan receiving Jin envoys and the Qiguo Princess.

2364:

was excavated along the Jinshui River and Daning Palace (

2097:

to the primary seat of power at Shangjing (in modern-day

1982:, Youzhou remained independent and its military governor 962:

The earliest events of Beijing's history are shrouded in

13988: 13636: 13634: 13619: 13585: 13583: 12313: 11754:

The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895-1919

6789:, the deputy mayor of Beijing and historian, whose book 6149:

Beijing middle school students attended the ceremony in

5217: 5203: 2545:, where he is buried and which is today the seat of the 2093:(南京) or the "Southern Capital" and made the city one of 2002:

in 923. The disintegration of the Tang dynasty into the

15301:

Chinese Spatial Strategies: Imperial Beijing, 1420-1911

15059:

Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920s

14469:"Beijing tightens restrictions on home purchase" Xinhua 13964: 13923: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13816: 13814: 13767: 13755: 13731: 13188: 13186: 9099:

From 1937 to 1940, the city was renamed Beijing by the

8881:, the City of Ji served as the regional capital of the 8595:

designated three city parks as areas for demonstrations

8013:

in the north, and Tianqiao and Zhushikou in the south.

7394:

Third Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee

7074:

from Beijing were sent to rural and pastoralist areas.

5184:

Military strongmen of the Beiyang Government in Beijing

5051:, prominent May 4 figures, became early leaders of the 4867: 4034:

east of Beijing. They captured the city and sacked the

1372:

and the State of Yan was forced to move its capital to

1305:

to the northern steppes. Ji, located just north of the

22:. For other administrative divisions called Beijing in 15079:"Chapter 2:Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium" 14455: 13940: 13938: 13607: 13227: 13225: 13009: 12982: 12879: 12867: 12831: 12518: 12491: 11827: 11168:

Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in

10883: 10881: 10532: 10530: 10528: 9334: 9332: 6920:

surrounded by rallying Red Guards in Beijing. Source:

5658:

of May 1935 required the Chinese government to remove

5496:, but lost that status to Tianjin in 1930. During the 4362:

of the imperial city, required the train be pulled by

4012:

Left: U.S. Army depiction of the assault on Beijing's

1604:. In 1999, another royal tomb was found in Laoshan in 14958:

Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945-1949

14715:

Li, Lillian; Dray-Novey, Alison; Kong, Haili (2007).

14017: 14015: 13694: 13682: 13631: 13595: 13580: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13101: 11687: 11172:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454. 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10823:. Walter de Gruyter, 2011. Accessed 16 November 2013. 10479:. Beijing Radio Television University. Archived from 10316:芮传明, "六世纪下半叶突厥与中原王朝的战争原因探讨" 《西北史地》 1985年03期新疆哲学社会科学网 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 6466:, or Place of Peace, was named after the conference. 5535:, or the Eastern Quadrangle, is named after the four 4890:

After Yuan's death, Li Yuanhong became president and

4864:, and the seventh largest capital city in the world. 4270:

scholarships for Chinese students studying in America

3899:

to the public opened in the 15th century, but it was

3521:

in the city. Other Jesuits later became directors of

2756:

to the Mongols). It is also known by the Mongol name

2725:, but he preferred the location of Beijing. With the 1053:) in the Hebei-Beijing region about 4,000 years ago. 15345:

Gamble, Sidney David; Burgess, John Stewart (1921).

15129:. Vol. 12, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. 15117: 14871: 14000: 13976: 13886: 13874: 13862: 13850: 13838: 13826: 13811: 13743: 13529: 13453: 13198: 13183: 13141:

Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture

13099: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13081: 12581: 12473: 12437: 12422: 12410: 12346: 12307: 12295: 12283: 12271: 12259: 12244: 11240:

Although called a river, the Jinshui was actually a

9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 8801: 8375:

directly north of Tiananmen and the Forbidden City.

6839:

Red Guards in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution

5374:. Beijing was renamed Beiping. Front row from left: 4292:, founded by missionaries in 1906 and funded by the 2246:

As the convoy of relocated Nanjing residents passed

1640:

allies from the steppes. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao

14917:

The Dragons of Tiananmen: Beijing as a Sacred City.

14300: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14292: 13956:(in Simplified Chinese). 2005-07-31. Archived from 13935: 13796: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13719: 13670: 13658: 13646: 13222: 12855: 12843: 12819: 12807: 11346:

Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols

10923: 10525: 9329: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 8576:opened on August 8, 2008, at 8:08 p.m. with a 8501:lifted the travel advisory for Beijing on June 24. 7837:, breaking through police blockades along the way. 7101:" and some of the purged old guard leaders such as 3808:made the Beijing dialect the national standard for 3765:, also known as the "Old Summer Palace", which the 3694:

south of the Great Wall and seized Beijing in 1644.

2122:, the oldest mosque in Beijing, was founded in 996. 1990:in 911. This regime was ended in 913 by the ethnic 1978:When the Tang dynasty was overthrown in 907 by the 14955: 14901:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 14894: 14872:MacFaquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). 14795:History of the Population and Geography of Beijing 14562: 14157: 14144: 14142: 14126: 14124: 14012: 12542:The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 12168: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12083: 10927:Genghis Khan & the Mongol conquests, 1190-1400 10858: 10151: 9203:), a walled settlement also located in modern-day 8706:in the national capital, Beijing in 2013 had more 8684:60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China 8030:officially deemed a counterrevolutionary rebellion 7878:Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution 7757:between Tiananmen Square and Xidan. Shortly after 7584:was protected by the Constitution. On December 5, 6892:; (3) Red guards at No. 23 Middle School wave the 6081:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 5802:collaborationist militia of the East Hebei Council 3186:In 1403, the Yongle Emperor renamed his home base 2360:had a country retreat built northeast of Zhongdu. 799:(previously classified as the now-invalid species 13078: 11695:"Beijing - History - The Ming and Qing Dynasties" 9653:The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian 8515:Smog diminishes visibility in Beijing. From atop 8366:Over the next seven years, the city spent nearly 8207:legislature and political consultative conference 7959:advanced on Beijing from every cardinal direction 7289:severed ties with the Republic of China on Taiwan 7208:, (3) the diplomatic opening was facilitated by " 6898:in a classroom revolution rally. All photos from 6895:Little Red Book of the Quotations of Chairman Mao 6829:, an ally of Peng and Mao's ultimate target. The 5981:agreed to hand over Beiping without a fight, the 3812:in 1913. After the capital was moved to Nanjing, 3576:, through treachery, deceived the Ming dynasty's 3167:, Zhu Di seized Nanjing and declared himself the 3139:(北平 or "Northern Peace"). Nanjing, also known as 1091:mentioned the tomb in their poems about Youzhou. 16274: 15087:Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China 14658:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–138. 14289: 13779: 13119:Zhou Jin (周进) "新中国成立以来北京城市规划与人口发展" 《北京学研究文集2008》 12755:. Xinhua News Agency. 2005-06-27. Archived from 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11077:Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources 11053:Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources 9246: 8860:The City of Ji was the capital of the States of 8038:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 7685:student-led demonstrations in the spring of 1989 7097:. After Lin's death, colleges were reopened to " 5811:The Japanese created another puppet regime, the 4504:ruled the Republic from Beijing until 1928 when 3588:. Yuan was rehabilitated 150 years later by the 2027:sixteen prefectures across the northern frontier 1688:steppe peoples who had settled in northern China 32:History of the administrative divisions of China 15682:Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area 14721:. New York, United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 14139: 14121: 13512: 13510: 12917: 12660: 12658: 12190: 12159: 12135: 12080: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12041: 11364:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 11288: 11286: 10800:Evolution of Water Supply through the Millennia 9101:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 8523:and buildings on Tiananmen Square are obscured. 8205:, took place during the annual sessions of the 8098:began in the 1990s and were completed in 2001 ( 7916:lone protester standing in front a column tanks 6550:Industrialization of Beijing in the 1950s-1960s 5813:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 5579:expectancy of the general population improved. 3509:became an advisor to the imperial court of the 2973:, which has 14 parallel hutongs, called the 14 2920:over the Tonghui section of the Grand Canal in 2032: 1368:In 226 BC, the City of Ji fell to the invading 1169:It is believed that the seat of Ji, called the 15344: 15320:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 15037:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 47–64. 14718:Beijing: From Imperial Capital to Olympic City 14714: 14676:Republican Beijing: The City and Its Histories 14374: 14281:"Beijing's temporary population fell in 2011" 14115: 13554: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13255: 13170:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–72, 13047: 12779: 12374: 12372: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12331: 11869: 11488: 11486: 11374: 10832: 10661: 10659: 10575: 10550: 9410: 9390: 8696:government's massive economic stimulus program 8569:, which remained in force after the Olympics. 8331:On July 13, 2001, at the 112th meeting of the 7623: 7460:Jianguomen Diplomatic Residences built in 1971 7372:Mao died in Beijing on September 9, 1976, and 7212:", and leaders of the two countries watched a 7013:was renamed "Worker-Peasant-Soldier Park" and 6036:On November 29, 1948, the Chinese Communists' 5776:, World War II as it is known in China. After 4519:outside Beiping triggered the outbreak of the 4442:, and was a major railway hub in North China. 4422:. Built from 1905 to 1909, it was designed by 3806:Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation 3596:and his tomb near Guangqumen is now a shrine. 2815:scholars of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. 1814:reunited China in 589 AD, Youzhou was renamed 903:Districts and Counties of Beijing Municipality 15975: 15431: 15150:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 14569:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 14306: 13354: 13352: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13266: 13264: 13060: 13058: 13056: 11658: 10271: 10269: 9978:走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 易都—容城南阳遗址、雄县古贤村遗址 9865: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9588: 9224: 9214: 9208: 9198: 9180: 8315:are located in the northern half of the city. 7474:Apartment blocks built in Xibahe in the 1980s 7220:; (4) Pat Nixon visits a neighborhood -- the 6888:; (2) Big-characters posted on the campus of 6106: 5568: 4525:collaborationist government in northern China 4489:of 1911 but the capital of the newly founded 4276:, and remains to this day, one of the finest 3479:near the southeast corner of the inner city. 2761: 2743: 2371: 2365: 1973:military governors ruled Youzhou autonomously 1893: 1881: 1867: 1825: 1587: 1573: 1330: 1182: 1133: 1121: 1110:, in the 11th year of his reign, deposed the 1070: 1058: 1048: 1034: 1014:, 75 km (47 mi) west of Yanqing in 75:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 15860:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites 15625:Economic and technological development zones 14897:The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China 14262:. Congressional Research Service publication 14253: 14251: 13507: 12954: 12655: 12565: 12563: 12063: 12038: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11283: 11096: 11094: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9298: 9162:, having conquered 70 cities of neighboring 9031:, Youzhou became Zhuojun or Zhuo Commandery. 7811:chaired by Li Peng, Beijing Party Secretary 7588:, an electrician at the Beijing Zoo, posted 7442:Socialist walk-up apartment blocks built in 6018:rape of Peking University student Shen Chong 5916::The Executive Headquarters of U.S. General 5792:were both killed in action. They along with 5736:on August 8, after the capture of Beiping. ( 4852:, at least four constitutions and one brief 2009:The nomadic Khitan people were united under 1986:declared himself emperor of the short-lived 1670:Ji was demoted to a mere county seat in the 882:; Zhenjiangying of Fangshan; and Xueshan of 15153:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 14178: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14046: 13388: 12955:Caughey, John Hart; Jeans, Roger B (2011). 12369: 12352: 12010:王勇, "慈禧用太监拉火车酿世界铁路史最大笑话" 《皇城根下的京味文化》时事出版社 11483: 10656: 10000: 9753: 9751: 9749: 8658:at Tiananmen, (2) Olympic flame lit at the 7973:. Duan was the grand nephew of the warlord 7675:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 7669:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 6654:In January 1958, Mao kicked off the second 6403:style from the Soviet Union, including the 6358:district emerged east of the city walls in 6185:and developments that shaped modern China. 5828:National Southwestern Associated University 5615: 4818:joined several smaller parties to form the 4653:Yuan based his office and residence in the 4493:remained in Beijing as former Qing general 3922:system of social surveillance and control. 3431:was later made into a temple in his honor. 2021:found the third of the Five Dynasties, the 803:) lived from 770,000 to 230,000 years ago. 15982: 15968: 15438: 15424: 14604:The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing 13801:"20th CENTURY CHINA: A PARTIAL CHRONOLOGY" 13349: 13324: 13261: 13053: 12582:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12538:"Peking Revolt. Regiment of Troops Mutiny" 12474:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12438:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12433: 12431: 12423:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12411:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12347:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12308:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12296:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12284:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12272:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12260:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 12255: 12253: 12245:Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1 11138: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10266: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9782: 9554: 9014:and went on to establish the first of the 8209:in the capital, and were widely blamed on 7552:, west of Tiananmen Square. Subsequently, 7105:were partially rehabilitated, but radical 6522:Liangxiang (now part of Fangshan District) 6415:, were completed by 1959, in time for the 6060:In the spring of 1949, Nationalist leader 5646:in 1931, Beiping was threatened by steady 5263:. When the two sides squared off again in 4306:Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp. (HSBC) 2220:rallied around Prince Yelü Chun in Nanjing 1024:descendants of the Yan and Yellow Emperors 15670:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 15323:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14944:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900. 14494:张晓玲&陈祥华 "北京房价四年翻一倍四环房价直逼香港" 21世纪经济报道 14248: 13903: 12927:. Harvard University Press. p. 133. 12560: 11997: 11783:. Stanford University Press. p. 48. 11717: 11231:", p. 6. Univ. of British Columbia, 2001. 11091: 10727: 10725: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10628: 9508: 9430: 6165:History of the People's Republic of China 5648:Japanese encroachment into northern China 5642:After Japan seized Manchuria through the 4934:that was stacked his supporters from the 4906:to the capital to mediate. Zhang and his 3572:. After retreating north, Manchu leader, 3179:in part to investigate the rumors of the 2900:, part of the Old Beijing section of the 2732:In 1271, he declared the creation of the 1387: 678:Prior to the unification of China by the 15488: 14893:MacKerras, Colin; Yorke, Amanda (1991). 14257: 14169: 13163: 11931:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10040:走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 下都—河北易县燕下都遗址 9746: 9488: 8936:was governed from Juyong (in modern-day 8719:property prices to rise throughout China 8538: 8475:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 8393:high-speed high-speed railway to Tianjin 8245: 7977:, whose troops were responsible for the 7901: 7871: 7784: 7744: 7540:, under the leadership of party liberal 6996: 6965: 6908: 6743:for objecting to the policy line at the 6678: 6629: 6325: 6192: 5821:Reorganized National Government of China 5619: 5587:, which was opened to the public as the 5350:Shortly after taking Beijing during the 4871: 4557:(seated) asked Yuan Shikai to quell the 4323: 4278:institutions of higher learning in China 4251:they defeated the Boxers and Qing troops 3713: 3481: 3270:, as well as the Inner and Outer Cities. 2989:and along the north shore of Jishuitan. 2792: 2310: 2294: 2074: 1905:The mysterious Guyaju cave dwellings in 1900: 1785: 1537: 1470:(广阳郡/廣陽郡). To the north, in present-day 1409: 1290:to pay for the creation of an honorific 14445: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14218: 14216: 13714:"1979年12月6日：西单"民主墙"禁贴大字报" People.com.cn 12428: 12250: 11545:Beijing A Guide to China's Capital City 11214: 10787: 10456: 10241: 10124: 10067: 10065: 9893: 9185:) in the present-day Hebei counties of 8682:On October 1, 2009, to commemorate the 8451:("Water Cube") under construction, (2) 8193:. The first bomb hit a Route 22 Bus in 7536:. In September 1978, a magazine of the 7504:Beijing Municipal Administrative Center 7009:, was renamed "Anti-Imperialist Road"; 5756:On July 7, 1937, the 29th Army and the 5695:In response to the growing threat, the 5553:Street scene after the introduction of 4912:restored Puyi as Qing emperor on July 1 4485:The Qing dynasty was overthrown in the 4394:in 1903. They built an eastern spur to 3746:which corresponds with the Manchu name 3615:. Li proclaimed himself emperor of the 3206:, were built for Yongle's capital. The 2531:, he taught the Genghis Khan about the 1002:or Chinese nation, which then defeated 893: 866:Archaeologists have discovered over 40 746:, serving as the seat of power for the 16275: 15383: 15316: 15279:. Hong Kong: Excellent Culture Press. 14953: 13015: 13003: 12991: 12524: 11847:European Journal of East Asian Studies 10722: 10679: 10625: 10605: 9716:Kwang Chih Chang; Pingfang Xu (2005). 9193:. When faced with the threat from the 9158:In 284 BC, the victorious Yan general 8189:In March 1997, two bombs detonated on 8171:, party secretary and a member of the 7700:Campaign against "Spiritual Pollution" 6767: 6338:-style warehouses were converted into 3838:1888 water color pictorial map of the 3726:. Dorgon held a state funeral for the 3236:. After he died in 1424, his son, the 3234:multiple campaigns against the Mongols 2274:, where the Song emperors Huizong and 2218:In the spring of 1122, the Liao court 1602:Dabaotai Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum 936:Urban districts between the 2nd & 837:The Upper Cave on Dragon Bone Hill in 15963: 15419: 15143: 14986: 14962:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 14946:U. of California Press, 2000. 816 pp. 14821: 14052: 13700: 13688: 13640: 13625: 13601: 13589: 13204: 13192: 13066:建国初期北京市界的四次调整 in 《中国档案报•档案大观》 5th Ed. 11750: 11557: 11380: 11024: 11012: 11000: 10988: 10911: 10771:Beijing Liao and Jin City Wall Museum 10031: 9969: 8275:its embassy and consulates in China. 8073:bid for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games 7068:undergo reeducation from the peasants 6780:Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution 6619: 6448:Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference 6177:Gate, proclaimed the founding of the 5782:offensive against Beiping and Tianjin 4763:The Xinhua News Agency Auditorium on 2169:from the south migrated to the city. 1525:, from the City of Ji, then known as 1523:lineal princes of the imperial family 15942: 15687:Wangjing Science and Technology Park 15269: 15172: 14759:Gaubatz, Piper. "Changing Beijing." 14557: 14436: 14350: 14213: 14006: 13994: 13982: 13970: 13929: 13897: 13880: 13868: 13856: 13844: 13832: 13820: 13773: 13761: 13749: 13737: 13725: 13676: 13664: 13652: 13613: 13434: 13418: 13137: 13029:Wang Mingzhen, "1949年国共和平谈判会场六国饭店轶闻" 12510:(6th ed.). 2007. Archived from 11776: 11154:. Cities Guide. 2007. Archived from 10062: 10009:走进燕国 >> 燕都遗迹 >> 中都——窦店古城 9304:Tong Linge Lu and Zhao Dengyu Lu in 8156:practitioners assembled outside the 7851:politburo standing committee meeting 7077:The Cultural Revolution exacerbated 6795:, adapted from a Peking opera about 5885: 5624:Students marched through Beiping on 4932:election of a new parliament in 1918 4868:World War I and the May 4th Movement 4676:to suppress the insurrection. As he 4535: 4474: 4420:Imperial Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway 4414:in 1907 required a similar break in 4174:and other scholars and launched the 3194:around the city gained the new name 3086:, which was built from 1406 to 1420. 2587:in Dadu in 1294. Collections of the 2303:, first built in 1189, dates to the 1429:, now located in the Haidian Museum. 1425:Period, discovered in Balizhuang of 1346:(473–221 BC). It stretched from the 1156:have not yet been definitely matched 859:in the heart of downtown Beijing in 35: 15234: 15011:Dominion: Dawn of the Mongol Empire 14850: 14846:. Beijing: Peking University Press. 14788: 14633:China Cartographic Publishing House 14184:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 12885: 12873: 12861: 12849: 12837: 12825: 12813: 12319: 11881:Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising." 11833: 11514:"Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall" 10976: 10887: 10644:《中国历史历年大事记》"北宋／辽 - 宣和四年公元1122年壬寅" 10613:《中国历史历年大事记》"北宋／辽 - 宣和二年公元1120年庚子" 10587: 10203:"Dabaotai Han Mausoleum in Beijing" 10075:. China Internet Information Center 9558:Oxford's American Desk Encyclopedia 7978: 7602:19-point declaration demanding the 7415:Residential architecture in Beijing 6510:Tong County (now Tongzhou District) 5400:Imperial Altar of Earth and Harvest 4241:. The first attempt by the foreign 4154:and forced to sign the humiliating 3910:In 1813, some 200 adherents of the 3344:The Hall of Supreme Harmony of the 3151:, who at the age of ten became the 3125:drove north and captured Dadu. The 2453:, a tribal nomadic people from the 2184:) but was defeated in the decisive 1898:), but reverted to Youzhou in 762. 1039:) in or near Zhuolu. The sage-king 702:, Beijing was a provincial city in 13: 16170:Direct-administered municipalities 15638: 15377: 15338: 15062:. University of California Press. 14679:. University of California Press. 14625:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 14258:Dumbaugh, Kerry (April 12, 2000). 10846:东松, 北京金代皇陵揭开神秘面纱-专家细说发现始末, 人民日报海外版 8241:prohibition of Falun Gong in China 8017:and thousands more were detained. 7769:and organized sit-ins outside the 7277:accession of the People's Republic 7095:unsuccessful coup plot against Mao 6982:On May 29, a group of students at 6807:. Yao was supported by Mao's wife 6797:an incorruptible Ming-era official 6503:Beijing Foreign Studies University 5440:led by Chiang Kai-shek and allies 5410:On March 17, 1926, Feng Yuxiang's 5366:on July 6, 1928, to pay homage to 4854:restoration of the Manchu Monarchy 4767:Road in Xicheng District, was the 4581:Yuan Shikai seized control of the 4498:took control of the new government 4285:imperial civil service examination 4215:Righteous Harmony Society Movement 2518:In 1219, Genghis Khan invited the 1746:in southern Hebei. In 397 AD, the 1162:, the Beijing Government uses 1045 14: 16294: 15660:Beijing central business district 15403: 15244:九一八事变与近代中日关系——九一八事变70周年国际学术讨论会论文集 15089:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: 15007: 14811:Harper, Damian, and David Eimer. 14629:Concise Historical Atlas of China 14224:杨圣敏：元朝以来的北京"新疆村" 《西北民族研究》 CND.org 11974:Beijing Normal University Library 11146:"Beijing — Historical Background" 10964: 8783:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 7807:On April 24, at a meeting of the 7617:State Constitution (1978 version) 7513: 6984:Tsinghua University Middle School 6483:number of universities in Beijing 6334:assistance. In 2002, the plant's 6304:Beijing Museum of Natural History 5724:: Chinese soldiers defending the 5066: 4603:first national elections in 1913. 4162:assembled 1,300 scholars outside 3055:to the throne prevailed over his 3040:were founded during the reign of 3028:, and remains one of the biggest 1854:founded the Minzhong Temple (now 16121: 15941: 15930: 15929: 15076: 15055: 14990:Genghis Khan:His Life and Legacy 14813:Lonely Planet Beijing City Guide 14529: 14511: 14499: 14486: 14474: 14416: 14397: 14380: 14368: 14332: 14317:. Caijing.com.cn. Archived from 14274: 14229: 14198: 14109: 14097: 14070: 13706: 13560: 13548: 13535: 13530:MacFaquhar & Schoenhals 2006 13483: 13459: 13454:MacFaquhar & Schoenhals 2006 13372: 13360:谢文斗 "中国大跃进期间(1958～1962年)非正常死亡人口" 13304: 13284: 13249: 13237: 13210: 13157: 13131: 13041: 13021: 12948: 12911: 12891: 12785: 12745: 12733: 12721: 12709: 12694: 12682: 12670: 12631: 12611: 12587: 12575: 12530: 12479: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12416: 12404: 12384: 12378: 12363: 12340: 12325: 12301: 12289: 12277: 12265: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12111: 12022: 11985: 11967: 11943: 11923: 11899: 11875: 11863: 11839: 11803: 11744: 11705: 11645: 11625: 11605: 11581: 11560:"Largest Cities Through History" 11551: 11535: 11506: 11461:Old Beijing: Protected or Razed? 11445: 11425: 11405: 11353: 11348:, Harvard University Press, 2009 11337: 11322: 11310: 11298: 11271: 11259: 11247: 11234: 11187: 11175: 11162: 11126: 11114: 11067: 11043: 11030: 11018: 11006: 10994: 9058:declared himself emperor of the 8975:made the City of Ji its capital. 8804: 8737: 8728: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8528: 8508: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8320: 8294: 8235:practitioners assembled outside 8145: 8123:Fourth World Conference on Women 8020:On June 5, foreign press in the 7495: 7481: 7467: 7453: 7435: 7421: 7315: 7306: 7281:China seat at the United Nations 7164: 7155: 7146: 7137: 7128: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6435:and replaced by what is now the 6312: 6296: 6282: 6266: 6250: 6234: 6218: 6124: 6115: 5964: 5955: 5903: 5894: 5745: 5714: 5546: 5525: 5511: 5391: 5343: 5216: 5202: 5169: 5155: 5141: 5127: 5113: 5099: 5085: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4839:. This declaration provoked the 4776: 4756: 4646: 4621: 4590: 4574: 4544: 4481:History of the Republic of China 4458: 4449: 4120: 4098: 4080: 4062: 4002: 3993: 3961: 3952: 3848: 3831: 3699: 3677: 3640: 3498:, built many of the instruments. 3406:during a military campaign near 3370: 3354: 3337: 3321: 3291: 3277: 3255: 3091: 3071: 2910: 2890: 2695:traditional tribal confederation 2667: 2627: 2597: 2567: 2416: 2402: 2188:, just northwest of present-day 2127: 2112: 1932:, who was tasked to monitor the 1909:are believed to be abode of the 1256: 1247: 1211: 911: 827: 55:to read and navigate comfortably 40: 15033:. In Esherick, Joseph W (ed.). 14654:. In Esherick, Joseph W (ed.). 14550: 14031:. February 2008. Archived from 12033:Greenwood Publishing Group 1997 10982: 10970: 10958: 10917: 10905: 10893: 10838: 10826: 10809: 10775: 10764: 10745: 10710: 10593: 10569: 10494: 10425: 10402: 10371: 10340: 10328: 10308: 10295: 10282: 10222: 10207: 10182: 10112: 10086: 9957: 9931: 9873: 9852: 9840: 9807: 9709: 9697: 9677: 9657: 9646: 9634: 9616: 9582: 9548: 9528: 9468: 9455: 9289: 9236: 9169: 9152: 9131: 9106: 9093: 9084: 9074: 9065: 9034: 9021: 9000: 8991: 8988:captured Youzhou from Duan Pidi 8978: 8965: 8956: 8953:captured Youzhou from Duan Pidi 8333:International Olympic Committee 7767:Monument to the People's Heroes 7578:continuation of the Maoist line 7428:traditional courtyard residence 7358:Monument to the People's Heroes 7327:Monument to the People's Heroes 7273:normalizing Sino-U.S. relations 7099:Worker-Peasant-Soldier students 6575:Beijing No. 1 Machinery Factory 6499:Central Nationalities Institute 6405:Monument to the People's Heroes 4523:. Japanese occupiers created a 4111:Boxer Indemnity Scholar Program 3855:Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake 3668: 3062: 2634:Map showing Dadu's city walls ( 2552: 2225: 2064: 2004:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 1511:war with Xiang Yu for supremacy 57:. When this tag was added, its 16203:Special administrative regions 15127:The Cambridge History of China 14892: 14649: 14375:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 14307: 14116:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 13555:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 13256:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 13048:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 12780:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 12739: 12701:"Foreign News: On to Chicago" 12688: 12676: 12569: 12485: 12074: 12057: 11870:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 11699:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 11375:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 10833:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 10576:Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 9866: 9370: 9351: 9181: 8943: 8905: 8888: 8871: 8854: 8779:22nd annual meeting of leaders 8713:The rapid economic growth and 7649:). With the imposition of the 7343:1989 Tiananmen Square Protests 7261:historic trip in February 1972 7079:tensions with the Soviet Union 6803:as an attempt to rehabilitate 6648:General Mass Line of the Party 6038:People's Liberation Army (PLA) 5977:: After Nationalist Commander 5705:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 5267:in 1924, one of Wu's officers 5037:the development of new culture 3718:Map of Beijing in Qing Dynasty 3523:Beijing's Imperial Observatory 3517:in 1605, the oldest surviving 2807:Temür Khan (Emperor Chengzong) 2805:, firstly built in 1302 under 2349:Remnants of Zhongdu city walls 2284: 2195:In 1120, the Song entered the 1894: 1882: 1868: 1378:conquered all the other states 1183: 1122: 1006:and the Nine Li tribes in the 977:Records of the Grand Historian 954:Outer suburbs and rural areas. 878:; Shangzhai and Beiniantou of 1: 15697:China Beijing Equity Exchange 14789:Han, Guanghui (韩光辉) (1996). 14693: 13467:American Journal of Sociology 13038:Last Accessed August 22, 2011 12727: 12715: 9345: 8453:Beijing South railway station 8389:Beijing South railway station 8337:was awarded the right to host 8139:Demonstrations in Spring 1999 8052:In 1990, Beijing's long-term 7876:The Hall of Tanks inside the 7628:As the city emerged from the 7345:. Behind the Monument is the 6792:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 6587:Beijing Heavy Machinery Plant 6087:, they agreed to a new name, 6042:decisive victory in Manchuria 5876:Japanese war crimes tribunals 5690:East Hebei Autonomous Council 5309:Catholic University of Peking 4835:emperor, and his regime, the 4332:refers to the Inner City and 4310:National City Bank (Citibank) 3935:future Sino-British conflicts 3707:18th-century Jesuit painting. 3042:Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong 2784:capital of the whole of China 2315:The Yinshan Pagoda Forest in 1380:, declared himself to be the 769: 146: 119: 15412:from Perry–Castañeda Library 15384:Rennie, David Field (1865). 15235:Xie, Zhonghou (谢忠厚) (2001). 15192: 15028: 14927:. Harvard University Press. 14735: 14673:Dong, Madeleine Yue (2003). 14650:Dong, Madeleine Yue (2002). 13243: 13231: 13216: 12961:. Rowman & Littlefield. 12804:Last Retrieved Aug. 23, 2011 12664: 11991: 11711: 11520:. 2003-02-01. Archived from 10924:Stephen R. Turnbull (2003). 10806:. Accessed 16 November 2013. 10503:第二章秦汉至五代时期的北京（公元前221年至937年） 10441:. 2009-01-20. Archived from 10387:. 2012-11-20. Archived from 10356:. 2012-07-07. Archived from 9916:. 2012-12-13. Archived from 9825:. 2012-09-13. Archived from 9767:. 2011-01-12. Archived from 8715:expansionary monetary policy 8127:non-government organizations 8125:and a parallel gathering of 7922:On May 20, at least 180,000 7407: 7070:". Hundreds of thousands of 6831:Beijing Municipal Government 6370:opened diplomatic missions. 6188: 5926:Peking Union Medical College 5922:Mission to China (1945–1947) 5678:in defense of the Great Wall 4928:financial backing from Japan 4793:imperial restoration in 1917 4290:Peking Union Medical College 4200:five other scholar reformers 4129:Peking Union Medical College 3814:National Languages Committee 3262:Plan of Beijing showing the 3038:Guozijian (Imperial Academy) 2577:made Beijing the capital of 2033:Liao, Song and Jin dynasties 1690:and established a series of 1315:Beijing West railway station 945:Inner suburbs linked by the 7: 15692:China Milan Equity Exchange 15445: 14694:Dryburgh, Marjorie (2000). 14424:"170万奥运志愿者各就各位人数创奥运之最" 新京报 11543:"The Tomb of Matteo Ricci" 10476:北京历史与文化，第三讲四、藩镇割据与幽云十六州的割让 8797: 7935:pulled back on May 23. The 7638:CCP General Party Secretary 7624:Urban planning in the 1980s 7255:announced that he would be 7119:Beijing at the time of the 6817:jointly written by Wu Han, 6319:Wangfujing Department Store 6212:architecture from the 1950s 6007:, the U.S. government sent 5768:southwest of the city. The 4930:, Duan then engineered the 4837:Empire of China (1915–1916) 4814:led by Sun, Huang Xing and 4390:(Qianmen) just outside the 3492:Johann Adam Schall von Bell 3313:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2321:Jin (金) dynasty (1115–1234) 2305:Jin (金) dynasty (1115–1234) 1730:, moved the capital of the 1692:mostly short-lived kingdoms 1279:is the three-legged bronze 1226:), sword-shaped Yan coins ( 67:content into sub-articles, 10: 16299: 16263:political status of Taiwan 16255:People's Republic of China 15351:. Google E-Book. pp. 15317:Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). 14987:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). 14187:, S. Frederik Starr ed., 13805:The Gate of Heavenly Peace 13518:Beijing's Underground City 12753:"Incident on July 7, 1937" 9563:Oxford University Press US 8676:thanks Beijing volunteers. 8481:in early April and forced 7863:National People's Congress 7672: 7532:gave rise to a grassroots 7517: 7064:take control of government 7027:remnants of feudal culture 6771: 6623: 6475:Fu Jen Catholic University 6179:People's Republic of China 6173:stood atop the rostrum of 6158: 6107:People's Republic of China 5770:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 5634:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 5631: 5569:City planning in the 1920s 5070: 4883: 4610: 4601:in Beijing, which won the 4478: 4261:which compelled it to pay 4227:Muslim fighters from Gansu 3823:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3477:Ming City Wall Relics Park 3444:Cao Qin, launched a mutiny 3228:In 1421, Yongle moved the 2882:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2556: 2547:Chinese Daoist Association 2288: 2153:, founded in 996, and the 2068: 2025:. Shi Jingtang then ceded 1963:troops. After An's death, 1836:massive military campaigns 1659:founded by Cao Cao's son, 1391: 1365:by more than 1,500 years. 819:UNESCO World Heritage Site 764:People's Republic of China 654:People's Republic of China 458: 441: 17: 16244: 16224: 16201: 16168: 16130: 16119: 15998: 15925: 15901:Administration of Prisons 15891: 15845: 15758: 15715: 15650: 15635: 15607: 15581: 15481: 15453: 14922: 14736:Elliott, Mark C. (2001). 14672: 14623: 12921:; Goldman, Merle (2006). 12908:Last Retrieved 2011-08-21 12507:The Columbia Encyclopedia 12332:Gamble & Burgess 1921 11777:Rowe, William T. (2008). 11757:. BRILL. pp. 48–49. 11751:Kaske, Elisabeth (2008). 11589:Journal of Social History 11102:胡刃, "成吉思汗与丘处机" 北方新报(呼和浩特) 10716: 10599: 10508:Capital Normal University 10334: 10118: 9555:Steve Luck (1998-10-22). 9225: 9215: 9209: 9199: 8499:World Health Organization 7979:March 18 Massacre in 1926 7910:, built in 1974, was the 7906:The East Building of the 7297:Central Business District 7275:. The Nixon trip and the 7271:and began the process of 7023:enemies of the revolution 6878:Beijing Normal University 6563:Beijing No. 2 Cotton Mill 6479:Beijing Normal University 6342:, a modern art community. 6011:to China to mediate. The 5872:announcement of surrender 5740:, September 1, 1937, ed.) 5676:that fought the Japanese 5638:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 5446:was assassinated en route 5265:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 4599:Chinese Nationalist Party 4366:instead of steam engine. 4336:refers to the Outer City. 3619:, but he was defeated at 3530:largest city in the world 2994:Giovanni di Monte Corvino 2762: 2744: 2638:) and the imperial city ( 2372: 2366: 2136:Pagoda of Tianning Temple 1998:who went on to found the 1826: 1798:was first established by 1674:, which made neighboring 1588: 1574: 1533:Principality of Guangyang 1406:Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty) 1331: 1134: 1071: 1059: 1049: 1035: 661: 630: 599: 571: 564: 559: 525: 495: 463: 453: 426: 388: 373: 340: 335: 211: 124: 16257:but administered by the 15807:Major railway stations: 15702:China World Trade Center 15665:Beijing Financial Street 15620:Township-level divisions 15615:Administrative divisions 15275: 15243: 15237: 15175: 15169:(accessed June 18, 2013) 15091:Harvard University Press 14954:Pepper, Suzanne (1999). 14925:Imperial China: 900-1800 14853: 14851:Jiong, Fan (炯范) (1994). 14841: 14822:Hoare, James E. (1999), 14790: 14602:Broudehoux, Anne-Marie. 14313: 14078: 14055: 14023: 13946: 13164:Biddulph, Sarah (2007), 13144:, Springer, p. 75, 12392:Journal of Asian History 11811:Journal of Asian Studies 11316: 11304: 11292: 11277: 11265: 11253: 11195: 11181: 11132: 11120: 10899: 10781: 10733:"北宋／辽 - 宣和七年公元1125年乙巳" 10698:"北宋／辽 - 宣和五年公元1123年癸卯" 10502: 10475: 10433: 10410: 10379: 10348: 10094: 10039: 10008: 9977: 9963: 9908: 9881: 9846: 9816:探访平谷轩辕黄帝庙:4000多年前黄帝或到过平谷 9815: 9795: 9759: 9703: 9308:and Zhang Zizhong Lu in 8847: 8689: 8582:Beijing National Stadium 8467:opened on July 19, 2008. 8281: 8226:community in the capital 8047: 8036:assumed the position of 7947:erected a 10-meter high 7924:People's Liberation Army 7912:tallest building in city 7789:A bronze replica of the 7771:Great Hall of the People 7609:China's war with Vietnam 7240:Great Hall of the People 7179:visit to Beijing in 1972 6992:bombard the headquarters 6599:Jingxi Coal Mine in the 6413:National Museum of China 6409:Great Hall of the People 6242:National Museum of China 6226:Great Hall of the People 5983:People's Liberation Army 5774:Second Sino-Japanese War 5703:to protest the creation 5616:Second Sino-Japanese War 5261:First Zhili–Fengtian War 5255:and his Manchuria-based 4808:Revolutionary Alliance ( 4521:Second Sino-Japanese War 4412:Beijing–Fengtian Railway 4410:. The completion of the 4053:Beijing Legation Quarter 3876:opera troupes from Hubei 3868:opera troupes from Anhui 3586:death by a thousand cuts 3218:were later added by the 2752:for "Grand Capital", or 2642:), a partial outline of 2447:onslaught of the Mongols 2331:In 1153 the Jin emperor 2186:Battle of Gaoliang River 1550:, founded in 307 in the 1501:including Yan, ruled by 1335:) or the "Yan Capital." 994:the two Emperors' tribes 774:The earliest remains of 762:(1912–1928) and now the 714:peoples from beyond the 28:Beijing (disambiguation) 15906:Commission of Education 15223:complete edition online 15219:excerpt and text search 15029:Sheehan, Brett (2002). 14949:excerpt and text search 14844:The Works of Hou Renzhi 14817:excerpt and text search 14059:(in Simplified Chinese) 11951:Libraries & Culture 11456:Yu Qian Memorial Temple 11329:" White Pagoda Temple" 10590:, pp. 137, 230–35. 9674:Retrieved Aug. 23, 2011 9642:Encyclopædia Britannica 9147:National History Museum 8791:victory in World War II 8758:, with guests of honor 8704:state owned enterprises 8260:U.S. Embassy in Beijing 8177:Party General Secretary 7957:Armored military units 7945:Central Academy of Arts 7801:Central Academy of Arts 7732:Party General Secretary 7636:, the newly designated 7591:The Fifth Modernization 7556:and several poets from 7235:Red Detachment of Women 7185:, the normalization of 6986:, organized the first " 6397:buildings and monuments 6274:Beijing Military Museum 6258:Beijing railway station 5868:Geneva Protocol of 1925 5788:and division commander 5285:Chinese Communist Party 5061:Chinese Communist Party 5053:Chinese Communist Party 4953:to China. Instead, the 4841:National Protection War 4314:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank 4152:First Sino-Japanese War 3769:expanded with European 3410:. The Oirat chieftain, 3161:Zhu Di's oldest brother 3049:War of the Two Capitals 2861:today's Chinese leaders 2829:earthen Dadu city walls 2469:and three eldest sons, 2429:Illustrations from the 2243:(燕山), was short-lived. 2213:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 2095:four secondary capitals 1694:. During the so-called 1614:Yellow Turban Rebellion 801:Sinanthropus pekinensis 758:(1644–1912), the early 15911:Public Security Bureau 15675:Beijing Stock Exchange 15643: 15410:Online historical maps 15077:Strand, David (2002). 15056:Strand, David (1993). 13469:2006 112(3): 710–750. 13138:Ruan, Fang Fu (1991), 12595:Social Science History 11813:1999 58(4): 992-1032. 11480:with picture of temple 9589:Ashok K. Dutt (1994). 8781:from countries in the 8767:South Korean President 8548: 8251: 7919: 7890: 7846:Asian Development Bank 7804: 7762: 7749:The New China Gate to 7597:On January 3, 1979, a 7534:pro-democracy movement 7402:College entrance exams 7265:a pair of giant pandas 7218:Capital Indoor Stadium 7111:continued to hold sway 7018: 6979: 6926: 6703:led to a spike in the 6692: 6651: 6343: 6289:Xidan Telecom Building 6203: 6077:third party supporters 5937:: A large portrait of 5836:attack on Pearl Harbor 5760:exchanged fire at the 5758:Japanese army in China 5629: 5454:handed over peacefully 5450:Japanese Kwantung Army 5364:Temple of Azure Clouds 5289:Temple of Azure Clouds 4945:seeking the return of 4943:Paris Peace Conference 4881: 4787:in 1916, dissolved by 4703:Empress Dowager Longyu 4678:fought revolutionaries 4401:Beijing-Hankou Railway 4337: 4294:Rockefeller Foundation 4014:Southeast Corner Tower 3719: 3499: 3300:Southeast Corner Tower 3177:famed voyages overseas 3044:, Kublai's successor. 2847:collectively known as 2816: 2736:and named his capital 2608:on Qionghua Island in 2589:National Palace Museum 2437:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2328: 2308: 2080: 2071:Nanjing (Liao dynasty) 1922: 1807: 1559: 1430: 1388:Early imperial history 1043:founded a town called 1018:. This victory opened 890:further to the north. 15993:by political division 15799:Capital International 15642: 15081:. In Goldman, Merle; 15008:Shanley, Tom (2008). 14875:Mao's Last Revolution 14342:. IOC. Archived from 14195:M.E. Sharpe 2004, 380 14056:"89天安门事件大事记：6月3日星期六" 13570:2005 19(3): 443-487. 12641:1998 24(3): 219-254. 12597:1997 21(2): 179-218. 11953:2004 39(2): 161-174. 11909:2000 21(1): 107-144. 11591:2000 33(3): 527-563. 11392:World Digital Library 10277:魏晋十六国时期的幽州城, 北京城市历史地理 9909:走进燕国 - 燕都遗迹 - 上都——蓟城" 9724:Yale University Press 9010:captured Ji from the 8971:From 352 to 357, the 8542: 8249: 7928:People's Armed Police 7905: 7875: 7831:editorial of April 26 7788: 7748: 7582:big-character posters 7109:, led by Jiang Qing, 7000: 6969: 6948:counter revolutionary 6912: 6882:big-character posters 6687: 6633: 6446:, Beijing hosted the 6423:, to the west of the 6377:, renowned architect 6329: 6196: 6073:friendly Nationalists 5999:The Nationalists and 5945:during the Civil War. 5701:December 9th Movement 5664:Qin-Doihara Agreement 5623: 4875: 4686:provisional president 4509:reunified the country 4327: 4243:Eight-Nation Alliance 4156:Treaty of Shimonoseki 4109:, established by the 4018:Eight-Nation Alliance 3925:The British diplomat 3734:from the old capital 3717: 3485: 3298:The Ming city wall's 2796: 2314: 2298: 2279:were captured in 1127 2078: 1904: 1789: 1648:to pacify the north. 1552:Jin dynasty (266–420) 1541: 1441:with capitals in the 1413: 1344:Warring States period 1222:. Bronze Yan helmet ( 1144:Shi, the Duke of Shao 1022:to settlement by the 996:and gave rise to the 970:, which according to 841:where remains of the 15893:Municipal Government 15803:Daxing International 15725:List of universities 15238:华北北支（甲）第1855细菌战部队之研究 15199:. World Scientific. 14842:Hou, Renzhi (1998). 13947:"历程：奉命执行北京市部分地区戒严任务" 12924:China: A New History 12322:, pp. 137, 212. 11849:2003 2(2): 329-364. 11732:明清皇帝上朝是说北京话吗？《北京晨报》 11633:"走出戏说的迷雾看皇太极" 《辽沈晚报》 11613:"北京的城门之战及影响" 《北京地方志》 11470:北京市级文物于谦祠将坚持原址保护(图) 9822:Beijing Evening News 9443:"北京城市行政区划述略" 《北京地方志》 9284:Beijing Municipality 8883:Guangyang Commandery 8574:2008 Summer Olympics 8567:road space rationing 8447:("Bird's Nest") and 8383:, Terminal 3 of the 8254:On May 8, following 8203:bombings in Xinjiang 8199:outbreak of protests 7950:Goddess of Democracy 7792:Goddess of Democracy 7779:an independent union 7728:bourgeois liberalism 7574:Xidan Democracy Wall 7502:Apartment blocks in 7367:April Fifth Incident 7349:, completed in 1977. 7347:Mao Zedong Mausoleum 7230:revolutionary ballet 7222:Revolution Committee 7090:Ninth Party Congress 6944:big-character poster 6495:Central Party School 6399:, influenced by the 6362:where allies in the 6169:On October 1, 1949, 5941:was displayed above 5328:, Wang Jingwei, and 4955:Treaty of Versailles 4848:, five parliaments, 4655:Zhongnanhai Compound 4506:Chinese Nationalists 4318:Yokohama Specie Bank 4176:Hundred Days' Reform 4140:Empress Dowager Cixi 4105:Grand Auditorium of 4071:imperial examination 4048:Convention of Peking 4026:In 1860, during the 3421:younger half-brother 2977:of Dongsi. The name 2827:in the south to the 1606:Shijingshan District 1467:Guangyang Commandery 1398:Guangyang Commandery 1323:Eastern Zhou dynasty 927:Old city inside the 894:Pre-imperial history 851:In 1996, over 2,000 780:Beijing Municipality 710:and forest-dwelling 397:Yan (Five Dynasties) 15913:(Police Department) 15847:Visitor attractions 15213:Weston, Timothy B. 14993:. Wiley-Blackwell. 14923:Mote, F.W. (1999). 14763:1995 85(1): 79–96. 14761:Geographical Review 14525:. 27 November 2017. 14311:) (4 August 2008). 13997:, pp. 399–400. 13808:Accessed 2013-06-23 13409:Accessed 2012-12-06 13380:"毛泽东八次接见红卫兵始末(上) " 13128:Accessed 2012-12-08 12621:1998 25(1): 60-81. 11933:1996 5(1): 77-104. 11907:Late Imperial China 11885:2000 31(1): 26-36. 11684:Accessed 2010-06-02 11558:Rosenburg, Matt T. 11548:Accessed 2010-10-05 11503:Accessed 2013-03-28 11442:Accessed 2012-01-05 11422:Accessed 2012-01-05 11344:David M. Robinson, 11088:Accessed 2017-06-27 11064:Accessed 2017-06-27 10742:Accessed 2014-01-08 10707:Accessed 2014-01-08 10653:Accessed 2014-01-08 10622:Accessed 2014-01-08 10305:Accessed 2013-01-20 10292:Accessed 2013-01-20 10263:Accessed 2013-01-06 10179:Accessed 2013-01-20 10170:第一节北京历代人口的发展状况及其特点 10148:Accessed 2013-01-06 10100:thegreatwall.com.cn 10073:"Beijing's History" 9887:visitbeijing.com.cn 9452:Accessed 2012-12-19 9387:Accessed 2012-12-17 8913:Eastern Han dynasty 8898:during the wars of 8698:in response to the 8473:In March 2003, the 8439:From left: (1) The 8341:2008 Summer Olympic 8335:in Moscow, Beijing 8152:On April 25, 1999, 8069:Asian Games Village 7967:Tsinghua University 7842:May Fourth Movement 7724:party conservatives 7720:political prisoners 7690:As liberal leaders 7655:Asian Games Village 7506:(Tongzhou district) 7388:and military chief 7210:ping pong diplomacy 7187:Sino-U.S. relations 7121:Nixon visit in 1972 7003:Cultural Revolution 6774:Cultural Revolution 6768:Cultural Revolution 6664:collectivized farms 6471:Yenching University 6161:Politics of Beijing 5680:, to evacuate from 5518:1925 map of Beijing 5438:Northern Expedition 5352:Northern Expedition 5305:Yenching University 5283:and support of the 5021:May Fourth Movement 4973:May Fourth Movement 4898:on the side of the 4565:(standing) was the 4513:Northern Expedition 4436:Fengtian (Shenyang) 4274:Tsinghua University 4186:military commander 4107:Tsinghua University 3488:Ancient Observatory 3329:Great Wall of China 3133:fled to the steppes 3057:Shangdu-based rival 3053:Dadu-based claimant 2998:Odoric of Pordenone 2511:in what is now the 2264:a pretext to invade 2197:Alliance on the Sea 2165:from the north and 1980:Later Liang dynasty 1832:Emperor Yang of Sui 1672:Western Jin dynasty 1417:figurines from the 1230:), and the Gefujia 734:the capital of the 101: 59:readable prose size 16283:History of Beijing 16132:Autonomous regions 15883:Gardens in Beijing 15644: 15310:2010-12-05 at the 15228:2008-12-03 at the 15193:Wang, Jun (2010). 15173:Wang, Jun (2003), 15093:. pp. 59–60. 14915:Meyer, Jeffrey F. 14782:2011-09-15 at the 14613:2008-12-03 at the 14429:2013-12-31 at the 14409:2016-03-18 at the 14314:北京奥运总投入远超3000亿元人民币 14241:2012-10-09 at the 13973:, pp. 394–95. 13960:on August 3, 2005. 13932:, pp. 384–88. 13916:2013-12-19 at the 13911:英年早逝的'六四'抗命将领张明春少将 13776:, pp. 310–11. 13764:, pp. 300–09. 13740:, pp. 288–97. 13628:, pp. 252–53. 13532:, pp. 422–23. 13405:2009-10-09 at the 13365:2013-12-30 at the 13342:2013-12-30 at the 13317:2012-12-09 at the 13297:2012-12-09 at the 13277:2013-12-31 at the 13124:2013-12-31 at the 13071:2013-12-30 at the 13034:2011-07-19 at the 13006:, pp. 174–75. 12904:2011-07-19 at the 12888:, pp. 305–06. 12876:, pp. 327–29. 12840:, pp. 322–25. 12800:2011-07-19 at the 12394:2004 38(1): 1-26. 12207:2012-09-15 at the 12183:2012-09-15 at the 12152:2012-09-15 at the 12128:2012-09-15 at the 12104:2012-06-06 at the 12015:2014-04-24 at the 11979:2010-10-29 at the 11836:, pp. 315–19. 11737:2012-05-21 at the 11680:2011-07-23 at the 11638:2013-12-31 at the 11618:2013-03-06 at the 11518:Beijing This Month 11499:2013-12-30 at the 11476:2011-10-07 at the 11438:2013-12-07 at the 11433:"宣德统治时期" 《剑桥中国明代史》 11418:2013-12-07 at the 11413:"洪熙统治时期" 《剑桥中国明代史》 11227:2017-02-15 at the 11107:2018-03-21 at the 11084:2018-03-21 at the 11075:E. Bretschneider, 11060:2018-03-21 at the 10851:2016-03-04 at the 10758:2012-10-20 at the 10738:2016-03-02 at the 10703:2016-03-02 at the 10672:2016-03-13 at the 10649:2016-03-04 at the 10618:2017-10-18 at the 10563:2017-07-02 at the 10543:2013-12-30 at the 10321:2014-04-07 at the 10303:北朝北齐及前后朝长城修建情况资料调查 10259:2013-12-30 at the 10235:2011-07-07 at the 10230:"偶然侦破一宗盗墓案发现老山西汉陵" 10175:2013-12-31 at the 10144:2013-12-30 at the 9726:. pp. 54–55. 9690:2013-12-31 at the 9670:2016-03-04 at the 9541:2013-12-30 at the 9521:2013-12-30 at the 9501:2013-12-31 at the 9481:2022-02-18 at the 9448:2022-02-18 at the 9423:2013-12-30 at the 9403:2013-12-30 at the 9383:2011-09-03 at the 9363:2012-08-25 at the 9310:Dongcheng District 9016:Northern Dynasties 8934:Shanggu Commandery 8900:Chu–Han Contention 8754:presided over the 8708:Fortune Global 500 8549: 8252: 7920: 7891: 7805: 7763: 7613:Temple of the Moon 7538:Party Youth League 7339:April 5th Movement 7216:exhibition at the 7197:; (2) Richard and 7019: 6980: 6936:Soviet revisionist 6927: 6693: 6690:Great Leap Forward 6667:steel in homemade 6660:Great Leap Forward 6652: 6640:Great Leap Forward 6626:Great Leap Forward 6620:Great Leap Forward 6344: 6204: 6009:George C. Marshall 6001:Chinese Communists 5918:George C. Marshall 5848:biological warfare 5834:with the Japanese 5656:He-Umezu Agreement 5630: 5533:Dongsi Subdistrict 5498:Central Plains War 5458:Sun Yat-sen's tomb 5073:Beiyang government 4882: 4878:Manchu Restoration 4804:Huguang Guild Hall 4338: 4247:Seymour Expedition 4239:Chinese Christians 3720: 3661:Changping District 3500: 3496:Ferdinand Verbiest 3208:Temples of the Sun 3022:White Stupa Temple 2971:Dongsi Subdistrict 2945:Purple Bamboo Park 2817: 2803:Dongcheng District 2689:, the grandson of 2543:White Cloud Temple 2329: 2309: 2235:(near present-day 2211:, who founded the 2138:was built in 1120. 2099:Baarin Left Banner 2081: 2013:, who founded the 2000:Later Tang dynasty 1923: 1889:Fanyang Commandery 1808: 1560: 1558:temple in Beijing. 1431: 1340:seven major powers 1160:Gregorian Calendar 992:at Banquan united 884:Changping District 876:Mentougou District 861:Dongcheng District 665:Capital of polity 303:Northern Dynasties 96: 16270: 16269: 16259:Republic of China 16226:Disputed province 15957: 15956: 15633: 15632: 15206:978-981-4295-72-7 15176:城记(北京城半个多世纪的沧桑传奇) 15136:978-0-521-23541-9 15100:978-0-674-00766-6 15021:978-0-615-25929-1 14728:978-1-4039-6473-1 14029:Tiananmen Mothers 14024:六四天安门惨案死难者遇难地点示意图 13616:, pp. 70–71. 13568:China Information 13493:2006 (55): 1-28. 13312:讲述1958年除四害运动的来龙去脉 12968:978-1-4422-1294-7 12029:James Zheng Gao, 10932:Osprey Publishing 10815:Rinaldi, Bianca. 10411:《大唐如此江山》十、最初的一个月 10216:The Straits Times 9665:"北京王府井古人类文化遗址博物馆" 9640:"Zhoukoudian" in 9139:Huangdi Mausoleum 9060:Great Yan dynasty 8896:Eighteen Kingdoms 8760:Russian President 8443:in 2006 with the 8345:Paralympics Games 8042:military training 8005:in the center to 7991:Tiananmen Mothers 7983:Nobel Peace Prize 7896:Mikhail Gorbachev 7657:in the north and 7604:freedom of speech 7570:Wangfujing Avenue 7560:, who had posted 7362:Qingming Festival 6890:Peking University 6685: 6669:backyard furnaces 6644:People's Communes 6487:Renmin University 6401:socialist-realist 6210:Socialist-realist 6200:venereal diseases 5886:Chinese Civil War 5778:continued clashes 5762:Marco Polo Bridge 5726:Marco Polo Bridge 5561:were also common. 5431:March 18 Massacre 5356:Nationalist Party 5297:May 30th Movement 5295:activism. In the 5194:March 18 Massacre 5033:Peking University 5011:Peking University 4951:Shandong Province 4947:German concession 4918:and sent 140,000 4832:Second Revolution 4769:National Assembly 4633:Republic of China 4613:Xinhai Revolution 4583:Xinhai Revolution 4536:Xinhai Revolution 4491:Republic of China 4487:Xinhai Revolution 4475:Republic of China 4219:Shandong Province 4213:group called the 4204:Peking University 4089:Peking University 4040:Old Summer Palace 3973:Old Summer Palace 3802:Republic of China 3794:Yongzheng Emperor 3728:Chongzhen Emperor 3578:Chongzhen Emperor 3515:Nantang Cathedral 3400:Zhengtong Emperor 3398:of 1449 when the 3302:near Dongbianmen. 2922:Tongzhou District 2727:North China Plain 2592: 2455:Mongolian Plateau 2432:Jami' al-tawarikh 2358:Emperor Zhangzong 2354:Grand View Garden 2087:renamed Youzhou, 1959:, Xi, Khitan and 1949:Great Yan dynasty 1872:) in present-day 1846:. In 645 AD, the 1726:. In 352, Prince 1678:, in present-day 1562:In 106 BC, under 1499:regional kingdoms 1476:Yuyang Commandery 1402:Yuyang Commandery 1299:Taihang Mountains 1265:Fangshan District 1201:White Cloud Abbey 1197:Fengtai Districts 968:Battle of Banquan 960: 959: 788:Fangshan District 760:Republic of China 750:(1421–1644), the 669: 668: 601:Republic of China 94: 93: 61:was 21,000 words. 16290: 16125: 15991:History of China 15984: 15977: 15970: 15961: 15960: 15945: 15944: 15933: 15932: 15878:Parks in Beijing 15829:Beijing Chaoyang 15788:Suburban Railway 15486: 15485: 15440: 15433: 15426: 15417: 15416: 15399: 15397: 15395: 15372: 15370: 15369: 15334: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15262: 15260: 15259: 15253: 15210: 15189: 15164: 15140: 15123:Fairbank, John K 15119:Twitchett, Denis 15110: 15108: 15107: 15083:Perry, Elizabeth 15073: 15048: 15025: 15004: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14961: 14938: 14912: 14900: 14889: 14868: 14847: 14838: 14808: 14753: 14732: 14711: 14690: 14669: 14646: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14568: 14545: 14544: 14533: 14527: 14526: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14472: 14466: 14453: 14447: 14434: 14420: 14414: 14401: 14395: 14384: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14359: 14348: 14347: 14346:on 17 July 2008. 14336: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14310: 14309: 14305:Wang Changyong ( 14302: 14287: 14278: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14267: 14255: 14246: 14233: 14227: 14220: 14211: 14202: 14196: 14180: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14146: 14137: 14128: 14119: 14113: 14107: 14101: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14064: 14050: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14040: 14019: 14010: 14004: 13998: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13974: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13942: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13907: 13901: 13895: 13884: 13878: 13872: 13866: 13860: 13854: 13848: 13842: 13836: 13830: 13824: 13818: 13809: 13798: 13777: 13771: 13765: 13759: 13753: 13747: 13741: 13735: 13729: 13723: 13717: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13638: 13629: 13623: 13617: 13611: 13605: 13599: 13593: 13587: 13578: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13539: 13533: 13527: 13521: 13516:Wang, Zhiyong. " 13514: 13505: 13487: 13481: 13463: 13457: 13451: 13442: 13432: 13426: 13416: 13410: 13397: 13386: 13376: 13370: 13356: 13347: 13333: 13322: 13308: 13302: 13288: 13282: 13268: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13161: 13155: 13154: 13135: 13129: 13115: 13076: 13062: 13051: 13045: 13039: 13025: 13019: 13013: 13007: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12952: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12919:Fairbank, John K 12915: 12909: 12895: 12889: 12883: 12877: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12829: 12823: 12817: 12811: 12805: 12789: 12783: 12777: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12653: 12635: 12629: 12615: 12609: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12567: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12498: 12489: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12459: 12453: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12388: 12382: 12376: 12367: 12361: 12350: 12344: 12338: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12257: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12212: 12194: 12188: 12170: 12157: 12139: 12133: 12115: 12109: 12091: 12078: 12072: 12061: 12055: 12036: 12026: 12020: 12006: 11995: 11989: 11983: 11971: 11965: 11947: 11941: 11927: 11921: 11903: 11897: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11748: 11742: 11728: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11691: 11685: 11671: 11656: 11649: 11643: 11629: 11623: 11609: 11603: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11566:. Archived from 11555: 11549: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11510: 11504: 11494:中国明朝大太监曹吉祥发动叛乱失败 11490: 11481: 11449: 11443: 11429: 11423: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11384: 11378: 11357: 11351: 11341: 11335: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11238: 11232: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11158:on May 22, 2007. 11142: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11098: 11089: 11071: 11065: 11047: 11041: 11034: 11028: 11025:Ratchnevsky 1993 11022: 11016: 11013:Ratchnevsky 1993 11010: 11004: 11001:Ratchnevsky 1993 10998: 10992: 10989:Ratchnevsky 1993 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10921: 10915: 10912:Ratchnevsky 1993 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10856: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10813: 10807: 10796: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10768: 10762: 10749: 10743: 10729: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10694: 10677: 10663: 10654: 10640: 10623: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10554: 10548: 10534: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10510:. Archived from 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10471: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10349:古今的‘蓟县’，我今天才大概知道 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10312: 10306: 10299: 10293: 10286: 10280: 10273: 10264: 10250: 10239: 10226: 10220: 10211: 10205: 10186: 10180: 10166: 10149: 10135: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10069: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10047:. Archived from 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10016:. Archived from 10004: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9985:. Archived from 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9941:. Archived from 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9904: 9891: 9890: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9791: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9755: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9681: 9675: 9661: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9552: 9546: 9532: 9526: 9512: 9506: 9492: 9486: 9472: 9466: 9459: 9453: 9439: 9428: 9414: 9408: 9394: 9388: 9374: 9368: 9355: 9339: 9336: 9327: 9306:Xicheng District 9302: 9296: 9293: 9287: 9279: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9231:Yi County, Hebei 9228: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9202: 9201: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9167: 9156: 9150: 9143:Shaanxi Province 9135: 9129: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9063: 9052:An-Shi Rebellion 9038: 9032: 9025: 9019: 9004: 8998: 8995: 8989: 8982: 8976: 8969: 8963: 8960: 8954: 8947: 8941: 8930:Huairou District 8909: 8903: 8892: 8886: 8875: 8869: 8858: 8831:Khanbaliq (Dadu) 8814: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8749:paramount leader 8741: 8732: 8700:global recession 8668:Beach volleyball 8644: 8635: 8626: 8617: 8608: 8532: 8512: 8445:National Stadium 8433: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8381:six subway lines 8324: 8298: 8218:Xinjiang Village 8149: 8131:Huairou District 8115:economic reforms 8061:11th Asian Games 7797:Washington, D.C. 7704:Paramount leader 7651:one-child policy 7562:political poetry 7499: 7485: 7471: 7457: 7439: 7425: 7398:economic reforms 7331:Tiananmen Square 7319: 7310: 7226:People's Commune 7224:at the Sijiqing 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7083:Underground City 7007:Legation Quarter 6971:Tiananmen Square 6960:struggle session 6876:(1) Students at 6867: 6858: 6849: 6686: 6608:All photos from 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6452:Mme. Sun Yat-sen 6393:Tiananmen Square 6316: 6300: 6286: 6270: 6254: 6238: 6222: 6183:political events 6151:Tiananmen Square 6128: 6119: 6103:for the nation. 6054:Huaihai Campaign 6048:. They captured 6046:Pingjin Campaign 6013:Marshall Mission 5968: 5959: 5907: 5898: 5860:prisoners of war 5766:Wanping Fortress 5749: 5718: 5626:December 9, 1935 5550: 5529: 5515: 5427:unequal treaties 5395: 5362:gathered at the 5347: 5307:in 1919 and the 5220: 5206: 5173: 5159: 5145: 5131: 5117: 5103: 5089: 5041:Marxism-Leninism 5003: 4994: 4985: 4959:Tiananmen Square 4920:Chinese laborers 4886:May 4th Movement 4846:eight presidents 4780: 4760: 4719:Mongol secession 4670:Wuchang Uprising 4650: 4625: 4594: 4578: 4559:Wuchang Uprising 4548: 4462: 4453: 4382:, a gate of the 4235:Legation Quarter 4223:Manchu Bannerman 4124: 4102: 4084: 4066: 4028:Second Opium War 4006: 3997: 3965: 3956: 3945:Second Opium War 3930:mission to China 3927:Lord Macartney's 3914:sect launched a 3872:Daoguang Emperor 3852: 3835: 3767:Qianlong Emperor 3703: 3681: 3644: 3623:by Ming general 3605:captured Beijing 3590:Qianlong Emperor 3534:Imperial Granary 3402:was captured by 3374: 3362:Temple of Heaven 3358: 3341: 3325: 3295: 3281: 3259: 3204:Temple of Heaven 3121:and his general 3095: 3075: 3034:Confucius Temple 2914: 2894: 2799:Confucius Temple 2765: 2764: 2747: 2746: 2671: 2631: 2601: 2582: 2571: 2497:Emperor Xuanzong 2483:besiege the city 2420: 2406: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2131: 2116: 1969:An–Shi Rebellion 1897: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1871: 1870: 1860:Korean Campaigns 1829: 1828: 1796:Xicheng District 1696:Sixteen Kingdoms 1598:Korean Peninsula 1591: 1590: 1579: 1578: 1554:, is the oldest 1427:Haidian District 1334: 1333: 1260: 1251: 1238:), all from the 1220:the State of Yan 1215: 1186: 1185: 1165: 1138:). According to 1137: 1136: 1125: 1124: 1074: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1008:Battle of Zhuolu 953: 944: 935: 926: 915: 914: 898: 897: 888:Hongshan Culture 872:Huairou District 831: 766:(1949–present). 664: 148: 122:11th century BC 121: 102: 99:Names of Beijing 95: 89: 86: 80: 44: 43: 36: 20:Names of Beijing 16298: 16297: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16273: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16240: 16220: 16197: 16164: 16126: 16117: 15994: 15988: 15958: 15953: 15921: 15917:Archives Bureau 15887: 15841: 15833:Beijing Fengtai 15754: 15711: 15646: 15645: 15629: 15603: 15577: 15477: 15449: 15444: 15406: 15393: 15391: 15380: 15378:Further reading 15375: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15341: 15339:Primary sources 15331: 15312:Wayback Machine 15291: 15289: 15287: 15277: 15257: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15239: 15230:Wayback Machine 15207: 15187: 15177: 15161: 15137: 15125:, eds. (1983). 15105: 15103: 15101: 15070: 15045: 15022: 15014:. Tom Shanley. 15001: 14978: 14976: 14974: 14942:Naquin, Susan. 14935: 14909: 14886: 14865: 14855: 14836: 14805: 14792: 14784:Wayback Machine 14750: 14729: 14708: 14687: 14666: 14643: 14627:(CASS) (1985). 14615:Wayback Machine 14581: 14579: 14577: 14553: 14548: 14535: 14534: 14530: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14504: 14500: 14491: 14487: 14479: 14475: 14467: 14456: 14448: 14437: 14431:Wayback Machine 14421: 14417: 14411:Wayback Machine 14402: 14398: 14385: 14381: 14373: 14369: 14360: 14351: 14338: 14337: 14333: 14324: 14322: 14315: 14303: 14290: 14279: 14275: 14265: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14243:Wayback Machine 14234: 14230: 14221: 14214: 14203: 14199: 14181: 14170: 14162: 14158: 14147: 14140: 14129: 14122: 14114: 14110: 14102: 14098: 14089: 14087: 14080: 14076: 14075: 14071: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14038: 14036: 14025: 14021: 14020: 14013: 14005: 14001: 13993: 13989: 13981: 13977: 13969: 13965: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13936: 13928: 13924: 13918:Wayback Machine 13908: 13904: 13896: 13887: 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11248: 11239: 11235: 11229:Wayback Machine 11219: 11215: 11206: 11204: 11197: 11193: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11167: 11163: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11131: 11127: 11119: 11115: 11109:Wayback Machine 11099: 11092: 11086:Wayback Machine 11072: 11068: 11062:Wayback Machine 11048: 11044: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11011: 11007: 10999: 10995: 10987: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10963: 10959: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10886: 10859: 10853:Wayback Machine 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10814: 10810: 10797: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10765: 10760:Wayback Machine 10750: 10746: 10740:Wayback Machine 10730: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10705:Wayback Machine 10695: 10680: 10674:Wayback Machine 10664: 10657: 10651:Wayback Machine 10641: 10626: 10620:Wayback Machine 10610: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10565:Wayback Machine 10555: 10551: 10545:Wayback Machine 10535: 10526: 10517: 10515: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10486: 10484: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10457: 10448: 10446: 10435: 10431: 10430: 10426: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10394: 10392: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10363: 10361: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10323:Wayback Machine 10313: 10309: 10300: 10296: 10287: 10283: 10274: 10267: 10261:Wayback Machine 10251: 10242: 10237:Wayback Machine 10227: 10223: 10212: 10208: 10187: 10183: 10177:Wayback Machine 10167: 10152: 10146:Wayback Machine 10136: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10104: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10078: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10063: 10054: 10052: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10023: 10021: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9992: 9990: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9923: 9921: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9894: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9874: 9857: 9853: 9845: 9841: 9832: 9830: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9797: 9796:六朝古都——北京历史名称知多少 9793: 9792: 9783: 9774: 9772: 9761: 9760:渔子山黄帝陵：黄帝在北京的古迹 9757: 9756: 9747: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9692:Wayback Machine 9682: 9678: 9672:Wayback Machine 9662: 9658: 9651: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9607: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9553: 9549: 9543:Wayback Machine 9533: 9529: 9523:Wayback Machine 9513: 9509: 9503:Wayback Machine 9493: 9489: 9483:Wayback Machine 9473: 9469: 9460: 9456: 9450:Wayback Machine 9440: 9431: 9425:Wayback Machine 9415: 9411: 9405:Wayback Machine 9395: 9391: 9385:Wayback Machine 9375: 9371: 9365:Wayback Machine 9356: 9352: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9303: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9247: 9241: 9237: 9174: 9170: 9157: 9153: 9136: 9132: 9126:Shanxi Province 9111: 9107: 9098: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9039: 9035: 9026: 9022: 9006:In 397 AD, the 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8979: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8948: 8944: 8910: 8906: 8893: 8889: 8876: 8872: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8810: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8734: 8733: 8717:, which caused 8692: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8650:From left: (1) 8647: 8646: 8645: 8637: 8636: 8628: 8627: 8619: 8618: 8610: 8609: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8525: 8524: 8513: 8483:Health Minister 8471: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8457:Capital Airport 8449:Aquatics Center 8436: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8425: 8417: 8416: 8408: 8407: 8385:Capital Airport 8329: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8317: 8316: 8308:Dancing Beijing 8299: 8284: 8216:. In 1999, the 8184:Shanghai Clique 8165: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8050: 8001:in the west to 7995:Chang'an Avenue 7932:Third Ring Road 7882:Chang'an Avenue 7755:Chang'an Avenue 7681: 7673:Main articles: 7671: 7626: 7615:. In 1980, the 7546:Chang'an Avenue 7526: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7329:was erected in 7322: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7311: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7195:Capital Airport 7171: 7170: 7169: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7133: 7124: 7123: 7046:star and coach 7031:capitalist road 6976:China Pictorial 6923:China Pictorial 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901:China Pictorial 6870: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6776: 6770: 6679: 6636:Chang'an Avenue 6628: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611:China Pictorial 6605: 6604: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6191: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6120: 6109: 6044:, launched the 5997: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5939:Chiang Kai-shek 5910: 5909: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5888: 5841:Shunyi District 5754: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5719: 5682:Chahar Province 5644:Mukden Incident 5640: 5632:Main articles: 5618: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5486:Zhang Zongchang 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5360:Chiang Kai-shek 5358:leaders led by 5348: 5326:Chiang Kai-shek 5322:Mikhail Borodin 5257:Fengtian clique 5249:Zhili–Anhui War 5232: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5079: 5069: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4922:to work on the 4888: 4870: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4761: 4739:riots and fires 4701:, to abdicate. 4666: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4570: 4549: 4538: 4483: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4392:Inner City wall 4384:Outer City wall 4378:, just outside 4376:then to Majiapu 4229:and the Boxers 4168:Guangxu Emperor 4136: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3986:Boxer Rebellion 3979: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3891:Beijing cuisine 3860: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3798:Jiaqing Emperor 3790:Manchu language 3782:Beijing dialect 3732:Shunzhi Emperor 3712: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3682: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3659:of present-day 3653:Jiajing Emperor 3650: 3645: 3519:Catholic church 3503:Jesuit missions 3465:Ming city walls 3461:Outer City wall 3389:Inner City wall 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3223:Jiajing Emperor 3181:Jianwen Emperor 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3065: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2873:Yeheidie'erding 2825:Chang'an Avenue 2721:in present-day 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2632: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2602: 2594: 2593: 2572: 2561: 2555: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2323:and two to the 2293: 2287: 2256:Emperor Huizong 2228: 2178:Emperor Taizong 2155:Tianning Temple 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2073: 2067: 2035: 1988:Jie Yan dynasty 1848:Emperor Taizong 1821:Zhuo Commandery 1800:Emperor Taizong 1644:and the Wuhuan 1408: 1390: 1363:Ming Great Wall 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1253: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1216: 1163: 1112:last Shang king 1108:King Wu of Zhou 1102:. According to 964:legend and myth 951: 942: 933: 924: 917: 912: 896: 880:Pinggu District 874:; Donghulin of 849: 848: 847: 846: 834: 833: 832: 823: 822: 772: 744:China's capital 662: 543: 352: 255:Eastern Jin (晋) 231:Western Jin (晋) 215: 208: 155: 149:7th century BC 134: 90: 84: 81: 62: 45: 41: 34: 24:Chinese history 12: 11: 5: 16296: 16286: 16285: 16268: 16267: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16230: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16207: 16205: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16174: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16145:Inner Mongolia 16142: 16136: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16120: 16118: 16116: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16004: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15987: 15986: 15979: 15972: 15964: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15939: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15868:List of hotels 15865: 15864: 15863: 15851: 15849: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15839: 15805: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15762: 15760:Transportation 15756: 15755: 15753: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15721: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15667: 15662: 15656: 15654: 15648: 15647: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15611: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15585: 15583: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15494: 15492: 15483: 15482:Administration 15479: 15478: 15476: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15443: 15442: 15435: 15428: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15405: 15404:External links 15402: 15401: 15400: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15361: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15330:978-0521318648 15329: 15314: 15305:online edition 15299:Zhu, Jianfei. 15297: 15286:978-9626758038 15285: 15267: 15263: 15232: 15211: 15205: 15190: 15185: 15170: 15159: 15141: 15135: 15115: 15111: 15099: 15074: 15068: 15053: 15049: 15043: 15026: 15020: 15005: 14999: 14984: 14972: 14951: 14939: 14933: 14920: 14913: 14907: 14890: 14884: 14869: 14863: 14848: 14839: 14834: 14819: 14809: 14803: 14786: 14777:online edition 14757: 14754: 14748: 14733: 14727: 14712: 14706: 14691: 14685: 14670: 14664: 14647: 14641: 14621: 14617: 14608:online edition 14600: 14590:Brook, Timothy 14587: 14575: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14528: 14510: 14498: 14485: 14473: 14454: 14435: 14415: 14396: 14392:New York Times 14379: 14367: 14349: 14331: 14288: 14273: 14247: 14228: 14212: 14197: 14168: 14156: 14138: 14120: 14108: 14096: 14069: 14045: 14011: 14009:, p. 401. 13999: 13987: 13985:, p. 395. 13975: 13963: 13934: 13922: 13902: 13900:, p. 383. 13885: 13883:, p. 379. 13873: 13871:, p. 378. 13861: 13859:, p. 375. 13849: 13847:, p. 370. 13837: 13835:, p. 368. 13825: 13823:, p. 389. 13810: 13778: 13766: 13754: 13752:, p. 297. 13742: 13730: 13718: 13705: 13703:, p. 255. 13693: 13691:, p. 254. 13681: 13669: 13657: 13645: 13643:, p. 253. 13630: 13618: 13606: 13604:, p. 252. 13594: 13592:, p. 251. 13579: 13559: 13547: 13534: 13522: 13506: 13482: 13458: 13456:, p. 119. 13443: 13439:"彻底清除旧物质文化"(3) 13427: 13423:"彻底清除旧物质文化"(2) 13411: 13387: 13371: 13348: 13323: 13303: 13283: 13272:记忆中的大跃进（一）大炼钢铁 13260: 13248: 13246:: 105-108, 110 13236: 13221: 13209: 13197: 13182: 13176: 13156: 13150: 13130: 13077: 13052: 13040: 13020: 13018:, p. 175. 13008: 12996: 12994:, p. 174. 12981: 12967: 12947: 12933: 12910: 12890: 12878: 12866: 12864:, p. 306. 12854: 12852:, p. 325. 12842: 12830: 12828:, p. 321. 12818: 12816:, p. 307. 12806: 12794:OldBeijing.net 12784: 12769: 12744: 12732: 12720: 12708: 12693: 12681: 12669: 12667:: 55 Table 4.2 12654: 12630: 12610: 12586: 12574: 12559: 12548:. 4 March 1929 12529: 12527:, p. 193. 12517: 12514:on 2008-07-14. 12490: 12486:MacKerras 1991 12478: 12466: 12454: 12442: 12427: 12415: 12403: 12383: 12368: 12351: 12339: 12324: 12312: 12300: 12288: 12276: 12264: 12249: 12237: 12225: 12213: 12189: 12158: 12134: 12119:胡绳武 "民国元年定都之" 12110: 12079: 12062: 12037: 12021: 11996: 11984: 11966: 11942: 11922: 11898: 11874: 11862: 11838: 11826: 11802: 11789: 11763: 11743: 11716: 11704: 11686: 11657: 11644: 11624: 11604: 11580: 11550: 11534: 11505: 11482: 11444: 11424: 11404: 11379: 11352: 11336: 11321: 11309: 11297: 11282: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11233: 11213: 11186: 11174: 11161: 11137: 11125: 11113: 11090: 11066: 11042: 11029: 11017: 11005: 10993: 10981: 10977:Jiong Fan 1994 10969: 10957: 10940: 10934:. p. 31. 10916: 10904: 10892: 10890:, p. 137. 10857: 10837: 10825: 10808: 10786: 10774: 10763: 10744: 10721: 10709: 10678: 10655: 10624: 10604: 10592: 10580: 10568: 10549: 10524: 10493: 10455: 10424: 10401: 10370: 10339: 10327: 10307: 10294: 10281: 10265: 10240: 10221: 10206: 10197:2013-06-15 at 10192:Museum Website 10181: 10150: 10123: 10111: 10085: 10061: 10045:yanduyizhi.com 10030: 10014:yanduyizhi.com 9999: 9983:yanduyizhi.com 9968: 9956: 9954:"Liulihe Site" 9939:"Liulihe Site" 9930: 9914:yanduyizhi.com 9892: 9872: 9851: 9839: 9806: 9781: 9745: 9732: 9708: 9696: 9676: 9656: 9645: 9633: 9615: 9605: 9599:. p. 41. 9581: 9571: 9565:. p. 89. 9547: 9527: 9507: 9487: 9467: 9454: 9429: 9409: 9389: 9369: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9328: 9324:Yongle Emperor 9297: 9288: 9245: 9235: 9168: 9151: 9130: 9118:Hebei Province 9105: 9092: 9083: 9073: 9064: 9033: 9020: 8999: 8990: 8977: 8964: 8955: 8942: 8938:Yanqing County 8904: 8887: 8870: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8812:History portal 8799: 8796: 8763:Vladimir Putin 8746: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8691: 8688: 8649: 8648: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8629: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8611: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8578:grand ceremony 8562:sulfur dioxide 8545:subway network 8527: 8526: 8521:Forbidden City 8514: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8465:Beijing Subway 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8419: 8418: 8410: 8409: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8319: 8318: 8313:Olympic venues 8300: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8269:U.S. President 8151: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8088:overpass exits 8049: 8046: 7867:People's Daily 7829:People's Daily 7670: 7667: 7663:Beijing Subway 7661:in the south. 7647:3rd Ring Roads 7625: 7622: 7599:People's Daily 7566:People's Daily 7530:Beijing Spring 7524:Democracy Wall 7520:Beijing Spring 7515: 7514:Beijing Spring 7512: 7501: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7441: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7378:security chief 7324: 7323: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7257:going to China 7250:U.S. President 7248:In July 1971, 7173: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7072:educated youth 7052:Yonghe Lamsery 6956:People's Daily 6872: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6814:People's Daily 6769: 6766: 6656:Five Year Plan 6638:promoting the 6621: 6618: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6433:Beijing Subway 6425:Forbidden City 6318: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6190: 6187: 6139:Tiananmen Gate 6133: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6040:, fresh off a 5973: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5943:Tiananmen Gate 5912: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5772:triggered the 5744: 5743: 5728:in July 1937. 5720: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5617: 5614: 5597:trolley system 5585:Forbidden City 5570: 5567: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5531: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5502:Zhang Xueliang 5494:Hebei Province 5482:violent mutiny 5452:. Beijing was 5422:Boxer Protocol 5397: 5390: 5389: 5349: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5068: 5067:Beiyang regime 5065: 5008: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4916:Central Powers 4869: 4866: 4782: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4721:. But Sun and 4690:new government 4659:Forbidden City 4652: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4627: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4572: 4550: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4259:Boxer Protocol 4126: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4104: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4086: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4068: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4011: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3916:surprise siege 3907:world-famous. 3854: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3810:spoken Chinese 3759:Kangxi Emperor 3705: 3698: 3697: 3690:, who led the 3683: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3599:Also in 1629, 3570:Yuan Chonghuan 3469:Beijing Subway 3456:Khalkha Mongol 3376: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3346:Forbidden City 3343: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3264:Forbidden City 3261: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3242:Xuande Emperor 3238:Hongxi Emperor 3200:Forbidden City 3169:Yongle Emperor 3097: 3090: 3089: 3084:Forbidden City 3080:Yongle Emperor 3077: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3032:in China. The 2916: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2865:Forbidden City 2837:4th Ring Roads 2788:summer capital 2723:Inner Mongolia 2703:Outer Mongolia 2673: 2666: 2665: 2633: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2573: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557:Main article: 2554: 2551: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2289:Main article: 2286: 2283: 2227: 2224: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2103:Inner Mongolia 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2034: 2031: 1919:Five Dynasties 1907:Yanqing County 1684:was overthrown 1680:Hebei Province 1657:Kingdom of Wei 1653:Three Kingdoms 1594:Hebei Province 1531:(燕郡), and the 1528:Yan Commandery 1423:Three Kingdoms 1389: 1386: 1307:Yongding River 1262: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1240:Capital Museum 1217: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1016:Hebei Province 1010:, possibly at 986:Yellow Emperor 982:Yanqing County 958: 957: 956: 955: 949: 940: 931: 919: 918: 909: 906: 905: 895: 892: 836: 835: 826: 825: 824: 817: 816: 815: 814: 778:habitation in 771: 768: 704:northern China 667: 666: 659: 658: 656: 651: 646: 642: 641: 636: 632: 631: 629: 622: 618: 617: 615: 610: 606: 605: 603: 598: 594: 593: 591: 586: 582: 581: 577: 576: 570: 566: 565: 563: 558: 552: 548: 547: 545: 536: 532: 531: 529: 524: 519: 515: 514: 512: 506: 502: 501: 499: 494: 489: 485: 484: 482: 477: 474: 470: 469: 465: 464: 462: 457: 451: 450: 448: 443: 439: 438: 436: 431: 425: 421: 420: 418: 404: 400: 399: 394: 390: 389: 387: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 361: 357: 356: 346: 342: 341: 339: 334: 329: 325: 324: 322: 317: 312: 308: 307: 305: 300: 296: 295: 293: 288: 284: 283: 281: 276: 272: 271: 269: 264: 260: 259: 257: 252: 248: 247: 245: 240: 236: 235: 233: 220: 210: 204: 203: 201: 196: 192: 191: 189: 184: 180: 179: 177: 172: 168: 167: 165: 162:Warring States 150: 143: 142: 140: 129: 123: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 92: 91: 71:it, or adding 48: 46: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16295: 16284: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16248: 16243: 16237: 16236: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16208: 16206: 16204: 16200: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16171: 16167: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16124: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15992: 15985: 15980: 15978: 15973: 15971: 15966: 15965: 15962: 15950: 15949: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15928: 15927: 15924: 15918: 15915: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15848: 15844: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15821:Beijing North 15818: 15817:Beijing South 15814: 15810: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15653: 15649: 15641: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15580: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15493: 15491: 15487: 15484: 15480: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15452: 15448: 15441: 15436: 15434: 15429: 15427: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15389: 15388: 15382: 15381: 15364: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15349: 15343: 15342: 15332: 15326: 15322: 15321: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15288: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15271:Yang, Jisheng 15268: 15264: 15254:on 2010-11-04 15250: 15246: 15240: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15220: 15217:2004. 325 pp 15216: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15186:9787108018168 15182: 15178: 15171: 15168: 15162: 15160:9780674055445 15156: 15152: 15151: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15102: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15075: 15071: 15069:0-520-08286-9 15065: 15061: 15060: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15044:0-8248-2518-7 15040: 15036: 15032: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15013: 15012: 15006: 15002: 15000:0-631-18949-1 14996: 14992: 14991: 14985: 14975: 14973:9780847691340 14969: 14965: 14960: 14959: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14940: 14936: 14934:0-674-01212-7 14930: 14926: 14921: 14919:1991. 208 pp. 14918: 14914: 14910: 14908:0-521-38755-8 14904: 14899: 14898: 14891: 14887: 14885:0-674-02332-3 14881: 14877: 14876: 14870: 14866: 14864:957-9663-95-5 14860: 14856: 14849: 14845: 14840: 14837: 14835:9780700705122 14831: 14827: 14826: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14804:7-301-02957-8 14800: 14796: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14749:0-8047-4684-2 14745: 14741: 14740: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14713: 14709: 14707:0-7007-1274-7 14703: 14700:. Routledge. 14699: 14698: 14692: 14688: 14686:0-520-23050-7 14682: 14678: 14677: 14671: 14667: 14665:0-8248-2518-7 14661: 14657: 14653: 14648: 14644: 14642:7-5031-1015-5 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14616: 14612: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14599:1998. 269 pp. 14598: 14596: 14591: 14588: 14578: 14576:9780691036373 14572: 14567: 14566: 14560: 14559:Baum, Richard 14556: 14555: 14543:. 2017-11-27. 14542: 14538: 14532: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14507: 14502: 14495: 14489: 14482: 14477: 14470: 14465: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14451: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14432: 14428: 14425: 14419: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14400: 14394:, 29 Dec 2007 14393: 14389: 14386:Jim Yardley, 14383: 14376: 14371: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14354: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14321:on 2013-12-31 14320: 14316: 14301: 14299: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14285: 14284: 14283:Beijing Daily 14277: 14261: 14254: 14252: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14232: 14225: 14219: 14217: 14209: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14193:9780765631923 14190: 14186: 14185: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14165: 14160: 14153: 14152: 14145: 14143: 14135: 14134: 14127: 14125: 14117: 14112: 14105: 14100: 14086:on 2014-07-02 14085: 14081: 14073: 14058: 14049: 14035:on 2014-07-02 14034: 14030: 14026: 14018: 14016: 14008: 14003: 13996: 13991: 13984: 13979: 13972: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13954: 13949: 13941: 13939: 13931: 13926: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13906: 13899: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13882: 13877: 13870: 13865: 13858: 13853: 13846: 13841: 13834: 13829: 13822: 13817: 13815: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13797: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13783: 13775: 13770: 13763: 13758: 13751: 13746: 13739: 13734: 13728:, p. 79. 13727: 13722: 13715: 13709: 13702: 13697: 13690: 13685: 13679:, p. 77. 13678: 13673: 13667:, p. 72. 13666: 13661: 13655:, p. 73. 13654: 13649: 13642: 13637: 13635: 13627: 13622: 13615: 13610: 13603: 13598: 13591: 13586: 13584: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13556: 13551: 13544: 13538: 13531: 13526: 13519: 13513: 13511: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13491:China Journal 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12903: 12900: 12894: 12887: 12882: 12875: 12870: 12863: 12858: 12851: 12846: 12839: 12834: 12827: 12822: 12815: 12810: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12776: 12774: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12741: 12736: 12729: 12728:Dryburgh 2000 12724: 12717: 12716:Dryburgh 2000 12712: 12706:June 13, 1938 12705: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12685: 12678: 12673: 12666: 12661: 12659: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12619:Urban History 12614: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12583: 12578: 12571: 12566: 12564: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12526: 12525:Wilbur (1983) 12521: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12497: 12495: 12487: 12482: 12475: 12470: 12463: 12458: 12451: 12446: 12439: 12434: 12432: 12424: 12419: 12412: 12407: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12380: 12375: 12373: 12365: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12348: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12328: 12321: 12316: 12309: 12304: 12297: 12292: 12285: 12280: 12273: 12268: 12261: 12256: 12254: 12246: 12241: 12234: 12229: 12222: 12217: 12210: 12206: 12203: 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2016-08-18 11569: 11565: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11546: 11538: 11524:on 2016-05-17 11523: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11489: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11448: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11428: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11408: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11370:0-521-66991-X 11367: 11361: 11356: 11349: 11347: 11340: 11334:July 29, 2009 11333: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11313: 11306: 11301: 11294: 11289: 11287: 11279: 11274: 11267: 11262: 11255: 11250: 11243: 11237: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11217: 11202: 11198: 11190: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11151:The Economist 11147: 11141: 11134: 11129: 11122: 11117: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11097: 11095: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11070: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11046: 11039: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11014: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10978: 10973: 10966: 10961: 10954: 10943: 10941:1-84176-523-6 10937: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10901: 10896: 10889: 10884: 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10270: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10225: 10218: 10217: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10199:archive.today 10196: 10193: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10120: 10115: 10101: 10097: 10095:关于燕长城的资料整理（一） 10089: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10051:on 2016-04-09 10050: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10020:on 2013-12-30 10019: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9989:on 2013-12-31 9988: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9965: 9960: 9945:on 2012-09-25 9944: 9940: 9934: 9920:on 2016-04-11 9919: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9888: 9884: 9876: 9863: 9862: 9861:Book of Rites 9855: 9848: 9843: 9829:on 2013-04-12 9828: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9810: 9803:. 2008-08-04. 9802: 9798: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9771:on 2013-04-10 9770: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9612: 9608: 9606:0-7923-3135-4 9602: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9585: 9578: 9574: 9572:0-19-521465-X 9568: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9551: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9531: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9511: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9491: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9458: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9354: 9350: 9335: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9320:Wen Tianxiang 9317: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9239: 9232: 9222: 9206: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9137:Although the 9134: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9087: 9077: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8974: 8968: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8939: 8935: 8932:of Beijing), 8931: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8802: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8771: 8770:Park Geun-hye 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8740: 8731: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8675: 8672: 8671:gold medalist 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8656:Olympic torch 8653: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8607: 8598: 8596: 8591: 8590:United States 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8546: 8541: 8531: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8502: 8500: 8495: 8494:SARS epidemic 8491: 8487: 8486:Zhang Wenkang 8484: 8480: 8479:Jiang Yanyong 8476: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8441:Olympic Green 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373:Olympic Green 8369: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8323: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8303:XXIX Olympiad 8297: 8288: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8248: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8191:Beijing buses 8187: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8119:Deng Xiaoping 8116: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8092:3rd Ring Road 8089: 8085: 8084:2nd Ring Road 8080: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8024:photographed 8023: 8022:Beijing Hotel 8018: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7908:Beijing Hotel 7904: 7900: 7897: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7824:Yang Shangkun 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7707:Deng Xiaoping 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7586:Wei Jingsheng 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7505: 7498: 7484: 7470: 7456: 7445: 7438: 7424: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7382:Wang Dongxing 7379: 7375: 7374:his mausoleum 7370: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253:Richard Nixon 7251: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7191:Air Force One 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175:Richard Nixon 7167: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7103:Deng Xiaoping 7100: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7015:Jingshan Park 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6754:Deng Xiaoping 6751: 6746: 6745:Lushan Plenum 6742: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6723:shoots, wild 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6601:Western Hills 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6437:2nd Ring Road 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6379:Liang Sicheng 6376: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6315: 6305: 6299: 6285: 6275: 6269: 6259: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6195: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6079:convened the 6078: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6066:Yangtze River 6063: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5794:Zhang Zizhong 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5748: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5697:Palace Museum 5693: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5622: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5589:Palace Museum 5586: 5580: 5577: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5490:Yonghe Temple 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5318:Western Hills 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5271:launched the 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5226: 5225:Zhang Zizhong 5219: 5205: 5195: 5178: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5121:Feng Guozhang 5116: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5035:, encouraged 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:Western Front 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900:Allied Powers 4897: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4614: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:Bank of China 4298: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190:, launched a 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:Beiyang Fleet 4145: 4144:Summer Palace 4141: 4130: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4090: 4083: 4072: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036:Summer Palace 4033: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3974: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3851: 3841: 3840:Summer Palace 3834: 3824: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3755:Eight Banners 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685:Prince regent 3680: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3543:Western Hills 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511:Wanli Emperor 3508: 3504: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3473:2nd Ring Road 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3404:Oirat Mongols 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3363: 3357: 3347: 3340: 3330: 3324: 3314: 3301: 3294: 3280: 3269: 3268:Imperial City 3265: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:, the son of 3158: 3154: 3153:Prince of Yan 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Yangtze River 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Zhu Yuanzhang 3094: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3051:in which the 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2951:from Dadu to 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:Summer Palace 2938: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2869:Liu Bingzhong 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:Liu Bingzhong 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2590: 2586: 2583:(Portrait by 2580: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:immortal sage 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2513:Summer Palace 2510: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2487:Wanyan Yongji 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449:in 1214. The 2448: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2419: 2405: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2345:2nd Ring Road 2340: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Chaobai River 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151:Niujie Mosque 2148: 2137: 2130: 2121: 2120:Niujie Mosque 2115: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Liu Shouguang 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856:Fayuan Temple 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Fayuan Temple 1788: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760:Northern Zhou 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734:Kingdom from 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Western Hills 1545: 1544:Tanzhe Temple 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1382:First Emperor 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:steppe nomads 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:the Northeast 1308: 1304: 1303:Central Plain 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1266: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Shang dynasty 1098:absorbed the 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Pinggu County 1068: 1067: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978: 973: 969: 965: 950: 948: 947:6th Ring Road 941: 939: 938:5th Ring Road 932: 930: 929:2nd Ring Road 923: 922: 921: 920: 916: 908: 907: 904: 900: 899: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 844: 840: 830: 820: 813: 811: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 794: 789: 785: 781: 777: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:imperial rule 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680:First Emperor 676: 674: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645:1949–present 644: 643: 640: 637: 634: 633: 628: 627: 623: 620: 619: 616: 614: 611: 608: 607: 604: 602: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 574: 568: 567: 562: 556: 553: 550: 549: 546: 541: 537: 534: 533: 530: 528: 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 503: 500: 498: 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 475: 472: 471: 467: 466: 461: 456: 452: 449: 447: 446:Northern Liao 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 429: 423: 422: 419: 416: 412: 408: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 391: 386: 383: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 365: 362: 359: 358: 355: 350: 347: 344: 343: 338: 333: 330: 327: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 256: 253: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 159: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 138: 133: 130: 127: 118: 117: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 88: 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 56: 54: 49:This article 47: 38: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 16233: 16177: 16043:Heilongjiang 15947: 15935: 15825:Beijing East 15809:Beijing West 15457: 15392:. Retrieved 15386: 15366:. Retrieved 15347: 15319: 15300: 15290:. Retrieved 15256:. Retrieved 15249:the original 15214: 15195: 15148: 15126: 15104:. Retrieved 15086: 15058: 15034: 15010: 14989: 14977:. Retrieved 14957: 14943: 14924: 14916: 14896: 14874: 14843: 14824: 14812: 14794: 14760: 14738: 14717: 14696: 14675: 14655: 14628: 14603: 14593: 14580:. Retrieved 14564: 14551:Bibliography 14541:The Guardian 14540: 14531: 14522: 14513: 14501: 14488: 14476: 14418: 14399: 14391: 14382: 14370: 14344:the original 14334: 14323:. Retrieved 14319:the original 14282: 14276: 14264:. Retrieved 14231: 14206: 14200: 14183: 14159: 14150: 14132: 14111: 14099: 14088:. Retrieved 14084:the original 14072: 14061:. Retrieved 14048: 14037:. 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Retrieved 12541: 12532: 12520: 12512:the original 12505: 12481: 12469: 12457: 12445: 12418: 12406: 12391: 12386: 12342: 12327: 12315: 12303: 12291: 12279: 12267: 12240: 12228: 12216: 12199: 12192: 12175: 12144: 12137: 12120: 12113: 12096: 12030: 12024: 11992:Sheehan 2002 11987: 11969: 11963:Project MUSE 11950: 11945: 11930: 11925: 11919:Project MUSE 11906: 11901: 11882: 11877: 11865: 11846: 11841: 11829: 11810: 11805: 11794:. Retrieved 11779: 11768:. Retrieved 11753: 11746: 11712:Elliott 2001 11707: 11698: 11689: 11647: 11627: 11607: 11601:Project MUSE 11588: 11583: 11572:. Retrieved 11568:the original 11553: 11544: 11537: 11526:. Retrieved 11522:the original 11517: 11508: 11469: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11427: 11407: 11395:. Retrieved 11382: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11339: 11330: 11324: 11312: 11300: 11273: 11261: 11249: 11236: 11216: 11205:. 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J. Murray 15145:Vogel, Ezra 14857:. 知書房出版集團. 14631:. Beijing: 14452:August 2013 14245:May 9, 1999 14053:Wu Renhua. 13953:Xinhua News 13016:Pepper 1999 13004:Pepper 1999 12992:Pepper 1999 12462:Strand 1993 12450:Strand 1993 12379:Strand 1993 12364:Strand 1993 12233:Strand 2002 12221:Strand 2002 11220:Hou, Eve. " 11038:"耶律楚材的西山情结" 9195:State of Qi 9040:During the 9029:Sui dynasty 9027:During the 8922:Wei Kingdom 8911:During the 8894:One of the 8879:Qin dynasty 8877:During the 8674:Kerri Walsh 8660:Bird's Nest 8237:Zhongnanhai 8228:scattered. 8214:separatists 8180:Jiang Zemin 8169:Chen Xitong 8158:Zhongnanhai 8054:residential 8034:Jiang Zemin 7835:Lama Temple 7817:Chen Xitong 7775:Zhongnanhai 7751:Zhongnanhai 7696:Zhao Ziyang 7554:Huang Xiang 7390:Ye Jianying 7386:Hua Guofeng 7269:Beijing Zoo 7259:and made a 7011:Beihai Park 6942:, wrote a " 6884:denouncing 6805:Peng Dehuai 6801:Yao Wenyuan 6741:Peng Dehuai 6442:During the 6421:Zhongnanhai 6387:proletarian 6368:Third World 6332:East German 6050:Zhangjiakou 5856:experiments 5832:Pacific War 5790:Zhao Dengyu 5786:Tong Lin'ge 5734:Chaoyangmen 5688:called the 5601:Tong County 5476:control of 5403:Zhongshan). 5378:, Ma Sida, 5376:Bai Chongxi 5368:Sun Yat-sen 5277:Sun Yat-sen 5093:Li Yuanhong 5077:Warlord Era 5025:Cai Yuanpei 4896:World War I 4850:24 cabinets 4810:Tongmenghui 4791:during the 4765:Tong Lin'ge 4747:Zhongnanhai 4731:Cai Yuanpei 4727:Li Yuanhong 4699:Prince Chun 4682:Sun Yat-sen 4629:Yuan Shikai 4555:Prince Chun 4495:Yuan Shikai 4434:(Nanjing), 4416:Chongwenmen 4380:Yongdingmen 4263:reparations 4211:millenarian 4209:In 1898, a 4188:Yuan Shikai 4160:Kang Youwei 4032:at Baliqiao 3912:White Lotus 3905:Peking Duck 3896:Anas peking 3887:Tongrentang 3748:Gemun Hecen 3621:Shanhaiguan 3412:Esen Tayisi 3396:Tumu Crisis 3266:inside the 3196:Shuntian Fu 3143:became the 3141:Yingtian Fu 3006:Ibn Battuta 2949:Grand Canal 2902:Grand Canal 2857:Zhongnanhai 2766:), spelled 2687:Kublai Khan 2610:Beihai Park 2575:Kublai Khan 2505:Yelü Chucai 2491:Juyong Pass 2481:, began to 2378:Beihai Park 2356:. In 1179, 2285:Jin Zhongdu 2252:Qinhuangdao 2055:Jin dynasty 2011:Yelü Abaoji 1913:during the 1812:Sui dynasty 1775:, from the 1756:Northern Qi 1752:Eastern Wei 1676:Zhuo County 1651:During the 1622:Gongsun Zan 1491:Han dynasty 1484:Juyong Pass 1454:Qin dynasty 1419:Wei Kingdom 1342:during the 1189:Guang'anmen 1085:Chen Zi'ang 1020:North China 990:Yan Emperor 966:. The epic 845:were found. 839:Zhoukoudian 805:Paleolithic 784:Zhoukoudian 728:Kublai Khan 476:Yanshan 燕山 407:Later Liang 385:Later Liang 132:State of Ji 97:Historical 85:August 2016 73:subheadings 15797:Airports: 15768:Ring roads 15368:2014-05-17 15362:9626758031 15292:2013-06-23 15258:2014-07-16 15106:2011-02-19 14979:2014-01-30 14771:Fulltext: 14582:2013-06-18 14508:2014-11-08 14496:2013-09-05 14492:(Chinese) 14483:2013-03-30 14471:2011-02-17 14433:2008-08-02 14422:(Chinese) 14413:2008-08-08 14365:2003-06-24 14361:(Chinese) 14340:"Election" 14325:2013-06-27 14286:2012-08-20 14226:2014-04-12 14222:(Chinese) 14210:2007-03-09 14207:N.Y. Times 14166:2012-05-28 14154:1998-07-31 14151:N.Y. Times 14136:1995-05-08 14133:N.Y. Times 14106:1989-08-15 14090:2013-07-02 14079:"调停者段昌隆之死" 14063:2013-07-01 14039:2013-06-26 13920:2011-01-17 13909:(Chinese) 13716:2009-10-23 13712:(Chinese) 13701:Vogel 2011 13689:Vogel 2011 13641:Vogel 2011 13626:Vogel 2011 13602:Vogel 2011 13590:Vogel 2011 13545:2003-11-19 13541:(Chinese) 13501:Fulltext: 13477:Fulltext: 13385:2006-04-19 13378:(Chinese) 13369:2012-11-14 13358:(Chinese) 13346:2004-12-06 13335:(Chinese) 13321:2012-09-12 13310:(Chinese) 13301:2012-09-12 13290:(Chinese) 13281:2004-12-06 13270:(Chinese) 13219:: 104, 143 13205:Hoare 1999 13193:Hoare 1999 13117:(Chinese) 13075:2007-03-16 13064:(Chinese) 13027:(Chinese) 12974:August 22, 12940:August 22, 12897:(Chinese) 12763:2008-06-20 12742:: 122, 124 12649:Fulltext: 12605:Fulltext: 12552:26 October 12211:2010-12-08 12196:(Chinese) 12187:2010-12-08 12172:(Chinese) 12156:2010-12-08 12141:(Chinese) 12132:2010-12-08 12117:(Chinese) 12108:2010-12-08 12093:(Chinese) 12019:2009-04-10 12008:(Chinese) 11961:Fulltext: 11917:Fulltext: 11893:Fulltext: 11857:Fulltext: 11821:Fulltext: 11796:2012-12-16 11770:2012-12-16 11741:2011-07-19 11730:(Chinese) 11673:(Chinese) 11655:2009-05-19 11651:(Chinese) 11642:2010-10-20 11631:(Chinese) 11622:2011-10-25 11611:(Chinese) 11599:Fulltext: 11574:2006-09-10 11541:(Chinese) 11528:2008-06-14 11492:(Chinese) 11431:(Chinese) 11411:(Chinese) 11207:2008-06-15 11111:2014-10-20 11100:(Chinese) 11073:(Chinese) 11049:(Chinese) 11040:2010-11-12 11036:(Chinese) 10947:2011-12-25 10855:2003-09-08 10844:(Chinese) 10804:pp. 169 ff 10751:(Chinese) 10731:(Chinese) 10696:(Chinese) 10665:(Chinese) 10642:(Chinese) 10611:(Chinese) 10556:(Chinese) 10547:2006-04-12 10536:(Chinese) 10518:2013-02-10 10487:2013-02-08 10449:2012-12-06 10395:2012-12-01 10385:ahcltv.com 10364:2012-12-19 10325:2010-07-03 10314:(Chinese) 10301:(Chinese) 10288:(Chinese) 10279:2005-12-30 10275:(Chinese) 10252:(Chinese) 10219:2000-09-01 10168:(Chinese) 10105:2010-10-22 10079:2008-05-01 10055:2012-12-13 10024:2012-12-13 9993:2012-12-13 9949:2011-07-10 9924:2012-12-13 9833:2013-03-30 9801:guoxue.com 9775:2013-03-30 9739:2013-03-22 9733:0300093829 9683:(Chinese) 9663:(Chinese) 9628:Britannica 9545:2005-09-01 9534:(Chinese) 9525:2005-09-01 9514:(Chinese) 9505:2005-09-01 9485:2009-01-11 9474:(Chinese) 9461:(Chinese) 9441:(Chinese) 9427:2005-09-01 9407:2005-09-01 9367:2006-07-19 9346:References 9205:Liangxiang 9056:Shi Siming 8973:Former Yan 8821:City of Ji 8752:Xi Jinping 8664:Usain Bolt 8488:and mayor 8233:Falun Gong 8154:Falun Gong 8096:ring roads 8007:Jianguomen 7987:Liu Xiaobo 7975:Duan Qirui 7869:on May 9. 7815:and Mayor 7795:statue in 7759:Hu Yaobang 7711:Fang Lizhi 7692:Hu Yaobang 7659:Fangzhuang 7634:Hu Yaobang 7568:office on 7542:Hu Yaobang 7518:See also: 7335:Zhou Enlai 7206:Great Wall 7056:Zhou Enlai 6952:Khrushchev 6940:Nie Yuanzi 6914:Mao Zedong 6886:Liu Shaoqi 6874:From left: 6827:Liu Shaoqi 6809:Jiang Qing 6772:See also: 6750:Liu Shaoqi 6697:Four Pests 6624:See also: 6444:Korean War 6411:, and the 6171:Mao Zedong 6159:See also: 6143:Mao Zedong 6137:From atop 6085:new regime 6062:Li Zongren 6031:Li Zongren 5738:Asahigraph 5537:sign gates 5466:Wade–Giles 5442:Yan Xishan 5416:troops at 5384:Yan Xishan 5380:Ma Fuxiang 5301:Wangfujing 5107:Duan Qirui 5071:See also: 5057:Mao Zedong 5045:Chen Duxiu 4892:Duan Qirui 4884:See also: 4820:Kuomintang 4785:Duan Qirui 4723:Huang Xing 4715:Zhang Jian 4639:held sway. 4611:See also: 4479:See also: 4334:Nan Ch’eng 4330:Nei Ch’eng 4217:formed in 4196:Tan Sitong 4044:Lord Elgin 3825:of Beijing 3724:Li Zicheng 3657:Ming Tombs 3601:Li Zicheng 3574:Hong Taiji 3555:brigandage 3486:Beijing's 3452:Altan Khan 3425:Deshengmen 3378:Ming Tombs 3315:of Beijing 3246:Great Wall 3192:prefecture 3157:Zhu Yunwen 3018:Wang Shifu 3010:Ma Zhiyuan 3002:Marco Polo 2884:of Beijing 2841:Drum Tower 2821:Taiye Lake 2772:Marco Polo 2719:Luan River 2676:Drum Tower 2650:) and the 2604:The White 2529:Hindu Kush 2396:at Zhongdu 2362:Taiye Lake 1965:Shi Siming 1810:After the 1732:Former Yan 1728:Murong Jun 1720:Former Yan 1714:, and the 1712:Later Zhao 1704:Former Qin 1564:Emperor Wu 1392:See also: 1172:City of Ji 857:Wangfujing 843:Peking Man 821:of Beijing 797:Peking Man 770:Prehistory 716:Great Wall 411:Later Tang 315:City of Ji 279:Former Qin 267:Former Yan 243:Later Zhao 213:City of Ji 126:City of Ji 69:condensing 16211:Hong Kong 16183:Chongqing 16023:Guangdong 16000:Provinces 15855:Landmarks 15717:Education 15548:Changping 15528:Mentougou 15498:Dongcheng 15490:Districts 15468:Geography 14769:0016-7428 14377:: 255–256 14007:Yang 2011 13995:Yang 2011 13983:Yang 2011 13971:Yang 2011 13930:Yang 2011 13898:Yang 2011 13881:Yang 2011 13869:Yang 2011 13857:Yang 2011 13845:Yang 2011 13833:Yang 2011 13821:Yang 2011 13774:Yang 2011 13762:Yang 2011 13750:Yang 2011 13738:Yang 2011 13726:Baum 1996 13677:Baum 1996 13665:Baum 1996 13653:Baum 1996 13614:Baum 1996 13576:0920-203X 13499:1324-9347 13475:0002-9602 13435:Wang 2003 13419:Wang 2003 12740:Dong 2002 12689:Dong 2002 12677:Dong 2002 12647:0097-7004 12627:0963-9268 12603:0145-5532 12570:Dong 2002 12502:"Beijing" 12464:: 223-224 12452:: 193-194 12425:: 558-559 12400:0021-910X 12310:: 307-308 12247:: 222-223 12075:Dong 2002 12058:Dong 2002 11959:0894-8631 11939:1058-3947 11915:0884-3236 11891:0306-8374 11872:: 119–120 11855:1568-0584 11819:0021-9118 11597:0022-4529 11564:About.com 11201:Tuniu.com 11196:元大都土城遗址公园 11015:: 114-115 10717:Mote 1999 10676:2002-12-1 10600:Mote 1999 10558:"辽南京与金中都" 10439:sscwq.net 10354:52njl.com 10335:CASS 1985 10228:(Chinese) 10137:(Chinese) 10119:CASS 1985 9765:51766.com 9694:200-09-01 9494:(Chinese) 9463:郗志群, 歷史北京 9416:(Chinese) 9396:(Chinese) 9376:(Chinese) 9187:Rongcheng 9012:Later Yan 8265:Hu Jintao 8222:Ganjiakou 8182:and the " 8173:politburo 8102:), 2003 ( 8003:Tiananmen 7941:38th Army 7937:commander 7886:28th Army 7821:President 7813:Li Ximing 7809:politburo 7702:in 1983. 7408:1976–1989 7267:from the 7199:Pat Nixon 6988:Red Guard 6932:bourgeois 6823:Peng Zhen 6762:Peng Zhen 6460:Peng Zhen 6456:Guo Moruo 6429:city wall 6189:1949–1958 6175:Tiananmen 6005:civil war 5931:civil war 5924:near the 5764:near the 5673:Guominjun 5559:Rickshaws 5557:in 1921. 5418:Dagu Fort 5413:Guominjun 5330:Hu Hanmin 5281:Comintern 5049:Li Dazhao 4964:Cao Rulin 4908:pigtailed 4904:Zhang Xun 4789:Zhang Xun 4668:When the 4530:civil war 4430:(Wuhan), 4405:Xuanwumen 4164:Xuanwumen 4138:In 1886, 3625:Wu Sangui 3582:Caishikou 3566:Manchuria 3450:In 1550, 3225:in 1530. 3165:civil war 3105:In 1368, 2958:Shichahai 2898:Shichahai 2849:Shichahai 2758:Khanbaliq 2707:civil war 2699:Karakorum 2697:based in 2559:Khanbaliq 2524:Qiu Chuji 2233:Shangjing 2205:Manchuria 2199:with the 2023:Later Jin 1945:An Lushan 1911:Xi people 1878:Ji County 1736:Manchuria 1724:Later Yan 1665:Lilingyan 1646:in 207 AD 1642:in 200 AD 1626:Yuan Shao 1447:Guanzhong 1439:Dynasties 1321:or early 1301:from the 1236:far right 1140:Confucius 1104:Sima Qian 988:over the 972:Sima Qian 868:neolithic 853:Stone Age 540:Khanbaliq 415:Later Jin 291:Later Yan 207:106 BC - 77:talk page 65:splitting 63:Consider 16277:Category 16188:Shanghai 16160:Xinjiang 16113:Zhejiang 16093:Shandong 16078:Liaoning 15936:Category 15778:Highways 15740:Tsinghua 15589:Chongwen 15538:Tongzhou 15533:Fangshan 15508:Chaoyang 15463:Politics 15394:24 April 15308:Archived 15273:(2011). 15226:Archived 15179:, 三联书店, 15167:Page 254 15147:(2011). 15085:(eds.). 14791:北京历史人口地理 14780:Archived 14773:in Jstor 14611:Archived 14561:(1996). 14427:Archived 14407:Archived 14266:April 8, 14239:Archived 13914:Archived 13543:"四五运动"纪实 13403:Archived 13363:Archived 13340:Archived 13315:Archived 13295:Archived 13275:Archived 13122:Archived 13069:Archived 13032:Archived 12902:Archived 12886:Xie 2001 12874:Xie 2001 12862:Xie 2001 12850:Xie 2001 12838:Xie 2001 12826:Xie 2001 12814:Xie 2001 12798:Archived 12607:in Jstor 12320:Han 1996 12205:Archived 12181:Archived 12150:Archived 12126:Archived 12102:Archived 12013:Archived 11977:Archived 11834:Han 1996 11735:Archived 11678:Archived 11653:"龙潭湖的故事" 11636:Archived 11616:Archived 11497:Archived 11474:Archived 11436:Archived 11416:Archived 11317:Hou 1998 11307:: 136–37 11305:Hou 1998 11293:Hou 1998 11278:Hou 1998 11266:Hou 1998 11254:Hou 1998 11225:Archived 11182:Hou 1998 11133:Hou 1998 11121:Hou 1998 11105:Archived 11082:Archived 11058:Archived 10991:: 113–14 10900:Hou 1998 10888:Han 1996 10849:Archived 10782:Hou 1998 10756:Archived 10753:银山塔林景区历史 10736:Archived 10701:Archived 10670:Archived 10647:Archived 10616:Archived 10588:Han 1996 10561:Archived 10541:Archived 10319:Archived 10257:Archived 10233:Archived 10195:Archived 10173:Archived 10142:Archived 9964:Hou 1998 9847:Hou 1998 9704:Hou 1998 9688:Archived 9668:Archived 9597:Springer 9539:Archived 9519:Archived 9499:Archived 9479:Archived 9446:Archived 9421:Archived 9401:Archived 9381:Archived 9361:Archived 9177:Shanrong 9047:jiedushi 8984:In 319, 8949:In 319, 8798:See also 8652:Yao Ming 8517:Jingshan 8391:, and a 8387:and the 8357:Istanbul 8108:6th Ring 8104:5th Ring 8100:4th Ring 8011:Hepingli 7999:Wukesong 7985:winner, 7963:Wukesong 7889:outside. 7859:chairman 7444:Hepingli 7203:Badaling 6950:and pro- 6918:Lin Biao 6880:writing 6819:Deng Tuo 6758:Lin Biao 6725:amaranth 6701:sparrows 6674:pig iron 6646:and the 6526:Fangshan 6464:Hepingli 6383:Wukesong 6360:Sanlitun 6026:Fu Zuoyi 5979:Fu Zuoyi 5852:Unit 731 5806:mutinied 5798:Tongzhou 5686:Tongzhou 5474:de facto 5470:Peip'ing 5237:Wu Peifu 5135:Wu Peifu 5009:Middle: 4408:barbican 4396:Tongzhou 4359:fengshui 4354:geomancy 4231:besieged 4142:had the 3901:Quanjude 3775:Yiheyuan 3736:Shenyang 3627:and the 3613:Jingshan 3584:through 3471:and the 3436:era name 3202:and the 3183:abroad. 3173:Zheng He 2953:Hangzhou 2918:Baliqiao 2768:Cambuluc 2475:Chagatai 2248:Pingzhou 2201:Jurchens 2190:Xizhimen 1996:Li Cunxu 1994:general 1942:Jiedushi 1929:Jiedushi 1927:Youzhou 1840:Goguryeo 1838:against 1781:Göktürks 1556:Buddhist 1507:Liu Bang 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