796:
individuals were, therefore, superseded by the rights of the syndicate. Each employer and employee were merged to form a labor syndicate that was placed into one of six larger national categories; for national representation. Intellectual workers were placed in a special category. It was within the syndicates that requests for improved working conditions and higher wages were petitioned and decided upon with the state acting only as the final judge. In order to join a work syndicate one had to pay dues to the syndicate and become a member of the
Fascist Party. The national electorate was adapted to this new system so all voters were now, under fascism, male Italian citizens over the age of twenty one who belonged to a syndicate and were members of the fascist party. A citizen's power to vote, therefore, was granted based on the fulfillment of a social function. Belonging to a syndicate provided evidence of an individual's contribution to the state while simultaneously, through obligation in membership, made sure that all voting citizens were members of the Fascist Party.
826:
intensified as all foreign language newspapers were required to publish
Italian translations and schools were prohibited from teaching in foreign languages. Assimilating policies, however, were most aggressive between the years 1924â1927. It was during these years that policies were formally put in place discriminating against Slavic Minorities. Examples include the transformation of 500 Slovene and Croatian primary schools into Italian language schools, as well as the deportation of one thousand Slavic teachers to other parts of Italy, and the formal closure of 500 Slav societies and a number of Slavic libraries. Slav surnames were also replaced by Italianized versions. Eventually all evidence of non-Italian names, even on old gravestones, were destroyed. Houses were searched for foreign language literature and alien cultural and athletic organizations were purged of non-Italian content. Finally land and property were confiscated from Slovene peasant farmers and redistributed to new Italian settlers.
844:
sense of national identity. This loss of national identity can be witnessed in the present-day growth of
Piccolo Patria (local patriotism); where national identity is being replaced by regional patriotism. This has led to divisive movements such as the separatist movement of the Northern League of Italy. However the strength of regional patriotism has also positively affected the ease with which Italian Nationals have entered the European Union. It is a popular paradox to say that âItalians are the most regional yet at the same time the most Europeanâ of all individuals within the EU. The retention of a strong regional identity is seen as corresponding with a weaker notion of state and national identity. As a result, Italians are able to view participation in the EU as non-threatening to national consciousness in contrast to fellow Europeans; who place a greater importance on retaining a unique national identity.
927:
to hold any public office, and barred from representing civil state authority. As a result of these limitations women were banned from holding several jobs and lacked access to certain privileges. For instance women, under the original civil code of 1865, were not allowed to become arbitrators, notaries, lawyers, judges, or guardians to individuals unless directly connected through blood. Over the process of time woman did gain civil rights equal to men, however, this was a long drawn out process. In 1919, women gained the right to own property and the right to control their income, while also being given access to a handful of legal positions. 26 years later, in 1945, women received the right to vote in elections. Finally, in 1975, reforms were introduced and enacted that brought about a legal change to the distribution of power between the sexes in marriage, which had formerly held an incredibly masculine bias.
42:
954:
territory of the republic for at least two years prior to reaching majority and declaring, within one year of this date, that one wishes to acquire
Italian Citizenship. The Fourth is through legally residing for at least 6 months in the territory of the republic before marrying an Italian citizen. This fourth kind of citizenship is lost however upon annulment, divorce, or legal separation. There are also certain provisions that bar an alien from attaining Italian citizenship upon marriage. These provisions are for the most part criminal misconduct. If the future wife or husband has committed a crime of considerable degree, or poses a threat to the nation at large, then they will be barred from formal entry.
667:. Cavour wanted to create a modern secular state but without the characteristic social upheaval of revolution. Cavour and his supporters decided this could be done by limiting popular participation and unifying Italy with the consent of the Major Powers. Cavour also wished to limit enfranchisement, within the new Italy, to "men of substance." Cavour thought it most practical to control the definition of Italian Nationality, as well as the politics of the Italian Nation, from the top down.
866:
result of this the first eighty or ninety years of
Italian history characterizes non-Italian speaking minorities as intruders in the national domain; who were to be given no official existence. This is significant once it is considered that the Italian state began its life in 1861 without a common language. Most of the population could not speak, what is today considered, Italian. Out of a population of 35 million at least 31 million were not included in the, not-so, common language.
619:
3060:
914:. The fundamental principles, of both the Napoleonic code and 1865 Italian Civil Code, indicated that all male citizens were equal before the law: primogeniture, hereditary nobility, and class privileges were to be extinguished; civilian institutions were to be emancipated from ecclesiastical control; and freedom of person, freedom of contract, and inviolability of private property were to be placed under the formal protection of Civil Law.
721:; his position in government remained predominant from 1903 to 1914. Giolitti's regime most notably created a major electoral reform law, which increased voters from 3 million to 8.5 million. Previous to Giollitti, in 1882, the number of enfranchised was limited because there was an educational test for voters. Soldiers, sailors, and police officers also were, oddly enough, excluded from enfranchisement. Under Giolitti, however, the
853:
constitution is distinctive in the sense that it formally guarantees, under article 24, the right to a judicial defense. The
Italian constitution is also distinctive, from some other constitutions, in its outlawing of the death penalty, pursuant to article 27. This indicates that the state sees rehabilitation of a convicted person as an obligation; and rehabilitation through treatment as a right of the Italian citizen.
3049:
577:
918:
Criminal
Procedure have been formally used by Italy since 1931. However all of these codes have since been extensively amended and the Code of Criminal Procedure has undergone significant modification based on decisions made in the Italian Constitutional Court. In 1988 a new Code of Criminal Procedure was adopted in realization of the constitutional principles.
709:(Historical Left) replaced the Destra Storica parliament. This period was characterized by low levels of enfranchisement among nationals. Less than 2% of the population was entitled to vote, until 1882 when the figure rose to 7%. There were only half a million male voters, and these were mostly dominated by a few thousand influential figures.
771:; in which the status of the national would be redefined yet again. The Fascistâs ideal citizen was a ânew manâ devoid of any individual autonomy and responsibility who was taught to see himself merely as an instrument of the state. This ânew manâ also had to be prepared to sacrifice his life for his nation. The Italian
835:
used, during the last five years of the fascist government, in a propaganda program to educate the
Italian population to the biological understanding of Italian national identity. This propaganda campaign detailed the biological threat of Jews and other non-Europeans such as Africans to the purity of the Italian race.
834:
In
November 1938 the Italian fascist government introduced laws aimed specifically against the Italian Jewish community. These laws prohibited all Jews, regardless of their political loyalty to fascism, from participating in schools, commerce, professions or politics. This exclusion was also actively
926:
Under the Civil Code of 1865 women were formally categorized based, almost exclusively, on the nature of their relationship with an
Italian male. Women, as a result, as a group were denied the privilege of civil rights. Women were excluded from political and administrative suffrage, were not allowed
869:
When the fascist regime came to power Italian still was the spoken language of very few Italian nationals. Fascists confronted this obstruction to national unity by discriminating and banning the use of foreign language forms. French and English were particularly singled out as polluting the Italian
957:
Italian citizenship is lost when a citizen is publicly or militarily in the employment of a foreign nation or international entity with which the Italian state refuses to acknowledge. This loss of citizenship, however, is prefaced by a warning issued by the Italian state urging the Italian citizen
778:
The Italian Fascists also claimed a monopoly over the representation of âItaliannessâ; an Italian national was defined by his participation in the PNF. As a result, the liberal nationalist ideal which incorporated all Italians into the state; despite religion, ethnicity or ideology, was swept away
843:
The failure of fascism is often associated with the ruined prestige of the Italian national identity. Since the fifties and sixties the loss of national prestige seems to have grown as some scholars presently maintain that Italian nationals have already lost, or are in the process of losing, their
746:
The nationalism of la Voce came to fruition under the authoritative Giolitti government. The movement is considered to be influential on, although not directly related to, the development of fascism. The greatest contrast between the thoughts of La Voce and the ideology of fascism occurs in the la
881:
The direct result of this linguistic repression culminated in the development of a new constitutional law, included in the January 1 constitution of 1948, which carried a reference to linguistic equality. It stated that âall Italian citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law,
865:
has been considered an important characteristic of Italian national identity since the time of unification. It was the overwhelming use of regional dialects and foreign languages that lead non-Italian speaking minorities to be considered a threat to the development of national consciousness. As a
917:
The modern Italian Civil Code (promulgated in 1942) contains 2969 articles and is divided into six books categorized under the headings Persons and Family, Succession, Property Obligations, Labor, and Protection of Rights. The Civil Code was adopted in 1942 whereas the Penal Code and the Code of
817:
However, harsh assimilatory treatment of minorities in the area existed months before fascists marched on parliament. Previous to fascist control Slavs in the area were treated as an alien group and this categorization translated into specific anti-Slav policies prohibiting the use of Slovene in
953:
For the most part aliens residing in Italy can gain access to citizenship in one of four ways. The first is through engaging in active military service for the Italian state. The Second is by taking public employment from the state, within the republic or abroad. The third is by residing in the
825:
into Italy began, which formally occurred in 1922. By 1923 Topnomy laws reinvented the identities of these provinces; Slavic street names and monuments were changed to celebrate and promote Italian contemporary persons. By 1924 the integration of the Slavic community of Julian March was further
649:
This 14-year period of Napoleonic rule is substantial to Italian self-recognition, because the administration of the French influenced Italians into entertaining the idea of a constituted Italian nation state. The repressive nature of this era also acted to engender a new generation of Italian
885:
Recently, and in complete contradiction to past trends, a multicultural approach to language rights has also developed as a proposed law on language was passed by Italian parliament on December 15, 1999. This law formally protected the use of thirteen minority languages for use in education,
779:
by the totalitarian state ideal. Only Fascists were considered "True Italians" and only these individuals were granted a "Complete Citizenship." Those who did not swear allegiance to the Fascist party were banned from public life. The PNF also initiated a large propaganda program engendering
795:
The Fascist party, between 1926 and 1928, created a corporative system of representation and negotiation where equality between citizens was rejected (made official in the Charter of Labor of 1927) and citizens were arranged based on economic categorization within syndicates. The rights of
852:
Italy's ultimate law is found in its constitution, created in 1948 following the fascist downfall, where sovereignty belongs to citizens who elect a parliament. This Italian constitution is not original in its obligation to safeguard basic and fundamental human rights. However the Italian
870:
national language. As a result, laws were created aimed at preventing the use of foreign words on shop signs and Italian alternatives were created to take the place of regularly used foreign words. This repression of foreign languages went so far as to prompt Fascist Party member
958:
to give up their public or military position within an allotted amount of time. During war-time this provision is made much more important as any citizen publicly, or militarily, employed within a state at odds with Italy is essentially forced to give up their citizenship.
702:(Historical Right) completed the territorial unification of Italy, centralized its administration, and established an effective system of tax collection. It was repressive of popular movements, but respected the liberties of individuals, to think, speak, and write.
725:
decided to hesitantly support the Italian state; finally making it possible for âgood Catholicsâ to vote in elections, following 1903. This combined with increasing literacy led to 30% of the male adult population becoming eligible to vote in national elections.
632:
from the time of unification to the present. It is concerned with the civil, political, and social rights and obligations of Italian nationals and addresses how these rights and obligations have been changed or manipulated throughout the last two centuries.
755:
that could âeducate the moral conscience for the modern âNew Italianâ harmonizing the need for a strong sense of national identity with the aspiration of attaining a higher universal conscience, above and beyond that of nationalism.â
645:
was split into five large and small sovereign states that were subsequently subdivided into several smaller, semi-autonomous, mini-states. In the early 19th century, Napoleonic conquests resulted in French control over most of Italy.
730:
followed later, in 1912. In 1919 illiterate voters, who comprised about 50% of the population, were able to take part in elections by depositing unmarked ballot papers bearing their party emblem into the ballot box.
942:
Those who were born in the territory of the Republic if both parents are unknown or stateless persons, or if the child does not follow the citizenship of the parents under the law of the State to which the parents
660:. Mazzini saw Italian nationality as inclusive: âFor Mazzini, all Italians, irrespective of class and property, were impoverished and oppressed, and all were therefore included in his notion of 'the people'â
813:
Empire into Italy. This new region was referred to as âVenezia Giulia.â Under fascist rule this north eastern border was specifically targeted for the violent enforcement of an Italian national identity.
747:
voce belief that the myth of regeneration of politics was not associated with the myth of the supremacy of the state, nation, and race. In contrast, the Vociani wanted national regeneration through
882:
without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, personal, or social conditionâ and also that âthe republic will protect linguistic minorities with appropriate measures.â
775:, or PNF, achieved this through sanctifying politics, âintegrating the masses into the nation through the use of faith based rituals and symbols centered on a new fascist religion.â
41:
783:
identity to Italian emigrants and nationals abroad; in the hopes of promoting the fascist cause among former nationals through the promotion of a fascist version of
1501:
Judith Jeffrey Howard, âThe Civil Code of 1865 and the Origins of the Feminist Movement in Italyâ, in The Italian Immigrant Woman in North America, eds.
946:
The child of unknown parents found in the territory of the Republic is considered a citizen by birth, unless possession of another citizenship is proved.
681:
of 1848. Most of the Statuto were either copied from the French constitutional charter of 1840 or the Spanish constitution of 1812. The Piedmontese
685:
was originally drafted in French. To this day the statute remains officially un-repealed in Italy, though it is not used in present-day practice.
2119:
1013:
375:
2151:
399:
2782:
2134:
387:
898:
of 1865 which was used up until it was made obsolete by the second Italian Civil Code, which was formally created and put to use in 1942.
220:
2746:
1676:
605:
548:
2880:
935:
In the Italian Civil Code's amended legislation of 1992 there are three types of citizens that are recognized as citizens at birth.
2787:
2352:
1564:
3030:
2193:
809:
As a result of First World War peace process, Italy was forced to incorporate Slovene and Croatian-speaking sections of the
2827:
2102:
1910:
205:
2156:
2019:
2875:
2460:
2087:
1920:
1681:
553:
259:
950:
There is also a provision in Italian Civil Law which states that all adopted aliens automatically acquire citizenship
2107:
2082:
1925:
263:
3089:
2479:
1760:
1646:
518:
3094:
3084:
2603:
2515:
2362:
2357:
2188:
2056:
420:
2551:
2139:
598:
143:
2802:
2633:
2520:
2051:
2046:
664:
393:
335:
330:
314:
1505:, Robert F. Harney and Lydio F. Thomasi (Toronto: The Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1977),14-20.
2561:
2500:
2485:
2337:
2198:
1651:
717:
Following the fall of the Sinistra Storica parliament, Italian national politics were firmly controlled by
523:
456:
1476:
2905:
2623:
2469:
2251:
2161:
2061:
1947:
1915:
1600:
569:
410:
910:
of 1865 was formally adopted by Italy following unification. The Civil Code of 1865 was similar to the
878:
to send government representatives around newspaper offices to catch out and sack linguistic offenders.
2960:
2588:
2408:
2315:
2288:
2223:
2097:
1631:
1557:
727:
503:
462:
2990:
2756:
2679:
2643:
1661:
1626:
1621:
591:
533:
498:
493:
21:
3005:
2995:
2975:
2945:
2900:
2598:
2440:
2372:
2342:
2322:
2203:
1879:
1844:
1641:
513:
248:
106:
2885:
2648:
2505:
2475:
2450:
2367:
2327:
2266:
2165:
1930:
1900:
406:
278:
195:
767:
and the La Voce movement eventually would come together to lay a foundation for the creation of
2583:
2571:
2347:
2332:
2024:
1666:
993:
982:
772:
538:
2890:
2817:
2797:
2711:
2660:
2418:
2398:
2208:
1802:
1770:
1656:
1636:
1550:
528:
508:
430:
67:
2741:
2556:
2445:
2423:
2077:
1975:
1859:
1727:
346:
137:
61:
1516:
The Italian Civil Code and Complementary Legislation: Appendix G New Rules on Citizenship.
8:
3025:
3015:
2970:
2736:
2701:
2696:
2413:
2034:
1970:
1890:
784:
308:
296:
273:
175:
3000:
2985:
2965:
2822:
2763:
2716:
2638:
2495:
2465:
2455:
2430:
2403:
2310:
2303:
2239:
1995:
1990:
1707:
907:
895:
269:
209:
2950:
2940:
2812:
2726:
2691:
2618:
2608:
2386:
2256:
2170:
2000:
1980:
1954:
1942:
1737:
1732:
1717:
1712:
1697:
1502:
718:
677:
675:
The first Italian constitution was created through the adaptation of the Piedmontese
642:
414:
224:
56:
894:
Italy has, since unification, invoked the use of two civil codes. The first was the
3020:
2842:
2792:
2773:
2768:
2721:
2628:
2566:
2546:
2534:
2490:
2293:
2273:
2261:
2124:
2005:
1722:
1585:
1577:
875:
862:
752:
651:
622:
30:
2092:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2807:
2731:
2593:
2112:
2010:
1895:
1795:
1702:
911:
871:
856:
768:
450:
253:
3063:
3010:
2980:
2925:
2832:
2706:
2653:
2613:
2283:
2278:
2129:
2029:
1985:
1937:
1885:
1839:
1807:
1765:
1742:
1490:
Modern Legal Systems Cyclopedia Shlueter Volume Three Revised Country Studieshi
748:
381:
185:
165:
100:
3078:
2935:
2576:
2146:
1834:
1812:
1671:
967:
543:
94:
73:
3053:
2860:
2665:
2435:
2039:
1905:
1854:
1829:
1396:
Legal Systems of the World A Political and Cultural Encyclopedia Volume II.
822:
656:
581:
302:
131:
87:
2955:
2895:
2865:
2218:
1849:
618:
443:
356:
111:
663:
The key figure in the independence and initial unification of Italy was
2213:
1822:
1477:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054824/Napoleonic-Code#54053.hook
436:
1475:"Napoleonic Code." Encyclopedia of Britannica Online. Available from
123:
117:
2870:
2855:
2850:
2751:
1785:
1780:
810:
780:
764:
734:
722:
319:
1492:(Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co. Law Publisher, 2001)
1817:
1542:
1008:
Il paese mancato : dal miracolo economico agli anni Ottanta
847:
2510:
857:
Language rights and discrimination in Italian national history
821:
Following the Fascist takeover the legislative integration of
1790:
1573:
2298:
1775:
1155:
The Struggle For Modernity Nationalism Futurism and Fascism
1108:(Littleton, Colorado: Fred B. Rothman and co, 1987),171.
712:
636:
1290:
The Politics of Italian a Multidisciplinary Perspective
1518:(New, York New York: Oxford University Press, 2007),1.
921:
759:
2057:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
1398:(Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO: 2002), 763.
829:
3076:
1339:
1337:
1318:
1316:
1233:
1231:
735:Italian fascist conceptualization of nationality
628:This article deals primarily with the nature of
1408:
1406:
1404:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1558:
1334:
1313:
1228:
974:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984
848:Modern Italian constitutional distinctiveness
599:
1401:
1358:
1346:
1270:
1258:
1169:
688:
790:
650:national revolutionaries. One of which was
1565:
1551:
606:
592:
1039:Italy Since 1800 A Nation in the Balance?
799:
1288:Haddock, Bruce ed. and Bedani, Gino Ed.
818:government institutions and law courts.
617:
939:The child of a citizen father or mother
3077:
1479:. Internet; accessed 27 November 2007.
838:
1546:
901:
713:Giovanni Giolitti and voter expansion
670:
637:Italian national identity before 1861
2103:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1292:(Gwenyth Street, Cardiff, 2000)163.
13:
1572:
1157:(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 11.
922:Female exclusion from civil rights
14:
3106:
886:broadcasting and administration.
874:, on 16 August 1926 to call upon
760:Fascist conception of nationality
3059:
3058:
3047:
575:
40:
2788:Orders, decorations, and medals
1530:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1325:
1304:
1295:
1282:
1249:
1240:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1160:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1106:Modern constitutions since 1787
961:
804:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1031:
930:
830:Jewish exclusion under fascism
144:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
1:
665:Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
254:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
999:Ernesto Galli della Loggia,
889:
693:
654:, known as a founder of the
315:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
7:
2828:Water supply and sanitation
2252:Italian geographical region
2120:Monarchy and the World Wars
2062:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1948:War of the Sicilian Vespers
1601:Timeline of Italian history
1041:(Harlow: Longman, 1995), 4.
10:
3111:
2747:Inventions and discoveries
2157:Fall of the Fascist regime
2140:Fourth War of Independence
2098:Expedition of the Thousand
2088:Second War of Independence
1020:, Bologna: il Mulino, 2006
1003:, Bologna: il Mulino, 1998
972:The invention of tradition
970:and Terence Ranger (ed.),
739:
728:Universal manhood suffrage
3043:
2841:
2687:
2678:
2542:
2533:
2521:Security and intelligence
2394:
2385:
2247:
2238:
2181:
2108:Third War of Independence
2083:First War of Independence
2070:
1963:
1872:
1753:
1690:
1609:
1593:
1584:
1394:Herbert M. Kritzer, ed.,
689:After Italian Unification
158:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
2199:IstrianâDalmatian exodus
2194:Institutional referendum
1024:
791:Fascist syndicate system
641:In the Middle Ages, the
249:Italy in the Middle Ages
107:Roman expansion in Italy
3090:Social history of Italy
2722:Emigration and diaspora
1931:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1916:the Sardinian Judicates
1514:Mario Beltramo, trans.,
457:European migrant crisis
407:Italian Social Republic
322:Italy (1801–1814)
279:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3095:Legal history of Italy
3085:History of nationality
2604:Science and technology
2552:Italian regions by GDP
2353:Marine protected areas
2025:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1010:, Roma: Donzelli, 2003
800:Fascist discrimination
773:National Fascist Party
625:
140:(286 AD–476 AD)
70:(12th–6th c. BC)
64:(18th–3rd c. BC)
2803:Public administration
1911:the Holy Roman Empire
1488:Kenneth Robert, ed.,
979:Italiani senza Italia
621:
400:Italy in World War II
103:(509 BC–27 BC)
97:(753 BC–509 BC)
76:(8th–3rd c. BC)
68:Etruscan civilization
3031:World Heritage Sites
2486:Council of Ministers
2224:Coronavirus pandemic
1622:Currency and coinage
494:Currency and coinage
433:(1970s–1980s)
388:Italy in World War I
299:(14th–16th c.)
134:(27 BC–286 AD)
62:Nuragic civilization
2562:Automotive industry
2501:Metropolitan cities
2047:Early Modern period
2020:Kingdom of Sardinia
1971:Italian city-states
1018:L'Italia letteraria
1001:L'identitĂ italiana
839:Italy after fascism
785:Italian nationalism
751:and the faith of a
630:Italian citizenship
297:Italian Renaissance
274:Italian city-states
2624:Telecommunications
1991:Maritime republics
908:Italian Civil Code
902:Italian Civil Code
896:Italian Civil Code
671:First constitution
626:
270:Maritime republics
256:(6th–8th c.)
210:Carolingian Empire
3072:
3071:
3039:
3038:
2674:
2673:
2609:Southern question
2529:
2528:
2461:Political parties
2409:Foreign relations
2381:
2380:
2234:
2233:
1955:Kingdom of Naples
1943:Kingdom of Sicily
1503:Betty Boyd Caroli
719:Giovanni Giolitti
678:Statuto Albertino
643:Italian peninsula
616:
615:
463:COVID-19 pandemic
459:(2014–2016)
453:(2007–2009)
447:(1992–2001)
439:(1986–1992)
417:(1943–1945)
415:Italian Civil War
402:(1940–1945)
396:(1922–1943)
390:(1914–1918)
384:(1882–1960)
378:(1861–1946)
350:(1815–1871)
311:(1545–1648)
305:(1494–1559)
266:in southern Italy
234:
233:
225:Holy Roman Empire
57:Prehistoric Italy
3102:
3062:
3061:
3054:Italy portal
3051:
3050:
2991:National symbols
2685:
2684:
2540:
2539:
2392:
2391:
2245:
2244:
2125:Kingdom of Italy
2052:Napoleonic Italy
1591:
1590:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
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1512:
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1368:
1365:
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1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1153:Emilio Gentile,
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1104:John A Hawgood.
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1035:
977:Aldo Schiavone,
876:Benito Mussolini
863:Italian language
753:secular religion
707:Sinistra Storica
652:Giuseppe Mazzini
623:Italian passport
608:
601:
594:
582:Italy portal
580:
579:
578:
309:Catholic revival
162:
161:
44:
34:
16:
15:
3110:
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3105:
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3075:
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3068:
3048:
3035:
3006:Public holidays
2837:
2783:Life expectancy
2670:
2525:
2441:Law enforcement
2377:
2230:
2177:
2166:Social Republic
2130:Colonial Empire
2113:Capture of Rome
2066:
1959:
1868:
1761:Ancient peoples
1749:
1686:
1647:Historic states
1605:
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1037:Roger Absalom,
1036:
1032:
1027:
964:
933:
924:
912:Napoleonic Code
904:
892:
872:Tommaso Tittoni
859:
850:
841:
832:
807:
802:
793:
769:Italian Fascism
762:
744:
737:
715:
696:
691:
673:
639:
612:
576:
574:
572:
563:
562:
561:
559:
519:Historic states
483:
475:
474:
451:Great Recession
382:Colonial Empire
371:
363:
362:
361:
342:
292:
284:
283:
244:
236:
235:
159:
151:
150:
90:
80:
79:
52:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3070:
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3018:
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3008:
3003:
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2709:
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2699:
2694:
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2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Stock exchange
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:Municipalities
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2476:Prime Minister
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Regional parks
2360:
2358:National parks
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:Climate change
2259:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2030:Duchy of Savoy
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1938:Lombard League
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:Western Empire
1852:
1847:
1845:Roman conquest
1842:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:Italic peoples
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
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1710:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1688:
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1679:
1674:
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1664:
1659:
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1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1527:Beltramo, 1-2.
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1457:Haddock., 108.
1450:
1448:Haddock., 107.
1441:
1439:Haddock., 106.
1432:
1430:Haddock., 100.
1423:
1421:Haddock., 115.
1414:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1343:Haddock., 178.
1333:
1331:Haddock., 170.
1324:
1322:Haddock., 169.
1312:
1310:Haddock., 166.
1303:
1301:Haddock., 164.
1294:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1237:Gentile., 146.
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1168:
1159:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:Guido Crainz,
1004:
997:
986:
975:
963:
960:
948:
947:
944:
940:
932:
929:
923:
920:
903:
900:
891:
888:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
806:
803:
801:
798:
792:
789:
761:
758:
749:civic humanism
743:
738:
736:
733:
714:
711:
700:Destra Storica
695:
692:
690:
687:
672:
669:
638:
635:
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
565:
564:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
460:
454:
448:
440:
428:
418:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
353:
352:
351:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
325:
324:
323:
317:
312:
306:
300:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
267:
257:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
231:
230:962–1801
228:
217:
216:
213:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
168:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
138:Western Empire
135:
129:
128:
127:
114:
109:
98:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
65:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3107:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Years of Lead
2207:
2205:
2204:Economic Boom
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Fascist Italy
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Niçard exodus
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Magna Graecia
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1533:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1466:Haddock., 98.
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1412:Kritzer.,763.
1409:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1385:Haddock.,109.
1382:
1376:Haddock, 109.
1373:
1367:Gentile.,186.
1364:
1362:
1355:Gentile.,185.
1352:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1279:Hawgood.,422.
1276:
1274:
1267:Hawgood.,421.
1264:
1262:
1255:Hawgood.,420.
1252:
1246:Gentile., 81.
1243:
1234:
1232:
1225:Gentile., 62.
1222:
1216:Gentile., 87.
1213:
1204:
1198:Gentile., 22.
1195:
1186:
1180:Hawgood.,177.
1177:
1175:
1173:
1166:Absalom., 70.
1163:
1156:
1150:
1144:Absalom., 57.
1141:
1135:Absalom., 55.
1132:
1126:Hawgood.,172.
1123:
1117:Hawgood.,171.
1114:
1107:
1101:
1095:Absalom., 30.
1092:
1086:Absalom., 24.
1083:
1077:Absalom., 23.
1074:
1068:Absalom., 21.
1065:
1059:Absalom., 17.
1056:
1050:Absalom., 14.
1047:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1014:Stefano Jossa
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:Il Noi diviso
987:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
968:Eric Hobsbawm
966:
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951:
945:
941:
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686:
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631:
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431:Years of Lead
429:
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398:
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389:
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265:
261:
258:
255:
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250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
229:
226:
222:
219:
218:
215:774–962
214:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:568–774
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:435–534
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:493–553
179:
177:
174:
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170:476–493
169:
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155:
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133:
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115:
113:
110:
108:
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102:
99:
96:
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92:
89:
84:
83:
75:
74:Magna Graecia
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
28:
23:
18:
17:
2891:Architecture
2861:Quattrocento
2818:Social class
2798:Prostitution
2712:Demographics
2634:Trade unions
2577:Central Bank
2419:Human rights
2399:Constitution
2182:Contemporary
2152:World War II
2040:Italian Wars
1964:Early modern
1906:Papal States
1884:Italy under
1830:Ancient Rome
1616:
1536:Beltramo, 4.
1532:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1327:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1251:
1242:
1221:
1212:
1207:Gentile.,41.
1203:
1194:
1189:Hawgood,178.
1185:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1017:
1007:
1000:
989:
988:Remo Bodei,
978:
971:
962:Bibliography
956:
952:
949:
934:
925:
916:
905:
893:
884:
880:
868:
860:
851:
842:
833:
823:Julian March
820:
816:
808:
805:Julian March
794:
777:
763:
745:
740:
716:
706:
704:
699:
697:
682:
676:
674:
662:
657:Risorgimento
655:
648:
640:
629:
627:
568:
558:
488:
466:
465:(2020–
442:
424:
423:(1946–
347:Risorgimento
345:
303:Italian Wars
291:Early modern
122:
116:
88:Ancient Rome
2956:Italophilia
2916:Coat of arm
2866:Cinquecento
2742:Immigration
2692:Aristocracy
2557:Agriculture
2451:Nationality
2424:LGBT rights
2338:Earthquakes
2219:Mani pulite
2135:World War I
2078:Unification
2071:Late modern
2035:Renaissance
1880:Middle Ages
1873:Middle Ages
1850:Roman Italy
1617:Citizenship
981:, Torino:
931:Citizenship
489:Citizenship
444:Mani pulite
357:Young Italy
176:Ostrogothic
112:Roman Italy
31:History of
3079:Categories
3026:Traditions
3016:Television
3001:Philosophy
2966:Literature
2906:Cathedrals
2876:Settecento
2737:Healthcare
2702:Corruption
2697:Censorship
2456:Parliament
2414:Government
2214:Maxi Trial
2162:Resistance
1891:Ostrogoths
1823:Messapians
1708:Villanovan
1698:Prehistory
1691:Prehistory
992:, Torino:
437:Maxi Trial
320:Napoleonic
2986:Mythology
2961:Libraries
2881:Ottocento
2823:Terrorism
2764:Languages
2717:Education
2639:Transport
2589:Companies
2496:Provinces
2466:President
2431:Judiciary
2404:Elections
2316:Volcanoes
2311:Volcanism
2304:Apennines
2289:Mountains
2257:Peninsula
2240:Geography
2171:Civil War
1896:Byzantium
1803:Etruscans
1738:Canegrate
1733:Golasecca
1718:Rinaldone
1713:Terramare
1703:Neolithic
890:Civil Law
694:Storica's
411:Partisans
166:Odoacer's
124:Optimates
118:Populares
3064:Category
2951:Internet
2941:Folklore
2871:Seicento
2856:Trecento
2851:Duecento
2813:Religion
2774:Regional
2752:Italians
2727:Gambling
2619:Taxation
2446:Military
2387:Politics
2189:Republic
1976:Florence
1901:Lombards
1840:Republic
1786:Samnites
1781:Picentes
1723:Apennine
1682:Railways
1662:Military
1610:By topic
1594:Overview
1578:articles
811:Habsburg
765:Futurism
570:Timeline
534:Military
482:By topic
421:Republic
405:Fascist
376:Monarchy
331:Republic
243:Medieval
221:Germanic
206:Frankish
101:Republic
22:a series
20:Part of
3021:Theatre
2996:Palaces
2976:Museums
2946:Gardens
2931:Fashion
2921:Cuisine
2901:Castles
2843:Culture
2793:Poverty
2769:Italian
2680:Society
2661:Welfare
2629:Tourism
2599:Exports
2567:Banking
2547:Economy
2535:Economy
2491:Regions
2373:Valleys
2343:Islands
2323:Beaches
2294:Prealps
2274:Geology
2262:Climate
1926:Normans
1886:Odoacer
1835:Kingdom
1818:Ligures
1754:Ancient
1728:Nuragic
1677:Postage
1652:Judaism
1642:Genetic
1632:Fashion
1627:Economy
1586:History
994:Einaudi
983:Einaudi
943:belong.
781:Italian
741:La Voce
723:Vatican
683:Statuto
554:Railway
549:Postage
524:Judaism
514:Genetic
504:Fashion
499:Economy
467:present
425:present
394:Fascism
336:Kingdom
264:Normans
196:Lombard
95:Kingdom
3052:
2926:Design
2911:Cinema
2886:Anthem
2808:Racism
2757:People
2732:Health
2594:Energy
2584:Brands
2511:Comune
2506:Cities
2368:Rivers
2328:Canals
2011:Amalfi
1996:Venice
1855:Empire
1796:Veneti
1771:Latins
1743:Latial
1576:
996:, 1998
985:, 1998
370:Modern
186:Vandal
132:Empire
24:on the
3011:Sport
2981:Music
2971:Media
2833:Women
2707:Crime
2572:Banks
2348:Lakes
2333:Caves
2284:Flora
2279:Fauna
2001:Genoa
1986:Milan
1981:Siena
1921:Arabs
1808:Celts
1791:Umbri
1667:Music
1637:Flags
1574:Italy
1025:Notes
539:Music
509:Flags
260:Islam
51:Early
33:Italy
2936:Flag
2666:Wine
2654:road
2649:rail
2480:List
2470:List
2299:Alps
2164:and
2006:Pisa
1776:Osci
1672:Name
1657:LGBT
906:The
861:The
705:The
698:The
544:Name
529:LGBT
413:and
272:and
262:and
121:and
2896:Art
2644:air
2436:Law
3081::
1403:^
1360:^
1348:^
1336:^
1315:^
1272:^
1260:^
1230:^
1171:^
1016:,
787:.
409:,
2482:)
2478:(
2472:)
2468:(
1566:e
1559:t
1552:v
607:e
600:t
593:v
469:)
427:)
227:)
223:(
212:)
208:(
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