History of Jerusalem

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destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In around 130 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian founded a new city in place of Herodian Jerusalem next to the military camp. He honored the city with the status of a colony and named it Aelia Capitolina and possibly also forbidding Jews from entering its boundaries

3774: 3553:: "Christians and Jews alike in Jerusalem lived in great poverty and in conditions of great deprivation, there are not many Christians but there are many Jews, and these the Muslims persecute in various ways. Christians and Jews go about in Jerusalem in clothes considered fit only for wandering beggars. The Muslims know that the Jews think and even say that this is the Holy Land which has been promised to them and that those Jews who dwell there are regarded as holy by Jews elsewhere, because, in spite of all the troubles and sorrows inflicted on them by the Muslims, they refuse to leave the Land." Only the 4534:"For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be 'Jerusalem.'" 3934: 5798:

miraculous Night Journey and Ascension of Muhammad, events recorded in medieval sources and known as the isra and miraj. As we will see, this association is a rather late and even a contested one. The earliest Muslim work on the Religious Merits of Jerusalem was the Fada'il Bayt al-Maqdis by al-Walid ibn Hammad al-Ramli (d. 912 CE), a text which is recoverable from later works. He relates the significance of Jerusalem vis-a-vis the Jewish Temple, conflating 'a collage of biblical narratives' and comments pilgrimage to Jerusalem, a practice which was controversial in later Muslim periods."

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in fact, in the older tradition isra is often used as synonymous with miradj (see Isl., vi, 14). The second explanation, the only one given in all the more modern commentaries, interprets masjid al-aksa as "Jerusalem" and this for no very apparent reason. It seems to have been an Umayyad device intended to further the glorification of Jerusalem as against that of the holy territory (cf. Goldziher, Muh. Stud., ii, 55-6; Isl, vi, 13 ff), then ruled by Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr. Al-Tabarl seems to reject it. He does not mention it in his History and seems rather to adopt the first explanation.

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Mavromatis, on 27 January 1914. Work under these concessions had not begun and, by the end of the war the British occupying forces refused to recognize their validity. Mavromatis claimed that his concessions overlapped with the Auja Concession that the government had awarded to Rutenberg in 1921 and that he had been deprived of his legal rights. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20 km (12 mi) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

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populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.

619: 3145: 3961: 2389: 3594:. The outline of the walls largely follows that of different older fortifications. The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of "religious peace"; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation. 4611:, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity – albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and 4455: 2773: 1213: 4138:, Jordan ransacked 57 ancient synagogues, libraries and centers of religious study in the Old City Of Jerusalem, 12 were totally and deliberately destroyed. Those that remained standing were defaced, used for housing of both people and animals. Appeals were made to the United Nations and in the international community to declare the Old City to be an 'open city' and stop this destruction, but there was no response. 3662: 2791: 2137: 2981:

latter. Although the Christians of the city were left unmolested, and allowed access to the Christian holy sites, the wars with Byzantium and the general instability in Syria impeded the arrival pilgrims from Europe. The Seljuks also forbade the repair of any church, despite the damages suffered in the recent turmoils. There does not appear to have been a significant Jewish community in the city at this time.

2548: 1925: 1916: 4507:"When Judea was converted into a Roman province in 6 CE, Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)." 1697:, the biblical account of the centralization of worship in Jerusalem is a fiction, although by the time of Josiah the territory he ruled was so small that the temple became de facto the only shrine left. Solomon is also described as having created several other important building works at Jerusalem, including the construction of his palace, and the construction of the 4300:" declaring Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. The council has also condemned Israeli settlement in territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem (see UNSCR 3463:, and in the Basilica of the Nativity at Bethlehem. Their principal activity was to ensure liturgical life in these Christian sanctuaries and to give spiritual assistance to the pilgrims coming from the West, to European merchants resident or passing through the main cities of Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon, and to have a direct and authorized relation with the 1485: 1662:, was expanded to the south and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel. David also constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary. 2955:), each of which has nine-and-twenty marble pillars, whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles, and the joints are set in lead. Above the pillars rise arches, that are constructed, of masonry, without mortar or cement, and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone. These colonnades lead down to near the 3289:), and public baths. Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. Old gates to the site lost importance and new gates were built, while significant parts of the northern and western porticos along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period. 2218:, which could only be done by the High Priest. Hyrcanus II was restored as High Priest, stripped of his royal title but recognized as an ethnarch in 47 BCE. Judea remained an autonomous province but still with a significant amount of independence. The last Hasmonean king was Aristobulus' son, Antigonus II Matityahu. 2631:, all within the borders of modern-day Jerusalem, are all signs that the rural area surrounding Aelia Capitolina underwent a romanization process, with Roman citizens and Roman veterans settling in the area during the Late Roman period. Jews were still banned from the city throughout the remainder of its time as a 4397:

descend from all the different peoples who have lived in the region. As a result, both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city, and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the

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from accessing holy sites due to their inadmissibility to Jerusalem, as well as limitations on Jews from visiting the Temple Mount due to both politically motivated restrictions (where they are allowed to walk on the Mount in small groups, but are forbidden to pray or study while there) and religious

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beyond it. From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000, comprising two-thirds Jews and one-third Arabs (Muslims and Christians). Relations between Arab Christians and Muslims and the growing Jewish population in Jerusalem deteriorated, resulting in recurring unrest.

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The British had to deal with a conflicting demand that was rooted in Ottoman rule. Agreements for the supply of water, electricity, and the construction of a tramway system—all under concessions granted by the Ottoman authorities—had been signed by the city of Jerusalem and a Greek citizen, Euripides

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By the 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the construction of the New City, the part of Jerusalem outside of the city walls. Seeking new areas to stake their claims, the Russian Orthodox Church began constructing a complex, now known as the

1890:, killed Zedekiah's descendants in front of him, and plucked out Zedekiah's eyes so that that would be the last thing he ever saw. The Babylonians then took Zedekiah into captivity, along with prominent members of Judah. The Babylonians then burnt the temple, destroyed the city's walls, and appointed 1607:(then particularly the Ha'atussa-Wilussa circuit of Anatolian city-states). The decline of these central powers gave rise to more independent kingdoms in the region. According to the Bible, Jerusalem at this time was known as Jebus, and its independent Canaanite inhabitants at this time were known as 5814:

For this verse, tradition gives three interpretations: The oldest one, which disappears from the more recent commentaries, detects an allusion to Muhammad's Ascension to Heaven. This explanation interprets the expression al-masjid al-aksa, "the further place of worship" in the sense of "Heaven" and,

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The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan

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In 1551 the Friars were expelled by the Turks from the Cenacle and from their adjoining monastery. However, they were granted permission to purchase a Georgian monastery of nuns in the northwest quarter of the city, which became the new center of the Custody in Jerusalem and developed into the Latin

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After partition, the fight for Jerusalem escalated, with heavy casualties among both fighters and civilians on the British, Jewish, and Arab sides. By the end of March 1948, just before the British withdrawal, and with the British increasingly reluctant to intervene, the roads to Jerusalem were cut

3727:, adding new life to the local population. At the same time, European colonial powers began seeking toeholds in the city, hoping to expand their influence pending the imminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This was also an age of Christian religious revival, and many churches sent missionaries to 2980:

throughout the Middle East. As the Turks were staunch Sunnis, they were opposed not only to the Fatimids, but also to the numerous Shia Muslims, who saw themselves removed from dominance after a century of Fatimid rule. In 1176, riots between Sunnis and Shiites in Jerusalem led to a massacre of the

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reports, the Housing Ministry "then under Ariel Sharon, worked hard to seize control of property in the Old City and in the adjacent neighborhood of Silwan by declaring them absentee property. The suspicion arose that some of the transactions were not legal; an examination committee ... found

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By the time General Allenby took Jerusalem from the Ottomans in 1917, the new city was a patchwork of neighborhoods and communities, each with a distinct ethnic character. This continued under British rule, as the New City of Jerusalem grew outside the old city walls, and the Old City of Jerusalem

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claiming it as their capital. Historiographically, the city's history is often interpreted through the lens of competing national narratives. Israeli scholars emphasize the ancient Jewish connection to the city, while Palestinian narratives highlight the city's broader historical and multicultural

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In the mid-19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the city was a backwater, with a population that did not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, it was, even then, an extremely heterogeneous city because of its significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The population was divided into

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rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036. The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven. Az-Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle, which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque. The central aisle was double the width of the

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argues that it only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the 7th century BCE. However, Omer Sergi argues that recent archaeological discoveries at the City of David and the Ophel seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the Iron Age IIA.

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in the Quran, and the Qur'an does not mention the exact location of Al-Aqsa Mosque. Some scholars contend that the connection between the Al-Aqsa Mosque referenced in the Quran and the Temple Mount in Jerusalem is the result of an Umayyad political agenda that aimed to rival the prestige of the

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for three years, but it's uncertain if they would also assert their control over Jerusalem. Archaeological research found no evidence for Bar Kokhba ever managing to hold the city. Hadrian responded with overwhelming force, putting down the rebellion, killing as many as a half million Jews, and

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The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were

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doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00305.x. "One of the most pressing issues in both medieval and contemporary scholarship related to Jerusalem is weather the city is explicitly referenced in the text of the Qur'an. Sura 17, verse 1, which reads has been variously interpreted as referring to the

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four major communities – Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Armenian – and the first three of these could be further divided into countless subgroups, based on precise religious affiliation or country of origin. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was meticulously partitioned between the

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among the Muslim and especially the Jewish populations, believing that this would speed the Second Coming of Christ. Finally, the combination of European colonialism and religious zeal was expressed in a new scientific interest in the biblical lands in general and Jerusalem in particular.

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Archaeological evidence suggests that by the 17th century BCE, the Canaanites had built massive walls (4 and 5 ton boulders, 26 feet high) on the eastern side of Jerusalem to protect their ancient water system. By c. 1550–1400 BCE, Jerusalem had become a vassal to Egypt after the Egyptian

1859:, an inscription contemporary with the event, the king of Judah, Hezekiah, was "shut up in the city like a caged bird" and eventually persuaded Sennacherib to leave by sending him "30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty". 1720:(which the Bible places near the end of the reign of Solomon, c. 930 BCE, though Finkelstein and others dispute the very existence of a unified monarchy to begin with), Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, while the Kingdom of Israel located its capital at 4019:

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War led to massive displacement of Arab and Jewish populations. According to Benny Morris, due to mob and militia violence on both sides, 1,500 of the 3,500 (mostly ultra-Orthodox) Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit. See also

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Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church, and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount (the Dome of the Rock and the

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reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external (retaining) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood, a portion of which has become known as the

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appeared before the city and laid siege to it. After six weeks, the Seljuk garrison capitulated and was allowed to leave for Damascus and Diyar Bakr. The Fatimid takeover was followed by the expulsion of most of the Sunnis, in which many of them were also killed.

4373:, the selectivity required to summarize 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background. For example, the Jewish periods of the city's history are important to Israeli nationalists, whose discourse states that modern 6387: 2669:

was constructed and dedicated in 335 CE. Helena also claimed to have found the True Cross. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of

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Concerning Jewish holy sites, Jordan breached its commitment to appoint a committee to discuss, among other topics, free access of Jews to the holy sites under its jurisdiction, mainly in the Western Wall and the important Jewish cemetery on the

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By the end of the Second Temple period, Jerusalem's size and population had reached a peak that would not be broken until the 20th century. There were about 70,000- 100,000 people living in the city at that time, according to modern estimations.

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Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided. The Western half of the New City became part of the newly formed state of Israel, while the eastern half, along with the Old City, was occupied by Jordan. According to David Guinn,

3230:. It is unclear if the Mongols were ever in Jerusalem, as it was not seen as a settlement of strategic importance at the time. However, there are reports that some of the Jews that were in Jerusalem temporarily fled to neighboring villages. 4292:. The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city, and most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv. In May 2018 The United States and Guatemala moved the embassies to Jerusalem. The 4126:, as provided in the Article 8.2 of the Cease Fire Agreement between it and Israel dated April 3, 1949. Jordan permitted the paving of new roads in the cemetery, and tombstones were used for paving in Jordanian army camps. The Cave of 1821:, Jerusalem was the sole acting religious shrine in the kingdom and a centre of regular pilgrimage; a fact which archaeologists generally view as being corroborated by the evidence, though there remained a more personal cult involving 1855:, unlike Samaria, which had fallen some 20 years previously. According to the Bible, this was a miraculous event in which an angel killed 185,000 men in Sennacherib's army. According to Sennacherib's own account preserved in the 1641:, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the 3643:

and took control of the city in 1703–1705 before an imperial army reestablished Ottoman authority there. The consequent loss of power of Jerusalem's al-Wafa'iya al-Husayni family, which led the rebellion, paved the way for the

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or Temple Mount (northeast), the Christians lived mainly in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (northwest), the Jews lived mostly on the slope above the Western Wall (southeast), and the Armenians lived near the

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was also built under Umayyad rule during the late 7th or early 8th century on the southern end of the compound, and was associated with a place of the same name mentioned in the Quran as a place visited by Muhammad during his

3752:, eventually flourished and set the precedent for other new communities to spring up to the west and north of the Old City. In time, as the communities grew and connected geographically, this became known as the New City. 4160: 3262:. The Mamluks ruled over Palestine including Jerusalem from 1260 until 1516. In the decades after 1260 they also worked to eliminate the remaining Crusader states in the region. The last of these was defeated with the 3195:. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status. The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty. In 1229, by treaty with 1645:

for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a "water shaft" and attacking the city from the inside. Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the

3948: 1650:– the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city – is now known to have been heavily defended (and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive). The older 3458:

The friars, coming from any of the Order's provinces, under the jurisdiction of the father guardian (superior) of the monastery on Mount Zion, were present in Jerusalem, in the Cenacle, in the church of the

2665:, to Jerusalem to search for the tomb of Jesus. Helena traveled to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage, where she recognized the site where Jesus was crucified, buried, and raised from the dead. On the spot, the 4113:, for Jerusalem to be a city under international administration. The city was to be completely surrounded by the Arab state, with only a highway to connect international Jerusalem to the Jewish state. 4187:; along with it, it destroyed 14 religious buildings, including 2 mosques, 135 homes inhabited by 650 people. Thereafter a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall. However, the 2868:

period (750–969) is the least documented of the early Muslim period in general. The Temple Mount area was the center of known building activity, with structures damaged in earthquakes being repaired.

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patronage. The frequent building activity in the city during this period is evidenced by the 90 remaining structures that date from the 13th to 15th centuries. The types of structures built included

2891:. Under Muslim rule Jerusalem did not achieve the political or cultural status enjoyed by the capitals Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo etc. Al-Muqaddasi derives his name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem, 2124:. After Mattathias died, Judas Maccabee took over as the revolt's leader, and in 164 BCE, he captured Jerusalem and restored temple worship, an event celebrated to this day in the Jewish festival of 5736: 4273:

Conversely, Israeli and other Jews have showed concerns over excavations being done by the Waqf on the Temple Mount that could harm Temple relics, particularly excavations to the north of

4516:"This was not done in the heat of battle, but by official order. Explosives were placed carefully and thoughtfully under the springing points of the domes, of the great Hurva synagogue." 3501:

priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed

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Both the Bible and regional archaeological evidence suggest the region was politically unstable during the period 925–732 BCE. In 925 BCE, the region was invaded by Egyptian Pharaoh

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take place at the Western Wall today, including the swearing-in of various Israel army officers units, national ceremonies such as memorial services for fallen Israeli soldiers on

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edicts that forbid Jews from trespassing on what may be the site of the Holy of the Holies. Concerns have been raised about possible attacks on the al-Aqsa Mosque after a serious

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becoming one of the city's leading families. Thousands of Ottoman troops were garrisoned in Jerusalem in the aftermath of the revolt, which caused a decline in the local economy.

3723:: some were elderly individuals, who came to die in Jerusalem and be buried on the Mount of Olives; others were students, who came with their families to await the coming of the 4012:

off by Arab irregulars, placing the Jewish population of the city under siege. The siege was eventually broken, though massacres of civilians occurred on both sides, before the

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sect, Mamluks, and the Jews, whom he referred to "as the most cursed of all". However, a Christian pilgrim from Bohemia who had visited Jerusalem in 1491–1492 wrote in his book

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in the process. Umar ibn al-Khattab allowed the Jews back into the city and freedom to live and worship after almost three centuries of banishment by the Romans and Byzantines.

4525:"No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people." 4237:

Under Israeli control, members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites. The major exceptions being security limitations placed on some Arabs from the

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gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy "all the princes of the people" in the city. And half a century later, the city was sacked by

3744:. The first attempt at residential settlement outside the walls of Jerusalem was undertaken by Jews, who built a small complex on the hill overlooking Zion Gate, across the 2738:. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine emperor 3759:. Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish-American colony, who called them 3066:, was elected Lord of Jerusalem on 22 July 1099, but did not assume the royal crown and died a year later. Barons offered the lordship of Jerusalem to Godfrey's brother 492: 4281:

for them (having been pressured to do so by Israeli authorities). Some Jewish sources allege that the Waqf's excavations in Solomon's Stables also seriously harmed the

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son of Achikam as governor of Judah. After 52 days of rule, Yishmael, son of Netaniah, a surviving descendant of Zedekiah, assassinated Gedaliah after encouragement by

2503:. Foreign cults were introduced and Jews were forbidden entry. The construction of Aelia Capitolina is considered one of the proximate reasons for the eruption of the 5669: 4833: 4100: 2649:

Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, Jerusalem prospered as a hub of Christian worship. After allegedly seeing a vision of a cross in the sky in 312,

5533:, page 334: "Jews were forbidden to live in the city and were allowed to visit it only once a year, on the Ninth of Ab, to mourn on the ruins of their holy Temple." 4028:(today within the bounds of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem. The villages of 4434: 4289: 2972:, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a period of instability and decline, as factions fought for power in Cairo. In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord 3972: 1942: 5685:

Jerusalem blessed, Jerusalem cursed: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy City from David's time to our own. By Thomas A. Idinopulos, I.R. Dee, 1991, p. 152

1701:(the identity of which is somewhat controversial). Archaeologists are divided over whether the biblical narrative is supported by the evidence from excavations. 4443: 4328:, filed by Jewish organizations, were accepted by the Custodian without any site visits or other follow-up on the claims. ElAd, a settlement organization which 7282: 3919:

into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. Each state would be composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab enclave at

3356: 6778: 4407: 4191:(Islamic trust) was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities. 1259:

is one of the world's oldest cities, with a history spanning over 5,000 years. Its origins trace back to around 3000 BCE, with the first settlement near the

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Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in 1967, Jewish settler organizations have sought to establish a Jewish presence in neighborhoods such as

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The time span consisting of the 12th and 13th centuries is sometimes referred to as the medieval period, or the Middle Ages, in the history of Jerusalem.

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organization, are working to increase Jewish settlement in Silwan in cooperation with the Committee for the Renewal of the Yemenite Village in Shiloah.

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Several changes with long-lasting effects on the city occurred in the mid-19th century: their implications can be felt today and lie at the root of the

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of the First Crusade came to besiege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to the German city of

1658:, during and possibly before David's control of the city, who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem. The city, which at that point stood upon the 1654:

text, however, suggests that rather than by a water shaft, David's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers. There was another king in Jerusalem,

4860: 2730:, Jerusalem was captured. Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at the 1677:

equates with David's altar. The temple became a major cultural centre in the region; eventually, particularly after religious reforms such as those of

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Amihai Mazar (2010). "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy". In Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann (ed.).

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churches. Tensions between the groups ran so deep that the keys to the shrine and its doors were safeguarded by a pair of 'neutral' Muslim families.

6800:"Archaeologists for hire: A Jewish settler organisation is using archaeology to further its political agenda and oust Palestinians from their homes" 7257: 5076: 3101:

have their beginnings. Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the 12th century.

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before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations."

4433: 3876:. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city and institutions of higher learning such as the 3022: 4435: 3773: 3325:, built shortly after in 1482; both were located on the Temple Mount. Qaytbay's monuments were the last major Mamluk constructions in the city. 38: 4305: 4301: 4293: 3719:

over Jerusalem. The first of these was a trickle of Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The first such immigrants were

3712:(southwest). In no way was this division exclusive, though it did form the basis of the four quarters during the British Mandate (1917–1948). 3384:, Malik al-Kamil, who was surprised by his unusual behaviour. The Franciscan Province of the East extended to Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and the 4591:, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as 4416: 4414: 7262: 5904: 3490:(1440). For the same reason the party guided by Brother Giovanni di Calabria halted in Jerusalem on his way to meet the Christian Negus of 1156: 6911: 4440: 6723: 4436: 2262:, writing of Herod's achievements, called Jerusalem "the most famous by far of the Eastern cities and not only the cities of Judea." The 1241: 580: 1752:

who captured and pillaged Jerusalem. Around 75 years later, Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against the

7154: 6498: 5836: 3423:, the Franciscans started planning a return to Jerusalem, given the good political relations between the Christian governments and the 7149:, and Falestin Naili. "Publishing Jerusalem's ottoman municipal archives (1892-1917): a turning point for the city's historiography." 4425: 6741:"Letter dated October 16, 1987, from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" 2030: 1126: 81: 3892:. The level of violence continued to escalate throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In July 1946 members of the underground Zionist group 3639:, the notables of Jerusalem, allied with the local peasantry and Bedouin, rebelled against the Ottomans in what became known as the 3470:

The monastery on Mount Zion was used by Brother Alberto da Sarteano for his papal mission for the union of the Oriental Christians (

2199:

fought among themselves over who would succeed her. In order to resolve their dispute, the parties involved turned to Roman general

7065: 5047:. Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Marfa Heimbach, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 41. 4432: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4254:, an Australian fundamentalist Christian found by the court to be insane). Riots broke out following the opening of an exit in the 4060:, also came under Israeli control, and their residents were forcibly displaced; in some cases, as documented by Israeli historian 2522:. Jews were expelled from the area of Jerusalem, and were forbidden to enter the city on the pain of death, except on the day of 1042: 4428: 4426: 4412: 4270:

had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace (stating "it has waited for over 1000 years, it could wait a few more").

3557:"long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome". 2654: 5859: 5696: 4437: 3125:

lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Jew saved the life of a young German man

7129: 6881: 6819: 6532: 6098: 5882: 5455: 5396: 5316: 5281: 5156: 5121: 5052: 4946: 4922: 4679: 4427: 4415: 4413: 4096: 2644: 2298: 419: 164: 101: 6225: 2021:" were produced – these are believed to have been minted in or near Jerusalem, although none of the coins bear a mint mark. 6948: 5666: 3693: 3571: 1061: 168: 5340: 4842: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408: 7935: 6840: 4468: 3093:) were converted for Christian purposes. It is during this period of Frankish occupation that the Military Orders of the 1634: 1630: 1620: 1535: 1295: 1083: 751: 719: 445: 6237: 2285:. In 6 CE, following Herod's death in 4 BCE, Judea and the city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman rule through Roman 1306:, establishing the city as a major religious center. Following the kingdom's split, Jerusalem became the capital of the 8212: 6696: 4418: 4309: 3849: 2919: 1518:

in the name is thought to refer to either "peace" (compare with modern Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or

7168: 7111: 6998: 6753: 6648: 6400: 6351: 6324: 6271: 6066: 6028: 5930:

Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (2011). "Early Islamic and Medieval City Walls of Jerusalem in Light of New Discoveries". In

5891: 5868: 5633: 5086: 4978: 4898: 4699: 2100:

and with their assistance tried to Hellenize Jerusalem, eventually culminating in the 160s BCE in a rebellion led by

1603:

in 1274 BCE, which by extension may be said to be marking the beginning of the decline of both the Egyptians and the

4429: 3960: 7210: 6775: 5559: 4325: 3716: 3703:

At the time, the communities were located mainly around their primary shrines. The Muslim community surrounded the

3204: 393: 243: 4711: 3732:

Archeological and other expeditions made some spectacular finds, which increased interest in Jerusalem even more.

3635:

In response to the onerous taxation policies and military campaigns against the city's hinterland by the governor

2210:

Pompey supported Hyrcanus II over his brother Aristobulus II who then controlled Jerusalem, and the city was soon

1685:, the temple became the main place of worship, at the expense of other, formerly powerful, ritual centres such as 6191: 4431: 3908: 3623:, which served as the main synagogue in Jerusalem from the 18th century until 1948, when it was destroyed by the 2662: 1771:

of the Kingdom of Israel at this time. The Bible records that shortly after this battle, Jerusalem was sacked by

1350:

in 1the 2nd century BCE briefly restored Jewish autonomy, with Jerusalem as the capital of an independent state.

1234: 573: 7200: 6694:

Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action, 8 February 2005 | by Michael McCormack, Baptist Press

4234:, and ongoing daily prayers by regular attendees. The Western Wall has become a major tourist destination spot. 5649: 3954:

Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem during 1944 British demolition of recent construction obscuring the historic city walls

3877: 3864: 2723: 1103: 351: 238: 6799: 4543:"Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: 2931:

other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome—made of wood—was constructed. Persian geographer,

8233: 7299: 3118: 2357: 2341: 1267:

around 2000 BCE as "Rusalimum." By the 17th century BCE, Jerusalem had developed into a fortified city under

547: 387: 6993:. Policy Papers. Vol. 22. Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute For Near East Policy. pp. 19–20. 4869: 4859:

Israel Finkelstein (2010). "A Great United Monarchy?". In Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann (ed.).

2911:

The early Arab period was also one of religious tolerance. However, in the early 11th century, the Egyptian

6863: 4814: 3979: 3924: 3814: 3806: 3526: 3075: 2735: 2677: 2666: 2609: 1390: 346: 341: 7267: 6169: 3238:

In 1250 a crisis within the Ayyubid state led to the rise of the Mamluks to power and a transition to the

2673: 8156: 7930: 6462:

Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

4758: 4439: 3227: 3207:. In 1239, after a ten-year truce expired, he began to rebuild the walls; these were again demolished by 1887: 1863: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1717: 1705:

contends that her digging uncovered remains of large stone buildings from the correct time period, while

1071: 781: 761: 287: 210: 205: 200: 5993: 4422: 3439:

and some land to build a monastery nearby for the friars, using funds provided by the king and queen of

2696:, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to 7311: 5571: 4360: 4348: 4255: 4021: 3670: 3380:

to the Muslims, seen as brothers and not enemies. The mission resulted in a meeting with the sultan of

3035: 2425: 2417: 2231: 2211: 1227: 1136: 1025: 598: 566: 233: 220: 215: 141: 6143: 5580: 7161:

Jerusalem. Grundzüge der Baugeschichte vom Chalkolithikum bis zur Frühzeit der osmanischen Herrschaft

4636:

considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the 7th century but also from

4231: 4013: 3689: 3612: 3222:

took the city in 1244 and were in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. In 1260 the Mongols under

3114: 3055: 2468: 2333: 1902:. Some of the remaining population of Judah, fearing the vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar, fled to Egypt. 1741: 1465:

significance. Both perspectives influence contemporary discussions of Jerusalem's status and future.

1088: 487: 455: 263: 258: 253: 248: 5110:

McGing, Brian (2002). "Population and Proselytism: How many Jews were there in the ancient world?".

1413:, Jerusalem changed hands multiple times, being captured by the Crusaders in 1099 and recaptured by 7225: 6388:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

4386: 4337: 3901: 3674: 3636: 3583: 3424: 3336:

tradition, based on a source of doubtful authenticity, holds that in 1267, the Jewish Catalan sage

3239: 2589: 1580: 1131: 1121: 808: 706: 632: 552: 482: 414: 409: 71: 6204: 4891:

The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts

2274:

wrote that "Jerusalem is the capital of the Jews. In it was a Temple possessing enormous riches."

7414: 4370: 3881: 3749: 3681: 3137:

to repay the favor. Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of

2858: 2413: 2373: 2090: 1856: 1504: 1199: 1161: 1076: 864: 336: 5908: 3348:

built about 300 years earlier. Scholars date the Ramban Synagogue to the 13th century or later.

3218:

In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The

1377:(132–136 CE), with Jews banned from entering the city. Jerusalem gained significance during the 6919: 4194:

Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city; a new Israeli holiday was created,

4110: 3912: 3860: 3640: 3514: 3165: 3067: 2845: 1686: 542: 522: 361: 6659: 6392: 6312: 6086: 5606: 4936: 4441: 4003: 3313:(Cotton Gate), which gave access to the Temple Mount from this market. The late Mamluk sultan 2301:). However, one of Herod's descendants was the last one to return to power as nominal king of 1579:

The power of the Egyptians in the region began to decline in the 12th century BCE, during the

7960: 7908: 7557: 7231: 6341: 5386: 5306: 5225:"The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati" 4483: 4176: 3834: 3591: 3506: 3318: 2915: 2650: 2325: 1441: 1386: 1311: 1194: 537: 57: 7523: 6506: 5828: 5372:

Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development

8032: 8026: 7439: 6122:"cenacle - definition of cenacle by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia" 5542: 4478: 4274: 3998: 3873: 3869: 3554: 3464: 3322: 3263: 3059: 2712: 2616:. For the next two centuries, the city remained a relatively unimportant pagan Roman town. 2369: 2337: 2321: 2066: 1875: 1542: 1315: 966: 799: 532: 450: 305: 273: 7118:

Morkholm, Otto (2008). "Antiochus IV". In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein (eds.).

5308:

The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome

3793: 3451:

approved and created the new entity which would be known as the Franciscan Custody of the

1625:

According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King

1369:, which culminated in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The city was renamed 8: 8095: 8057: 7903: 6681: 6663: 4962: 4366: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4135: 3916: 3853: 3522: 3510: 3487: 3270: 3251: 3219: 3094: 3063: 3009: 2969: 2900: 2817: 2605: 2484: 2476: 2461:, were built to commemorate it. The treasures looted from the Temple were put on display. 2046: 1954: 1847:

Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah for some 400 years. It had survived an

1753: 1674: 1670: 1503:

between 3000 and 2800 BCE. The first known mention of the city was in c. 2000 BCE in the

1453: 1354: 1339: 1303: 1093: 1047: 921: 517: 437: 268: 151: 7072: 6724:"After US embassy makes controversial move to Jerusalem, more countries follow its lead" 5725:, Brepols Publishers, 2009 p. 56: 'Persian control of Jerusalem lasted from 614 to 629'. 5023: 3109:

The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until 1291; however, Jerusalem itself was recaptured by

3058:

of almost all of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Jerusalem became the capital of the

2997: 8146: 6562: 6445: 5764: 5508: 5500: 5252: 5224: 4967: 4637: 4263: 3856: 3587: 3479: 3258:, the true founder of the Mamluk state, emerged as ruler of Egypt, the Levant, and the 3192: 3185: 3161: 3004:

succeeded him. In August 1098, while the Seljuks were distracted by the arrival of the

2880: 2849: 2835:

was built on the Temple Mount. Rather than a mosque, it is a shrine that enshrines the

2820:

personally went to the city to receive its submission, cleaning out and praying at the

2751: 2329: 2313: 2290: 2188: 2062: 1729: 1706: 1523: 1394: 1335: 1151: 933: 850: 512: 460: 404: 371: 131: 22: 7464: 5370:

Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD". In Hershel Shanks (ed.).

5240: 5078:

King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography

4285:; however an earthquake in 2004 that damaged the eastern wall could also be to blame. 8161: 8136: 7844: 7319: 7164: 7125: 7107: 6994: 6644: 6629:

All that remains: the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948

6616:

All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948

6472: 6449: 6396: 6347: 6320: 6267: 6094: 6062: 6024: 5887: 5864: 5768: 5756: 5629: 5512: 5492: 5451: 5392: 5388:

Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research

5312: 5287: 5277: 5256: 5244: 5205: 5162: 5152: 5148:

Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research

5127: 5117: 5082: 5058: 5048: 4974: 4942: 4918: 4894: 4695: 4675: 4592: 4473: 4324:

numerous flaws." In particular, affidavits claiming that Arab homes in the area were

4226: 4207: 3885: 3845: 3822: 3645: 3369: 3333: 3302: 3254:

put an end to this. A Mamluk army defeated the Mongol incursion and in the aftermath

3208: 3141:

questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.

2697: 2613: 2597: 2504: 2278: 2180: 2164: 2070: 2006:

satrapy. These events represent the final chapter in the historical narrative of the

1975: 1967: 1883: 1825:

figures, which are found spread throughout the land right up to the end of this era.

1807: 1374: 1366: 869: 828: 660: 645: 607: 527: 424: 5700: 4168:

blows a shofar in front of the Western Wall after its capture during the Six-Day War

3942:

soldiers at the Western Wall after taking part in 1917 British conquest of Jerusalem

8171: 8141: 8115: 7945: 7723: 7686: 7099: 6973: 6539:. Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. Archived from 6437: 6428:

Rapaport, Raquel (2007). "The City of the Great Singer: C. R. Ashbee's Jerusalem".

6297: 6293: 5748: 5484: 5473:"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine" 5236: 5197: 4938:

The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity

4401: 4184: 4076: 4072: 3897: 3817:, entered Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, on 11 December 1917. 3745: 3737: 3720: 3704: 3697: 3401: 3341: 3286: 3078: 2836: 2832: 2716: 2575: 2508: 2500: 2480: 2397: 2365: 2247: 2160: 2078: 1983: 1811: 1803: 1788: 1784: 1760: 1713: 1600: 1507: 1402: 1378: 1347: 1307: 1264: 986: 928: 911: 845: 838: 771: 670: 655: 650: 319: 91: 6889: 6816: 6540: 6371:. Brill's series in Jewish Studies, vol 17. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 53. 8186: 8181: 8176: 8126: 7486: 7377: 7119: 6823: 6782: 6284:

Manna, Adel (1994). "Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Rebellions in Palestine".

5931: 5673: 4215: 4203: 4141: 4127: 4123: 4075:, was assassinated outside the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, 4049: 3620: 3603:

Convent of Saint Saviour (known as Dayr al Ātīn دير الاتين دير اللاتين Arabic)).

3498: 3448: 3376:. In the year 1219 the founder himself visited the region in order to preach the 3189: 3177: 3098: 3071: 2854: 2701: 2581: 2518: 2496: 2442: 2302: 2282: 2267: 2259: 2235: 2227: 2168: 2117: 2113: 2086: 1971: 1756: 1638: 1584: 1323: 1319: 1272: 1189: 1020: 976: 900: 640: 366: 6952: 6761: 5564:"A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills" 5044:

Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1 1/1: Jerusalem, Part 1: 1-704

4788: 3043: 2183:. Hasmonean Judea became a kingdom and continued to expand under his sons kings 2175:

were successful in creating and consolidating the state. They were succeeded by

1499:

Archaeological evidence suggests that the first settlement was established near

8207: 8107: 7940: 7697: 7607: 7567: 7547: 7399: 7339: 7224: 7146: 6023:. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by World of Islam Festival Trust. 5348: 4625: 4612: 4600: 4341: 4278: 4172: 4106: 3810: 3616: 3579: 3575: 3460: 3368:

The first provincial or superior of the Franciscan religious order, founded by

3298: 3181: 3149: 3134: 2973: 2952: 2912: 2840: 2693: 2658: 2632: 2464: 2454: 2409: 2215: 2204: 2196: 2109: 2050: 1999: 1963: 1642: 1558: 1492: 1445: 1426: 1406: 1343: 1280: 1179: 955: 896: 665: 300: 295: 7044:"How Jews and Arabs Use (and Misuse) the History of Jerusalem to Score Points" 6848: 6700: 6441: 5752: 5488: 5291: 5166: 3833:

and thus preserving some of the overall look of the city even as it grew. The

2396:, Rome, showing the triumph held in the city after the fall of Jerusalem. The 8227: 8012: 7856: 7622: 7481: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7039: 7022: 6382: 6241: 5964: 5760: 5496: 5443: 5248: 5209: 5201: 5062: 4888: 4460: 4297: 4282: 4220: 4195: 4065: 3939: 3920: 3900:, where the British forces were temporarily located, an act which led to the 3826: 3420: 3247: 3243: 3051: 3005: 2951:)... After passing this gateway, you have on the right two great colonnades ( 2932: 2567: 2523: 2458: 2446: 2438: 2401: 2393: 2317: 2243: 2184: 2176: 2144: 2018: 1979: 1934: 1799: 1573: 1327: 1276: 1217: 1015: 951: 472: 467: 7612: 7027:

Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948

6641:

Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace

5185: 5131: 4995:

Martyrium, Gewalt, Unsterblichkeit. Die Ursprünge eines religiösen Syndroms.

2812:'s first conquests in 638 CE; according to Arab historians of the time, the 2163:, Jerusalem became the capital of the autonomous and eventually independent 8111: 8103: 7824: 7818: 7692: 7675: 7651: 7582: 7518: 7329: 7297: 6986: 6944: 6494: 6121: 5938:

Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City

5611: 4633: 4584: 4394: 4267: 4165: 4084: 4061: 3889: 3760: 3428: 3389: 3345: 3344:, today the second oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem, after that of the 3282: 3144: 3090: 2977: 2927: 2884: 2821: 2784: 2731: 2689: 2681: 2624: 2434: 2251: 2239: 2172: 2105: 2007: 1987: 1647: 1592: 1500: 1461: 1382: 1362: 1260: 1098: 947: 331: 324: 310: 6882:"Group 'Judaizing' East Jerusalem accused of withholding donation sources" 6697:"Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action - Baptist Press" 5883:

Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage

5795:

Jerusalem in Medieval Islamic Tradition. Religion Compass, 5(10), 624–630.

5273:

For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE

5042: 4640:

who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient

3987: 3821:

gradually emerged as little more than an impoverished older neighborhood.

7975: 7886: 7876: 7732: 7661: 7592: 7587: 7419: 6817:"Settler group refuses to vacate land slated for school for the disabled" 5607:

The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach

5111: 4749:

2 Samuel 24:23, which literally has "Araunah the King gave to the King ".

4604: 4552: 4333: 4180: 4029: 3802: 3728: 3624: 3542: 3534: 3223: 3122: 2976:, who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the 2876: 2585: 2345: 2192: 2179:, Simon's son, who won independence, enlarged Judea's borders, and began 2077:

and continued minting Yehud coinage. In 198 BCE, as a result of the

1974:

allowed the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the temple. The books of

1852: 1764: 1702: 1596: 1449: 818: 737: 3801:

The British were victorious over the Ottomans in the Middle East during

2424:. Jerusalem was then the center of Jewish rebel resistance. Following a 2388: 2167:

state which lasted for over a century. After Judas' death, his brothers

1342:

in 332 BCE, leading to increasing cultural and political influence from

8131: 8063: 8044: 7861: 7629: 7537: 7459: 7369: 7324: 5504: 5472: 4645: 4544: 4378: 4242: 4040:, as well as neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as 3741: 3443:. With two papal bullae, Gratias Agimus and Nuper Carissimae, dated in 3436: 3337: 3278: 2947:

of this (quarter) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway (

2872: 2780: 2708: 2704: 2552: 2531: 2527: 2101: 2097: 1871: 1794:

Two decades later, most of Canaan including Jerusalem was conquered by

1772: 1737: 1651: 1550: 1314:

in 586 BCE. The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple, leading to the

1030: 733: 675: 618: 5271: 5146: 2887:(born 946) devoted many pages to its praises in his most famous work, 2790: 1409:

were built, solidifying its religious importance in Islam. During the

8191: 8121: 8049: 7987: 7980: 7955: 7891: 7871: 7866: 7737: 7708: 7602: 7562: 7424: 6415: 5812:. Vol. 7 (New ed. 2006 ed.). Brill. 2006. pp. 97–105. 5414:"The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam" 4576: 4548: 4390: 4238: 4214:), became popular in celebration. Many large state gatherings of the 4152:

passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel.

4033: 3830: 3709: 3530: 3452: 3409: 3385: 3169: 3082: 2993: 2940: 2809: 2739: 2628: 2556: 2361: 2349: 2306: 2121: 2082: 2074: 2003: 1867: 1608: 1562: 1255: 30: 7780: 7756: 5413: 3317:

also took interest in the city. He commissioned the building of the

2776:

Map of Jerusalem as it appeared in the years 958–1052, according to

2772: 2570:), and traversing the city in a straight line south to "Nea Church". 2507:

in 132 CE. Early victories allowed the Jews under the leadership of

1787:

house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son

8078: 8038: 7850: 7836: 7680: 7640: 7634: 7388: 7382: 7334: 7043: 5936: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4230:(Israel Independence Day), huge gatherings of tens of thousands on 3837:

played an important role in the outlook of the British-ruled city.

3685: 3518: 3491: 3200: 2989: 2985: 2956: 2879:(10th century) describe Jerusalem as "the most fertile province of 2813: 2795: 2601: 2592:. Hadrian placed the city's main forum at the junction of the main 2286: 2125: 1995: 1938: 1891: 1879: 1780: 1678: 1604: 1570: 1546: 1457: 1410: 477: 6601:

Krystall, Nathan. "The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947–50",

6317:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

4999:

Sterben für Gott – Töten für Gott? Religion, Martyrium und Gewalt.

3797:

The Ottoman surrender of Jerusalem to the British, 9 December 1917

3250:

periods. The Ayyubids tried to hold on to power in Syria, but the

2612:. The city had no walls, was protected by a light garrison of the 2566:, the town's main street, beginning at the northern gate (today's 1695:

Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion

8166: 7965: 7797: 7766: 7704: 7656: 7577: 7513: 7449: 7444: 7404: 7394: 4641: 4608: 4564: 4382: 4149: 4090: 4080: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 3923:. Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control as a 3724: 3538: 3502: 3444: 3432: 3397: 3314: 3274: 3255: 3138: 3126: 3110: 3001: 2939:

The Haram Area (Noble Sanctuary) lies in the eastern part of the

2923: 2865: 2828: 2356:

and proclaiming his resurrection. Jerusalem eventually became an

2294: 2271: 2255: 2214:. Upon his victory, Pompey desecrated the Temple by entering the 2014: 1822: 1745: 1725: 1721: 1666: 1655: 1418: 1414: 1398: 1299: 1271:

rule, with massive walls protecting its water system. During the

1184: 1037: 691: 356: 314: 7258:

4,000-year-old cemetery uncovered in Jerusalem (8 November 2006)

6845:

America-Israel Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace newsletter"

6057:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Jerusalem".

5697:"Modern Historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614" 4402:

Graphical overview of Jerusalem's historical periods (by rulers)

3661: 2827:

Under the early centuries of Muslim rule, especially during the

2136: 8151: 8083: 8073: 8068: 8007: 8002: 7914: 7881: 7807: 7761: 7742: 7670: 7597: 7542: 7532: 7528: 7498: 7492: 7469: 7359: 7354: 7344: 7303: 7121:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age

4694:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 45. 4672:

Cities through Time: Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem

4316: 3764: 3471: 3440: 3416: 3377: 3373: 3290: 3173: 3130: 2948: 2944: 2472: 2353: 2263: 2200: 2140: 2058: 1924: 1915: 1895: 1795: 1690: 1682: 1554: 1519: 1479: 1437: 1433: 1422: 1358: 1268: 1052: 696: 682: 7178:(2013) compares Jerusalem to 20 major world cities; pp 325–46. 6660:

Jerusalem – 1948, 1967, 2000: Setting the Record Straight

5450:(2 ed.). Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 162. 5438:

Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred, eds. (2007). "Bar Kokhba".

4969:

The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra: An Historical Survey

4406: 3978:

The Jerusalem boundary in 1947 and the proposed boundary of a

3755:

In 1882, around 150 Jewish families arrived in Jerusalem from

2831:(650–750) dynasty, the city prospered. Around 691–692 CE, the 2416:

rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the

1709:

disputes both the interpretation and the dating of the finds.

8017: 7997: 7992: 7970: 7920: 7896: 7802: 7790: 7785: 7750: 7727: 7646: 7617: 7552: 7508: 7454: 7434: 6418:, "Jerusalem: City of Mirrors". New York: Little, Brown 1989. 5276:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. 5001:. Herder Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2015, 122–147, hier: S. 136. 4560: 4556: 4037: 4025: 3893: 3809:

was a step towards dismemberment of that empire. General Sir

3756: 3546: 3475: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3259: 3212: 3196: 2727: 2620: 2593: 2561: 2547: 2512: 2488: 2429: 2246:, more than doubled the size of the surrounding complex, and 2054: 1950: 1899: 1749: 1698: 1659: 1626: 1588: 1515: 1484: 1291: 701: 6754:"Elad in Silwan: Settlers, Archaeologists and Dispossession" 3825:, the first British military governor of the city, issued a 3615:

led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the

3392:(on 18 May 1291), Franciscan friaries were present at Acre, 2918:

ordered the destruction of all churches. In 1033, there was

2734:, and destroyed their monuments and churches, including the 2069:

following Alexander's death, Jerusalem and Judea fell under

7950: 7925: 7774: 7718: 7713: 7503: 7476: 7429: 7409: 7349: 6912:"11 Jewish families move into J'lem neighborhood of Silwan" 6147: 5374:. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196. 4629: 4374: 4188: 3829:

order requiring new buildings in the city to be faced with

3483: 3294: 3180:. Two hundred Jews dwelt in a corner of the city under the 3164:

visited Jerusalem. He described it as a small city full of

3050:

Fatimid control of Jerusalem ended when it was captured by

2806: 2777: 2767: 2450: 2147:(134 to 104 BCE) with the ancient Hebrew inscription " 1991: 1776: 1768: 1629:'s sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the 6678:

Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine:Religion and Politics

6643:

by David E. Guinn (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.35

6343:

Ab Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s

4007:

Jordanian artillery shelling Jerusalem during the 1948 war

2312:

In the 1st century CE, Jerusalem became the birthplace of

2191:. When his widow Salome Alexandra died in 67 BCE her sons 7812: 7183:

Jerusalem 1900: The Holy City in the Age of Possibilities

4715: 4101:

Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation

6631:, (Washington DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992) 6369:

The road to redemption: the Jews of the Yemen, 1900–1950

5905:"The travels of Nasir-i-Khusrau to Jerusalem, 1047 C.E." 4183:. On June 11, Israel demolished the seven centuries old 3309:(Cotton Market) in 1336–7, along with the gate known as 3117:), who permitted worship of all religions. According to 2996:

governor of Jerusalem. Artuk died in 1091, and his sons

1966:, after several decades of captivity in Babylon and the 1591:

being the Egyptian name for Canaan) in 1178 BCE between

6590:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949

5626:

Orientalism and Musical Mission: Palestine and the West

5116:. John R. Bartlett. London: Routledge. pp. 88–95. 5004: 4016:

began with the end of the British Mandate in May 1948.

3988:

War and partition between Israel and Jordan (1948–1967)

3184:. In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of 2700:

rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. Following

1962:

According to the Bible and perhaps corroborated by the

1417:

in 1187. It remained under Islamic control through the

6170:"The Palestinian – Israel Conflict » Felix Fabri" 6059:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

5384: 4889:

Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman (2002).

2707:'s early 7th century push through Syria, his generals 2270:

has never seen a beautiful building in his life." And

1866:

in 597 BCE led to the city being overcome by the

5229:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3030: 2534:

on which Jews mourn the destruction of both Temples.

1452:

in 1967, uniting the city under Israeli control. The

5222: 4812: 4450: 3590:, which define until today what is now known as the 3040:

Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099

2688:

In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the

2584:, with all the typical institutions and symbols - a 1886:(the Babylonian king), rebelled, and Nebuchadnezzar 1432:

In the modern period, Jerusalem was divided between

1326:

allowed the Jews to return and rebuild the city and

7197:

Jerusalem: The Illustrated History of the Holy City

5723:

The Christian Topography of Early Islamic Jerusalem

4068:, among others, expulsions and massacres occurred. 2895:, which is linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew 2763:

History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period

6537:Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City 6346:. State University of New York Press. p. 84. 5967:Catholic Encyclopedia 1910, accessed 11 March 2008 5935: 5654:The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD 5378: 4966: 4858: 4262:on the instructions of the Israeli Prime Minister 3880:were founded. Two important new institutions, the 2935:describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047: 2680:: Jerusalem is generally considered the cradle of 2495:Jerusalem was later re-founded and rebuilt as the 2040: 1828: 1365:. The city remained under Roman control until the 1294:captured Jerusalem and made it the capital of the 7176:1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War 6584: 6582: 6580: 5959: 5957: 4789:"From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1–11" 4666: 4664: 3340:travelled to Jerusalem, where he established the 2889:The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Climes 8225: 7159:Bieberstein, Klaus; Bloedhorn, Hanswulf (1994). 7124:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–291. 6391:(2nd reprinted ed.). Owl Books e. pp. 6056: 5656:. English Historical Review 25. pp. 502–17. 5437: 5347:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from 3582:and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under 3427:of Egypt. Around the year 1333 the French friar 2801:, depicting Jerusalem at the centre of the world 2580:Aelia Capitolina of the Late Roman period was a 2404:is seen being carried in the victory procession. 1529: 5623: 5345:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces 4915:The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past 4712:"'Massive' ancient wall uncovered in Jerusalem" 4398:various events and eras in the city's history. 4385:periods of the city's history are important to 3435:(the room where the Last Supper took place) on 3054:in July 1099. The capture was accompanied by a 3023:History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period 2511:to establish an independent state over much of 2445:legitimacy to claim control over the empire. A 2281:which replaced Jerusalem as the capital of the 6634: 6577: 5954: 5929: 5269: 5144: 4884: 4882: 4740:Princeton University Press, 1992 pp. 268, 270. 4661: 4294:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 4091:Division between Jordan and Israel (1948–1967) 3868:Jerusalem, in particular, was affected by the 2661:legalizing the religion, and sent his mother, 2627:, and the Tenth Legion's kilns found close to 2623:, the remains of Roman villas at Ein Yael and 2336:). It was in Jerusalem that, according to the 1998:to rebuild the city's walls and to govern the 1953:") and a lily as a symbol of Jerusalem on the 1905: 1456:remains a highly contentious issue, with both 7283: 7171:(with catalogue of archaeological findspots). 6861: 6366: 6304: 6091:Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia 5304: 4024:. The comparatively populous Arab village of 3360:View and Plan of Jerusalem. A woodcut in the 1235: 574: 6985: 6675: 6618:, (Washington DC: 1992), "Lifta", pp. 300–03 6084: 5950:– via Offprint posted at academia.edu. 5223:Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). 4831: 4674:. Geneva, Illinois: Runestone Press, p. 60. 2922:, severely damaging the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The 2491:and the words "To the freedom of Jerusalem". 2453:to celebrate the fall of Jerusalem, and two 2408:In 66 CE, the Jewish population in the 2258:(religious sanctuary) in the ancient world. 1393:. In 638 CE, Jerusalem was conquered by the 6555: 5628:. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. 5339:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007). 5298: 4879: 4738:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, 3966:Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947 3419:, where they took refuge at the end of the 2719:, who had risen up against the Byzantines. 7290: 7276: 7222: 7190:Jerusalem from the Ottomans to the British 6939: 6937: 6530: 6524: 6339: 5857:Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). 5642: 5558: 5552: 5332: 4684: 3630: 3016: 1599:marks this loss of power, preceded by the 1263:. The city is first mentioned in Egyptian 1242: 1228: 581: 567: 7163:. 3 volumes. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 7066:"One Nation's Capital Throughout History" 7038: 5860:Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond 5851: 5826: 5741:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 5734: 5648: 5030:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 18 March 2024. 3788: 3783:Panorama of Jerusalem, early 20th century 3081:on Christmas Day 1100 in the basilica of 2479:facade and a rising star, surrounded by " 2234:, ending Hasmonean rule. Herod ruled the 2096:Under the Seleucids many Jews had become 2031:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period 1878:, together with most of the aristocracy. 1553:had reunited Egypt and expanded into the 1473: 7117: 7063: 6943: 6436:. Cambridge University Press: 171-210 . 6427: 6421: 6021:Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study 6018: 5405: 5183: 5113:Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman cities 5100:, ed. by H. H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, p. 247. 5010: 4961: 4159: 4002: 3792: 3660: 3355: 3143: 3034: 2883:", while its native son, the geographer 2789: 2771: 2768:Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates 2715:attacked Jerusalem aided by the Jews of 2672: 2546: 2463: 2437:. Titus' victory is commemorated by the 2387: 2135: 1483: 1373:and rebuilt as a Roman colony after the 1290:, which began around 1000 BCE when King 7246:Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099–1291) 6934: 6381: 6172:. Zionismontheweb.org. 9 September 2008 6080: 6078: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5923: 5699:. Jewish Social Studies. Archived from 5338: 5186:"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74" 5040: 4288:The status of East Jerusalem remains a 3565: 2857:, which was then ruled by their enemy, 2848:. Jerusalem is not mentioned by any of 2266:comments that "He who has not seen the 2149:Yehochanan Kohen Gadol Chaver Hayehudim 1882:, who had been placed on the throne by 1693:. However, according to K. L. Noll, in 8226: 7013:Ali Qleibo, Palestinian anthropologist 6721: 6493: 6473:"Chart of the population of Jerusalem" 6207:. Fmc-terrasanta.org. 30 November 1992 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 5965:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) 5839:from the original on 12 September 2006 5728: 5614:, Oxford University Press 2014 p. 144. 5431: 5109: 3656: 3619:in centuries. His disciples built the 3560: 2756: 2024: 1286:The city's importance grew during the 7271: 7254: – Catholic Encyclopedia article 7248: – Catholic Encyclopedia article 7242: – Catholic Encyclopedia article 6360: 6310: 6283: 5369: 4934: 4365:Given the city's central position in 4097:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank 3651: 3627:. The synagogue was rebuilt in 2010. 2645:Jerusalem during the Byzantine period 2608:, which later became the site of the 2428:, Roman legions under future emperor 2299:List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers 2221: 2035: 1748:, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the 1669:built a more substantive temple, the 1425:periods, until it became part of the 7235:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 6743:UN General Assembly Security Council 6565:. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 6531:Eisenstadt, David (26 August 2002). 6409: 6075: 6001: 5874: 5694: 5411: 4624:"(With reference to Palestinians in 4083:district of Jerusalem by the Jewish 3763:. In 1884, the Yemenites moved into 3606: 3342:synagogue much later named after him 3321:, completed in 1482, and the nearby 3269:Jerusalem was a significant site of 3008:in Syria, the Fatimids under vizier 2600:, now the location of the (smaller) 2542: 2383: 1978:record that the construction of the 1318:of the Jewish population. After the 169:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem 6037: 6019:Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton (1987). 5470: 5103: 5081:, Walter de Gruyter, 2007, p. 229. 5041:Feissel, Denis (23 December 2010). 5034: 4813:Asaf Shtull-Trauring (6 May 2011). 4786: 4469:History of ancient Israel and Judah 4109:proposed, in its 1947 plan for the 3597: 3203:, Jerusalem came into the hands of 2638: 2131: 1945:with an Aramaic inscription "יהד" ( 1810:, who destroyed the walls and took 1621:History of ancient Israel and Judah 1614: 1536:City of David (archaeological site) 13: 8213:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions 7298:Ancient states and regions in the 7139: 6888:. 21 November 2007. Archived from 6862:Seth Freedman (26 February 2008). 6499:"Jerusalem 1948: The Phantom City" 5827:Silverman, Jonathan (6 May 2005). 5801: 5787: 5735:el-Khatib, Abdallah (1 May 2001). 5263: 5216: 5177: 5138: 4296:declared that the Knesset's 1980 " 4155: 3328: 3104: 3031:First Crusader kingdom (1099–1187) 2745: 2692:, ruled from the recently renamed 2604:. He also built a large temple to 1982:was finished in the sixth year of 1510:in which the city was recorded as 14: 8245: 7223:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 7216: 7104:Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths 7029:. Institute for Palestine Studies 6264:Jerusalem: the Future of the Past 5907:Homepages.luc.edu. Archived from 5676:, the Jerusalem Tourism Authority 5241:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061 5184:Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). 4354: 3351: 3074:, who had himself crowned by the 2906: 2537: 1468: 1389:endorsed the construction of the 7226:"Jerusalem (Before 71 CE)" 7057: 7032: 7016: 7007: 6979: 5624:Beckles Willson, Rachel (2013). 5145:Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (2019). 4618: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4453: 4277:that were designed to create an 4202:), and the most popular secular 3971: 3959: 3947: 3932: 3852:entrusted the United Kingdom to 3772: 3586:, including the construction of 3233: 2963: 2151:" ("Yehochanan the High Priest, 2085:lost Jerusalem and Judea to the 1986:(516 BCE), following which 1923: 1914: 1211: 617: 37: 6967: 6904: 6874: 6855: 6833: 6809: 6792: 6768: 6746: 6734: 6715: 6688: 6669: 6653: 6621: 6608: 6595: 6487: 6465: 6456: 6375: 6333: 6277: 6256: 6230: 6219: 6197: 6192:Palestine Pilgrims Text Society 6184: 6162: 6136: 6114: 5982: 5970: 5897: 5820: 5715: 5688: 5679: 5660: 5617: 5598: 5547:The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 5536: 5523: 5464: 5385:Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah (2019). 5363: 5091: 5069: 5016: 4987: 4955: 4928: 4907: 4852: 4825: 4775:Peake's commentary on the Bible 4628:times) Although proud of their 4510: 4501: 4377:originate and descend from the 3909:United Nations General Assembly 3242:, which is divided between the 2516:resettling the city as a Roman 2441:in Rome. This victory gave the 2041:Ptolemaic and Seleucid province 1870:, who then took the young King 1829:Assyrian and Babylonian periods 1275:, Jerusalem became a vassal of 6918:. 1 April 2004. Archived from 6815:Ori Kashti and Meron Rapoport. 6722:Turner, Ashley (17 May 2018). 6298:10.1525/jps.1994.24.1.00p0048u 6240:. Custodia.org. Archived from 6146:. Custodia.org. Archived from 5531:A History of the Jewish People 5477:The Harvard Theological Review 5311:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–. 5098:A History of the Jewish People 4806: 4780: 4768: 4752: 4743: 4730: 4704: 3888:, were founded on Jerusalem's 2726:, after 21 days of relentless 2352:and first began preaching the 1744:, who is possibly the same as 889:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 1: 5667:Hidden Treasures in Jerusalem 4997:In: Jan-Heiner Tück (Hrsg.): 4973:. Harpercollins College Div. 4862:One God, One Cult, One Nation 4835:One God, One Cult, One Nation 4489: 4266:, which prior Prime Minister 3046:, 1847 (Palace of Versailles) 2248:expanded the minting of coins 1530:Canaanite and Egyptian period 1310:until it was captured by the 7465:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 6603:Journal of Palestine Studies 6592:, Revisited, Cambridge, 2004 6286:Journal of Palestine Studies 5579:(2): 196–216. Archived from 5270:Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). 4868:. De Gruyter. Archived from 4841:. De Gruyter. Archived from 4655: 4079:, was also shot dead in the 3815:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 3813:, commander-in-chief of the 3748:. This settlement, known as 3740:, a few hundred meters from 3717:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 3388:. Before the taking over of 3305:, built a new market called 3205:Frederick II of Germany 2984:In 1086, the Seljuk emir of 2736:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2678:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2667:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2610:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2372:, it remained a part of the 2360:and home to one of the five 2358:early center of Christianity 2320:, it is the location of the 1561:contain correspondence from 1391:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1338:rule after the conquests of 347:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 7: 7185:(U of Chicago Press, 2017). 6949:"A brief note on Jerusalem" 6061:. Oxford University Press. 4913:Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, 4759:Biblical Archaeology Review 4632:heritage and ancestry, the 4446: 4071:In May 1948 the US Consul, 3992: 3455:(Custodia Terrae Sanctae). 2968:Under Az-Zahir's successor 2457:, including the well known 2250:to many denominations. The 2230:captured Jerusalem after a 1906:Persian (Achaemenid) period 1843:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) 1839:Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) 1835:Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem 1330:, marking the start of the 1320:Persian conquest of Babylon 10: 8250: 7093: 6093:. Routledge. p. 622. 5995:Jerusalem: Under the Arabs 5942:. Eisenbrauns. p. 417 5829:"The opposite of holiness" 5810:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 5572:Israel Exploration Journal 4941:. SBL Press. p. 197. 4361:Nationalist historiography 4358: 4349:Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem) 4290:highly controversial issue 4248:arson attack on the mosque 4094: 4064:and Palestinian historian 3996: 3671:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem 3668: 3020: 2760: 2749: 2642: 2619:A Roman legionary tomb at 2573: 2203:, who paved the way for a 2028: 1832: 1802:. According to the Bible, 1763:. According to the Bible, 1673:, at a location which the 1633:and capital of the united 1618: 1533: 1477: 8200: 8094: 7835: 7368: 7310: 7205:Montefiore, Simon Sebag. 6627:Al-Khalidi, Walid (ed.), 6614:Al-Khalidi, Walid (ed.), 6442:10.1017/S0066622X00002926 6089:. In Roth, Norman (ed.). 5753:10.1080/13530190120034549 5737:"Jerusalem in the Qur'ān" 5489:10.1017/S0017816005000854 5391:. Brill. pp. 54–58. 5190:Journal of Jewish Studies 4917:, Jonathan Cape, London, 4815:"The Keys to the Kingdom" 4232:Jewish religious holidays 3907:On 29 November 1947, the 3129:Dolberger. Thus when the 3115:Siege of Jerusalem (1187) 2805:Jerusalem was one of the 2724:Siege of Jerusalem of 614 2555:depiction of 6th-century 2469:Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage 2334:Jerusalem in Christianity 1849:Assyrian siege in 701 BCE 1742:Third Intermediate Period 1522:, the god of dusk in the 7207:Jerusalem: The Biography 6781:20 December 2008 at the 6662:by Gerald M. Steinberg ( 6503:Jerusalem Quarterly File 4763:Reading David in Genesis 4692:The Mountain of the Lord 4494: 4387:Palestinian nationalists 4148:On 23 January 1950, the 3675:Departure from the walls 3637:Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram 3584:Suleiman the Magnificent 3431:succeeded in buying the 3372:, was Brother Elia from 2238:as a client-king of the 1581:Late Bronze Age collapse 1296:united Kingdom of Israel 776:10th century BCE–587 BCE 766:10th century BCE–720 BCE 720:Ancient Israel and Judah 707:Late Bronze Age collapse 420:Greek Orthodox Patriarch 7263:Jerusalem Through Coins 6194:, Vol. 9–10, pp. 384–91 6144:"Custodia Terræ Sanctæ" 6124:. Thefreedictionary.com 5934:; Avni, Gideon (eds.). 5650:Conybeare, Frederick C. 5562:; Klein, Eitan (2011). 4690:Mazar, Benjamin. 1975. 4371:Palestinian nationalism 4224:, huge celebrations on 4212:Yerushalayim shel zahav 4179:on June 7, 1967 during 3882:Hadassah Medical Center 3631:Local vs. central power 3570:In 1516, Jerusalem was 3362:Liber Chronicarum Mundi 3252:Mongol invasion of 1260 3017:Crusader/Ayyubid period 2859:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 2742:reconquered it in 629. 2487:). The reverse shows a 2426:brutal five-month siege 2374:Eastern Orthodox Church 1972:Cyrus II of Persia 1970:conquest of Babylonia, 1767:of Judah was allied to 1505:Middle Kingdom Egyptian 1361:and became part of the 1334:. Jerusalem fell under 1279:, as documented in the 746:12th–10th centuries BCE 8058:Luwian-Aramaean states 7252:Jerusalem (After 1291) 6864:"Digging into trouble" 6475:. Focusonjerusalem.com 6367:Tudor Parfitt (1997). 5992:, vol. xlvii, p. 344; 5880:Elad, Amikam. (1995). 5672:6 January 2017 at the 5448:Encyclopaedia Hebraica 5305:Peter Schäfer (2003). 5202:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017 4893:. Simon and Schuster. 4587:, Arabs, and European 4169: 4132: 4111:partition of Palestine 4008: 3915:which would partition 3896:blew up a part of the 3850:Conference of Lausanne 3798: 3789:British Mandate period 3666: 3641:Naqib al-Ashraf revolt 3497:In 1482, the visiting 3467:Oriental communities. 3365: 3157: 3047: 2802: 2787: 2685: 2571: 2492: 2418:First Jewish–Roman War 2405: 2156: 1716:split from the larger 1496: 1474:Proto-Canaanite period 446:Religious significance 7909:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7493:Canaanite city-states 7232:Catholic Encyclopedia 6533:"The British Mandate" 6430:Architectural History 6340:Ze'evi, Dror (1996). 6085:Roth, Norman (2014). 5440:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4875:on 28 September 2013. 4670:Slavik, Diane. 2001. 4484:Timeline of Jerusalem 4393:suggests that modern 4177:Israel Defense Forces 4163: 4119: 4014:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4006: 3902:death of 91 civilians 3835:Pro-Jerusalem Council 3796: 3665:1883 map of Jerusalem 3664: 3592:Old City of Jerusalem 3359: 3319:Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya 3147: 3119:Rabbi Elijah of Chelm 3038: 2916:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2793: 2775: 2676: 2651:Constantine the Great 2588:, and temples to the 2550: 2467: 2392:Inside wall from the 2391: 2139: 2067:Wars of the Diadochoi 2065:influence. After the 1534:Further information: 1487: 1478:Further information: 1442:1948 Arab-Israeli War 1387:Constantine the Great 1385:, particularly after 1353:In 63 BCE, Jerusalem 1312:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1132:Historical literature 1127:Historical population 1089:Arab–Israeli conflict 8234:History of Jerusalem 8192:Tanukhid confederacy 8027:New Kingdom of Egypt 6922:on 16 September 2009 6822:5 March 2010 at the 6764:on 8 September 2012. 6682:Taylor & Francis 6385:(1 September 2001). 6311:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 6266:, Houghton Mifflin. 6262:Moshe Safdie (1989) 5341:"Palestine: History" 5151:. BRILL. p. 3. 4935:Sergi, Omer (2023). 4848:on 26 November 2010. 4765:, Gary A. Rendsburg. 4479:History of Palestine 4250:in 1969 (started by 4175:was captured by the 3999:Battle for Jerusalem 3874:1929 Palestine riots 3870:1920 Nebi Musa riots 3807:victory in Palestine 3750:Mishkenot Sha'ananim 3566:Early Ottoman period 3551:Journey to Jerusalem 3465:Eastern Christianity 3447:, 21 November 1342, 3301:during the reign of 3271:Mamluk architectural 3228:raids into Palestine 3215:, in the same year. 3156:) in Jerusalem today 3060:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2338:Acts of the Apostles 2120:, also known as the 2013:During this period, 2002:province within the 1876:Babylonian captivity 1332:Second Temple period 1104:Iran–Israel conflict 967:Kingdom of Jerusalem 948:Early Islamic period 922:Byzantine Palaestina 800:Second Temple period 82:Second Temple Period 7904:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7687:Paleo-Syrian states 7240:Jerusalem (71–1099) 7151:Jerusalem Quarterly 6664:Bar-Ilan University 6543:on 16 December 2015 6512:on 9 September 2006 6505:(3). Archived from 6226:Role of Franciscans 6205:"Holy Land Custody" 5863:Brill. pp. 136–38. 5793:Khalek, N. (2011). 5471:Bar, Doron (2005). 4736:Donald B. Redford, 4367:Israeli nationalism 4332:says promotes the " 4326:absentee properties 4260:Western Wall Tunnel 4252:Denis Michael Rohan 4136:Gerald M. Steinberg 3917:Mandatory Palestine 3657:Late Ottoman period 3561:Early modern period 3488:Council of Florence 3095:Knights Hospitaller 3064:Godfrey of Bouillon 3042:, oil on canvas by 3010:al-Afdal Shahanshah 2970:al-Mustansir Billah 2818:Umar ibn al-Khattab 2757:Early Muslim period 2606:Jupiter Capitolinus 2316:. According to the 2254:became the largest 2207:takeover of Judea. 2159:As a result of the 2104:and his five sons: 2091:Antiochus the Great 2047:Alexander the Great 2025:Classical antiquity 1888:recaptured the city 1819:First Temple Period 1675:Books of Chronicles 1637:. According to the 1491:inscription in the 1454:status of Jerusalem 1340:Alexander the Great 394:Demographic history 8147:Herodian Tetrarchy 7174:Emerson, Charles. 7078:on 29 January 2011 6955:on 5 December 2010 6676:Anwar Abu Eisheh. 6150:on 25 October 2012 5886:Brill, pp. 29–43. 5775:on 9 December 2012 5695:Horowitz, Elliot. 5028:www.britannica.com 5024:"John Hyrcanus II" 4718:. 7 September 2009 4638:indigenous peoples 4264:Benjamin Netanyahu 4170: 4009: 3799: 3667: 3652:Late modern period 3578:along with all of 3366: 3220:Khwarezmian Empire 3193:sultan of Damascus 3162:Benjamin of Tudela 3158: 3048: 2943:; and through the 2920:another earthquake 2803: 2788: 2752:Medieval Jerusalem 2686: 2572: 2493: 2406: 2342:Apostles of Christ 2330:Ascension of Jesus 2314:Early Christianity 2222:Early Roman period 2189:Alexander Jannaeus 2157: 2036:Hellenistic period 1864:siege of Jerusalem 1817:By the end of the 1783:, who looted King 1730:Thomas L. Thompson 1707:Israel Finkelstein 1524:Canaanite religion 1497: 1495:, 14th century BCE 1444:. Israel captured 1397:, and under early 1395:Rashidun Caliphate 819:Hellenistic period 633:Prehistoric Levant 372:Al-Quds University 8221: 8220: 8162:Nabataean Kingdom 8137:Hasmonean dynasty 8132:Ghassanid Kingdom 7845:Achaemenid Empire 7681:Ib'al Confederacy 7320:Kish civilization 7181:Lemire, Vincent. 7153:60 (2014): 110+. 7131:978-0-521-21929-7 6892:on 4 January 2009 6843:The Other Israel: 6830:, 15 January 2008 6789:, 20 January 2005 6605:(27), Winter 1998 6244:on 6 October 2012 6100:978-1-136-77155-2 5586:on 16 August 2014 5529:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 5457:978-0-02-865931-2 5412:Jacobson, David. 5398:978-90-04-41707-6 5318:978-3-16-148076-8 5283:978-0-300-26256-8 5158:978-90-04-41707-6 5123:978-0-203-44634-8 5054:978-3-11-174100-0 4963:Albright, William 4948:978-1-62837-345-5 4923:978-0-224-03977-2 4680:978-0-8225-3218-7 4593:Ancient Egyptians 4474:History of Israel 4275:Solomon's Stables 4208:Jerusalem of Gold 3886:Hebrew University 3878:Hebrew University 3846:League of Nations 3823:Sir Ronald Storrs 3646:al-Husayni family 3370:Francis of Assisi 3364:(Nuremberg 1493). 3334:Rabbinical Jewish 3315:al-Ashraf Qaytbay 3303:al-Nasir Muhammad 2543:Late Roman period 2505:Bar Kokhba revolt 2384:Jewish–Roman Wars 2332:Christ (see also 2279:Caesarea Maritima 2277:Herod also built 2236:Province of Judea 2187:and subsequently 1988:Artaxerxes I 1808:Jehoash of Israel 1754:Neo-Assyrian King 1718:Kingdom of Israel 1671:Temple of Solomon 1635:Kingdom of Israel 1375:Bar Kokhba revolt 1367:Jewish-Roman Wars 1252: 1251: 1218:Israel portal 1067: 1012: 995: 994: 880: 879: 870:Jewish-Roman Wars 829:Hasmonean dynasty 790: 789: 762:Kingdom of Israel 687: 637: 591: 590: 528:Greater Jerusalem 352:Hebrew University 195:Before Common Era 179: 178: 8241: 8172:Palmyrene Empire 8142:Herodian kingdom 8116:Byzantine Empire 7931:Israel (Samaria) 7292: 7285: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7236: 7228: 7195:Millis, Joseph. 7188:Mazza, Roberto. 7135: 7106:. Random House. 7100:Armstrong, Karen 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7071:. Archived from 7070: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7036: 7030: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6983: 6977: 6974:David Ben-Gurion 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6951:. Archived from 6941: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6847:. Archived from 6837: 6831: 6813: 6807: 6796: 6790: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6760:. Archived from 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6699:. Archived from 6692: 6686: 6685: 6673: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6511: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6281: 6275: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6234: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6054: 6035: 6034: 6016: 5999: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5932:Galor, Katharina 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5901: 5895: 5878: 5872: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5771:. Archived from 5732: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5621: 5615: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5568: 5556: 5550: 5540: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5351:on 10 March 2008 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4867: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4787:Rainbow, Jesse. 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4688: 4682: 4668: 4649: 4622: 4616: 4559:, Anatolian and 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4319:. In the 1980s, 4200:Yom Yerushalayim 4185:Moroccan Quarter 4164:IDF chief rabbi 4130:became a stable. 4077:Count Bernadotte 4073:Thomas C. Wasson 3980:Corpus Separatum 3975: 3963: 3951: 3936: 3925:Corpus Separatum 3898:King David Hotel 3803:World War I 3776: 3746:Valley of Hinnom 3738:Russian Compound 3705:Haram ash-Sharif 3555:Latin Christians 3425:Mamluk Sultanate 3323:Sabil of Qaytbay 3285:, fountains (or 3240:Mamluk Sultanate 2893:Bayt al-Muqaddas 2837:Foundation Stone 2833:Dome of the Rock 2717:Palaestina Prima 2639:Byzantine period 2576:Aelia Capitolina 2509:Simon bar Kokhba 2501:Aelia Capitolina 2455:triumphal arches 2366:Christian Church 2161:Maccabean Revolt 2132:Hasmonean period 2079:Battle of Panium 2053:, Jerusalem and 1984:Darius the Great 1927: 1918: 1812:Amaziah of Judah 1804:Jehoash of Judah 1761:Battle of Qarqar 1714:Kingdom of Judah 1615:Israelite period 1601:Battle of Kadesh 1508:execration texts 1403:Dome of the Rock 1379:Byzantine Empire 1371:Aelia Capitolina 1348:Hasmonean revolt 1316:Babylonian exile 1308:Kingdom of Judah 1288:Israelite period 1265:execration texts 1244: 1237: 1230: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1137:Economic history 1065: 1010: 987:Mamluk Sultanate 912:Syria Palaestina 893: 892: 839:Herodian dynasty 805: 804: 772:Kingdom of Judah 756:10th century BCE 725: 724: 686: 636: 621: 611: 593: 592: 583: 576: 569: 438:Political status 320:Dome of the Rock 92:Aelia Capitolina 68: 67: 41: 18: 17: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8196: 8187:Sasanian Empire 8182:Seleucid Empire 8177:Parthian Empire 8127:Emesene Dynasty 8090: 7936:Israel (united) 7851:Aramaean states 7831: 7378:Akkadian Empire 7364: 7306: 7296: 7219: 7145:Avci, Yasemin, 7142: 7140:Further reading 7132: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6851:on 8 July 2008. 6839: 6838: 6834: 6824:Wayback Machine 6814: 6810: 6798:Yigal Bronner. 6797: 6793: 6783:Wayback Machine 6774:Meron Rapoport. 6773: 6769: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6703:on 26 July 2014 6695: 6693: 6689: 6674: 6670: 6658: 6654: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6609: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6380: 6376: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6309: 6305: 6282: 6278: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6055: 6038: 6031: 6017: 6002: 5987: 5983: 5979:, 1878, p. 252. 5975: 5971: 5963:Bréhier, Louis 5962: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5911:on 19 July 2011 5903: 5902: 5898: 5879: 5875: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5821: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5733: 5729: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5674:Wayback Machine 5665: 5661: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5622: 5618: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5541: 5537: 5528: 5524: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5442:. Quoting from 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5303: 5299: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5221: 5217: 5182: 5178: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5075:Kasher, Aryeh. 5074: 5070: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4623: 4619: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4404: 4363: 4357: 4216:State of Israel 4158: 4156:State of Israel 4142:Hurva Synagogue 4128:Shimon the Just 4124:Mount of Olives 4103: 4093: 4001: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3964: 3955: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3859:, neighbouring 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3677: 3659: 3654: 3633: 3621:Hurva Synagogue 3609: 3607:Jewish presence 3600: 3568: 3563: 3449:Pope Clement VI 3354: 3331: 3329:Jewish presence 3311:Bab al-Qattanin 3307:Suq al-Qattatin 3264:capture of Acre 3236: 3107: 3105:Ayyubid control 3099:Knights Templar 3072:Count of Edessa 3033: 3025: 3019: 2966: 2909: 2897:Beit Ha-Mikdash 2855:Mecca sanctuary 2770: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2746:Medieval period 2653:began to favor 2647: 2641: 2578: 2545: 2540: 2443:Flavian dynasty 2386: 2303:Iudaea Province 2268:Temple of Herod 2260:Pliny the Elder 2232:forty-day siege 2228:Herod the Great 2224: 2169:Jonathan Apphus 2134: 2118:Judas Maccabeus 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1845: 1831: 1757:Shalmaneser III 1639:Books of Samuel 1623: 1617: 1585:Battle of Djahy 1538: 1532: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1381:as a center of 1324:Cyrus the Great 1298:. David’s son, 1273:Late Bronze Age 1248: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1190:Hebrew calendar 1175: 1167: 1166: 1122:Historical maps 1117: 1109: 1108: 1062:State of Israel 1048:British Mandate 1005: 997: 996: 977:Ayyubid dynasty 901:Rabbinic period 890: 882: 881: 802: 792: 791: 782:Babylonian rule 752:United Monarchy 722: 712: 711: 629: 609: 602: 587: 558: 557: 553:Historical maps 508: 507: 498: 497: 441: 440: 429: 428: 401: 400: 390: 377: 376: 367:Tomb of Lazarus 291: 290: 279: 278: 225: 191: 190: 181: 180: 152:British Mandate 65: 64: 54: 12: 11: 5: 8247: 8237: 8236: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8208:Amarna letters 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8108:Roman Republic 8100: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7654: 7649: 7637: 7635:Hittite Empire 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7389:Amorite states 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7218: 7217:External links 7215: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7157: 7147:Vincent Lemire 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7115: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7064:Eli E. Hertz. 7056: 7031: 7015: 7006: 6999: 6978: 6966: 6933: 6903: 6873: 6854: 6832: 6808: 6791: 6767: 6745: 6733: 6714: 6687: 6668: 6652: 6633: 6620: 6607: 6594: 6588:Benny Morris, 6576: 6554: 6523: 6486: 6464: 6455: 6420: 6408: 6401: 6383:Fromkin, David 6374: 6359: 6352: 6332: 6325: 6319:. Saqi Books. 6303: 6276: 6255: 6229: 6218: 6196: 6183: 6161: 6135: 6113: 6099: 6074: 6067: 6036: 6029: 6000: 5981: 5977:Seder ha-Dorot 5969: 5953: 5922: 5896: 5873: 5850: 5819: 5800: 5786: 5727: 5714: 5703:on 26 May 2008 5687: 5678: 5659: 5641: 5634: 5616: 5597: 5551: 5543:Virgilio Corbo 5535: 5522: 5463: 5456: 5444:Gibson, Shimon 5430: 5404: 5397: 5377: 5362: 5331: 5317: 5297: 5282: 5262: 5215: 5196:(1): 189–193. 5176: 5157: 5137: 5122: 5102: 5090: 5068: 5053: 5033: 5015: 5013:, p. 290. 5003: 4986: 4979: 4954: 4947: 4927: 4906: 4899: 4878: 4851: 4824: 4805: 4779: 4767: 4751: 4742: 4729: 4703: 4683: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4617: 4613:Arabic culture 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4448: 4445: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4356: 4355:Historiography 4353: 4342:Ateret Cohanim 4338:East Jerusalem 4279:emergency exit 4227:Yom Ha'atzmaut 4173:East Jerusalem 4157: 4154: 4107:United Nations 4092: 4089: 4022:Jewish Quarter 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3811:Edmund Allenby 3790: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3682:Greek Orthodox 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3632: 3629: 3617:Land of Israel 3608: 3605: 3599: 3598:Latin presence 3596: 3576:Ottoman Empire 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3461:Holy Sepulcher 3353: 3352:Latin presence 3350: 3330: 3327: 3235: 3232: 3211:, the emir of 3209:an-Nasir Da'ud 3182:Tower of David 3150:Tower of David 3106: 3103: 3032: 3029: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3015: 2974:Atsiz ibn Uvaq 2965: 2962: 2913:Fatimid Caliph 2908: 2907:Fatimid period 2905: 2841:Al-Aqsa Mosque 2769: 2766: 2761:Main article: 2758: 2755: 2750:Main article: 2747: 2744: 2694:Constantinople 2659:Edict of Milan 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2633:Roman province 2574:Main article: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2538:Late antiquity 2536: 2526:(the Ninth of 2410:Roman province 2385: 2382: 2307:Agrippa I 2283:Roman province 2242:, rebuilt the 2223: 2220: 2216:Holy of Holies 2197:Aristobulus II 2133: 2130: 2083:Ptolemy V 2075:Ptolemy I 2073:control under 2051:Persian Empire 2049:conquered the 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2029:Main article: 2026: 2023: 1964:Cyrus Cylinder 1933:Judean silver 1932: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1898:, the king of 1884:Nebuchadnezzar 1830: 1827: 1643:masoretic text 1619:Main article: 1616: 1613: 1559:Amarna letters 1531: 1528: 1493:Amarna letters 1475: 1472: 1470: 1469:Ancient period 1467: 1446:East Jerusalem 1427:Ottoman Empire 1407:Al-Aqsa Mosque 1281:Amarna letters 1250: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180:Jewish history 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1162:Jewish warfare 1159: 1157:Jewish leaders 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1066:(1948–present) 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1008:Modern history 1006: 1004:Modern history 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 992: 989: 983: 982: 979: 973: 972: 969: 963: 962: 959: 944: 943: 940: 939: 938: 937: 936: 931: 918: 917: 914: 908: 907: 904: 897:Late antiquity 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 861: 860: 857: 856: 855: 854: 853: 848: 835: 834: 831: 825: 824: 821: 815: 814: 811: 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 788: 787: 784: 778: 777: 774: 768: 767: 764: 758: 757: 754: 748: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 740: 723: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 614: 613: 604: 603: 596: 589: 588: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 509: 505: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 493:US recognition 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 464: 463: 458: 453: 442: 436: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 425:Crusader kings 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 399: 398: 397: 396: 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 328: 327: 325:Al-Aqsa Mosque 322: 308: 303: 298: 292: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 230: 229: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 196: 192: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 177: 176: 173: 172: 161:Modern period 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 94: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 48: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8246: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8096:Classical Age 8093: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Aram-Damascus 7855: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:First Babylon 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169:3-88226-671-6 7166: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7112:0-679-43596-4 7109: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7045: 7041: 7040:Eric H. Cline 7035: 7028: 7024: 7023:Walid Khalidi 7019: 7010: 7002: 7000:9780944029077 6996: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6805: 6804:The Guardian, 6801: 6795: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6684:. p. 78. 6683: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6649:0-521-86662-6 6646: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6564: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6495:Tamari, Salim 6490: 6474: 6468: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6402:0-8050-6884-8 6398: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6353:9781438424750 6349: 6345: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6326:9780863568015 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6274:. p. 62. 6273: 6272:9780395353752 6269: 6265: 6259: 6243: 6239: 6238:"The Custody" 6233: 6227: 6222: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6123: 6117: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6068:9780195309911 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6030:9780905035338 6026: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5990:Monatsschrift 5985: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5892:90-04-10010-5 5889: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5869:90-411-8843-6 5866: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5808:"Miʿrād̲j̲". 5804: 5796: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5721:Rodney Aist, 5718: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5637: 5635:9781107036567 5631: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5610:, p. 144, at 5609: 5608: 5604:Gideon Avni, 5601: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5087:3-11-018964-X 5084: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5012: 5011:Morkholm 2008 5007: 5000: 4996: 4993:Jan Assmann: 4990: 4982: 4980:0-06-130102-7 4976: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4902: 4900:9780743223386 4896: 4892: 4885: 4883: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4700:0-385-04843-2 4697: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4660: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4461:Israel portal 4451: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298:Jerusalem Law 4295: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4283:Southern Wall 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4221:Yom Hazikaron 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196:Jerusalem Day 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4134:According to 4131: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4066:Walid Khalidi 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4000: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3940:Jewish Legion 3935: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844:In 1922, the 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827:town planning 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Orthodox Jews 3718: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613:Judah HeHasid 3604: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:Greater Syria 3577: 3573: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545:, a possible 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525:, Armenians, 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421:Latin Kingdom 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297:in charge of 3296: 3293:, the Mamluk 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283:caravanserais 3280: 3277:, libraries, 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234:Mamluk period 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113:in 1187 (see 3112: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006:First Crusade 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964:Seljuk period 2961: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2933:Nasir Khusraw 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2846:Night Journey 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2764: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728:siege warfare 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657:, signed the 2656: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2569: 2568:Damascus Gate 2565: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:Jewish Temple 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2459:Arch of Titus 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Arch of Titus 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Arch of Titus 2390: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:Patriarchates 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:received the 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:New Testament 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:Second Temple 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:Aristobulus I 2182: 2181:minting coins 2178: 2177:John Hyrcanus 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155:of the Jews") 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:John Hyrcanus 2142: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2019:Yehud coinage 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Second Temple 1977: 1976:Ezra–Nehemiah 1973: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1917: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Aram-Damascus 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:City of David 1628: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1574:Amenhotep III 1572: 1568: 1565:, headman of 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355:was conquered 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1277:Ancient Egypt 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1026:Mutasarrifate 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1001: 1000: 990: 988: 985: 984: 980: 978: 975: 974: 970: 968: 965: 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 946: 945: 941: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 923: 920: 919: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 902: 898: 895: 894: 886: 885: 875: 871: 867: 866: 863: 862: 858: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841: 840: 837: 836: 832: 830: 827: 826: 822: 820: 817: 816: 812: 810: 809:Persian Yehud 807: 806: 801: 796: 795: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 753: 750: 749: 745: 739: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 727: 726: 721: 716: 715: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 635: 634: 628:Early history 625: 624: 620: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 600: 595: 594: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 564: 562: 561: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 502: 501: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 473:Jerusalem Day 471: 469: 468:Jerusalem Law 466: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 439: 433: 432: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 395: 392: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 380: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 289: 283: 282: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 227: 226: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 185: 184: 174: 170: 166: 162: 160: 159: 155: 153: 150: 149: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 133: 132:Late Medieval 130: 129: 125: 123: 120: 119: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 103: 100: 99: 95: 93: 90: 89: 86:538 BCE–70 CE 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 73: 72:City of David 70: 69: 59: 56: 55: 53: 50: 49: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8112:Roman Empire 8104:Ancient Rome 8056: 8031: 7913: 7849: 7817: 7773: 7749: 7685: 7639: 7572: 7491: 7387: 7330:Chagar Bazar 7230: 7206: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7160: 7150: 7120: 7103: 7082:22 September 7080:. Retrieved 7073:the original 7059: 7049:22 September 7047:. Retrieved 7034: 7026: 7018: 7009: 6990: 6987:Teddy Kollek 6981: 6969: 6959:22 September 6957:. Retrieved 6953:the original 6945:Azmi Bishara 6924:. Retrieved 6920:the original 6915: 6906: 6894:. Retrieved 6890:the original 6885: 6876: 6868:The Guardian 6867: 6857: 6849:the original 6842: 6835: 6827: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6786: 6770: 6762:the original 6757: 6748: 6736: 6727: 6717: 6705:. Retrieved 6701:the original 6690: 6677: 6671: 6655: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6567:. Retrieved 6557: 6545:. Retrieved 6541:the original 6536: 6526: 6514:. Retrieved 6507:the original 6502: 6489: 6479:11 September 6477:. Retrieved 6467: 6458: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6411: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6362: 6342: 6335: 6316: 6306: 6292:(1): 53–54. 6289: 6285: 6279: 6263: 6258: 6246:. Retrieved 6242:the original 6232: 6221: 6209:. Retrieved 6199: 6190:A. Stewart, 6186: 6174:. Retrieved 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6148:the original 6138: 6126:. Retrieved 6116: 6104:. Retrieved 6090: 6087:"Synagogues" 6058: 6020: 5994: 5989: 5988:Epstein, in 5984: 5976: 5972: 5944:. Retrieved 5937: 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5909:the original 5899: 5881: 5876: 5858: 5853: 5841:. Retrieved 5832: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5789: 5777:. Retrieved 5773:the original 5747:(1): 25–53. 5744: 5740: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5705:. Retrieved 5701:the original 5690: 5681: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5625: 5619: 5612:Google Books 5605: 5600: 5588:. Retrieved 5581:the original 5576: 5570: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5516: 5483:(1): 49–65. 5480: 5476: 5466: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5421:. Retrieved 5417: 5407: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5353:. Retrieved 5349:the original 5344: 5334: 5322:. Retrieved 5307: 5300: 5272: 5265: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5170: 5147: 5140: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5077: 5071: 5043: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4968: 4957: 4937: 4930: 4914: 4909: 4890: 4870:the original 4861: 4854: 4843:the original 4834: 4827: 4818: 4808: 4796:. 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