4741:
4866:
3740:, which may imply conquest of new territories, or exchange of the excess animals and livestock products for products of settled civilizations unavailable in the unsophisticated Mongolian economy. For example, they would be able to wear clothes made of hides and wool in cold seasons, but would certainly need clothes from silk or light fabric in summer. However, the ban on trade with the Mongols by the Ming administration was a reason for armed conflicts. Moreover, there were frequent attempts to offer low prices for the livestock products or to supply low quality reject goods to the Mongols. Thus in protest, there were cases that Mongol traders burned their reject Chinese purchases in front of the Ming officials during the rule of
4955:
3971:, inspired by lively images of beautiful Mongolian women. The lotus flower over the left shoulder of Sita Tara is about to blossom and Sita Tara herself is in her mid-teens. The lotus flowers over the shoulders of Siyama Tara have already blossomed and Siyama Tara herself is a woman in the bloom of her beauty. She is aware and proud of her perfect beauty. She has awakened from her meditation, put down her right leg in the moment of standing up to descend from her lotus seat to breastfeed her child; and her children are the sentient beings. Many temples and monasteries were built under Zanabazar's projects. He designed the
1237:
Mongolian steppes was unique because migration was limited by natural barriers such as the Altai
Mountains in the west, the Gobi Desert in the south and the freezing wastelands of Siberia in the north, all unsuitable for nomadic-based living. These greatly limited migrations, although they also kept out invaders. The clans in Mongolia only allied with other Mongolian clans, with which they shared the same language, religion, and way of life. This would later be a huge advantage in uniting the people in Mongolia against the threat of the expanding Chinese empires. There were repeated conflicts with the Chinese dynasties of
4484:
1715:
2573:
4459:
2275:
4774:. The position of the Republic of China was that all of Mongolia was territories of China. The position of Russia was to reduce Mongolian independence to an autonomy limited to Outer Mongolia only. Negotiations continued for eight months as the Mongolian representatives firmly defended the independence of the country, but finally the government of Mongolia had to accept Russia's position. However, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside the control of the Chinese, who on the other hand controlled
4052:
4406:
3511:
4 people and every adult man was a warrior, it can be estimated that the Mongol population in the Yuan dynasty counted at least 1,600,000 people. However, the amount of 40 tumens remained only in the name of the
Mongols after the fall of the Yuan dynasty as only 6 tumens were able to retreat to Mongolia and the remaining 34 tumens were lost to the Ming dynasty. These 6 tumens were grouped into the 3 tumens of the left wing ruled by the Mongol Khan and the 3 tumens of the right wing ruled by
7044:
1895:
3337:
5158:
Yalalt, now known as the Square of
Liberty. The meeting turned into a demonstration, marching to the House of the Government, which then hosted the People's Great Hural, Council of Ministers and the Headquarters of MPRP. The demonstrators demanded the resignations of the Political Bureau of the MPRP, a formation of a Provisional People's Hural during the month of March, and separation of MPRP from the government; they handed their petition to a representative of the government.
4631:
2703:
3215:
990:
132:
1864:
4623:
8770:
3876:
3796:
2340:
1073:(Mongolian History 2003). According to H.L. Chlyenova, the artistic deer image originated from the Sak tribe and its branches (Chlyenova 1962). Volkov believes that some of the methods of crafting deer stone art are closely related to Scythians (Volkov 1967), whereas Mongolian archaeologist D. Tseveendorj regards deer stone art as having originated in Mongolia during the Bronze Age and spread thereafter to Tuva and the Baikal area (Tseveendorj 1979).
8780:
5716:{{cite web Uyghurs maintain stable relationship with China and entered Tarim Basin in 790 after Tibetans captured Khotan, one of the four garrisons of China. Uyghurs and Tibetan had wars on each other for the domination in Tarim Basin and Tibetan siege on Kucha (808-821) was repelled. Uyghurs power extended from the Mongolian steppes and to the west as far as Farghana. | title = Chronological table of history of Siberia and Mongolia | url =
2138:
4205:
3180:
1180:
24:
2711:
3695:) and Altan Khan, who appointed his son as a ruler of Upper Mongolia (Kukunor), defeated the Oirats in 1552. Altan Khan attacked the Ming dynasty, but he stopped the raids in 1571, and signed a peace treaty with the Ming court. To achieve favorable conditions in the peace treaty with the Ming dynasty, Altan Khan occasionally threatened that he may ally with TĂŒmen Khan to attack the Ming dynasty. Altan Khan established the city of
3559:
1605:(or Tung Hu, the Eastern Hu), a proto-Mongol group mentioned in Chinese histories as existing as early as the 4th century BC. The language of the Donghu is believed to be proto-Mongolic to modern scholars. The Donghu were among the first peoples conquered by the Xiongnu. Once the Xiongnu state weakened, however, the Donghu rebelled. By the 1st century AD, two major subdivisions of the Donghu had developed: the proto-Mongolic
4542:
4105:
3664:
3469:
1588:
1281:
3816:, who ruled the central heartland of Northern Khalkha. Gersenz's great-grandson Sholoi solicited the title of Khan from Dalai Lama during his visit to Tibet and initiated the dynasty of Secen Khans in the east of Khalkha. Another great-grandson of Gersenz Laihur assumed the title of Khan, and his son Sumbadai founded the dynasty of the Zasagtu Khans, ruling the west of Northern Khalkha. Laihur's cousin
5216:
2970:
2076:
1723:
3507:. Mongols remained powerful even after the fall of the Yuan dynasty but number of the Mongols decreased due to the fall of the Mongol Empire, wars and assimilation (turkization). As the Ming dynasty understood its own disability of conquering the Mongolian Plateau by military force, it started a policy of provoking the groups of Mongols to quarrel with one another, as well as economic blockade.
6628:
1771:
1883:), known as "Tujue" to Chinese chroniclers, were subjects to the Rouran and served as blacksmiths for them. In 552 AD the GöktĂŒrks revolted against their Rouran rulers. The uprising began in the Altai Mountains, where many of the TĂŒrk were serfs working the iron mines. Therefore, the revolt of the Turkics of 552 is often called the "Blacksmiths' rebellion". The uprising was headed by
4944:, and much of the male labour force lived in the monasteries, contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock belonged mainly to aristocrats and monasteries; ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus faced a daunting task in building a modern economy.
4096:
Mongols, and that
Nurhaci had better refrain from disturbing the Chinese cities-tributaries of him-of Ligdan Khan. In response, Nurhaci held it necessary to remind him that the 40 tumens are long gone and there are perhaps some six tumens of which only Chaharia recognizes Ligdan's power as Khan. Later Nurhaci managed to ally with the vassals of Ligdan Khan, the
2639:
son of Wang Khan, envied
Temujin as his power was growing and persuaded his father to battle against Temujin. This venture led to a victory of Temujin and conquest of the Kereit Khanlyk. Wang Khan escaped alone into the southern deserts of the Naiman khanlig, where he was caught by the Naiman patrols, who killed him irritated as he claimed himself as Wang Khan.
2742:(10,000 warriors). This decimal system was a long-tested system that had been inherited from the period of the Xiongnu. With an assumption that each household consisted of four persons and every adult male was a warrior, it can be estimated that the entire population of Mongolia was at least 750,000 people and the nation possessed 95,000 cavalrymen.
4474:(province): Tusiyetu Khan aimag, Zasaghtu Khan aimag, Secen Khan aimag and Sain Noyan Khan aimag. In addition, the territories populated by Oirats in the Kobdo region were grouped into Togs Huleg Dalai Khan aimag and Unen Zorigtu Khan aimag. Aimags were governed by aimag congress chigulgan comprising the lords of the khoshuns. The chigulgan daruga (
2793:. The "Altan (Golden) Khaan" (Jin Emperor) surrendered in 1214 and gave Genghis Khan his princess and tribute of gold and silver to his warlords. Genghis Khan gave out to his warriors the tribute of the Jin Emperor loaded on 3000 horses. However, the Jin dynasty continued hostility against Mongolia, hence Genghis Khan ordered his warlord Guo Wang
4896:. They sought aid from the Soviet Union, which was unacceptable to Bogd Khan. However, for the sake of the country's independence, Bogd Khan endorsed the MPP's letter to the Soviet government. However, the Soviet Union chose not to respond to Bogd Khan's government, instead looking to the MPP to become the rulers of Mongolia.
1957:(modern Xi'an), then the capital of China. Tardu was turned back, however, and, upon his death two years later, the TĂŒrkic state again fragmented. The Eastern TĂŒrks nonetheless continued their depredations, occasionally threatening Chang'an. In the early 8th century, an invading army of 450,000 soldiers headed by the
3687:(son of Bars Bolad Jinong) who assumed the title of khan. In order to maintain the unity of the country by peaceful means, TĂŒmen Jasagtu Khan initiated a representative government with equal participation of the representatives of the left and right wings. The right wings rivaled with the Oirats for possession of
3035:
5032:
orders. The victims were 3%â5% of the total population, and included monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, military officers, nobles, intellectuals, and common citizens. Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims. At this time, Mongolia had an overall population of
4355:
Galdan Tseren took a series of actions to develop of crop production, gardening, and cannon manufacture in
Dzungaria. He successfully repelled the aggression of the Qing dynasty in 1729â31. Moreover, his general Baga Tserendondov advanced into Khalkha and reached the River Kerulen in 1732, but had to
4263:
remained under the rule of Galdan
Boshugtu Khan. Chakhundorj fought against the Russian invasion of northern Mongolia until 1688. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war. Qing forces invaded Khalkha in 1696 and the Oirats were defeated by the outnumbering enemy in
3621:, who subdued the Taishis. Queen Manduhai defeated the Oirats when Batmönkh was still a child. Later Batmönkh subdued the Taishis of the right wings as they refused to accept a suzereign over themâson of Dayan Khan sent there as a Jinong. After this event, Batmönkh moved his residence from Khalkha to
3510:
A long period of feudal separatism and rivalry for the Khan's throne started in
Mongolia by the early 15th century. The military strength of the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty was that they were able to mobilize an army of 400,000 warriors (40 tumens). Assuming that an average household consisted of
3332:
to lead the civil administration in the Yuan realm, yet at the same time introduced a hierarchy of reliability by dividing the subjects of the Yuan dynasty into four ranks. The highest rank included the
Mongols, the second rank included the peoples to the west of Mongolia, the third rank included the
2638:
In 1201, a crisis ignited in the
Keraite khanlig, in which the siblings of Tooril Wang Khan allied with Inancha Khan of Naiman and defeated Tooril. Wang Khan regained power in his kingdom with the support of Temujin. Temujin finally defeated and subjugated the Tatars in 1202. Nilha (childish) Sengum,
1401:
for seven days. Emperor Gao was forced to submit to the Xiongnu, and a treaty was signed in 198 BC recognising all the territories to the north from the Great Wall should belong to the Xiongnu, while the territory to the south of the Great Wall should belong to the Han. In addition, China was obliged
5157:
organized by the Mongolian Democratic Union on 10 December 1989 landmarks the commencement of the Democratic Movement in Mongolia. The subsequent meetings involved ever-increasing numbers of supporters. A meeting with participation of 100,000 people took place on 4 March 1990 on the square at cinema
4491:
As vassals of Qing Emperors, the Mongolian noblesârulers of the khoshuns were expected to carry out military services commanding their troops in warfare, to personally attend the Emperor in his hunting processions, mobilize resources from the khoshun population and subdue local riots. Their services
4275:
There were three khans in Khalkha of which Zasagt Khan Shar (Western Khalkha leader) was Galdan's ally. Tsetsen Khan (Eastern Khalkha leader) did not engage in this conflict. The Mongols who fled to Outer and Inner Mongolia returned after the war. Some Khalkhas mixed with the Buryats. Tsewang Rabtan
3598:
in their conflict and became a self-declared Khan. During his retreat, Togtobuh was caught and assassinated by his ex-father-in-law for an earlier humiliation of his daughter as she was divorced and returned to her parents. The reign of Esen Taishi was short, less than a yearâhis rivals rebelled and
3348:
is where the ruling Mongols of the Yuan dynasty came from, it enjoyed a somewhat special status during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, although the capital of the dynasty had been moved from Karakorum to Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) since the beginning of Kublai Khan's reign, and Mongolia had been turned
1662:
The Wuhuan also were prominent in the 2nd century, but they disappeared thereafter; possibly they were absorbed in the Xianbei western expansion. The Xianbei and the Wuhuan used mounted archers in warfare, and they had only temporary war leaders instead of hereditary chiefs. Agriculture, rather than
1472:
and the steppes north of the Gobi. During the late 1st century AD, having reestablished the administrative control over southern China and northern Vietnam that had been lost briefly at beginning of this same century, the Eastern Han made a concerted effort to reassert dominance over Inner Asia. The
4907:
at the northern frontier of Mongolia. The Mongolian volunteer troops and units of the Soviet Red Army advanced to the south, annihilating the remainder of the defeated Chinese troops and Ungern's White troops. The main battles undertaken by the Mongolian troops took place at Tujiin Nars against the
4505:
when serfdom was effectively introduced to the Mongolian society for the first time. There were 3 forms of serfdom: albatuâstate serfs, khamjilgaâpersonal serfs of khoshun rulers and of taijis, and shabiâserfs of Khutuhtus, supreme clergy. To prevent assimilation of the Mongols, the Qing government
4439:
population were destroyed by a combination of warfare and disease during the Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate in 1755â1758. Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide
4347:
khans, and also sent his general Ihe Tserendondov to conquer Tibet in 1716. His force was driven out by Qing troops in 1720, who then occupied Tibet. However, several attempts by the Qing dynasty to subjugate the Dzungar Khanate failed in the early 18th century. In 1723, the Qing troops subdued the
3906:
rushed to Tumet to meet the new Dalai Lama. He requested the title Khan from him. Although the new Dalai Lama had already recognized Altan as a Khan in addition to the extant Mongolian Khan Tumen Jasaghtu, the Dalai Lama in Abtai's case rejected the request with the excuse that "there cannot be two
1666:
Chinese control of parts of Inner Asia did not last beyond the opening years of the 2nd century AD, and, as the Eastern Han dynasty ended early in the 3rd century AD, suzerainty was limited primarily to the Gansu corridor. The Xianbei were able to make forays into a China beset with internal unrest
1643:
There are various hypotheses about the language and ethnic links of the Xianbei and the most widely accepted version suggests that the Xianbei were a Mongolic ethnic group and their branches are the ancestors of many Mongolic peoples such as the Rouran, Khitan and Menggu Xibei, who are suggested to
6404:
In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (âŠ) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC
4769:
between Russia, Mongolia, and the Republic of China "downgraded" the independence of Outer Mongolia to autonomy within China. The government of Mongolia maintained a position of preserving Mongolia's independence including Khalkha Mongolia, the Khovd region, Western Mongolia, Tuva, Inner Mongolia,
4413:
ChingĂŒnjav rose against Qing rule in 1756 abandoning his post and appealed to the other nobles of Khalkha to rise for independence. Around the same period, an uprising of Sevdenbaljir in Inner Mongolia was subdued. Sevdenbaljir was arrested before this uprising to prevent the Inner Mongols uniting
4095:
Bagatur (ĐąŃĐœĐłŃŃĐžĐčĐœ ŃÒŻĐ»ĐŽŃŃ) who reunified the Jurchen tribes sent a letter to Ligdan Khan seeking alliance in fighting against the Ming dynasty. Ligdan denied the proposal mentioning that Nurhaci rules only three tumens of the Jurchens while Ligdan himself is a Genghisid ruling the 40 tumens of the
3891:
lama. Sonam Gyatso, in turn, recognized Altan as a reincarnation of Kublai Khan. Thus, Altan added legitimacy to the title "khan" that he had assumed, while Sonam Gyatso received support for the supremacy he sought over the Tibetan sangha. Since this meeting, the heads of the Gelugpa school became
2649:
initiated a campaign against Temujin in 1204. They allied with Jamukha, who competed with Temujin for the power over the Mongolic tribes. The Naiman troops outnumbered the Temujin's troops. At night at the eve of the battle, Temujin ordered each of his warrior to light ten bonfires, thus deceiving
1456:, the Korean Peninsula, and Inner Asia. The Xiongnu, once more turning their attention to the west and the southwest, raided deep into the Oxus Valley between 73 and 44 BC. The descendants of the Yuezhi and their Chinese rulers, however, formed a common front against the Xiongnu and repelled them.
1429:
The Xiongnu again raided northern China about 200 BC, finding that the inadequately defended Great Wall was not a serious obstacle. By the middle of the 2nd century BC, they controlled all of northern and western China north of the Yellow River. This renewed threat led the Chinese to improve their
4977:
The revolutionary government kept Bogd Khan as nominal head of state, but the actual power was in the hands of the MPP and its Soviet counselors. After the mysterious death of Bogd Khan in 1924, the MPP moved quickly to promulgate a Soviet-style constitution, abolishing monarchy and declaring the
4912:
and Bulnai against the White troops. Simultaneously, Khatanbaatar Magsarjav, who had been sent by Baron Ungern to the western provinces, revolted and allied himself with the MPP. He defeated the White troops led by Kazantsev, Vandanov, and Bakich. Mongolian and Soviet troops led by Khasbaatar and
3755:
Cities in Mongolia were completely destroyed during Chinese raids in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The Ming Empire attempted to invade Mongolia in the 14-16th centuries, however, the Ming Empire was defeated by the Oirat, Southern Mongol, Eastern Mongol and united Mongolian armies. Thus
2842:
The execution of 450 envoys and tradesmen of Genghis Khan by Khwarezm Shah 1218 was an announcement of war. The Mongol troops invaded Khwarezm Empire in 1219. Although Khwarezm Shah possessed an army outnumbering the Mongol troops dozen of times, he lacked the courage and initiatives to unite his
2607:
tribe, who became the mother of Temujin. The striving of Temujin to free his wife became a reason for the campaign against the Mergids. After the defeat of the Mergid, the reputation of Temujin rose rapidly and the leading members of the Khamag Mongol aristocracy enthroned him with title Chinggis
4426:
Amursanaa returned to Dzungaria with his 500 warriors as he was deceived in his hope to take the Dzungar throne with the support of the Qing Empire. A faction of the Oirat aristocrats elevated him as Khan of the Oirats in 1756. However, Amursana's followers lacked unity. The decisive battle took
4371:
As soon as he became Khan, Dawachi deprived his friend Amursana of his wife and then defeated him in a battle in 1754. Amursana sought an alliance with the Qing dynasty, hoping to defeat Dawachi and elevate himself to the position of Khan of the Dzungar Khanate. The Qing administration mobilized
1682:
empire beyond Mongolia proper in northern China in 386. By the end of the 4th century, the region between the Yangtze and the Gobi, including much of modern Xinjiang, was dominated by the Tuoba. Emerging as the partially sinicized state of Dai between AD 338 and 376 in the Shanxi area, the Tuoba
4196:
Chahundorji succeeded to Tushiyetu Khan's (Tusheet Khan) throne in 1665. Zasagtu Khan Norbo (Norvo) died in 1661 and rivalry started between his successors. This feud eventually involved Altan Khan, Tushiyetu Khan, and the Dzungar Khanate. The crisis continued for decades and evolved into a war
3867:
Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji of Ordos and his two brothers invaded Tibet in 1566. He sent an ultimatum to some of the ruling clergy of Tibet demanding their submission. The Tibetan supreme monks decided to surrender and Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji returned to Ordos with three high ranking monks. Tumen
4239:
in 1689 while the latter was engaged in the war in Khalkha and this event made it impossible for Galdan to fight the Qing Empire. Galdan sent his army to "liberate" Inner Mongolia after defeating the Khalkha army and called Inner Mongolian nobles to fight for Mongolian independence. Some Inner
4231:
of the Qing dynasty cunningly demanded that they become his vassals as a condition for his support. Galdan demanded that the Kangxi Emperor cede him Ănder Gegeen Zanagazar and Tushiyetu Khan Chahundorji. The Kangxi Emperor refused and decisive battle took place near UlaanBudan where Galdan was
3756:
there was no division of labor between urban and rural economies that was characteristic in other cultures. Some attempts of diversification of the economy were undertaken in the 16th and 17th centuries in peripheral Mongol domains but not in Northern Khalkha. Thus Altan Khan made Chinese grow
2757:
kingdom joined Mongolia. The urgent task of Genghis Khan was strengthening the independence of his young nation. For a century, the southeastern neighbour Jin dynasty had been provoking the Mongolic tribes against one another in order to eventually subjugate them. With a purpose of testing the
2331:
Watersheds. They may have been divided into five to twenty tribes. They were said to be dressed in fish skins. They may have been nomadic, staying in the marshy lowlands in the winter and the mountains during the summer. The burial was by exposure in trees. Their language is described as being
1236:
since ancient times. The ancient population had a nomadic and hunter lifestyle and lied fairly undisturbed. While most of Central Eurasia had a fairly similar nomadic lifestyle where moving in and around national boundaries and mixing with different settlements was common, the situation in the
4418:
and other members of the nobility. However, the Qing court was able to capture Chingunjav before the uprising took its full swing. Chingunjav and his whole family were cruelly executed in 1757, and the Qing court decided that future Jebtsundamba Khutughtus would be only found in Tibet, not in
3803:
By the end of the 16th century, several Khanlig dynasties developed in Khalkha. As Dayan Khan divided Mongolia among his eleven sons, Northern Khalkha (approximately the territory of modern Mongolia) was given to his youngest son Gersenz Hongtaiji and Southern Khalkha was given to Alchibolad.
2737:
and reformed the country into 95 mingats. In this system, a group of households large enough to mobilize ten warriors was organized into an arbatu, 10 arbatus were organized into a zagutu (100 warriors), 10 zagutus constituted a mingat (1,000 warriors) and 10 mingats constituted a tumetu or
3728:
ascended the throne in 1603. He initiated translation of major Buddhist scriptures into the Mongolian language. By his time, the authority of the Northern Yuan khan had declined to such a degree that Legdan Hutuhtu Khan came to be known as "Khan of Chaharia". The failure of his attempts of
4764:
On 3 November 1912, the Russian Empire and Mongolia signed a bilateral treaty without the participation of China. This treaty meant recognition of the Bogd Khaan as the monarch of the sovereign "State of Mongolia" by Russia. Nevertheless, under strong pressure from the Russian and Chinese
1945:
khagan was installed as Anbei protector, who inhabited the region between the Altai Mountains and Khitan's land. Between 641 and 648, the Tang conquered the Western Turks, re-establishing Chinese sovereignty over Xinjiang and exacting tribute from west of the Pamir Mountains. The GöktĂŒrks
4978:
Mongolian People's Republic on 26 November 1924. Mongolia became completely isolated from the world by the MPP government, which followed the Soviet Union in implementing the Communist experiment. On the other hand, this also provided protection against the potential aggression of China.
4841:), several times but were repelled with heavy losses. Ungern entered contacts with Mongolian nobles and lamas and received Bogd Khaan's edict to regain independence. On 2â5 February 1921, after fighting a huge battle, Ungern's force drove the Chinese forces out of the Mongolian capital.
5546:
Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, Massachusetts, p. 8 August 28â31,
1377:
between these two nomadic peoples reached a climax in the latter part of the 3rd century and the early decades of the 2nd century BC; the Xiongnu were triumphant. The Yuezhi then migrated to the southwest where, early in the 2nd century, they began to appear in the Oxus (the modern
4725:
Khalkha Mongolian and Inner Mongolian cavalry (about 3,500 Inner Mongols) defeated 70,000 Chinese soldiers and controlled almost all of Inner Mongolia, but in 1914 the Mongolian army retreated due to lack of weapons. 400 Mongol soldiers and 3,795 Chinese soldiers died in this war.
2152:
The territory of the empire consisted of two parts: one populated by pastoral herders in the north and the other populated by croppers in the south. The two parts of the empire actively traded with each other. Lubugu, a grandson of Ambagyan, and a scholar named Tulyubu developed a
2306:
tribes, though little is known, have been considered the ancestors of the Mongols according to ancient Chinese records. Term "Shiwei" was an umbrella term of the Mongolic and Tungusic peoples in the 6th to 12th centuries. During the 5th century, they occupied the area east of the
4500:
besides they had to serve as warriors themselves. Although the military feudal system of Mongolia of the pre-Qing epoch is considered to have been a class society in which an ordinary Mongol was expected to obey his feudal lord as a soldier obeys a commander, it was during the
852:
periods. The Mongolian climate was more humid hundreds of thousands of years ago. Mongolia is known to be the source of priceless paleontological discoveries. The first scientifically confirmed dinosaur eggs were found in Mongolia during the 1923 expedition of the American
1265:
had united all of China's kingdoms into one empire in the 3rd century BC, the Xiongnu confederacy had formed in the Mongolian plains, transforming all of the independent clans into one single state that reassured their safety and independence from an expanding Qin.
5161:
Denial of these demands by the Communist government led to a hunger strike of the 7â10 March 1990 by a number of activists of the Mongolian Democratic Union resulting in the resignation of the Political Bureau of the MPRP and negotiations for political reforms.
4280:
and Inner Mongolia after Galdan Boshugtu, however, his action against Galdan made northern Mongols fight against Russia without the help of other Mongols. The Russian and Qing Empires supported his actions because this coup weakened Western Mongolian strength.
1091:
descended from the Mongolic people. The Scythian community inhabited western Mongolia in the 5-6th centuries. In 2006, the mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old was a 30-to-40-year-old man with blond hair, was found in the
1121:
With the appearance of iron weapons by the 3rd century BC, the inhabitants of Mongolia had begun to form clan alliances and lived a hunter and herder lifestyle. The origins of more modern inhabitants are found among the forest hunters and nomadic tribes of
2929:
The Western Xia denied its obligation as a vassal state to take part in the western campaign of Genghis Khan. Shortly after returning to Mongolia, the Mongol army invaded the Western Xia in 1226 and conquered the capital Zhongxing (äžć
Žćș), located in modern
2416:
was 9 years old. Shortly after Yesukhei died, Targudai Kiriltug of Taichuud moved away with the subjects of Yesukhei, leaving young Temujin, his mother and his younger siblings without support. Hence, Khamag Mongol remained in political crisis until 1189.
1891:. Thus, from the outset of their revolt, they had the advantage of controlling what had been one of the major bases of Rouran power. Between 546 and 553, the TĂŒrks overthrew the Rouran and established themselves as the most powerful force in Central Asia.
1937:(618â907)âdestroyed the power of the Eastern Turks north of the Gobi; established suzerainty over the Khitan, a semi-nomadic Para-Mongolic people who lived in areas that became the modern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin; and established the
1675:(present-day China's Xizang Autonomous Region) from the west and the southwest. Chaos prevailed as these groups warred with each other and repulsed the vain efforts of the fragmented Chinese kingdoms south of the Yangtze River to reconquer the region.
1032:
and are thought to have been set up during the Bronze Age around 1000 BC, and may mark the graves of important people. Later inhabitants of the area likely reused them to mark their own burial mounds, and perhaps for other purposes. In Mongolia, the
1691:(also referred to as Ruru or Juan-Juan by Chinese chroniclers), a newly arising nomadic Mongol people in the steppes north of the Altai Mountains, and reconstructed the Great Wall. During the 4th century also, the Huns left the steppes north of the
4492:
were generously awarded by the Emperor, and those who performed exceptionally outstanding feats before the Qing Emperor would occasionally be honoured to marry a princess. Disobedience or failure to provide adequate service was severely punished.
4372:
horses and other livestock of the Khalkha population for the Dzungar invasion. A 200,000 strong army consisting of Khalkha, Inner Mongolian, Manchu and Chinese troops invaded Dzungaria in 1755. The vanguard of the Qing army was led by Amursana,
3026:
system with well-organized posts (ââörtegeââ). The system connected the various regions of the whole Empire. Ogedei Khan settled down the rebellions in the countries conquered during his father and led an army himself to put down a revolt in
4495:
The most heavy burden of the foreign exploitation was laid on the spine of the ordinary Mongolian laborers. They were impoverished during mobilization of horses and livestock products during preparation of the military campaign against the
4940:. Agriculture and industry were almost non-existent; transport and communications were primitive; banking, services and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most people were nomadic herders
1995:
river in 751. The Tang Empire invited the Uyghurs to subdue the An Lushan rebellion in 755. Successful campaigns of the Uyghur Khaganate led to a peace with the Tang dynasty of China which paid compensation for the suppression of An in
4813:
occupied Urga after suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles and forced the Bogd Khaan and the leading nobles to sign a document renouncing Mongolia's independence. Leaders of Mongolia's national independence movement, such as
4100:
s or princes of Southern Khalkha, Horchin, Horlos, etc., who pledged to support Nurhaci in his wars against the Ming dynasty. However their first allied actions were against their own suzerain Ligdan Khan, who they defeated in 1622.
1782:(also known as Nirun) were consolidated under Mugulyu. In the late 5th century, the Rouran established a powerful nomadic empire spreading generally farther north of Northern Wei. It was probably the Rouran who first used the title
4382:
While this horde entered the Ili River Basin, Amursana captured Davaachi and handed him to the Manchu. This event marked the fall of the Dzungar Khanate, which had impeded Qing expansion into Central Asia for over a century. The
3586:. Mongolia was effectively unified under the power of the Oirat Taishi. Esen Taishi led active diplomatic exchanges with the Ming dynasty to achieve favorable trading conditions. When diplomacy failed to reach the goal, he led a
4981:
In 1928, Mongolian politics took a sharp leftward turn. Herds were forcibly collectivized, private trade and transport were forbidden, and monasteries and the nobility came under attack. This led to an economic breakdown and to
4844:
One part of the Chinese forces fled to the south to China, and another to the north of Mongolia to enter negotiations with the Far Eastern Republic. The Bogd Khaan's monarchic power and his government were briefly restored.
1459:
During the next century, as Chinese strength waned, border warfare between the Chinese and the Xiongnu was almost incessant. Gradually the nomads forced their way back into Gansu and the northern part of what is now China's
5184:
Mongolia as an independent country, although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia. Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the
5001:"bending") and liberalized development of the economy, and was favored by new leaders such as Prime Minister P. Genden. However, they did not realize that this was a temporary tactical retreat by Stalin and the Comintern.
923:. Contemporary findings from western Mongolia include only temporary encampments of hunters and fishers. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age
1699:
in Inner Asia, as had the Chinese in the 2nd century. As the empire grew, however, Tuoba tribal customs were supplanted by those of the Chinese, an evolution not accepted by all Tuoba. Tuoba Wei existed until 581.
4798:
735:(1368â1635). The Mongols returned to their earlier patterns of internal strife and their old shamanist ways after the collapse of Yuan dynasty. Buddhism reemerged in Mongolia in the 16th and 17th centuries.
4752:
in 1206. With national independence, Mongolia entered the path of modernization. A parliamentary structure consisting of two chambers, the Upper Hural and the Lower Hural, was formed in 1914. A legal code,
4928:
Thus the Revolution ended Chinese occupation of Mongolia and defeated White Russian forces in Mongolia. Also that year, Mongolian revolutionary leaders adopted the Statement of Reunification of Mongolia.
1946:
continuously struggled against the subjugation by the Tang dynasty started in 679. An uprising of 682 under the leadership of Kutuluk and Tonyukuk led to restoration of the Turkic Khaganate, known as the
3333:
subjects of the former Jin dynasty such as Northern Chinese, the Khitans and Jurchens, and the lowest rank comprised the subjects of the former Song dynasty such as the Han ethnic group in South China.
3533:
The first half of the 15th century saw a rivalry of Oirat Taishis for the throne of the Khan and the second half of the 15th century saw a separatist movement of the Taishis in the right wing tumens.
3240:) by Kublai Khan in 1264 was opposed by many Mongols. Thus, Ariq Böke's struggle was for keeping the center of the Empire in Mongolia homeland. After Ariq Böke's death, the struggle was continued by
4227:
where Russia threatened to exterminate them if they failed to submit, but many submitted to Galdan Boshugtu. The Khalkha leaders sought Manchu aid in their feud with Galdan Boshugtu Khan while the
2398:, son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged in 13 battles with the Tatars endeavouring to avenge Ambagai Khan. Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandson
1648:
as a form of non-verbal communication. Besides extensive livestock husbandry, the Xianbei were also engaged on a limited scale in farming and handicraft. The Xianbei fractured in the 3rd century.
2459:
confederacy first appeared in recorded history in 732. The Tatars became subjects of the Khitan in the 10th century. After the fall of the Khitan empire, the Tatars experienced pressure from the
1142:
in the west. During most of recorded history, this has been an area of constant ferment from which emerged numerous migrations and invasions to the southeast (into China), to the southwest (into
4296:
cruelly subdued the resistance of the Buryats and conquered the Baikal region in 1640-1650s. The uprisings of the Buryats were brutally crushed in 1658 and 1696. The Russians attempted to build
4185:
in 1640 to ally their forces in struggle against increasing foreign aggression. The congress issued a Khalkha-Oirat Law called the "Great Code of the Forty and the Four" or "Mongol-Oirat Code" (
4435:, killing every Oirat they met on their way in the territory of the Dzungar Khanate. Of the 600,000 Dzungar population, only 30 thousand survived. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the
4431:
in Russia where he died but the Dzungars continued their war against Manchu invasion until 1758. Brutally revenging the Oirat people for their love for freedom, the Qing army carried out the
6650:
4722:
6821:
4809:
Following the Russian Revolution of October 1917, China revived its claims to Outer Mongolia, aiming at its conversion into a common Chinese province. In late 1919, the Chinese general
4304:
area, but they were quickly destroyed by the local population. The Buryat region was formally annexed to Russia by treaties in 1689 and 1727, when the territories on both the sides of
2332:
similar to Manchu-Tungusic languages and Khitan. The Turkic Khaganate installed tuduns, or governors over the Shiwei and collected tribute. Other Shiwei may have stayed and become the
4414:
their force. He planned to organize a congress of the Khalkha nobility to elect a future Khan of Mongolia. Chingunjav was supported by Boghda Gegeen II, the Khans of the four Khalkha
3625:, to a proxime neighbourhood to the right wings for tighter control over them. Since then, the Mongol Khans resided in Chaharia up to 1634. The left-wing tumens under Dayan Khan were
1925:
by the plot made by the Sui dynasty of China. Finally in 584, the Eastern Turks recognised Sui suzerainty. The Turkic Khaganate began to revolt and hasten the border in 615 after the
3453:
was enthroned in 1370 after the death of the last Yuan emperor. The Ming dynasty founded by ethnic Han began aggressions against the Northern Yuan from the year 1372. Mongol warlord
6690:
5364:
1953:
For a brief period at the beginning of the 7th century, a new consolidation of the TĂŒrks, under the Western TĂŒrk ruler Tardu, again threatened China. In 701, Tardu's army besieged
4591:
adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state. While the Qing referred to their state as
4611:, and the position of Mongols was that their allegiance had been to the Qing monarch, not the Chinese state. When declaring its independence the Mongolian government led by the
2351:
confederacy. The people of Mongolia at this time were predominantly spirit worshipers, with shamans providing spiritual and religious guidance to the people and tribal leaders.
1875:
in northern China was disintegrating rapidly because of revolts of semi-tribal Tuoba military forces that were opposed to being sinicized, when disaster struck the flourishing
4888:
The MPP was established in early 1921 as a merger of two underground revolutionary groups who had their own views on the future of Mongolia. One of these groups was headed by
4216:
In 1688, Galdan attacked Khalkha following the murder of his younger brother by Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj (the main or Central Khalkha leader) and the Khalkha-Oirat War began.
3340:
The division of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300, showing the khanates of the Golden Horde (yellow), the Chagatai Khanate (gray), the Yuan dynasty (green) and the Ilkhanate (purple)
2948:
The 16-year conquests of Genghis Khan resulted in the formation of the Mongol Empire. He died on 16 August 1227 and was buried at site Ihe Ătög on the southern slopes of the
4193:
Gombodorji and Secen Khan Sholoi were engaged in a conflict with the Manchu Qing dynasty siding with Tenggis Taiji of Inner Mongolia who revolted against Qing rule in 1646.
5951:
3989:
equations and wrote 42 volumes of "The Roots of Regularites" (ĐvĐč ŃĐŸĐłŃĐ»ŃĐœ бvŃŃĐœ ŃŃ
ŃŃŃĐČалж), 5 volumes in linguistics (ĐŽŃŃĐœ ŃŃ
Đ°Đ°Đœ), and 53 volumes of work on mathematics.
3515:, vassal of the Khan. There were about 250,000 Mongols staying in South China and many of these Mongols who were unable to retreat to Mongolia were killed by the Chinese.
1573:
and images of deities resembling the Greco-Roman deities. These discoveries lead to a hypothesis that the Xiongnu had relations with the Greco-Roman world 2000 years ago.
6834:
4259:
in 1691 at which the Khalkha feudatories (the Khalkha Khanate or Eastern Mongolia) by Zanabazar's decision formally declared allegiance to the emperor. However, Khalkha
3729:
unification of Mongolia by peaceful means led him to shift to forceful methods. However, this in turn alienated the local lords of Inner Mongolia from him even farther.
6771:
2665:, brother of Temujin, found a dignitary named Tatar-Tonga/Tata Tunga, who spread the Uighur alphabet among the Mongols. This alphabet became the basis of the Classical
886:
possibly inhabited Mongolia as much as 800,000 years ago but fossils of Homo erectus have not yet been found in Mongolia. Stone tools have been found in the southern,
1830:
tribes. The Tatars and other Mongol tribes lived in the eastern part Mongolia during the Turkic period. Other Mongols that migrated east returned in the 8th century.
5101:
developed in the 1960s, it aligned itself firmly with the Soviet Union. In 1960, Mongolia gained a seat in the UN, after earlier attempts had failed due to U.S. and
4705:, and Inner Mongolia came under control of the Republic of China. On 2 February 1913 the Bogd sent Mongolian cavalrymen to "liberate" Inner Mongolia from China. The
4379:
and King Renchindorji of the Khalkhas. The Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the Manchus in 1755â1758 due to conflicts between their leaders and military commanders.
2016:. The culture and economy of the Uyghur Kaganate were more advanced than those of its predecessors. The Uyghurs used a 12-month calendar and calculated the dates of
1322:
from the Gobi. A Chinese army, which had adopted Xiongnu military technologyâwearing trousers and using mounted archers with stirrupsâpursued the Xiongnu across the
3281:
of the Mongol Yuan state. In 1269, Kublai Khan commissioned Phagpa lama to design a new writing system to unify the writing systems of the multilingual empire. The
844:
mountains act like a high wall, blocking the warm and wet climate from penetrating into Central Asia. Many of the mountains of Mongolia were formed during the Late
1671:(Chang Jiang) had been overrun by nomadic peoples: the Xianbei from the north; some remnants of the Xiongnu from the northwest; and the Chiang people of Gansu and
1651:
The Xianbei established an empire, which, although short-lived, gave rise to numerous tribal states along the Chinese frontier. Among these states was that of the
3582:
became prime minister. Togoon Taishi of Oirat eventually increased his power in the Northern Yuan court and these achievements were tightened under his successor
1917:
in China stopped sending tribute to the GöktĂŒrks and constant war between Sui and the Turkic Khaganate began. The Turkic Khaganate was partitioned in 583 into an
4921:). Baron Ungern, after a conspiracy, was deserted by his troops and captured by a detachment of the Red Army. The MPP troops and Russian Red Army troops entered
1020:. Most deer stones occur in association with ancient graves; it is believed that stones are the guardians of the dead. There are around 700 deer stones known in
4662:
was deported on 12 January 1912 in the presence of 700 Mongolian warriors mobilized from Sain Noyan Khan aimag. Mongolian troops led by Danbijantsan (Ja Lama),
4356:
retreat after battles with Khalkha and Qing troops. Galdan Tseren died in 1745 and a crisis arose among his heirs. After a series of bloody clashes among them,
3073:
After his 16-year reign, Ogedei Khan died in 1241 under suspicious circumstances. A rivalry for the throne began between the faction of the houses of Zuchi and
2587:" in 1189 with the support of Tooril Khan of Kereit, the blood brother of his father. Another ally who helped Temujin in this venture was his own blood brother
1546:
In AD 48, the Xiongnu empire was weakened as it was divided into the southern and northern Xiongnu. The northern Xiongnu migrated to the west. They established
4740:
6302:
6052:
3555:
Western Mongolian Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 14th century and this conflict weakened Mongolian strength.
6766:
6133:
1430:
defences in the north, while building up and improving the army, particularly the cavalry, and while preparing long-range plans for an invasion of Mongolia.
4557:
considered the new republic to be the successor of the Qing and claimed Outer Mongolia as part of its territory. This claim was legally provided for in the
4427:
place at Sharbal in 1757 when 3,000 Oirat troops fought against a four times outnumbering enemy. After the 17-day battle, Amursana was defeated and fled to
6025:
4997:, the so-called "Policy of the New Turn"). The "New Turn" included the purging of the most leftist members of the leadership under the pretext of ĐœŃгалаа (
4558:
3792:. However, these initiatives mainly or exclusively served the ruling classes and the mass of the Mongol commoners received little or no benefit from them.
2650:
and demoralising Tayan khan, who was a weak warlord. Temujin won the battle. Tayan khan was captured but died of his wound, Kuchlug retreated to the river
2336:. The Kitans conquered the Shiwei during the late 9th century. One Shiwei tribe, living near the Amur and Ergune rivers, was called the "Menggu" (Mongol).
4398:
Wang Sevdenbaljir rose up against Qing domination. Some Inner Mongol and Khalkha nobles supported this uprising but the second Jebtsundamba Khutughtu and
4510:
to Khalkha and to forbid cross-ethnic marriages between the Mongols and Han Chinese. In the later Qing period however, the Qing policy changed with the "
1393:
of China launched a military campaign into the territory, attempting to subjugate the Xiongnu. However the Xiongnu forces ambushed and encircled the Han
4387:
demobilized the army and envisaged a congress of Dzungar and other Mongol aristocrats to celebrate the incorporation of Dzungaria into the Qing Empire.
2672:
By 1206, all the tribes and confederations of Mongolian steppe had come under the leadership of Temujin. The success of Temujin in consolidation of the
1933:. The internal struggle between the Turkic nobles lead to their defeat by the Tang dynasty of China in 630. From 629 to 648, a reunited Chinaâunder the
4674:
during the night of 20 August 1912. At the same time, while many Mongol leaders outside Outer Mongolia sent statements to support Bogd Khan's call of
4619:, but after the fall of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1911 it was simply that the contract about their submission to the Manchus had become invalid.
4603:) in official documents such as treaties, it implemented different ways of legitimization for different peoples in the Qing Empire, such as acting as
3748:
for trade. They banned selling metal products to the Mongols in suspicion that metal would be remoulded into weapons; however, metal products such as
2812:
clan defeated Kuchulug who had become the Gur-Khan of Qara Khitai. His power was weak as he, a Buddhist, persecuted the indigenous Muslim population.
2130:. By the middle of the 10th century, Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China, and the Liao dynasty is considered a
1601:(or Hsien-pei in WadeâGiles) had moved (apparently from the east) into the region vacated by the Xiongnu. The Xianbei were the northern branch of the
6239:
4588:
3504:
2239:, etc. In 1218, Genghis Khan destroyed the Western Liao, after which the Khitans passed into obscurity. The modern-day minority of Mongolic-speaking
1444:
Between 130 and 121 BC, Chinese armies drove the Xiongnu back across the Great Wall, weakened their hold on Gansu Province as well as on what is now
6469:
4075:. By the end of the 17th century, the power of the all-Mongolian Khan had greatly weakened and the decentralized Mongols had to face the rising new
2051:
dominance in Mongolia. According to historians, Kirghiz were not interested in assimilating newly acquired lands. The Kirghiz state was centered on
5668:
5485:
3154:
territory in the 13th and 14th centuries. It enabled exchange of knowledge, inventions and culture between the West and East. This epoch is called
5648:
4124:
remained under Ligdan's rule. The Chahar army was defeated in 1625 and 1628 by the Inner Mongol and Manchu armies due to Ligdan's faulty tactics.
2839:
a supreme ruler of the West. Khwarezm Shah had an opposite view that there should be only one ruler on earth as there is only one sun in the sky.
7079:
6014:Đ„ĐŸĐčĐŽ ĐĐ°ŃĐœŃĐŒŃĐœ ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ĐœŃŃŃĐ°, Đ„Đ°Đ»Ń
ŃĐœ ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ĐłŃ Ń
Đ°Đœ Đ°ĐčĐŒĐłĐžĐčĐœ Đ·Đ°ŃĐ°Đł ĐœĐŸŃĐŽ, National University of Mongolia, Institute of Historical Studies. Ulaanbaatar 2005
4721:
urged Russia to abolish Mongolian independence because it was concerned that "if Mongolians gain independence then Central Asians will revolt".
4143:
s defeated him again in 1634 and sacked Hohhot. The Manchus secured control over Inner Mongolia in 1632 and Ligdan's army moved to fight Tibetan
3946:
1448:, and finally pushed them north of the Gobi into central Mongolia. Following these victories, the Chinese expanded into the areas later known as
7629:
6751:
5664:
4833:, who had been defeated in the Civil War in Transbaikalian Siberia, invaded Mongolia in October 1920. Baron Ungern sought allies to defeat the
5885:
8735:
5260:
2619:
A conflict of the Tatars with the Jin dynasty became a favorable opportunity for Temujin and Tooril Khan to defeat them in alliance with the
612:
6801:
3713:, the ruler of Khalkha, conquered the Oirats in the 1570s, but the latter rebelled in 1588. The Oirats, in turn, were busy in struggle with
1118:. In central and eastern parts of Mongolia were many other tribes that were primarily North East Asian in their ethnologic characteristics.
6523:
Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. "Dealing with uncertainty: shamans, marginal capitalism, and the remaking of history in postsocialist Mongolia."
5427:
1965:
was defeated and chased back by Mojo Khagan. The TĂŒrkic empire finally ended in 744 by the joint Chinese, Uighur and other nomadic forces.
1663:
full-scale nomadism, was the basis of their economy. In the 6th century, the Wuhuan were driven out of Inner Asia into the Russian steppe.
1620:
gained strength beginning from the 1st century AD and were consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai in 147. He expelled the Xiongnu from
6489:
5361:
2390:
tribe. Ambagai was captured by the Tatars while he came to deliver his daughter as a bride to the Tatar confederacy and was given to the
1062:
5406:
4881:
for regaining the independence of Mongolia from China. Later the Chinese forces were defeated by Baron Ungern, but at the same time the
3461:
and other cities, but the invasions of the Northern Yuan by Ming armies in 1381 and 1392 were expelled. Nevertheless, Yuan royalists in
2749:
became an attractive force for many neighbouring peoples and kingdoms. Beginning from 1207, the Uighur state, Taiga people of the river
2676:
was due to his flexibility, his cherishing of his friends and his elaborated tactics. A congress of the Mongol aristocrats on the river
1644:
be the proto-Mongols. The ruler of the Xianbei state was elected by a congress of the nobility. The Xianbei used woodcut tallies called
3054:, to the west, and they conquered 14 principalities of Rus in 1236â1240, invaded the principalities of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary,
2635:
and Jurkhin tribes were defeated and subjugated. Influential aristocrats of many other tribes and confederations were joining Temujin.
1810:
in 402 landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate. The Tuoba waged long wars against the Rouran Khaganate. The
6581:
6528:
8409:
6887:
6776:
3574:'s (1433â1452) prime minister Western Mongolian Togoon Taish reunited the Mongols after killing Eastern Mongolian another king Adai (
3199:. The Mongol Empire fractured into four khanates including the Yuan dynasty based in China, and the three western khanates, i.e. the
1398:
5857:
with you. If you don't surrender, we'll conquer you." ("йа ĐŒĐ°ĐœĐŽ ĐŸŃж Ó©ĐłĐČÓ©Ó©Ń, бОЎ ŃĐ°Đ¶ĐžĐœ ĐœĐŸĐŒ Ń
ĐžĐčĐ”, ĐŸŃж ŃŃ Ó©ĐłĐČÓ©Ó©Ń, бОЎ ŃĐ°ĐœĐŽ ĐŽĐŸĐČŃĐŸĐ»ĐŒŃĐč".)
5112:. At the same time, state farms were established, and, with extensive aid from the USSR and China, infrastructure projects like the
4801:. Mongolian agents and Bogd Khaan (he was a Tibetan) disrupted Soviet secret operations in Tibet to change its regime in the 1920s.
4748:
In its historical significance, the establishment of the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia is comparable with the foundation of the unified
7862:
7701:
6956:
6700:
5186:
4219:
The head of the Khalkha Buddhism Boghda Zanabazar, the Khalkha khans and nobles with thousands of their subjects moved in panic to
2973:
The frontiers of the Mongol Empire on the background of the modern political map and the territories presently populated by Mongols
2269:
1938:
1854:
417:
372:
5969:
5613:
Ch. Yerool-Erdene. "Hyposthesis about relations of the Hunnu with the Greco-Roman world". Newspaper 'Daily News'. 16 November 2007
4252:'s nobles supported his war against the Qing Empire, however, Inner Mongolian nobles did not join the battle against the Manchus.
2347:
The confederations of core Mongol tribes were transforming into a statehood in the early 12th century and came to be known as the
88:
8684:
6851:
5944:
5444:
4368:
became the new Dzungar Khan in 1753. The feud was a sign to the Qing dynasty to prepare for the invasion of the Dzungar Khanate.
3963:, was a great master of the Buddhist art. Along with the sculptures of the Twenty One Taras, he created the famous sculptures of
3349:
into a province known as the Lingbei Branch Secretariat by the early 14th century. After the capture of the Yuan capital by the
1826:
Kaganate between the river Danube and the Carpathian Mountains. The Rourans that stayed in Mongolia became the ancestors of the
1484:
The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses and some scholars, including A.Luvsandendev,
60:
8745:
5154:
5079:
4951:, the Soviet Union agreed to China's claim to Mongolia. The Soviet Union officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945.
4837:. In OctoberâNovember 1920, Ungern's troops assaulted the capital, Niislel Khuree, known to Europeans under the name Urga (now
2243:
in China are their direct descendants based on DNA evidence and other Khitans assimilated into the Mongols (Southern Mongols),
1361:
ranges in the east. In the 2nd century BC the Xiongnu turned their attention westward to the region of the Altai Mountains and
6831:
5020:
stopped the migration in 1930 and initiated repressions in Mongolia against both immigrants and native Mongolians. During the
4865:
2494:. In his feud with his brothers for the throne of the Keraites, he was repeatedly aided by Yesukhei Bagatur of Khamag Mongol.
7307:
6106:
6079:
5166:
4670:
arrived in the Khovd region in August 1912. After an intense attack supported by the local people, they captured the city of
1822:
in 555. Part of the Rouran left the present territory of Mongolia. A number of historians maintain that they established the
6695:
5108:
The post-war years also saw the acceleration of the drive towards creating a socialist society. In the 1950s, livestock was
5078:
Also in August 1945, the Republic of China had finally agreed to recognize Mongolia's independence if a vote were held. The
4885:(MPP) had been established. The Soviet government saw this party as instrumental for driving Ungern's troops from Mongolia.
7256:
6827:
4000-year-old prehistoric portraits discovered in Inner Mongolia New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia
5649:
Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005).
5201:
5177:
4822:, were arrested, imprisoned, and even tortured to death. The Chinese had tightened their control of Mongolia by this time.
2134:. The Khitans built cities and exerted dominion over their agricultural subjects as a means of consolidating their empire.
1197:
67:
41:
6737:
6275:
4284:
Mongolia encountered Russian expansion on her northern border in the 17th century. The Buryats had fought against Russian
688:
tribes, forging them into a fighting force which went on to establish the largest contiguous empire in world history, the
8659:
4514:" (Xin zheng) in the early 20th century, which called for the sinification of Mongolia through Han Chinese colonisation.
4087:
over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. In 1618, Ligden signed a treaty with the
3488:
2993:
the capital of the Mongol Empire. Karakorum had been a military garrison of Genghis Khan since 1220. The existence of 12
2718:
The Mongol Empire and the states that emerged from it played a major role in the history of the 13th and 14th centuries.
1314:
The first significant appearance of nomads came late in the 3rd century BC, when the Chinese repelled an invasion of the
3732:
The striving of the Mongols to improve their life led naturally to an increase in the number of their livestock. In the
3457:
defeated a 150,000 Ming force on the river Orkhon in 1373. Ming army invaded the Northern Yuan again in 1380 and looted
1640:. The Xianbei successfully repelled an invasion of the Han dynasty in 167 and conquered areas of northern China in 180.
7622:
7587:
7167:
7123:
6900:
6035:
854:
3883:
Following the advice of his nephew Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji, Altan Khan of Tumet invited the head of the Gelug school
3150:
The Mongol Empire had an establishing effect on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast
2599:
tribe revenging for a much earlier event in which Temujin's father Yesukhei deprived a Mergid chief Chiledu his bride
1004:) probably are from this era; other theories date the deer stones as 7th or 8th centuries BC. Deer stones are ancient
8704:
7824:
7300:
6781:
6676:
6444:
6352:
6143:
6116:
6089:
6062:
6000:
5812:
5346:
5319:
5265:
5021:
4948:
4554:
4289:
3907:
Khans at the same time." After some hesitation however, he did give Abtai the title Khan. Abtai Khan established the
3491:
in 1387â88 after a successful diplomacy of the latter. The Ming dynasty sent Qui Fu's cavalry into Mongolia, but was
3274:
to spread Buddhism throughout his realm (the second introduction of Buddhism among the Mongols). Buddhism became the
2012:
became the official religion of the Khaganate in the 8th century. Nevertheless, the majority of the Uyghurs remained
1747:
1219:
605:
107:
74:
6816:
3736:, on which the medieval Mongolian economy was based, an excess number of livestock required either expansion of the
3373:
retreated to the Mongolian steppe and fought against the Ming. The Mongolian steppe became the ruling center of the
1539:. Mongolian long song is believed to date back at least 2,000 years. Mythical origin of the long song mentioned in "
7249:
7091:
6545:
A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260-2000
6299:
5033:
about 700,000 to 900,000 people. The proportion of victims to the total population was much higher than during the
3660:
as a regent due to the Khan's young age. As he grew up, Bodi Alagh claimed back his throne and the Jinong yielded.
2463:
and were urged to fight against the other Mongol tribes. The Tatars lived on the fertile pastures around the lakes
5181:
3126:
Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratia 1253 ad partes Orientales
2103:. The Liao dynasty covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers
1345:, who then conquered and unified various tribes. At the peak of its power, the Xiongnu confederacy stretched from
7006:
3328:. Kublai established a government with institutions resembling the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties such as the
3267:
546:
6180:
Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979-January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, p144
2758:
military strength of his state and preparing for a struggle against the Jin dynasty, Genghis Khan conquered the
1295:
The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses and some scholars, including
56:
7530:
7361:
7016:
6571:
5170:
5097:, some 790,000 people were persecuted. Of these, 22,900 were beaten to death and 120,000 were maimed, When the
4983:
4962:
4854:
4127:
Ligdan Khan occupied Tumet and Ordos in 1623 to forestall their absorption by the Manchu and advanced into the
1913:
dynasties of China surrendered in 570 and began paying tribute to the GöktĂŒrks. However, the newly established
1473:
concept of Mongolia as an independent power north of China is seen in the letter sent by Emperor Wen of Han to
1201:
771:
559:
45:
5082:
took place in the presence of Chinese observers on 20 October. The official result was 100% for independence.
4607:
to the Mongols. As a result, the Mongols considered themselves as subjects of the Qing state outside China or
4419:
Mongolia. Renchindorj Wang who allowed Amursanaa to abandon his post in the Qing army was cruelly executed in
1045:, there are 550, 20, 20, and 60 known deer stones respectively. Moreover, there are another 20 deer stones in
8402:
7654:
7615:
7343:
7266:
7145:
6916:
6880:
6538:
5290:
4954:
3196:
3170:
3161:
In Mongolia, the legacy of Genghis Khan was a superior law code, a written language, and a historical pride.
1433:
By 176 BC, domain of the Xiongnu was 4,030,000 km (1,560,000 sq mi) in size. Xiongnu capital (
693:
141:
6548:
5336:
4630:
1406:" was far from peaceful, as Xiongnu raids into the fertile southern land never ceased. During the period of
1106:
By the 8th century BC, the inhabitants of the western part of Mongolia evidently were nomadic Indo-European
766:
independence and until 1945 to gain international recognition. As a consequence, Mongolia came under strong
8804:
8494:
7385:
7064:
7028:
7011:
6991:
5144:
5068:
5053:
5002:
4900:
4678:, in reality however, most of them were too prudent or irresolute to attempt joining the Bogd Khan regime.
3089:
2131:
1028:. Their true purpose and creators are still unknown. Some researchers claim that deer stones are rooted in
899:
787:
779:
759:
755:
598:
569:
542:
512:
6535:
A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire
6236:
4903:
began on 18 March, when 400 volunteer troops led by Sukhbaatar attacked the 2,000-man Chinese garrison in
3450:
3370:
3312:
Kublai Khan announced the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. The Yuan dynasty included modern-day
8809:
8740:
8372:
7706:
7459:
7449:
7290:
7106:
6756:
6592:
5197:
5045:
4882:
4858:
4373:
4285:
4265:
4162:
Hong Taiji assumed the title of Khan of the Mongols in 1636, marking the conquest of Inner Mongolia. The
3887:
to his domain. Upon their meeting in 1577, Altan Khan recognized Sonam Gyatso lama as a reincarnation of
3317:
3135:, the youngest brother of Mönghe Khan, as Great Khan. The same year, Mönghe Khan's first younger brother
3043:
2941:(1227) came under rule of the Mongol Empire after its conquest of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties. The
2774:
2460:
2193:
1524:
1107:
5623:
4819:
4667:
4008:
of Sagan Secen Hongtaiji (a descendant of Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji), was written in 1662. In the 1620s,
3431:. The rump state of the Yuan dynasty after this time until the 17th century is often referred to as the
1292:
empire in Mongolia in the 3rd century BC marks the beginning of statehood on the territory of Mongolia.
8699:
8604:
7228:
7172:
7113:
7096:
7069:
7033:
6729:
5193:
5148:
5086:
4830:
4091:
to protect their northern border from the Manchus attack in exchange for thousands of taels of silver.
4042:
3888:
3879:
Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established, by Abtai Khan, in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century
3263:
1958:
1330:. Fortification walls built by various Chinese warring states were connected to make a 2,300-kilometre
579:
8380:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
6761:
5696:
4744:
Chinese warlords and Mongolian Noyans in the ceremony celebrating the canonization of 8th Jebtsundamba
3594:
was captured and Beijing was besieged. Shortly after this event Esen Taishi defeated the nominal Khan
7733:
7515:
7469:
7244:
7128:
7101:
4340:
Buryats revolted in 1767 and Russia completely conquered the Buryat region in the late 18th century.
3821:
2181:
2036:
to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz in 840.
5499:
4440:
par excellence." The territory of the Dzungar Khanate was then incorporated into the Qing Empire as
4409:
The Qing Empire in 1820; Inner and Outer Mongolia became a part of the empire between 1636 and 1697.
4147:
sect (Yellow Hat sect) forces. The Gelugpa forces supported the Manchus, while Ligdan supported the
3676:
3610:
of the Eastern Mongolic peoples. They quickly became the dominant Mongolic clan in Mongolia proper.
8709:
8426:
8395:
7487:
7444:
7397:
7348:
7278:
7210:
7021:
6996:
6986:
6946:
6873:
6811:
6791:
6658:
6654:
6638:
6375:
5889:
5691:
5230:
4766:
4622:
4528:
4502:
4453:
4325:
3911:
in 1585 at the site of the former city of Karakorum. Thus, eventually most Mongolian rulers became
3896:. Altan Khan also bestowed the title Ochirdara (ĐŃĐžŃĐŽĐ°Ń, from Sanskr. Vajradhara) to Sonam Gyatso.
3591:
1922:
1918:
1080:
burial complex from the 5th-3rd centuries, later also used by the Xiongnu, has been unearthed near
795:
739:
709:
522:
487:
345:
4932:
On the eve of the 1921 revolution, Mongolia had an underdeveloped and stagnant economy based on a
3927:. This period is characterized by development of architecture, fine arts including silk applique,
3487:
with aims of restoring the Yuan dynasty. However, he, along with his troops (sized about 200,000)
3252:
in 1287, although the Mongolian steppe was controlled by Kublai Khan and his successors after the
2654:
where he was overtaken by Temujin and defeated. After this battle, Kuchlug escaped to Gur-Khan of
2354:
The Khamag Mongols occupied one of the most fertile areas of the countryâthe basins of the rivers
2231:. In addition, the Western Liao also controlled some highly autonomous vassalized states, such as
2188:
and reduced the Liao dynasty to vassal status in a seven-year war (1115â1122). The Jurchen leader
2115:. The Khitans occupied the areas vacated by the Turkic Uyghurs bringing them under their control.
8819:
8654:
8619:
8574:
7694:
7333:
7283:
6806:
6388:
5602:
5533:
Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol. 6 (14)
5250:
5113:
3139:, who was warring in China to conquer the Song dynasty, elevated himself into Great Khan in city
1947:
1858:
1485:
1245:, which had begun conquering and enslaving the Mongolic people in an expansive drift. During the
1190:
650:
349:
81:
34:
5580:
Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol.6 (14)
5424:
4690:
4483:
4480:- official presiding the congress) was appointed from the khoshun lords by the Qing government.
2490:
river. Markus Buyruk Khan was khan of the Keraites in the 12th century. Markus was succeeded by
2394:
of Jin dynasty who cruelly executed him, nailing to a "wooden donkey". Ambagai was succeeded by
1528:
8544:
8539:
8434:
7721:
7510:
7338:
7295:
7233:
7001:
5977:
5041:
5025:
5006:
4970:
4958:
4815:
4663:
4562:
4534:
4333:
3563:
2868:
2557:
1888:
1844:
1815:
646:
532:
341:
222:
5802:
4989:
But as a result, the MPP withdrew its most aggressively socialist policies, as advised by the
1569:
of Arkhangai province, discovered bronze decorations with images of a creature resembling the
8664:
8639:
8554:
8534:
8484:
8454:
8444:
8376:
7674:
7669:
7429:
7371:
7353:
7271:
7261:
7223:
7052:
6971:
6646:
5245:
5235:
4794:
4710:
4209:
4060:
4012:
of Khalkha wrote his famous philosophic poems and Legdan Hutuhtu Khan had the 108 volumes of
3523:
3496:
3432:
3386:
3374:
3249:
3117:
2118:
The Liao dynasty soon grew strong and occupied parts of Northern China, including modern-day
1246:
912:
732:
717:
171:
151:
146:
6860:
6417:
5467:
3680:
890:, region, perhaps dating back as much as 800,000 years. Important prehistoric sites are the
8750:
8629:
8624:
8504:
7743:
7548:
7520:
7198:
6921:
6367:
5285:
5255:
4198:
4046:
4009:
3908:
3211:, although later Yuan emperors were seen as the nominal suzerains of the western khanates.
2382:
tribe. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of Jin dynasty. He was succeeded by
2200:
in 1226 and invaded the territory of their former allies, the Song dynasty, to precipitate
2189:
2165:
technology developed in the Liao territory. The Khitan language was widely studied abroad.
1394:
811:
775:
713:
192:
181:
166:
6807:
Mongolia and the Altai Mountains: Origins of Genetic Blending Between Europeans and Asians
6158:
Bawden, Charles (1968): The modern history of Mongolia. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 194-195
4918:
4549:
The official name of the state was "Ikh Mongol Uls", meaning the "Great Mongolian State".
4189:). The Congress was attended by 28 rulers from Dzungaria, Khalkha, Kukunor, and Kalmykia.
3672:
1562:
that were under the Xiongnu rebelled in AD 93, ending the Xiongnu domination in Mongolia.
8:
8724:
8694:
8644:
8599:
8569:
8469:
7991:
7580:
7479:
7366:
7321:
7086:
6730:
Biography of Zanabazar and history of dissemination of Buddhism in Mongolia by Don Croner
5992:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
5280:
5240:
5090:
4870:
4337:
4309:
4201:, king of the Dzungar Khanate, in the course of several battles in the Hangai mountains.
3282:
3222:
2872:
2456:
2425:
2302:). A confederation of tribes under the name Mongol was known from the 8th century. Some
2236:
2158:
2154:
1926:
1899:
1827:
1823:
1695:
to invade Europe. By the middle of the 5th century, Northern Wei had penetrated into the
1509:
1505:
1489:
1465:
1423:
1350:
858:
783:
467:
252:
161:
8124:
6826:
6171:. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar 1981
3522:. They stayed in Mongolia proper during the Yuan dynasty and sided Ariq Böke, Kaidu and
8669:
8584:
8564:
8449:
8439:
7728:
7689:
7679:
7500:
7454:
7439:
7434:
7215:
7133:
7043:
5966:
5658:
5270:
4321:
4301:
4255:
The Kangxi Emperor organized a congress of the rulers of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia in
4021:
3817:
3290:
2316:
2157:
based on the Chinese hieroglyphics in 920. Later, Tela, a son of Ambagyan, developed a
2088:
1803:
1795:
1517:
1501:
1407:
1308:
1058:
931:
791:
727:
After collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Yuan court retreated to the
262:
242:
212:
202:
176:
156:
5452:
5362:Đ„ÒŻŃŃŃĐ»ŃĐœĐłĐžĐčĐœ ŃŃĐŽŃĐŒ ŃĐžĐœĐ¶ĐžĐ»ĐłŃŃĐœĐžĐč ажлŃĐœ ĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐ»Ń Đ°ĐŒĐ¶ĐžĐ»Ń, Institute of Mongolian Archaeology
4028:(ĐŃŃĐłŃĐŽ гаŃĐ°Ń
ŃĐœ ĐŸŃĐŸĐœ) was written under leadership of Rolbiidorji, Janjaa Hutuhtu II.
3923:
The second half of the 15th and the 16th centuries saw the revival and flourishing of
3724:
who claimed having possessed the "seal of the ancient Taizong Khan". Buyan's grandson
2612:), as the ruler of Khamag Mongol. It is speculated to be an ancient form of the word "
8779:
8714:
8649:
8614:
8549:
8529:
8519:
8479:
8464:
8459:
8031:
7659:
7596:
7561:
7535:
7525:
7505:
7464:
7160:
7155:
6848:
6843:
6567:
6348:
6261:
6139:
6112:
6085:
6058:
6031:
5996:
5808:
5479:
5342:
5315:
5275:
5200:(MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the
5102:
5098:
4297:
3924:
3733:
3721:
3657:
3492:
3480:
3404:
3345:
3306:
3294:
3131:
Mönghe Khan died in 1259, without leaving behind a son. The Kuriltai of 1260 elected
3059:
3011:
2949:
2899:
2479:
2449:
2367:
2201:
1497:
1419:
1296:
924:
751:
728:
6746:
3808:, the most powerful of Gersenz's grandchildren, received the title of Khan from the
3022:, the youngest brother of Genghis Khan. Ogedei Khan established an effective postal
2591:
of Jadaran clan. The Mergids had attacked the home of Temujin and captured his wife
1987:
which replaced the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. The Uyghur kagan Bayanchur established
1714:
8814:
8755:
8674:
8634:
8609:
8589:
8524:
8499:
8489:
8474:
8309:
8094:
8089:
8061:
7776:
7664:
7638:
6941:
6318:
4937:
4600:
4432:
4384:
4348:
uprising of Luvsandanzan taiji in Kukunor. Tsewang Rabtan was succeeded by his son
4152:
3942:
3614:
3298:
3271:
3253:
3204:
3147:
was fought between the two brothers from 1261 to 1264 until Ariq Böke surrendered.
3144:
2283:
2169:
2096:
2040:
1984:
1974:
1876:
1779:
1727:
1709:
1327:
1261:
had begun to encroach into and conquer parts of southern Mongolia. By the time the
1127:
983:
963:
721:
674:
642:
382:
327:
272:
5382:
Eleanora Novgorodova, ArchÀologische Funde, AusgrabungsstÀtten und Skulpturen, in
4458:
2572:
1468:(AD 25-220) slowly recovered these territories, driving the Xiongnu back into the
8594:
8559:
8514:
8509:
8418:
8340:
8146:
8041:
7407:
7150:
6981:
6855:
6838:
6741:
6561:
6518:
Mongolian Nomadic Society: a reconstruction of the 'medieval' history of Mongolia
6306:
6243:
5991:
5973:
5955:
5918:
5431:
5368:
4734:
4615:
posited to Yuan Shikai that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the
4497:
4329:
4182:
4174:
4113:
4109:
4004:
3903:
3856:
3805:
3710:
3653:
3527:
3454:
3302:
3082:
2777:
which had a multi-million population. At this stage, the Mongols passed over the
2723:
2525:
2308:
2142:
2044:
2029:
1743:
1656:
1629:
1513:
1474:
1469:
1374:
1358:
1304:
1233:
1135:
1100:
1093:
1042:
1038:
955:
920:
837:
477:
282:
8172:
7782:
6470:"Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide"
4569:: " the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu,
4399:
4223:, which had been integrated into the Qing dynasty. A few Khalkhas fled north of
4190:
3813:
3804:
Northern Khalkha was further divided among Gersenz's seven sons and their sons.
3536:
In the late 14th century Mongolia was divided into two parts: Western Mongolia (
3358:
2274:
1024:
of a total of 900 deer stones that have been found in Central Eurasia and South
8325:
8177:
8084:
7915:
7738:
7711:
6734:
6710:
6279:
5980:, see "Areas where I can offer Postgraduate Supervision". Retrieved 2009-02-09.
5221:
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4228:
4224:
4220:
4178:
4076:
3972:
3884:
3836:
3688:
3622:
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in 1449, in which a 500,000 Ming army was defeated by a 20,000 Oirat army, the
3500:
3420:
3329:
3286:
3278:
2938:
2915:
2903:
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2025:
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904:
841:
829:
799:
626:
232:
6796:
5720:| publisher = Historical Server of Central Asia | access-date = 2007-10-09 }}
4051:
3097:
2773:
In the year, the Mongols, with over 90,000 cavalrymen, started a war with the
2207:
The Liao dynasty fell in 1125. Some Khitans fled west under the leadership of
8798:
8773:
8320:
8314:
8254:
8231:
8167:
8109:
7880:
7870:
7839:
7829:
7761:
7753:
7716:
7684:
7177:
6961:
6926:
6720:
5798:
5017:
4966:
4889:
4878:
4775:
4749:
4730:
4702:
4675:
4616:
4349:
4245:
4197:
between Khalkha and Dzungaria in 1688, leading to the conquest of Khalkha by
4084:
4068:
3986:
3978:
3848:
3840:
3781:
3634:
3545:
3155:
3104:
to conquer Iran. Hulagu completed the conquest of Iran in 1256 and conquered
3078:
2964:
2759:
2746:
2734:
2697:
2666:
2502:
2421:
2348:
2303:
2295:
2177:
2122:. By 925, the Khitans ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of
2104:
2084:
2021:
2017:
1942:
1910:
1894:
1880:
1668:
1617:
1602:
1591:
1582:
1523:
There are many cultural similarities between the Xiongnu and Mongols such as
1238:
943:
894:
877:
815:
743:
689:
658:
634:
457:
437:
427:
337:
317:
6705:
4405:
4376:
4328:(1727), along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk, regulated the relations between
3934:
3675:
rule (1558â1592) for last time after the Mongol Empire. During the reign of
3336:
2208:
1838:
1806:
was a vassal state to the Rouran for 100 years. Shelun assumed the title of
986:. This culture is the main archaeological find of the Bronze Age Mongolia.
8288:
8282:
8221:
8119:
7976:
7900:
7182:
6966:
6951:
6054:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
5049:
4682:
4671:
4604:
4511:
4317:
4269:
4163:
4088:
4002:
of Lubsandanzan was written in the first half of the 17th century, and the
3998:
3950:
3852:
3773:
3765:
3745:
3725:
3607:
3526:
in their anti-Kublai struggle. By the 15th century the Oirats occupied the
3440:
3436:
3428:
3400:
3396:
3350:
3321:
3214:
3200:
3188:
3174:
3100:, son of Tului, as Great Khan. Mönghe Khan sent his second younger brother
3008:
2990:
2835:. Genghis Khan considered himself a supreme ruler of the East and Khwarezm
2824:
2801:
clan to complete the conquest of the Jin dynasty and returned to Mongolia.
2790:
2739:
2719:
2609:
2491:
2406:
2371:
2185:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2100:
2064:
1992:
1934:
1884:
1872:
1783:
1735:
1684:
1679:
1438:
1411:
1362:
1319:
1300:
1250:
1242:
1139:
989:
883:
825:
821:
767:
747:
697:
681:
662:
447:
392:
6782:
Rock Art and Surface Archaeology of Mongolia: Baga Oigor and Tsagaan Salaa
6448:
5520:
5009:, and resulted in the almost complete elimination of the Buddhist clergy.
4873:, the Mongolian people paid for a Soviet tank brigade and an air squadron.
3132:
8783:
8293:
8216:
7971:
7819:
7553:
7118:
7074:
5886:"Library & Information Technology Association â Yaruu setgegch sonin"
5567:
5034:
4838:
4810:
4714:
4570:
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4332:
and the Qing Empire until the mid nineteenth century. It established the
4305:
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3844:
3785:
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3714:
3595:
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dynasties and some adjacent territories such as a major part of southern
3192:
3034:
3023:
2982:
2942:
2860:
2832:
2820:
2763:
2702:
2623:. At this point, Tooril Khan was granted the title Wang (ç, Chinese for "
2514:
2483:
2395:
2375:
2248:
2212:
2009:
1954:
1914:
1906:
1863:
1696:
1597:
Although the Xiongnu finally had been split into two parts in AD 48, the
1540:
1493:
1415:
1390:
1346:
1342:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1143:
1050:
1034:
891:
887:
873:
666:
131:
6691:
John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"
4681:
The Mongolian army took control of Khalkha and the Khovd region (modern
4390:
Soon after the conquest of the Dzungar Khanate, Amursana, ChingĂŒnjav of
3530:
region. The Oirats were ruled by a Taishi who was a vassal of the Khan.
2945:(Western Liao) was conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1218.
2196:. Scarcely pausing in their conquests, the Jurchens subdued neighboring
8345:
8298:
7789:
6976:
6772:
Fossils found in Khentii aimag of Mongolia might Prehistoric Rhinoceros
5731:
The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity
5072:
4941:
4922:
4834:
4574:
4132:
3982:
3968:
3964:
3893:
3875:
3809:
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3618:
3603:
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3390:
2891:
2778:
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2464:
2355:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2228:
2220:
1988:
1555:
1551:
1532:
1331:
1204: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1147:
1131:
1123:
1070:
1046:
1000:(also known as reindeer stones) and the omnipresent KhirigsĂŒĂŒrs (small
997:
935:
849:
6786:
6135:
A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
5016:
started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Soviet oppression.
3839:, and Torghuts migrated to the basin of the river Volga, becoming the
3164:
3096:. The faction of Zuchi-Tului houses won the Kuriltai of 1251 electing
2918:
gave battle to the 30,000 cavalrymen of Jebe and Subedei on the river
2878:
Pursuing Khwarezm Shah in 1220, the scout groups of warlords Jebe and
1369:(YĂŒeh-chih in WadeâGiles), who had relocated from China's present-day
8046:
8001:
7935:
5338:
China's Troubled Waters: Maritime Disputes in Theoretical Perspective
5093:
wreaked much havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities in China. In
4990:
4779:
4612:
4391:
4313:
4256:
4128:
3956:
3795:
3458:
3366:
3233:
3229:
3208:
3047:
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2911:
2883:
2856:
2767:
2628:
2553:
2545:
2468:
2320:
2312:
2265:
2224:
2137:
2052:
1983:, who were subjects to the GöktĂŒrks, revolted in 745 and founded the
1962:
1848:
1751:
1655:(T'o-pa in WadeâGiles), a subgroup of the Xianbei, in modern China's
1566:
1536:
1449:
1379:
1354:
1111:
1088:
1029:
967:
916:
869:
833:
701:
362:
6865:
6792:
High Altai - Central Asia - Petroglyphs - Prehistoric Rock Paintings
5407:"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"
4658:; lit. "Elevated by Many"), was declared. The Qing high official in
4204:
3859:
in 1634. The title of Hongtaiji was given to him by the Dalai Lama.
3828:. The title Altan Khan was given to him by the Russian authorities.
3179:
3019:
1334:
along the northern border, as a barrier to further nomadic inroads.
1179:
661:, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire known as the
23:
8259:
8236:
7986:
7960:
7930:
7925:
7905:
7895:
7607:
7492:
7138:
6896:
6657:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
6422:
5853:
Sagan Cecen, Erdeniin Tobchi. "If you surrender, we'll develop the
5140:
5128:
4737:, and announced their willingness to unify with the Bogd Khaanate.
4733:
fought against Chinese forces in August 1912, captured the city of
4694:
4659:
4441:
4395:
4365:
4293:
4241:
3912:
3825:
3789:
3646:
3642:
3630:
3575:
3558:
3484:
3476:
3435:, or the Forty and the Four (ĐÓ©ŃĐžĐœ ĐŽÓ©ŃĐČÓ©Đœ Ń
ĐŸŃŃ), meaning the forty
3313:
3121:
3109:
3067:
3063:
3015:
2994:
2978:
2931:
2816:
2786:
2710:
2632:
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2475:
2445:
2429:
2402:
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2232:
2216:
2204:
with the Song that continued through the remainder of the century.
2162:
2146:
2005:
1930:
1811:
1692:
1632:, thus securing domination of the Mongolic elements in what is now
1625:
1621:
1461:
1453:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1021:
1013:
1008:
carved with symbols that can be found all over central and eastern
1005:
975:
959:
947:
939:
832:. This impact threw up the massive chain of mountains known as the
654:
8387:
3638:
2592:
2506:
2259:
1814:
that were subjects of the Rouran revolted in 552 establishing the
1759:
1547:
1126:. They inhabited a great arc of land extending generally from the
8303:
8246:
8226:
8211:
8198:
8192:
8187:
8161:
8104:
8079:
8074:
8051:
8036:
8026:
8018:
7950:
7940:
7920:
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7875:
7834:
7809:
7799:
7766:
7422:
7412:
7402:
6936:
6931:
5717:
5125:
5121:
5075:, because warm clothes decided victory or defeat in the battles.
5040:
In 1939, Soviet and Mongolian troops fought against Japan in the
5013:
4933:
4904:
4428:
4420:
4357:
4344:
4144:
4136:
4121:
4092:
4072:
4064:
4017:
4013:
3960:
3928:
3900:
3832:
3777:
3737:
3700:
3692:
3626:
3549:
3541:
3362:
3325:
3237:
3151:
3140:
3105:
3055:
2923:
2895:
2879:
2864:
2848:
2794:
2754:
2750:
2673:
2646:
2624:
2584:
2560:
was practiced in a number of confederations such as Keraites and
2521:
2510:
2441:
2437:
2413:
2399:
2359:
2299:
2119:
2033:
1980:
1799:
1755:
1739:
1633:
1606:
1598:
1570:
1559:
1402:
to marry princesses and pay annual tribute to the Xiongnu. This "
1383:
1365:, inhabited by Indo-European-speaking nomadic peoples, including
1315:
1289:
1275:
1159:
1054:
1025:
1017:
1009:
845:
705:
685:
630:
307:
7845:
5465:
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4104:
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and died there in 1370. The Mongols under his son and successor
3014:
in city Karakorum indicates the tolerance of the Mongols to all
2863:
led a daring resistance when the Mongol troops besieged city of
2412:
Yesukhei was poisoned by the Tatars in 1171 when his eldest son
2290:
12th-century Mongolia was characterized by rivalry between many
1565:
Recent excavations of Xiongnu graves at the site Gol Mod in the
8350:
8330:
8204:
8156:
8151:
8138:
8099:
7955:
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7890:
7885:
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5109:
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3769:
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3704:
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3663:
3537:
3512:
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3462:
3412:
3136:
3101:
3004:
2997:
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in May 1223, but were defeated and were chased up to the river
2914:. The Kipchaks allied with the troops of the principalities of
2907:
2809:
2798:
2782:
2662:
2651:
2600:
2588:
2549:
2541:
2498:
2433:
2333:
2197:
2092:
2013:
1688:
1667:
and political disintegration. By 317 all of China north of the
1610:
1587:
1478:
1366:
1338:
1280:
1163:
1115:
1001:
865:
6715:
6319:Đ.ĐĄŃĐČĐŸŃĐŸĐČ. ĐĐŸŃĐ»Đ”ĐŽĐœŃŃ ŃĐ”ŃĐżŃблОĐșĐ° ĐĐĐĐĐ 8 ĐŁ ĐĐĐĐ ĐĄĐĐźĐĐĐĐĐ ĐУЧКĐ?
5425:
Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia
5189:, lie dormant and was eventually disbanded in September 2017.
5089:, Mongolia had good relations with both of its neighbors. The
4877:
Bogd Khan failed in his efforts to get aid from Japan and the
3812:, and his son Eriyehii Mergen Khan founded the dynasty of the
3683:, the right wings rose in the 16th century under a local lord
2969:
2722:
and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and
2075:
2024:. The Uyghurs developed their own writing system based on the
1130:
in the east, across the northern tier of China to present-day
8356:
8265:
8182:
8114:
7996:
7981:
7965:
7814:
7794:
5395:
DavaadorzhiÄn Ganbold, Da Haliun â Facts about Mongolia, p.34
4914:
4913:
Baikalov withstood a long encirclement by the Whites at Lake
4596:
4471:
4415:
4156:
4148:
3869:
3820:
separated from the Zasagtu Khan and initiated the dynasty of
3757:
3505:
invaded the Northern Yuan in 1409, 1414, 1422, 1423, and 1424
3444:
3416:
3241:
3218:
3113:
3074:
3051:
3028:
3001:
2919:
2844:
2815:
Genghis Khan intended to develop friendly relations with the
2730:
2726:
and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia.
2642:
2561:
2529:
2291:
2240:
2004:
for 12 years after 766. Though a faction of the Uyghurs were
2001:
1787:
1731:
1722:
1672:
1652:
1403:
1373:
Province as a result of their earlier defeat by the Xiongnu.
1370:
1155:
670:
6576:
Volkov, VitaliÄ Vasilâevich. "Early nomads of Mongolia." in
6447:. Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission. Archived from
4986:. The MPP and Soviet troops defeated the rebels in October.
4755:
Jarlig yar togtughaghsan Mongol Ulus un hauli zuil-un bichig
3975:
for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Sanskrit languages in 1686.
3752:
were vitally important in the everyday life of the herders.
1770:
1232:
The area of modern Mongolia has been inhabited by groups of
8069:
7852:
5029:
5028:, many Buryat men and 22,000â33,000 Mongols were killed by
4783:
4566:
4361:
4276:
continued the war against the Manchus to liberate Eastern,
3671:
The Mongols voluntarily reunified during Eastern Mongolian
3260:
3081:
and Ogedei on the other side. The Kuriltai of 1246 elected
2985:, who had been nominated by Genghis Khan. Ogedei Khan made
2887:
2852:
2836:
2828:
2805:
2533:
2487:
2363:
2108:
2070:
1997:
1464:. In about the middle of the 1st century AD, a revitalized
1323:
1151:
6832:
New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia
5755:
Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett-
5468:"Archeological Sensation: Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia"
4848:
4083:
in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the
3744:. Also the Ming administration often issued extremely low
824:
became dry after the large tectonic collision between the
6555:
Truth, history and politics in Mongolia: Memory of heroes
6389:"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year"
6051:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
3289:
and written vertically from top was designed to write in
3248:
ruler of the Chagatai Khanate until 1301 as well as lord
3085:, son of Ogedei, as Great Khan. Guyug Khan died in 1248.
1839:
Turkic Khaganates (552â630, 682-744), Tang rule (646-682)
1786:. The Rouran ruled Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of
6802:
Archeological Sensation: Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia
5919:ĐŃĐžŃĐŸĐ”ĐŽĐžĐœĐ”ĐœĐžĐ” ĐŃŃŃŃОО Đș Đ ĐŸŃŃОО: ĐžŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ, ĐżŃĐ°ĐČĐŸ, ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐžŃĐžĐșĐ°
4235:
The Dzungar throne was then seized by Galdan's brother,
3699:
in 1557. Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji of Ordos defeated the
3465:
had surrendered to the Ming dynasty by the early 1380s.
3228:
The transition of the capital of the Mongol Empire from
2934:. The Western Xia completely surrendered in March 1227.
2524:
confederacy was situated between the mountain ranges of
1087:
Before the 20th century, some scholars assumed that the
6050:
2871:
courageously battled with the Mongol army in 1221, but
2843:
forces and fight back. The Mongol troops sacked cities
2087:
were an ethnic group whose language was related to the
1103:
were concentrated on the steppe lands of Central Asia.
5644:
5642:
5640:
5521:"Mongolia - Early Development, ca. 220 B.C.-A.D. 1206"
4759:
Zarligaar togtooson Mongol Ulsyn khuuli zuiliin bichig
4709:
refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and Tsar
4642:) of Mongolia on 29 December 1911 and a new era name,
4470:, the Qing government grouped Khalkha khoshuns into 4
4232:
defeated and fled back deeper into Khalkha territory.
3285:, also known as the "Square script", was based on the
2729:
Genghis Khan abolished the organization of the former
2552:
and so forth. While most of the Mongolian tribes were
2482:
and Khentii were centered on the site of today's city
1053:(Samashyev 1992) and 10 further west, specifically in
6580:
ed by Jeannine Davis-Kimball, et al. (1995): 318-332
4653:
4268:. Galdan Boshugtu Khan died in 1697 in the region of
4055:
Territories controlled by independent Mongol polities
3862:
6861:
The Rock Art of Inner Mongolia & Ningxia (China)
6797:
PREHISTORIC PARK - MYSTERIES OF PREHISTORIC MONGOLIA
6578:
Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the Early Iron Age
6057:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
5211:
4559:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
4343:
Teswang Rabtan stopped the eastern expansion of the
2567:
2192:
proclaimed himself the founder of a new empire, the
653:(682â744) and others, ruled the area of present-day
5935:Đ. ĐŻ. ĐлаŃĐșĐžĐœ, ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ĐжŃĐœĐłĐ°ŃŃĐșĐŸĐłĐŸ Ń
Đ°ĐœŃŃĐČĐ°. Đ 1983
5637:
5466:SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (25 August 2006).
3165:
Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty
2627:") by the Jin court and since then became known as
2211:after their defeat by the Jurchens and founded the
1818:. The Rouran Khaganate was finally defeated by the
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6609:(exhibition catalogue in German), Munich 1989 (as
6345:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945â1985
4402:Yampildorji mysteriously died shortly afterwards.
4079:statehood on the east. The last Mongol khagan was
3992:In the area of historiography and literature, the
3851:clan unified the Oirats by the 1630s, and his son
2955:
2501:confederacy was located in the basin of the river
2028:. The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the
1318:(Hsiung-nu in WadeâGiles romanisation) across the
993:The geographic area the Slab Grave culture covered
6735:History of Mongolia : Chronology and details
6641:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4589:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
4316:north of the present line. The Russians retained
4166:, supported by the troops of the Inner Mongolian
3667:Location of the Four Oirats (Oirat confederation)
3309:and served as the official script of the empire.
3018:. The construction of the city was supervised by
2691:
2583:Temujin (1162â1227) defeated and subjugated the "
1687:(AD 386â533). Northern Wei armies drove back the
1678:Tuoba, a faction of the Xianbei, established the
1418:. This continued for 70 years until the reign of
8796:
6696:Map of the Capital Districts of the Kidan Empire
6509:Bawden, Charles. "Mongolia: Ancient and Modern"
6169:The Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of the PRC
5173:officially ceased to exist on 13 February 1992.
4804:
4697:(the Altai and Ili regions of the Qing Empire),
3094:Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus
3038:Silver Tree of Karakorum (modern time imitation)
1424:massive counteroffensives devastated the Xiongnu
8060:
6589:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
6502:Batbayar, Tsedendambyn, and Sharad Kumar Soni.
5120:was built with aid from Soviet Union and other
4993:, instead adopting the ĐšĐžĐœŃ ŃŃĐłŃĐ»ŃĐžĐčĐœ Đ±ĐŸĐŽĐ»ĐŸĐłĐŸ (
4475:
3566:residual states and domains by the 15th century
3380:
2823:connecting the East and the West and dominated
2260:Confederations and khanates in the 12th century
1269:
665:(916â1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of
6256:
6254:
5684:
5044:, in Eastern Mongolia. In August 1945, at the
3931:, martang and nagtang painting, and sculpture.
3799:Mongolia in the first half of the 17th century
1249:(475â221 BC) in China, the northern states of
8403:
7623:
6881:
6844:Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals
6812:Prehistoric bone hats found in Inner Mongolia
6787:Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai
6300:ĐĐĐ ĐĐĐĐ«Đ ĐĐĐ ĐĄĐĐ Đ„ĐĐĐĐĐĐąĐĐ ĐŁĐĐĄĐ«Đ ĐĐĐ ĐĐŹ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ
5445:"The Mysterious Scythians Burst Into History"
5378:
5376:
5261:List of sovereign states by date of formation
4984:widespread unrest and armed uprisings in 1932
4647:
4582:
4036:
3656:whose power was however assumed by his uncle
3077:on one side and the faction of the houses of
1414:, ravaged and even besieged near its capital
1382:) Valley, to change the course of history in
606:
6817:MONGOLIA -- TEN PREHISTORIC SITES DISCOVERED
6111:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
6084:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
6010:
6008:
5829:Obok: A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia
5484:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3613:Mongolia was once again unified under queen
3124:arrived in 1254 and later wrote his account
3092:arrived in 1246 and later he wrote the book
946:, spread over Northern, Central and Eastern
6777:Dinosaurs from Mongolia as reported in 1924
6490:Bibliography of the history of Central Asia
6276:"Đ„Đ°Đ»Ń
ŃĐœ ĐłĐŸĐ»ŃĐœ баĐčĐ»ĐŽĐ°Đ°ĐœŃĐł ĐĐĐŁ-ĐŽ ŃŃĐŽĐ°Đ»ŃĐ°Đœ ĐœŃ"
6251:
6237:ĐĐŸĐłĐŽ Ń
Đ°Đ°ĐœŃ Đ¶ĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐŸŃ Ń
ĐžĐ»Ń Ń
ŃŃŃĐłŃ Ń
ŃĐ»ĐŒŃгЎŃŃĐœ ĐœŃ
5667:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
4522:
4447:
4159:when his troops were swept by an epidemic.
2902:in 1221 and entered the territories of the
2886:clan conquered northern Iran. They invaded
2873:was defeated and escaped to the river Indus
2579:portrait of Chinggis Khaan on Mt. Bogd Khan
1683:established control over the region as the
1426:and sent them towards the road of decline.
8410:
8396:
7630:
7616:
6888:
6874:
6822:Two prehistoric villages found in Mongolia
6190:
6188:
6186:
5931:
5929:
5842:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
5663:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5603:Mongolian traditional folk song UNESCO.org
5515:
5513:
5492:
5373:
5328:
4487:Winter Palace of 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
4308:were separated from Mongolia. In 1689 the
4131:lands in 1631. Nevertheless, Manchu ruler
3831:In the beginning of the 17th century, the
3042:Ogedei Khan completed the conquest of the
2058:
1833:
1576:
613:
599:
6677:Learn how and when to remove this message
6138:. Stanford University Press. p. 68.
6005:
5556:G.Sukhbaatar "An ancestor of the Mongols"
5003:Another wave of repressions began in 1937
4947:In 1924, during secret meetings with the
4638:Bogd Gegeen was enthroned as Bogd Khaan (
4462:Mongol aimags and khoshuu under Qing role
4177:convened a congress of Western Mongolian
4155:. Ligdan Khan died in 1634 on his way to
3395:By 1368, the Mongols who established the
1968:
1703:
1220:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
6125:
5797:
5767:
5765:
5314:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4.
5309:
5187:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
4953:
4864:
4739:
4540:
4482:
4457:
4404:
4212:between Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate
4203:
4103:
4050:
3874:
3794:
3662:
3602:The Khalkha emerged during the reign of
3557:
3479:, a Mongol commander of Ayushiridara in
3472:The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent
3467:
3377:which would last till the 17th century.
3335:
3213:
3178:
3046:in 1231â1234. He sent princes headed by
3033:
2968:
2709:
2701:
2661:As the Khanlyk of Naiman was conquered,
2571:
2338:
2273:
2270:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
2136:
2074:
1893:
1862:
1855:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
1769:
1721:
1713:
1586:
1341:. He was succeeded violently by his son
1279:
988:
6747:Face Music â History: Horsemen â Nomads
6262:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls"
6183:
5926:
5844:. Columbia University Press. pp. 92-93.
5593:Đ.ĐĄŃŃ-ĐЎжаĐČ, ĐĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»ŃĐœ ŃŃŃĐœĐžĐč ŃÒŻÒŻŃ
. 1977
5559:
5510:
5404:
4849:Mongolian People's Republic (1921â1992)
3918:
3776:production in Dzungaria using imported
3489:finally surrendered to the Ming dynasty
2977:The 1228 Congress of nobility known as
2819:Empire, which was on a junction of the
8797:
6418:"Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China"
6342:
6206:
6204:
6098:
6071:
6044:
6023:
1337:The founder of the Xiongnu empire was
8391:
7611:
6895:
6869:
6711:Dual Manichaeism in Uighuria and Iran
6268:
6225:Migration and language of the Buryats
5949:(doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37
5909:S.Tsolmon, Galdan Boshigt Khaan, 1995
5762:
3996:was written in the 16th century, the
3399:a century ago had been expelled from
2471:and occupied a trade route to China.
2141:Stupa in the Khitan city Bars-Hot in
1879:. The Altai Turkics (Orkhon Turkics,
919:farming settlement has been found in
868:Epoch, Mongolia was the home of many
778:began to follow the same patterns as
633:(3rd century BCâ1st century AD), the
7637:
6621:
6131:
6077:
5624:"Đ.Đ. ĐŃĐŒĐžĐ»Đ”ĐČ. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ĐĐ°ŃĐŸĐŽĐ° Đ„ŃĐœĐœŃ"
5417:
5334:
5192:In June 2021, former Prime Minister
5071:, Mongolian aid was as important as
5052:, Mongolian troops took part in the
4892:, and the other group was headed by
4581:into one great Republic of China" (
4553:, the President of the newly formed
3985:Minggatu of Sharaid discovered nine
3868:Jasaghtu Khan invited a monk of the
3720:TĂŒmen Jasagtu Khan was succeeded by
2789:provinces, and approached the river
1202:adding citations to reliable sources
1173:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
8417:
6336:
6201:
6104:
6017:
5692:"Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia"
4312:established the northern border of
4170:s, conquered Ming dynasty in 1644.
3933:An adopted son of Oirat aristocrat
3578:). Togoon died in 1439 and his son
3183:Mongol Empire and its fragmentation
720:conversion to and dissemination of
696:, Mongolia came to be ruled by the
547:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
6723:â Entry on Mongolia from the 1907
6605:Walther Heissig, Claudius MĂŒller,
6599:
6504:Modern Mongolia: A concise history
6483:
4629:
4621:
4264:a battle at Zuun Mod at the river
4187:Döchin Dörben Hoyar un Ike Tsagaza
4139:, allied with the Inner Mongolian
4063:was divided into three parts: the
3863:The third introduction of Buddhism
3344:As for Mongolia itself, since the
3197:fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
2254:
880:being the most prominent of them.
708:) and administered as part of the
694:fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
14:
8831:
6617:
6563:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
5022:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia
4799:treaty of friendship and alliance
4793:On 2 February 1913, Mongolia and
4444:, which later became a province.
3959:(1635â1723), head of Buddhism in
3633:, and the right-wing tumens were
2937:Mongolic Khitans and Tuyuhuns or
2568:Consolidation of the Mongol state
1169:
8778:
8769:
8768:
7042:
6626:
5266:List of country name etymologies
5214:
5124:countries, and in the 1970s the
4517:
3316:, the territories of the former
3244:, a grandson of Ogedei Khan and
3066:in 1241â1242 and approached the
1898:Kul Tigin Monument inscribed in
1887:, who became the founder of the
1178:
1012:but are concentrated largely in
738:At the end of the 17th century,
130:
22:
6547:(John Wiley & Sons, 2018).
6462:
6437:
6410:
6381:
6361:
6324:
6312:
6293:
6230:
6217:
6174:
6161:
6152:
5983:
5960:
5938:
5912:
5903:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5847:
5834:
5821:
5791:
5778:
5749:
5736:
5723:
5710:
5675:
5616:
5607:
5596:
5587:
5574:
5550:
5540:
5527:
5087:1949 Communist victory in China
5054:Soviet operations against Japan
4031:
3768:Hongtaiji attempted to develop
3518:The Oirats constituted another
3503:of the Ming dynasty personally
3357:in 1368, the last Yuan emperor
2910:and grasslands of the northern
2478:between the mountain ranges of
1189:needs additional citations for
798:in 1992, and a transition to a
756:declared independence from Qing
33:needs additional citations for
8736:British Indian Ocean Territory
5757:The Cambridge History of China
5718:http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=106
5459:
5437:
5398:
5389:
5355:
5303:
5196:, the candidate of the ruling
5116:were completed. In the 1960s,
4973:against Japanese troops, 1939.
4790:, and Inner Mongolia in 1915.
4648:
4634:Queen Dondogdulam by B. Sharav
4583:
4565:on behalf of the six-year-old
4173:Erdeni Batur Hongtaiji of the
4059:In the early 17th century the
3899:At the same time the ruler of
3606:(1479â1543) as one of the six
3499:(1405â1412). In response, the
2692:Formation of the Mongol Empire
2235:, the Eastern and the Western
2161:based on the Uyghur script. A
1941:in the Mongolian Steppes. The
1410:, Xiongnu raids advanced into
1386:, Iran, and eventually India.
1:
6347:. New York: Greenwood Press.
5405:Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015).
5297:
5291:Timeline of Mongolian history
4805:Chinese territory (1919â1921)
4506:tried to restrict travels of
4024:. A translation theory work,
3734:extensive livestock husbandry
3171:Division of the Mongol Empire
2688:) as Emperor of all Mongols.
2680:in 1206 enthroned Temujin as
2532:tribes lived at the north of
1867:Gökturk Khaganate, 551â572 AD
1778:A branch of the Xianbei, the
1774:Rouran Khaganate circa 500 AD
1357:mountains in the west to the
1061:, including the provinces of
805:
638:
6849:Ordos Man And Inner Mongolia
6560:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).
6196:Mongolian revolution of 1911
5145:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5134:
4901:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
4320:between Lake Baikal and the
3949:. This new script is called
3652:Dayan Khan was succeeded by
3439:of the Mongols and the four
3381:Northern Yuan and Four Oirat
3090:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
2486:in the willow groves of the
1726:Asia in AD 400, showing the
1328:ruthless punitive expedition
1270:Xiongnu state (209 BCâ93 AD)
788:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
7:
7080:Historical cities and towns
7017:Mongolian People's Republic
5866:Lobzangdanzan, Altan Tobchi
5207:
5178:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5171:Mongolian People's Republic
5169:was held in July 1990. The
5069:the Soviet war with Germany
4963:Mongolian People's Republic
4859:List of socialist countries
4855:Mongolian People's Republic
4654:
3835:tribe of Oirat migrated to
3570:In 1434, Eastern Mongolian
3143:(or known as Kaiping). The
2645:khan of Naiman and his son
2343:A camp of a Mongolian tribe
2215:(1124â1218) in present-day
2099:in 916 and established the
1477:in 162 BC (recorded in the
1158:), and to the west (across
903:(Northern Cave of Blue) in
782:of the time. Following the
772:Mongolian People's Republic
731:, marking the start of the
10:
8836:
6497:Twentieth Century Mongolia
6487:
5995:". Berghahn Books. p.188.
5807:. Routledge. p. 177.
5742:Ruofu Du, Vincent F. Yip,
5149:History of modern Mongolia
5138:
4852:
4831:Baron von Ungern-Sternberg
4532:
4526:
4451:
4043:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
4040:
4037:Qing conquests of Mongolia
3941:(1599â1662), reformed the
3855:Hongtaiji established the
3384:
3168:
2962:
2695:
2444:tribal confederations and
2263:
2068:
2062:
1972:
1852:
1842:
1707:
1580:
1558:(370sâ469) in Europe. The
1550:state (160â490) in modern
1353:in the south and from the
1273:
864:During the middle to late
809:
758:but had to struggle until
8764:
8723:
8683:
8425:
8369:
8275:
8245:
8137:
8017:
8010:
7861:
7752:
7645:
7574:
7478:
7393:
7384:
7329:
7320:
7206:
7197:
7060:
7051:
7040:
6907:
6370:and Schoenhals, Michael.
5167:first democratic election
4584:ä»ćæ»żăæŒąăèăćăèäșæćźć
šé ćïŒçșäžć€§äžèŻæ°ć
4476:
4466:After seizing control of
4292:. The well-armed Russian
3451:BiligtĂŒ Khan Ayushiridara
3371:BiligtĂŒ Khan Ayushiridara
3187:The establishment of the
3088:The traveller from Italy
2286:, the region of his birth
1288:The establishment of the
855:Museum of Natural History
8485:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7257:Administrative divisions
6947:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
6553:Kaplonski, Christopher.
6513:(Feb 1959) 9#2 p103-112.
6499:(Global Oriental, 2000).
6376:Harvard University Press
6343:Jessup, John E. (1989).
6030:. Hackett. p. 419.
5231:Architecture of Mongolia
5198:Mongolian People's Party
4936:form and an interest in
4883:Mongolian People's Party
4767:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
4761:), was adopted in 1915.
4668:Manlaibaatar DamdinsĂŒren
4529:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
4523:Bogd Khanate (1911â1919)
4454:Mongolia under Qing rule
4448:Mongolia under Qing rule
3540:) and Eastern Mongolia (
2631:. By the year 1201, the
2420:In the 12th century the
1929:'s failed expedition in
1923:Western Turkic Khaganate
1919:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
770:influence. In 1924, the
651:Second Turkic Khaganates
350:Second Turkic Khaganates
8746:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6701:Map of the Kidan period
6506:(Pentagon Press, 2007).
6132:Zhao, Suisheng (2004).
6024:Tanner, Harold (2009).
5989:A. Dirk Moses (2008). "
5945:Michael Edmund Clarke,
5697:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5681:Grousset (1970), p. 67.
5504:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5310:Janhunen, Juha (2014).
5251:History of Central Asia
5114:Trans-Mongolian Railway
4995:Shine ergeltiin boglogo
4676:Mongolian reunification
4626:Bogd Khaan by B. Sharav
4324:north of Mongolia. The
4151:sect (Red Hat sect) of
4120:By the 1620s, only the
3599:overthrew him in 1454.
2706:Genghis Khan's conquest
2059:Liao dynasty (916â1125)
2047:resulted in the end of
1948:Second Turkic Khaganate
1859:Second Turkic Khaganate
1834:Turkic period (555â840)
1577:Xianbei state (147â234)
1437:) located on the beach
692:(1206â1368). After the
7511:Goyol Fashion Festival
7301:Chief of General Staff
6767:PREHISTORY OF MONGOLIA
6527:34#1 (2007): 127â147.
6495:Batbayar, Bat-Erdene.
6212:Mongolian independence
6078:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
5978:Southampton University
5804:The Mongolic languages
5744:Ethnic groups in China
5180:announced that Taiwan
5176:On 3 October 2002 the
5042:Battle of Khalkhyn Gol
5026:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
5007:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
4974:
4971:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
4959:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
4874:
4745:
4635:
4627:
4563:Empress Dowager Longyu
4546:
4535:Occupation of Mongolia
4488:
4463:
4410:
4213:
4117:
4056:
3880:
3800:
3677:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
3668:
3617:the Wise and Batmönkh
3567:
3473:
3341:
3225:
3184:
3039:
2974:
2869:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
2715:
2707:
2580:
2558:Nestorian Christianity
2344:
2287:
2149:
2080:
1969:Uyghur state (744â840)
1902:
1868:
1845:First Turkic Khaganate
1775:
1767:
1719:
1704:Rouran state (330â555)
1594:
1285:
994:
900:Khoid Tsenkheriin Agui
684:was able to unite the
673:, and the present-day
223:Munkhkhairkhan culture
7272:Third neighbor policy
6972:Northern Yuan dynasty
6725:Catholic Encyclopedia
6591:(2005) a best-seller
6488:Further information:
6445:"The History of MTAC"
6372:Mao's Last Revolution
6368:MacFarquhar, Roderick
5954:July 6, 2011, at the
5246:Geography of Mongolia
5236:Central Asian studies
5202:presidential election
5037:in the Soviet Union.
4957:
4868:
4743:
4713:called it "Mongolian
4633:
4625:
4544:
4486:
4461:
4408:
4207:
4107:
4061:Northern Yuan dynasty
4054:
3945:, adapting it to the
3878:
3798:
3666:
3561:
3471:
3433:Northern Yuan dynasty
3387:Northern Yuan dynasty
3375:Northern Yuan dynasty
3339:
3264:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
3217:
3182:
3118:Willem van Ruysbroeck
3037:
2972:
2713:
2705:
2575:
2422:Khamag Mongol Khanate
2342:
2278:Statue of Temujin in
2277:
2140:
2078:
1897:
1866:
1790:, northern Xinjiang,
1773:
1725:
1717:
1609:in the north and the
1590:
1283:
1247:Warring States period
992:
913:Bayankhongor Province
733:Northern Yuan dynasty
700:(1271â1368) based in
570:Democratic Revolution
57:"History of Mongolia"
8660:United Arab Emirates
7531:Traditional medicine
7250:Constitutional Court
7092:Environmental issues
6922:Prehistoric Mongolia
6716:Realm of the Mongols
6647:improve this article
6611:Mongolen (catalogue)
6525:American Ethnologist
6105:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
5786:The Mongols in China
5565:Rashpunstag (1776) "
5449:United Church of God
5434:" (PDF) pages 25, 27
5384:Mongolen (catalogue)
5335:Chan, Steve (2016).
5286:Politics of Mongolia
5256:History of East Asia
4691:Bayan-Ălgii Province
4394:and Inner Mongolian
4199:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
4112:in Central Asia and
4026:The Source of Wisdom
4020:translated into the
3919:Cultural renaissance
3909:Erdene Zuu monastery
3544:, Southern Mongols,
2536:. Other tribes were
2434:Merkit confederation
2374:of Khamag Mongol is
2213:Western Liao dynasty
2079:Liao dynasty in 1100
1628:to the north of the
1441:, Central Mongolia.
1349:in the north to the
1198:improve this article
1099:In historical times
812:Prehistoric Mongolia
762:to firmly establish
714:Buddhism in Mongolia
42:improve this article
8805:History of Mongolia
8687:limited recognition
7216:State Great Khural
7007:Soviet intervention
6762:History of Mongolia
6659:footnote references
6587:Weatherford, Jack.
6566:. Scarecrow Press.
5947:In the Eye of Power
5840:Millward, James A.
5827:Elizabeth E. Bacon
5773:Batmunkh Dayan Khan
5729:Uradyn Erden Bulag
5281:Outline of Mongolia
5241:Culture of Mongolia
5110:collectivized again
5091:Cultural Revolution
5024:, presided over by
5005:, presided over by
4969:consult during the
4871:Great Patriotic War
4310:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4016:and 225 volumes of
3760:around the city of
3423:came under rule of
3062:), and the area of
2804:Later, the warlord
2426:Tatar confederation
2311:Range, what is the
2176:, ancestors of the
2039:The destruction of
1950:in historiography.
1927:Emperor Yang of Sui
1900:Old Turkic alphabet
1466:Eastern Han dynasty
859:Roy Chapman Andrews
784:Revolutions of 1989
742:became part of the
543:People's Revolution
513:National Revolution
468:Oirat Confederation
253:Deer stones culture
124:History of Mongolia
8810:History of Siberia
8373:Donghu and Xianbei
7729:Mongolian nobility
7680:Slab Grave culture
7455:List of Mongolians
7362:Telecommunications
7002:Chinese occupation
6854:2019-08-01 at the
6837:2015-02-26 at the
6752:The Xiongnu Empire
6740:2019-10-20 at the
6706:Kidans and Jurjens
6557:(Routledge, 2004).
6543:Christian, David.
6533:Christian, David.
6520:(Routledge, 2013).
6305:2016-03-04 at the
6242:2013-12-03 at the
5972:2008-12-16 at the
5500:"Altaic languages"
5430:2013-07-29 at the
5367:2013-12-26 at the
5271:Mongolian nobility
5063:Russian historian
4975:
4875:
4746:
4644:Olan-a Ărgugdegsen
4636:
4628:
4547:
4489:
4464:
4411:
4240:Mongolian nobles,
4214:
4118:
4057:
4022:Mongolian language
3881:
3801:
3717:for trade routes.
3707:around the 1560s.
3681:TĂŒmen Jasagtu Khan
3679:and his successor
3669:
3568:
3474:
3342:
3307:Sanskrit languages
3236:(Dadu, modern-day
3226:
3185:
3058:(then part of the
3040:
2975:
2956:Mongol Empire and
2747:Great Mongol State
2745:The newly unified
2716:
2708:
2581:
2409:of Khamag Mongol.
2370:. The first known
2345:
2288:
2150:
2089:Mongolic languages
2081:
1939:Anbei Protectorate
1903:
1869:
1804:Hephthalite Empire
1796:Northeastern China
1776:
1768:
1720:
1595:
1286:
1059:Russian Federation
995:
932:Slab Grave culture
907:province, and the
792:multi-party system
776:Mongolian politics
774:was declared, and
533:Chinese occupation
263:Slab-grave culture
243:Ulaanzuukh culture
213:Chemurchek culture
203:Afanasievo culture
8792:
8791:
8729:other territories
8385:
8384:
8365:
8364:
8133:
8132:
7660:Mongolian Plateau
7605:
7604:
7570:
7569:
7380:
7379:
7316:
7315:
7308:Political parties
7267:Foreign relations
7193:
7192:
6687:
6686:
6679:
6516:Bold, Bat-Ochir.
6332:The Last Republic
5875:Matsukawa Takashi
5568:The Crystal Beads
5276:Mongolian plateau
5194:Ukhnaa Khurelsukh
5103:Republic of China
5099:Sino-Soviet split
4949:Republic of China
4919:Bayan-Ălgii aimag
4765:governments, the
4555:Republic of China
4326:Treaty of Kyakhta
3925:Mongolian culture
3722:Buyan Sechen Khan
3673:TĂŒmen Zasagt Khan
3658:Bars Bolud Jinong
3641:, Yunshiyebu and
3592:Zhengtong Emperor
3588:military campaign
3481:Liaoyang province
3405:Mongolian Plateau
3346:Mongolian Plateau
3060:Holy Roman Empire
2859:. Shah's warlord
2528:and Khangai. The
2513:lived around the
2450:Mongolian plateau
2368:Khentii mountains
2045:Yenisei Kirghizes
1624:, and pushed the
1498:Alexey Okladnikov
1404:marriage alliance
1297:Alexey Okladnikov
1230:
1229:
1222:
1057:and parts of the
942:, related to the
925:Afanasevo culture
836:. The Himalayas,
752:Xinhai Revolution
729:Mongolian Plateau
623:
622:
588:
587:
560:People's Republic
496:
495:
401:
400:
373:Tang protectorate
291:
290:
118:
117:
110:
92:
8827:
8782:
8772:
8771:
8741:Christmas Island
8427:Sovereign states
8412:
8405:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8062:Southern Mongols
8058:
8057:
8015:
8014:
7665:Mongol heartland
7639:Mongolic peoples
7632:
7625:
7618:
7609:
7608:
7590:
7583:
7557:
7556:(New Year's Day)
7544:
7496:
7423:Southern Mongols
7391:
7390:
7357:
7327:
7326:
7237:
7219:
7204:
7203:
7058:
7057:
7046:
6942:Rouran Khaganate
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6682:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6662:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6478:
6477:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6278:. Archived from
6272:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6249:
6234:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6199:
6192:
6181:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6027:China: A History
6021:
6015:
6012:
6003:
5987:
5981:
5964:
5958:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5924:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5888:. Archived from
5882:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5795:
5789:
5782:
5776:
5769:
5760:
5753:
5747:
5740:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5654:
5651:ĐĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»ŃĐœ ĐąÒŻÒŻŃ
II
5646:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5475:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5451:. Archived from
5441:
5435:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5387:
5380:
5371:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5307:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
4961:, leader of the
4938:animal husbandry
4917:(in present-day
4657:
4651:
4650:
4586:
4585:
4567:Xuantong Emperor
4545:Mongolia in 1915
4479:
4478:
4433:Dzungar genocide
4385:Qianlong Emperor
4153:Tibetan Buddhism
4047:DzungarâQing War
4010:Tsogtu Hongtaiji
3943:Mongolian script
3872:school in 1576.
3818:Ubashi Hongtaiji
3283:'Phags-pa script
3272:Tibetan Buddhism
3254:Toluid Civil War
3223:'Phags-pa script
3205:Chagatai Khanate
3195:accelerated the
3145:Toluid Civil War
2952:mountain range.
2766:, which pledged
2440:were five major
2223:with capital in
2202:a series of wars
2132:dynasty of China
2041:Uyghur Khaganate
1985:Uyghur Khaganate
1975:Uyghur Khaganate
1961:empress regnant
1889:Turkic Khaganate
1877:Rouran Khaganate
1816:Turkic Khaganate
1728:Rouran Khaganate
1718:Rouran Khaganate
1710:Rouran Khaganate
1516:, insisted on a
1307:, insisted on a
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1182:
1174:
1128:Korean Peninsula
984:Zabaykalsky Krai
964:Qilian Mountains
927:(3500â2500 BC).
911:(White Cave) in
722:Tibetan Buddhism
710:Lingbei Province
675:Russian Far East
643:Rouran Khaganate
641:AD 93â234), the
640:
629:, including the
615:
608:
601:
509:
508:
422:9thâ12th century
414:
413:
383:Uyghur Khaganate
328:Rouran Khaganate
304:
303:
273:Chandman culture
199:
198:
134:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
8835:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8788:
8760:
8728:
8719:
8700:Northern Cyprus
8686:
8679:
8421:
8419:History of Asia
8416:
8386:
8381:
8379:
8361:
8341:Sichuan Mongols
8271:
8241:
8147:Altai Uriankhai
8129:
8056:
8006:
7863:Medieval tribes
7857:
7748:
7734:Writing systems
7702:Medieval tribes
7641:
7636:
7606:
7601:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7566:
7555:
7542:
7494:
7474:
7470:Writing systems
7460:Sex trafficking
7450:Public holidays
7376:
7355:
7312:
7291:Law enforcement
7235:
7217:
7189:
7047:
7038:
7034:Modern Mongolia
7029:1990 Revolution
7012:1921 Revolution
6992:1911 Revolution
6982:Dzungar Khanate
6957:Medieval tribes
6903:
6894:
6856:Wayback Machine
6839:Wayback Machine
6742:Wayback Machine
6683:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6644:
6635:This article's
6631:
6627:
6620:
6602:
6600:Other languages
6492:
6486:
6484:Further reading
6481:
6476:. 10 June 2021.
6468:
6467:
6463:
6454:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6429:
6427:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6341:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6307:Wayback Machine
6298:
6294:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6252:
6244:Wayback Machine
6235:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6006:
5988:
5984:
5974:Wayback Machine
5967:Dr. Mark Levene
5965:
5961:
5956:Wayback Machine
5943:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5895:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5796:
5792:
5783:
5779:
5770:
5763:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5728:
5724:
5715:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5579:
5575:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5460:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5432:Wayback Machine
5422:
5418:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5381:
5374:
5369:Wayback Machine
5360:
5356:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5151:
5139:Main articles:
5137:
4908:Chinese and at
4861:
4853:Main articles:
4851:
4807:
4693:) but Northern
4595:(the term for "
4537:
4531:
4525:
4520:
4498:Dzungar Khanate
4456:
4450:
4360:, supported by
4334:northern border
4330:Imperial Russia
4175:Dzungar Khanate
4135:, successor of
4114:Khoshut Khanate
4110:Dzungar Khanate
4049:
4039:
4034:
4005:Erdeniin Tobchi
3937:, Zaya Pandita
3932:
3921:
3865:
3857:Dzungar Khanate
3814:Tushiyetu Khans
3711:Abtai Sain Khan
3654:Bodi Alagh Khan
3629:, Chaharia and
3528:Altai Mountains
3393:
3385:Main articles:
3383:
3259:Kublai invited
3191:(1271â1368) by
3177:
3169:Main articles:
3167:
2967:
2961:
2724:European Russia
2700:
2694:
2570:
2430:Keraite Khanate
2323:(Noon), Middle
2309:Greater Khingan
2272:
2264:Main articles:
2262:
2257:
2255:Medieval period
2170:Tungusic people
2073:
2067:
2061:
2030:Yenisei Kirghiz
1977:
1971:
1861:
1851:
1843:Main articles:
1841:
1836:
1744:Tuyuhun Kingdom
1712:
1706:
1657:Shanxi Province
1585:
1579:
1535:, horn bow and
1514:Byambyn Rinchen
1510:Nikita Bichurin
1486:BernĂĄt MunkĂĄcsi
1475:Laoshang Chanyu
1470:Altai Mountains
1389:In 200 BC, the
1375:Endemic warfare
1359:Greater Khingan
1305:Byambyn Rinchen
1278:
1272:
1241:and especially
1226:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1183:
1172:
1136:Pamir Mountains
1101:Eurasian nomads
1094:Altai Mountains
1069:, and near the
1043:Altai Mountains
956:Northwest China
921:Dornod Province
838:Greater Khingan
820:The climate of
818:
810:Main articles:
808:
780:Soviet politics
716:began with the
645:(330â555), the
627:nomadic empires
619:
590:
589:
580:Modern Mongolia
553:
506:
498:
497:
478:Dzungar Khanate
418:Mongol khanates
411:
410:Medieval period
403:
402:
356:
301:
293:
292:
283:Pazyryk culture
196:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
8833:
8823:
8822:
8820:Mongol peoples
8817:
8812:
8807:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8776:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8689:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8431:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8383:
8382:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8196:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8085:Eastern Dorbet
8082:
8077:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7739:Soyombo symbol
7736:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7712:Nomadic empire
7709:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7695:Proto-Mongolic
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7635:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7592:
7591:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7551:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7490:
7484:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7400:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7372:Transportation
7369:
7364:
7359:
7351:
7349:Stock Exchange
7346:
7341:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7293:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7239:
7231:
7229:Prime Minister
7226:
7221:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7170:
7168:National parks
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6846:
6841:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6732:
6727:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6685:
6684:
6639:external links
6634:
6632:
6625:
6619:
6618:External links
6616:
6615:
6614:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6585:
6574:
6558:
6551:
6541:
6531:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6461:
6436:
6409:
6380:
6378:, 2006. p. 258
6360:
6353:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6292:
6267:
6250:
6229:
6216:
6200:
6182:
6173:
6167:Shirendev, B.
6160:
6151:
6144:
6124:
6117:
6097:
6090:
6070:
6063:
6043:
6037:978-0872209152
6036:
6016:
6004:
5982:
5959:
5937:
5925:
5911:
5902:
5877:
5868:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5820:
5813:
5799:Janhunen, Juha
5790:
5777:
5771:B.Davaasuren,
5761:
5748:
5735:
5722:
5709:
5683:
5674:
5653:. Ulaanbaatar.
5636:
5615:
5606:
5595:
5586:
5573:
5558:
5549:
5539:
5526:
5509:
5491:
5472:SPIEGEL ONLINE
5458:
5455:on 2011-04-24.
5436:
5416:
5397:
5388:
5372:
5354:
5347:
5327:
5320:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:History portal
5209:
5206:
5136:
5133:
5095:Inner Mongolia
5067:wrote that in
5065:Viktor Suvorov
5058:Inner Mongolia
5014:Buryat Mongols
4925:in July 1921.
4894:Dogsomyn Bodoo
4850:
4847:
4829:troops led by
4806:
4803:
4788:Upper Mongolia
4772:Upper Mongolia
4719:United Kingdom
4707:Russian Empire
4699:Upper Mongolia
4687:Khovd Province
4601:modern Chinese
4561:signed by the
4527:Main article:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4468:Outer Mongolia
4452:Main article:
4449:
4446:
4400:Tushiyetu Khan
4364:-Oirat prince
4318:Trans-Baikalia
4237:Tsewang Rabtan
4229:Kangxi Emperor
4225:Outer Mongolia
4221:Inner Mongolia
4191:Tushiyetu Khan
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
3973:Soyombo script
3920:
3917:
3864:
3861:
3689:Upper Mongolia
3501:Yongle Emperor
3497:Buyanshri Khan
3421:Monguor people
3382:
3379:
3361:fled north to
3330:Zhongshu Sheng
3287:Tibetan script
3279:state religion
3166:
3163:
3116:in 1257â1259.
2963:Main article:
2960:
2954:
2939:Monguor people
2735:confederations
2696:Main article:
2693:
2690:
2616:"âocean, sea.
2569:
2566:
2438:Naiman Khanate
2296:confederations
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2245:Turkic peoples
2159:Minor Alphabet
2155:Grand Alphabet
2097:imperial title
2063:Main article:
2060:
2057:
2026:Sogdian script
2022:lunar eclipses
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1792:Inner Mongolia
1764:Northern Liang
1748:Southern Liang
1708:Main article:
1705:
1702:
1613:in the south.
1581:Main article:
1578:
1575:
1543:(Volume 113).
1446:Inner Mongolia
1284:Xiongnu Empire
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1228:
1227:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:Ancient period
1168:
1037:area, and the
980:Irkutsk Oblast
972:Lesser Khingan
952:Inner Mongolia
842:Lesser Khingan
830:Eurasian Plate
807:
804:
800:market economy
718:Yuan emperors'
649:(552â603) and
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
586:
585:
582:
576:
575:
572:
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
550:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
523:Bogd Khaganate
519:
518:
515:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
353:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
302:
300:Ancient period
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
233:Sagsai culture
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
197:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
136:
135:
127:
126:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8832:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8775:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8710:South Ossetia
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8406:
8401:
8399:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8335:Yunnan Mongol
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8232:Upper Mongols
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8011:Ethnic groups
8009:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Khamag Mongol
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7754:Proto-Mongols
7751:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7717:Mongol Empire
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:Ordos culture
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7621:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:Horse culture
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7245:Supreme Court
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Mongol Empire
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Proto-Mongols
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6678:
6670:
6660:
6656:
6655:inappropriate
6652:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:History Today
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6451:on 2009-05-08
6450:
6446:
6440:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6406:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6356:
6354:0-313-24308-5
6350:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6296:
6282:on 2014-02-01
6281:
6277:
6271:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6226:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6155:
6147:
6145:9780804750011
6141:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6118:9789629372910
6114:
6110:
6109:
6101:
6093:
6091:9789629373214
6087:
6083:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6064:9780742578159
6060:
6056:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6020:
6011:
6009:
6002:
6001:1-84545-452-9
5998:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5906:
5892:on 2008-01-22
5891:
5887:
5881:
5872:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5816:
5814:9781135796907
5810:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5787:
5781:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5759:, vol7, p.158
5758:
5752:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5625:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5599:
5590:
5583:
5577:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5553:
5543:
5536:
5530:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5350:
5348:9781107130562
5344:
5340:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5321:9789027238252
5317:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5131:was created.
5130:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4967:Georgy Zhukov
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:Soliin Danzan
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:United States
4872:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4750:Mongol Empire
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:Barga Mongols
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4518:Modern period
4515:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4477:ŃŃŃĐ»ĐłĐ°Đœ ĐŽĐ°Ńга
4473:
4469:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4350:Galdan Tseren
4346:
4341:
4339:
4336:of Mongolia.
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:Kumul Khanate
4243:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:Inner Mongols
4066:
4062:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3987:trigonometric
3984:
3980:
3979:Mathematician
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:Oirat dialect
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3841:Kalmyk people
3838:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:import quotas
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3703:at the river
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
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3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3556:
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3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3442:
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3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
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3257:
3255:
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3243:
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3231:
3224:
3220:
3219:Official pass
3216:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Pax Mongolica
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
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3076:
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3065:
3061:
3057:
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3049:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:on the river
2988:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2965:Pax Mongolica
2959:
2958:Pax Mongolica
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:. Shah's son
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
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2826:
2822:
2818:
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2807:
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2800:
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2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2714:Mongol Empire
2712:
2704:
2699:
2698:Mongol Empire
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:Chingis Khaan
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:Mongol script
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:Three Mergids
2578:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
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2477:
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2458:
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2427:
2423:
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2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:Khamag Mongol
2341:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2298:(khanligs or
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:north of the
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:. Its khagan
2090:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Northern Zhou
1908:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Altai Turkics
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:and southern
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:Yangtze River
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1592:Xianbei state
1589:
1584:
1583:Xianbei state
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:Hunnic Empire
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:composite bow
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Isaak Schmidt
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Henry Howorth
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:Emperor Gaozu
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
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1293:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:This section
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:proto-Mongols
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
895:cave drawings
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
878:Andrewsarchus
875:
872:mammals with
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
816:Proto-Mongols
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:. During the
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Mongol Empire
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Khitan people
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
635:Xianbei state
632:
628:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
557:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
505:Modern period
502:
501:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:Northern Yuan
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
438:Mongol Empire
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:Khamag Mongol
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
407:
406:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
318:Xianbei state
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
297:
296:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
264:
261:
260:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
200:
194:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
133:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
8725:Dependencies
8655:Turkmenistan
8620:Saudi Arabia
8579:
8377:Turco-Mongol
8334:
7722:Turco-Mongol
7707:Modern clans
7646:
7554:Tsagaan Sar
7488:Architecture
7445:Prostitution
7398:Demographics
7279:Human rights
7218:(parliament)
7211:Constitution
7022:World War II
6997:Bogd Khanate
6967:Yuan dynasty
6952:Liao dynasty
6908:
6724:
6673:
6667:January 2023
6664:
6649:by removing
6636:
6610:
6607:Die Mongolen
6606:
6588:
6577:
6562:
6554:
6544:
6534:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6473:
6464:
6453:. Retrieved
6449:the original
6439:
6428:. Retrieved
6426:. 2002-02-26
6421:
6412:
6403:
6397:. Retrieved
6395:. 2002-10-11
6393:Taipei Times
6392:
6383:
6371:
6363:
6344:
6338:
6331:
6330:Suvorov, V.
6326:
6314:
6295:
6284:. Retrieved
6280:the original
6270:
6246:
6232:
6224:
6223:Shirnen, B.
6219:
6211:
6195:
6194:Jamsran, L.
6176:
6168:
6163:
6154:
6134:
6127:
6107:
6100:
6080:
6073:
6053:
6046:
6026:
6019:
5990:
5985:
5962:
5946:
5940:
5921:
5914:
5905:
5894:. Retrieved
5890:the original
5880:
5871:
5862:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5803:
5793:
5785:
5780:
5772:
5756:
5751:
5743:
5738:
5730:
5725:
5712:
5701:. Retrieved
5695:
5686:
5677:
5650:
5627:. Retrieved
5618:
5609:
5598:
5589:
5581:
5576:
5566:
5561:
5552:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5503:
5494:
5471:
5461:
5453:the original
5448:
5439:
5419:
5410:
5400:
5391:
5383:
5357:
5337:
5330:
5311:
5305:
5191:
5175:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5107:
5084:
5077:
5073:American aid
5062:
5050:World War II
5039:
5011:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4965:(left), and
4946:
4931:
4927:
4898:
4887:
4876:
4862:
4843:
4824:
4808:
4792:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4728:
4683:Uvs Province
4680:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4608:
4592:
4548:
4538:
4512:New Policies
4494:
4490:
4465:
4425:
4412:
4389:
4381:
4370:
4354:
4342:
4283:
4274:
4260:
4254:
4234:
4218:
4215:
4208:Map showing
4195:
4186:
4172:
4167:
4164:Qing dynasty
4161:
4140:
4126:
4119:
4097:
4089:Ming dynasty
4058:
4032:Qing dynasty
4025:
4003:
3999:Altan Tobchi
3997:
3993:
3991:
3977:
3955:
3939:Namhaijamtso
3922:
3898:
3885:Sonam Gyatso
3882:
3866:
3853:Erdeni Batur
3830:
3802:
3774:horticulture
3766:Erdeni Batur
3754:
3731:
3719:
3709:
3670:
3651:
3612:
3601:
3569:
3564:Turco-Mongol
3554:
3535:
3532:
3517:
3509:
3475:
3449:
3429:Ming dynasty
3401:China proper
3397:Yuan dynasty
3394:
3359:Toghon TemĂŒr
3351:Ming dynasty
3343:
3311:
3275:
3258:
3245:
3227:
3201:Golden Horde
3189:Yuan dynasty
3186:
3175:Yuan dynasty
3160:
3149:
3130:
3125:
3093:
3087:
3072:
3041:
2976:
2957:
2947:
2936:
2928:
2882:bagathur of
2877:
2841:
2825:Central Asia
2821:trade routes
2814:
2803:
2791:Yellow River
2772:
2744:
2728:
2720:Genghis Khan
2717:
2686:Genghis Khan
2685:
2681:
2671:
2660:
2641:
2637:
2618:
2613:
2610:Genghis Khan
2582:
2519:
2496:
2473:
2454:
2419:
2411:
2405:was a major
2353:
2346:
2289:
2237:Kara-Khanids
2219:and eastern
2206:
2190:Wanyan Aguda
2186:Song dynasty
2167:
2151:
2128:Yellow River
2124:China proper
2117:
2101:Liao dynasty
2082:
2065:Liao dynasty
2038:
1991:City on the
1978:
1952:
1935:Tang dynasty
1904:
1873:Northern Wei
1870:
1807:
1777:
1736:Northern Wei
1685:Northern Wei
1677:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1615:
1596:
1564:
1545:
1525:yurt on cart
1522:
1502:Peter Pallas
1483:
1458:
1443:
1439:Orkhon River
1435:Luut; Dragon
1434:
1432:
1428:
1412:China Proper
1388:
1363:Lake Balkash
1336:
1320:Yellow River
1313:
1301:Paul Pelliot
1294:
1287:
1231:
1216:
1210:January 2015
1207:
1196:Please help
1191:verification
1188:
1140:Lake Balkash
1120:
1105:
1098:
1096:, Mongolia.
1086:
1075:
996:
934:of the late
929:
909:Tsagaan Agui
908:
898:
884:Homo erectus
882:
863:
826:Indian Plate
822:Central Asia
819:
796:constitution
763:
748:Qing dynasty
737:
726:
698:Yuan dynasty
682:Genghis Khan
679:
663:Liao dynasty
624:
584:1990âpresent
488:Qing dynasty
448:Yuan dynasty
393:Liao dynasty
312:209 BCâ93 AD
247:1450â1150 BC
237:1500â1000 BC
227:1800â1600 BC
217:2750â1900 BC
207:3300â2500 BC
123:
104:
98:January 2015
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
8784:Asia portal
8685:States with
8605:Philippines
8545:South Korea
8540:North Korea
8435:Afghanistan
8222:Sart Kalmyk
7972:Qara Khitai
7334:Agriculture
7234:Government
7119:Gobi Desert
7075:Ulaanbaatar
6309:(Mongolian)
6247:(Mongolian)
5784:L.Jamsran,
5423:Tumen D., "
5386:, pp. 14-20
5035:Great Purge
4869:During the
4839:Ulaanbaatar
4827:White Guard
4820:DamdinsĂŒren
4811:Xu Shuzheng
4770:Barga, and
4715:imperialism
4711:Nicholas II
4551:Yuan Shikai
4508:Han Chinese
4322:Argun River
4306:Lake Baikal
4250:Moghulistan
4108:Map of the
4081:Ligdan Khan
3994:Shira Tuuji
3969:Siyama Tara
3951:Todo bichig
3894:Dalai Lamas
3845:Khara Khula
3822:Altan Khans
3715:Moghulistan
3584:Esen Taishi
3572:Taisun Khan
3355:Han Chinese
3353:founded by
3193:Kublai Khan
3044:Jin dynasty
2943:Qara Khitai
2906:Khanate in
2861:Temur-Melik
2833:Afghanistan
2775:Jin dynasty
2764:Western Xia
2515:lake Baikal
2505:. The Hori
2492:Tooril khan
2484:Ulaanbaatar
2461:Jin dynasty
2396:Hotula Khan
2376:Khabul Khan
2249:Han Chinese
2194:Jin dynasty
2182:an alliance
2093:YelĂŒ Abaoji
2010:Manichaeism
1915:Sui dynasty
1907:Northern Qi
1794:, parts of
1697:Tarim Basin
1541:Book of Wei
1494:Rashpuntsag
1408:Emperor Wen
1391:Han dynasty
1347:Lake Baikal
1343:Modu Shanyu
1263:Qin dynasty
1144:Transoxiana
1134:and to the
1051:Middle East
1035:Lake Baikal
998:Deer stones
892:Paleolithic
874:Sarkastodon
754:, Mongolia
669:, northern
667:North China
267:1100â300 BC
257:1400â700 BC
193:Prehistoric
8799:Categories
8665:Uzbekistan
8640:Tajikistan
8555:Kyrgyzstan
8535:Kazakhstan
8455:Bangladesh
8445:Azerbaijan
8371:See also:
8346:Sogwo Arig
7543:(festival)
7521:Literature
7356:(currency)
7241:Judiciary
6977:Four Oirat
6572:0810874520
6455:2009-05-07
6430:2009-05-28
6405:territory.
6399:2009-05-28
6286:2014-01-20
5896:2007-12-10
5703:2007-07-22
5629:2007-09-29
5298:References
5182:recognizes
5085:After the
4942:illiterate
4835:Bolsheviks
4666:, and the
4573:, Mongol,
4533:See also:
4377:ChingĂŒnjav
4288:since the
4133:Hong Taiji
4129:Manchurian
4041:See also:
3983:astronomer
3810:Dalai Lama
3619:Dayan Khan
3604:Dayan Khan
3580:Esen Taish
3493:chased out
3483:, invaded
3455:Köke TemĂŒr
3409:Dongxiangs
3391:Four Oirat
3365:, then to
3270:school of
2981:enthroned
2892:Azerbaijan
2781:, invaded
2779:Great Wall
2656:Kara-Kitai
2554:Shamanists
2386:Khan from
2327:, and the
2319:(Ergune),
2229:Kyrgyzstan
2221:Kazakhstan
2209:YelĂŒ Dashi
2069:See also:
2014:shamanists
1989:Ordu-Baliq
1853:See also:
1552:Kazakhstan
1533:board game
1420:Emperor Wu
1351:Great Wall
1332:Great Wall
1148:Uzbekistan
1132:Kazakhstan
1124:Inner Asia
1071:Elbe River
1047:Kazakhstan
938:and early
850:Quaternary
848:and Early
806:Prehistory
287:600â300 BC
277:700â300 BC
68:newspapers
8751:Hong Kong
8705:Palestine
8630:Sri Lanka
8625:Singapore
8505:Indonesia
8299:Dongxiang
8047:Khotogoid
8032:Dariganga
8002:Uriankhai
7977:Qara'unas
7936:Khongirad
7690:Languages
7493:Biyelgee
7430:Education
7344:Companies
7262:Elections
7236:(cabinet)
7224:President
7146:Mountains
7124:Grassland
7053:Geography
6987:Qing rule
6651:excessive
6321:(Russian)
6108:æżæČ»æČæłèæȘäŸæČć¶
5922:(Russian)
5659:cite book
5634:(Russian)
5582:Mongolica
5535:Mongolica
5312:Mongolian
5153:A modest
5135:Democracy
4991:Comintern
4816:Magsarjav
4797:signed a
4780:Dzungaria
4664:Magsarjav
4640:Holy King
4613:Bogd Khan
4503:Qing rule
4392:Khotogoid
4352:in 1727.
4314:Manchuria
4248:and some
3965:Sita Tara
3957:Zanabazar
3913:Buddhists
3892:known as
3790:Taranchis
3615:Mandukhai
3459:Karakorum
3367:Yingchang
3291:Mongolian
3234:Khanbaliq
3230:Karakorum
3209:Ilkhanate
3133:Ariq Böke
3050:, son of
3016:religions
3009:Christian
2987:Karakorum
2912:Black Sea
2884:Uriankhai
2857:Samarkand
2768:vassalage
2629:Wang Khan
2546:Khongirad
2313:Hulunbuir
2280:Dadal sum
2266:Ergenekon
2227:, modern
2225:Balasagun
2184:with the
2180:, formed
2053:Khakassia
2006:Buddhists
1963:Wu Zetian
1849:Xueyantuo
1752:Later Yan
1680:Tuoba Wei
1567:Khairkhan
1537:long song
1450:Manchuria
1380:Amu Darya
1355:Tian Shan
1112:Scythians
1110:, either
1089:Scythians
1063:Oren burg
1030:shamanism
1006:megaliths
968:Manchuria
917:neolithic
870:Paleogene
857:, led by
834:Himalayas
790:led to a
702:Khanbaliq
680:In 1206,
564:1924â1992
554:1921â1924
537:1919â1921
527:1911â1919
492:1691â1911
482:1634â1757
472:1399â1634
462:1368â1635
452:1271â1368
442:1206â1368
432:1130â1206
363:Xueyantuo
172:Geography
8774:Category
8695:Abkhazia
8645:Thailand
8600:Pakistan
8580:Mongolia
8575:Maldives
8570:Malaysia
8470:Cambodia
8260:Hamnigan
8237:Zakhchin
8125:Ăzemchin
8095:Khorchin
8090:Kharchin
7987:Taichiud
7961:Olkhonud
7896:Borjigin
7744:Religion
7655:Timeline
7597:Category
7549:Religion
7440:Language
7296:Military
7199:Politics
7134:Khövsgöl
6917:Timeline
6901:articles
6897:Mongolia
6852:Archived
6835:Archived
6738:Archived
6721:Mongolia
6423:BBC News
6303:Archived
6240:Archived
6210:Bor, J.
5970:Archived
5952:Archived
5801:(2006).
5537:, pp. 40
5480:cite web
5428:Archived
5365:Archived
5208:See also
5141:Mongolia
5129:kombinat
5105:vetoes.
4825:Russian
4695:Xinjiang
4660:Uliastai
4593:Zhongguo
4442:Xinjiang
4396:Khorchin
4366:Amursana
4302:Khövsgöl
4294:Cossacks
4286:invasion
4261:de facto
4242:Tibetans
4179:Dzungars
4116:in Tibet
3935:Baibagas
3826:Khotgoid
3738:pastures
3701:Torghuts
3647:Khorchin
3643:Kharchin
3631:Urianhai
3623:Chaharia
3596:Togtobuh
3576:Khorchin
3520:4 tumens
3485:Liaodong
3477:Naghachu
3314:Mongolia
3276:de facto
3246:de facto
3207:and the
3152:Eurasian
3122:Flanders
3110:Caucasus
3079:Chagatai
3068:Adriatic
3064:Moldavia
3020:Otchigin
3007:and one
2995:Buddhist
2979:Kurultai
2932:Yinchuan
2817:Khwarezm
2795:Mukhulai
2787:Shandong
2753:and the
2633:Taichuud
2621:Jurchens
2605:Olkhunut
2597:Hongirad
2577:Geoglyph
2538:Olkhunut
2476:Keraites
2446:khanates
2442:Mongolic
2403:baghatur
2400:Yesukhei
2392:Jurchens
2388:Taichuud
2384:Ambaghai
2233:Khwarezm
2217:Xinjiang
2174:Jurchens
2163:printing
2147:Mongolia
2095:claimed
2032:and the
1955:Chang'an
1931:Goguryeo
1881:GöktĂŒrks
1693:Aral Sea
1638:Chaharia
1626:Dingling
1622:Jungaria
1520:origin.
1518:Mongolic
1462:Xinjiang
1454:Mongolia
1422:, whose
1416:Chang'an
1311:origin.
1309:Mongolic
1146:âmodern
1108:migrants
1082:Ulaangom
1078:Iron Age
1067:Caucasus
1065:and the
1049:and the
1022:Mongolia
1014:Mongolia
976:Buryatia
960:Xinjiang
948:Mongolia
940:Iron Age
828:and the
794:, a new
764:de facto
740:Mongolia
704:(modern
655:Mongolia
625:Various
397:907â1125
338:GöktĂŒrks
182:Religion
177:Language
167:Politics
157:Nobility
142:Timeline
8815:Mongols
8670:Vietnam
8585:Myanmar
8565:Lebanon
8495:Georgia
8450:Bahrain
8440:Armenia
8326:Monguor
8310:Kangjia
8247:Buryats
8227:Torghut
8212:Myangad
8188:Khoshut
8178:Dzungar
8162:Chantuu
8052:Sartuul
8042:Khalkha
8037:Eljigin
8027:Darkhad
8019:Mongols
7941:Manghud
7926:Katagan
7911:Eljigin
7906:Dughlat
7835:Didouyu
7810:Tuyuhun
7800:Kumo Xi
7783:YujiulĂŒ
7767:Xianbei
7647:History
7581:Outline
7541:Naadam
7506:Cuisine
7495:(dance)
7480:Culture
7413:Buryats
7408:Khalkha
7403:Mongols
7386:Society
7367:Tourism
7354:Tögrög
7339:Banking
7322:Economy
7178:Selenga
7161:Khentii
7156:Khangai
7107:Mammals
7087:Climate
7065:Borders
6937:Xianbei
6932:Xiongnu
6909:History
6645:Please
6637:use of
6593:excerpt
6549:excerpt
6539:excerpt
6537:(1998)
6474:Reuters
5733:, p.167
5584:, pp.40
5413:. AAAS.
5411:Science
5155:meeting
5126:Erdenet
5122:COMECON
5118:Darkhan
4999:nugalaa
4934:nomadic
4905:Kyakhta
4717:". The
4655:GĂČngdĂ i
4617:Manchus
4587:). The
4579:Tibetan
4437:Dzungar
4429:Tobolsk
4421:Beijing
4358:Dawachi
4298:ostrogs
4257:Dolnuur
4183:Khalkas
4145:Gelugpa
4137:Nurhaci
4122:Chahars
4093:Nurhaci
4085:Manchus
4077:Jurchen
4073:Buryats
4065:Khalkha
4018:Tengyur
4014:Kangyur
3961:Khalkha
3929:thangka
3901:Khalkha
3847:of the
3837:Kukunor
3833:Khoshut
3786:Chinese
3778:Kazakhs
3750:kettles
3693:Qinghai
3627:Khalkha
3550:Buryats
3542:Khalkha
3443:of the
3403:to the
3363:Shangdu
3326:Siberia
3299:Chinese
3295:Tibetan
3238:Beijing
3141:Shangdu
3106:Baghdad
3056:Moravia
3005:mosques
2998:temples
2950:Khentii
2924:Dnieper
2904:Kipchak
2900:Georgia
2896:Armenia
2880:Subedei
2865:Khujand
2797:of the
2751:Yenisey
2674:Mongols
2647:Kuchlug
2614:Tenggis
2589:Jamukha
2511:Buryats
2503:Selenge
2480:Khangai
2448:in the
2414:Temujin
2366:in the
2360:Kherlen
2300:khanate
2284:Khentii
2178:Manchus
2120:Beijing
2105:Kherlen
2085:Khitans
2034:Karluks
1981:Uyghurs
1959:Wu Zhou
1824:Avarian
1820:Turkics
1800:Siberia
1756:Xiongnu
1740:Xianbei
1634:Khalkha
1618:Xianbei
1607:Xianbei
1599:Xianbei
1571:unicorn
1560:Xianbei
1399:Baideng
1384:Bactria
1316:Xiongnu
1290:Xiongnu
1276:Xiongnu
1162:toward
1160:Scythia
1076:A vast
1055:Ukraine
1026:Siberia
1018:Siberia
1010:Eurasia
1002:kurgans
966:etc.),
897:of the
846:Neogene
706:Beijing
631:Xiongnu
387:744â840
377:647â682
367:628â646
357:682â744
355:555â630
346:Eastern
332:330â555
308:Xiongnu
162:Culture
82:scholar
8715:Taiwan
8650:Turkey
8615:Russia
8550:Kuwait
8530:Jordan
8520:Israel
8480:Cyprus
8465:Brunei
8460:Bhutan
8331:Khatso
8321:Moghol
8315:Mughal
8304:Hazara
8205:Buzava
8203:incl.
8199:Kalmyk
8193:Khoton
8173:Dörbet
8168:Choros
8152:Baatud
8139:Oirats
8105:Naiman
8100:Jaruud
8080:Chahar
8075:Baarin
7951:Naiman
7946:Merkit
7931:Kerait
7921:Jalair
7916:Gorlos
7901:Chonos
7886:Barlas
7876:Baarin
7844:incl.
7840:Khitan
7830:Shiwei
7805:Murong
7781:incl.
7777:Rouran
7772:Wuhuan
7762:Donghu
7675:Rulers
7670:States
7501:Cinema
7435:Health
7418:Oirats
7183:Orkhon
7173:Rivers
7070:Cities
6899:
6582:online
6570:
6529:online
6351:
6227:, 2005
6214:, 1996
6198:. 1996
6142:
6115:
6088:
6081:æČæłäœä»„äžć
6061:
6034:
5999:
5855:Dharma
5831:, p.82
5811:
5788:, 1996
5775:, 2000
5746:, p.27
5547:(2008)
5345:
5318:
5147:, and
5018:Stalin
4910:Zelter
4735:Hailar
4723:10,000
4689:, and
4609:Khitad
4577:, and
4472:aimags
4416:aimags
4345:Kazakh
4266:Terelj
3889:Phagpa
3849:Choros
3782:Kyrgyz
3770:cereal
3762:Hohhot
3726:Ligden
3705:Irtysh
3697:Hohhot
3608:tumens
3538:Oirats
3513:Jinong
3463:Yunnan
3445:Oirats
3441:Tumens
3437:Tumens
3413:Bonans
3407:. The
3303:Uighur
3203:, the
3137:Kublai
3102:Hulagu
3098:Mönghe
3012:church
3002:Muslim
3000:, two
2991:Orkhon
2983:Ogedei
2908:Crimea
2849:Buhara
2799:Jalair
2783:Shanxi
2760:Tangut
2755:Karluk
2731:tribes
2663:Khasar
2652:Irtysh
2608:Khan (
2601:Hoelun
2550:Oirats
2522:Naiman
2507:TĂŒmeds
2499:Mergid
2380:Khiyad
2334:Evenks
2304:Shiwei
2292:tribes
2198:Goryeo
2172:, the
2143:Dornod
2113:Orkhon
2049:Turkic
2008:, the
1993:Orkhon
1943:Uyghur
1808:Khagan
1802:. The
1780:Rouran
1766:states
1689:Rouran
1630:Sayans
1611:Wuhuan
1603:Donghu
1479:Hanshu
1367:Yuezhi
1339:Toumen
1257:, and
1234:nomads
1164:Europe
1154:, and
1116:Yuezhi
936:Bronze
866:Eocene
786:, the
768:Soviet
744:Manchu
686:Mongol
657:. The
348:, and
322:93â234
195:period
152:Rulers
147:States
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
8756:Macau
8675:Yemen
8635:Syria
8610:Qatar
8590:Nepal
8525:Japan
8500:India
8490:Egypt
8475:China
8357:Yugur
8351:Tuvan
8289:Bonan
8283:Aimaq
8276:Other
8266:Soyot
8255:Barga
8183:Khoid
8157:Bayad
8115:Tumed
8110:Ordos
7997:Tumed
7992:Tatar
7982:Sunud
7966:Ongud
7956:Oirat
7891:Bayad
7881:Barga
7815:Tuoba
7795:Yuwen
7588:Index
7562:Sport
7536:Music
7526:Media
7465:Women
7151:Altai
7129:Lakes
7114:Flora
7102:Birds
7097:Fauna
4915:Tolbo
4795:Tibet
4776:Barga
4703:Barga
4672:Kobdo
4599:" in
4597:China
4290:1620s
4278:Upper
4168:taiji
4157:Tibet
4149:Kagyu
4141:taiji
4098:taiji
3904:Abtai
3870:Kagyu
3806:Abtai
3758:grain
3685:Altan
3639:TĂŒmed
3635:Ordos
3546:Barga
3524:Nayan
3427:-led
3417:Yugur
3268:Sakya
3250:Nayan
3242:Kaidu
3221:with
3114:Syria
3083:Guyug
3075:Tului
3070:sea.
3052:Zuchi
3029:Korea
2920:Kalka
2845:Otrar
2810:Besud
2762:-led
2740:tumen
2643:Tayan
2593:Börte
2562:Ongut
2542:Bayud
2530:Ongut
2526:Altai
2465:Hulun
2457:Tatar
2407:chief
2378:from
2317:Argun
2241:Daurs
2018:solar
2002:grain
1885:Bumin
1828:Tatar
1788:Gansu
1760:Ăeban
1732:Tuoba
1673:Tibet
1548:Ăeban
1371:Gansu
1326:in a
1239:Shang
1156:India
1039:Sayan
905:Khovd
746:-led
671:Korea
647:First
342:First
89:JSTOR
75:books
8595:Oman
8560:Laos
8515:Iraq
8510:Iran
8294:Daur
8217:Olot
8120:Urad
8070:Asud
7853:Zubu
7846:YelĂŒ
7825:Tufa
7820:Qifu
7790:Duan
7284:LGBT
6757:Maps
6568:ISBN
6349:ISBN
6140:ISBN
6113:ISBN
6086:ISBN
6059:ISBN
6032:ISBN
5997:ISBN
5809:ISBN
5669:link
5665:link
5486:link
5343:ISBN
5316:ISBN
5165:The
5080:vote
5030:NKVD
5012:The
4923:Urga
4899:The
4857:and
4818:and
4784:Tuva
4757:(or
4729:The
4605:Khan
4374:king
4362:Khoi
4270:Kovd
4210:wars
4181:and
4071:and
4045:and
3981:and
3967:and
3788:and
3772:and
3742:Esen
3562:The
3419:and
3389:and
3322:Song
3320:and
3305:and
3261:lama
3173:and
3112:and
3048:Batu
2898:and
2888:Iraq
2855:and
2853:Merv
2837:Shah
2831:and
2829:Iran
2806:Jebe
2785:and
2733:and
2678:Onon
2625:king
2534:Gobi
2520:The
2509:and
2497:The
2488:Tuul
2474:The
2469:Buir
2467:and
2455:The
2372:khan
2364:Tuul
2362:and
2356:Onon
2329:Zeya
2325:Amur
2294:and
2268:and
2247:and
2111:and
2109:Tuul
2083:The
2071:Zubu
2020:and
2000:and
1998:silk
1979:The
1921:and
1909:and
1905:The
1871:The
1857:and
1847:and
1784:khan
1762:and
1754:and
1653:Toba
1646:Kemu
1636:and
1616:The
1554:and
1512:and
1324:Gobi
1303:and
1251:Zhao
1243:Zhou
1152:Iran
1138:and
1041:and
1016:and
982:and
930:The
915:. A
888:Gobi
876:and
840:and
814:and
760:1921
574:1990
552:1921
517:1911
61:news
8727:and
7139:Uvs
6653:or
5056:in
5048:of
5046:end
4575:Hui
4571:Han
4338:Oka
4300:in
3824:of
3552:).
3495:by
3425:Han
3318:Jin
3266:of
3232:to
3120:of
3024:yam
2916:Rus
2808:of
2603:of
2595:of
2321:Nen
2043:by
1758:'s
1742:'s
1734:'s
1481:):
1397:at
1259:Qin
1255:Yan
1200:by
1166:).
1114:or
44:by
8801::
8375:·
8353:**
8317:**
8306:**
8285:**
6472:.
6420:.
6402:.
6391:.
6374:.
6253:^
6203:^
6185:^
6007:^
5976:,
5928:^
5764:^
5694:.
5661:}}
5657:{{
5639:^
5512:^
5502:.
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5478:{{
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5060:.
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2055:.
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8268:*
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7968:*
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