History of NATO - Knowledge

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assistance, as well as supervision of the administrative services of the Staff/Secretariat itself. Thus the Secretariat provides secretaries to all the Council's principal committees and working groups - apart from those of a strictly technical nature - and ensures coordination between them... On the Staff side, there are three main divisions corresponding to the three principal aspects of NATO's work, each under an Assistant Secretary-General. Ambassador Sergio Fenoaltea (Italy) heads the Political Affairs Division, M. Rene Sergent (France) the Economics and Finance Division, and Mr. Lowell P. Weicker (USA) the Production and Logistics Division. The Divisions' tasks are to prepare, in close touch with delegations, proposed action in their respective fields for consideration by the appropriate committee or by the Council. In addition to the main divisions, there are three other offices working directly to the Secretary-General. These are the Office of Statistics (Mr. Loring Wood of the USA), the Financial Comptroller's Office (M. A. J. Bastin of Belgium), and the Division of Information (Mr. Geoffrey Parsons, Jr. of the USA). The Information Division, besides providing material about NATO for the use of member governments, (it does not engage in independent operations), is also the press and public relations branch of the civilian authority.

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member being attacked and take such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor. Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. That differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly states that the response is military in nature. NATO members are nonetheless assumed to aid the attacked member militarily. The treaty was later clarified to include both the members' territory and their "vessels, forces or aircraft" north of the

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to be retained, but the number of major commands in Europe was to be cut from three to two, Regional Command North Europe and Regional Command South Europe. Activation of the new RC SOUTH occurred in September 1999, and in March 2000 Headquarters AFNORTHWEST closed and the new RC NORTH was activated. The headquarters of the two Regional Commands were known as Regional Headquarters South (RHQ South) and RHQ NORTH respectively. Each was to supervise air, naval, and land commands for their region as well as a number of Joint Subregional Commands (JSRCs). Among the new JSRCs was

649: 47: 1437: 381: 1590: 724:, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. France remained a member of the alliance and committed to the defense of Europe from possible Warsaw Pact attack, with its own forces stationed in West Germany throughout the Cold War. A series of secret accords between the US and French officials, the Lemnitzer–Ailleret Agreements, detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO's command structure if East-West hostilities broke out. 2257: 1609:(SHAPE) Planning Group immediately began to devise a structure for the new Allied Command Europe. NATO official documents state, "The cornerstone of the NATO Military Command Structure was laid... when the North Atlantic Council approved D.C. 24/3 on 18 December 1951." They quickly decided to divide Allied Command Europe into three regions: 910:, the American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years, said that the West gave a "clear commitment" not to expand, and declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators had the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, or Poland. 2275:

From 1994 to 1999, ACE had three Major Subordinate Commands, AFNORTHWEST, AFCENT, and AFSOUTH. In 1995 NATO began a Long Term Study to examine post-Cold War strategy and structure. Recommendations from the study for a new, streamlined structure emerged in 1996. The European and Atlantic commands were

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arrangements did not breach the treaty since US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war when the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states then knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements, which were not challenged. In May 1978, NATO countries officially defined

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in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defense by removing France's Atlantic and English Channel fleets from NATO command. In 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATO's integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. A "seething"

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The Strategic Commanders were the former Major NATO Commanders, who sat atop a command hierarchy consisting of Major Subordinate Commanders (MSCs), Principal Subordinate Commanders (PSCs), and Sub-PSCs. The Military Committee had an executive body, the Standing Group, made up of representatives from

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began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia by providing jet fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. Eight multinational jet fighters are based in Lithuania, the number of which was increased from four in 2014. Also at the 2004 Istanbul summit, NATO launched

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that "during the negotiations on the unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east," and he repeated that view in an interview in 2008. However, in 2014 Gorbachev stated the opposite: "The topic of 'NATO expansion' was not discussed at all ,

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the Soviet Government, guided by the unchanged principles of its foreign policy of peace and desirous of relaxing the tension in international relations, states its readiness to join with the interested governments in examining the matter of having the Soviet Union participate in the North Atlantic

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In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it might join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected that proposal. On 17 December 1954, the North Atlantic Council approved MC 48, a key document in the

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The members agreed that an armed attack against any of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. Consequently, they agreed that if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense, would assist the

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By June 1991, it was clear that Allied Forces Central Europe, a Major Subordinate Command, could be reduced, with the Soviet threat disappearing. Six multinational corps were to replace the previous eight. Announcements in June 1991 presaged main defensive forces consisting of six multinational

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earlier that year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east. There was no formal commitment in the agreement not to expand NATO to the east, but there are diverging views on whether

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The ..Office of the Secretary-General directed by an Executive Secretary, Captain R.D. Coleridge (UK), who is also Secretary to the Council. He is responsible for supervising the general processing of the work of the Council and their committees, including the provision of all secretarial

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In recent years, some have argued that U.S. commitments to the Soviets included a promise not to enlarge NATO. I adamantly disagree, in part because I recall anticipating the possibility of Poland and others joining NATO and so I wanted to avoid taking any action that would preclude that

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in charge of all forces assigned to NATO in the Mediterranean Area. The British made strong representations in discussions regarding the Mediterranean NATO command structure since they wished to retain their direction of NATO naval command in the Mediterranean to protect their

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corps. Two were to be under German command, one with a US division, one under Belgian command with a pending offer of a U.S. brigade, one under U.S. command with a German division, one under joint German-Danish command (LANDJUT), and one under Dutch command. The new German

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The Defence Planning Committee was a former senior decision-making body on matters relating to the integrated military structure of the Alliance. It was dissolved after a major committee review in June 2010, with its responsibilities absorbed by the North Atlantic Council.

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official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, that appears to be a misperception, and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made. Harvard University historian Mark Kramer also rejects that an informal agreement existed. Memorandums published by the

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A month before , Victoria Nuland, then the US ambassador to NATO, called the 2 percent metric the "unofficial floor" on defense spending in NATO. But never had all governments of NATO's 28 nations officially embraced it at the highest possible political level – a summit

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was a mutual defense treaty against the Soviet threat at the start of the Cold War. It was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom and was the precursor to NATO. The Soviet threat became immediate with the

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joined the alliance in 1952, which forced a series of controversial negotiations, mainly between United States and Britain, over how to bring both countries into the military command-structure. While that overt military preparation was going on, covert

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asked for "clarification" from De Gaulle about whether American soldiers buried in French cemeteries, having fallen in part to defend and liberate France in two world wars, would also have to leave. The withdrawal forced the relocation of

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as an operational domain of war, just like land, sea, and aerial warfare. That means that any cyber attack on NATO members can trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Likewise, on 4 December 2019, NATO additionally recognized

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between the United Kingdom and Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty specifies that collective self-defense is applicable only to attacks on member state territories north of the

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two complementary aims of the Alliance: to maintain security and pursue détente. That was supposed to mean matching defenses at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further

1659:, Turkey, under a US Army General because of the geographic distance of both countries from the LANDSOUTH headquarters as well as political disagreements over which nation should be the overall commander for its ground forces. 221:

and its aftermath. An integrated military structure for NATO was first established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defences for the longer term against a potential Soviet attack. In April 1951,

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on defence by 2024, which was previously only an informal guideline. In February 2015, NATO committed to forming a new "spearhead" force of 5000 troops at bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria.

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reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy. He got a receptive hearing in the United States, especially with the American anxiety over Italy and the

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welcomed the expansion: "Never have we been part of such a broad, solid and binding security alliance, which at the same time respects in its essence the sovereignty and will of our nation." Polish Foreign Minister

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was established. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries (Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland) were invited to join NATO, which was accepted by all three, with Hungarian acceptance being endorsed in

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evolution of NATO nuclear thought. MC 48 emphasized that NATO had to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union, whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first. That gave

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in December 1991. European countries then accounted for 34 percent of NATO's military spending; by 2012, that had fallen to 21 percent. NATO also began a gradual expansion to include countries of

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in June 1950 proved crucial for NATO, as it raised the apparent threat of all Communist countries working together and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans. NATO set up the

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suggested that when de Gaulle "comes rushing down like a locomotive on the track, why the Germans and ourselves, we just stand aside and let him go on by, then we are back together again."

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main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent of Europe. The shift started, with the 1990 signing in Paris of the

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In 1948, European leaders met with US defense, military, and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. The talks resulted in the

615:. The alliance saw German manpower as necessary to have enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion. One of the immediate results of West German entry was the creation of the 6530: 4551: 2318:

Standardisation organization, committee, office, and agency including the NATO Standardization Agency which also plays an important role in the global arena of standards determination.

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country. On 19 June 2003, a further restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command,

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New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished. In 1997, NATO reached agreement on a significant downsizing of its command structure from 65 headquarters to 20.

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were together the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance so far, involving more than 250,000 men, 300 ships, and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey.

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Hitchcock, William I. (2008). "The Ghosts of Crises Past: The Troubled Alliance in Historical Perspective". In Anderson, Jeffrey; Ikenberry, John G.; Risse, Thomas (eds.).

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theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the West's negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament. That policy was called the

102:) and committed them to collective defense against an armed attack for fifty years. The British worked with Washington to expand the alliance into NATO in 1949, adding the 6569: 5655: 1539: 1347: 1070: 6496: 4949:"SUMMARY OF THE NATO MILITARY COMMAND STRUCTURE, TERMS OF REFERENCES AND AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MAJOR NATO COMMANDERS' AND THEIR IMMEDIATE SUBORDINATE COMMANDERS" 4931: 795:

medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war. That action led to

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area and deny them to the enemy and to protect the sea lanes of communication. The establishment of this post and the agreement that it was to be filled by the British

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Considering the response to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began constructing an independent defense-force for his country. He wanted to give France, in the event of an

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Hofmann, Stephanie C. (2017). "Party preferences and institutional transformation: revisiting France's relationship with NATO (and the common wisdom on Gaullism)".

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France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The Standing Group was abolished during the major reform of 1967 that resulted from France's departure from the

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resulted in a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the

564:- were transferred to NATO control. Ultimately, unofficial bonds began to grow between the respective armed forces of NATO member-states. Such links included the 4160: 3999: 2239: 4616: 2474: 5666: 3893: 2305: 2288:

Prior to the reorganization, the NATO website listed 43 different agencies and organizations and five project committees/offices as of 15 May 2008. including:

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NATO Headquarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S), which supports the North Atlantic Council, Military Committee, International Staff, and the International Military Staff.

3713: 3467: 2452: 1503: 5817: 4142: 4656: 1152:(ACO). ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO while ACO is responsible for current operations. In March 2004, NATO's 802: 6177: 4398: 2601: 6192:

Perot, Elie (2019). "The art of commitments: NATO, the EU, and the interplay between law and Politics within Europe's collective defence architecture".

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During most of the Cold War, NATO's watch against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact did not actually lead to direct military action. On 1 July 1968, the

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but retained many of its subordinate structures after the reshuffling. Most of the headquarters were absorbed within ACE, particularly within the new

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policy, the decision "may be expected to have an adverse effect on the development of Russian democracy; to restore the atmosphere of the cold war to

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being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic. Though NATO leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting Russia, Russian Presidents

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protests throughout Western Europe, and support for their deployment wavered, as many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained.

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brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway. Other major exercises that followed included:

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on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate, which would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK.

230:) were established; later, four subordinate headquarters were added in Northern and Central Europe, the Southern Region, and the Mediterranean. 1315: 1011:

stated that the expansion showed that Hungary was returning "to her natural habitat." The expansion was also welcomed by US Secretary of State

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leaders. NATO member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. The aircraft carrier

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in 2017 indicate that multiple assurances against NATO expansion were indeed made to Soviet leaders at the highest levels in 1990 and 1991.

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called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets and reaffirmed that position at the February 1952 meeting of the

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and it wasn't brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Western leaders didn't bring it up, either." According to

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established. The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the

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On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of US

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withdrew French forces from the military command structure, NATO's headquarters was forced to move to Belgium. SHAPE was moved to

4285: 3825: 1949: 1738: 1652: 1117: 1093: 830: 777: 664:'s presidency (1959–1969) of France. De Gaulle protested the strong role of the United States in NATO and what he perceived as a 4866: 1007:

also welcomed the expansion: "Poland forever returns where she has always belonged: the free world." Hungarian Foreign Minister

817:, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure but, with Turkish co-operation, was readmitted in 1980. The 6754: 6507: 4928: 3643:

Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz (2016). "Deal or No Deal? The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Offer to Limit NATO Expansion".

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between NATO and the Soviet Union, which mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the

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arrangements initially made by the Western European Union to continue resistance after an expected Soviet invasion - including

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During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two alliances. Members of NATO are shown in blue, with members of the

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in which 66.02% of voters supported joining. The entry of Romania into NATO is particularly notable as it put the strategic

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Colbourn, Susan (2020). "NATO as a political alliance: continuities and legacies in the enlargement debates of the 1990s".

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on French soil. That caused the United States to transfer 300 military aircraft out of France and to return control of the

612: 490:. The conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to 96 6807: 1571: 7060: 6734: 3815: 2011: 1976: 1326:, the leaders of NATO's member states formally committed for the first time spend the equivalent of at least 2% of their 4509: 3338: 1022:

The expansion was criticized in the US by some policy experts as a "policy error of historic proportions." According to

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in March 1949. The formation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called

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Wiebes, Cees; Zeeman, Bert (1983). "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty".

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Gallagher, Tom (2004). "Balkan But Different: Romania and Bulgaria's Contrasting Paths to NATO Membership 1994–2002".

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and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not been thought of as NATO concerns.

7043: 7003: 6739: 6138: 5605: 5481: 5428: 4606: 2501: 2365:(NC3A), reporting to the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organization (NC3O). This agency was formed when the 2250: 2135: 1998: 1962: 1667: 1335: 1274: 983: 696: 238: 3682: 3075: 6107: 5916: 3149: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1378: 687:, instead of being drawn into a larger war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In February 1959, France withdrew its 607:

into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by

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commemorating the third anniversary of NATO. Several member countries have issued stamps honoring the organization.

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Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like the

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On 30 May 1982, NATO gained a new member when the newly-democratic Spain joined the alliance, as was confirmed by

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on the United States on 11 September 2001 led to the first invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

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applied for membership in 18 May 2022 with Finland joining in 4 April 2023 and Sweden joining in 7 March 2024.

416:(STANAG) codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved. Thus many NATO countries introduced the 370: 6062:

Miles, Simon (Summer 2020). "The War Scare That Wasn't: Able Archer 83 and the Myths of the Second Cold War".

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Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO:

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As part of restructuring, NATO's military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the

6900: 6766: 5089: 4217: 4185: 4022:"Statement by Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright During the North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting" 1926: 1800: 1618: 1610: 1549: 1513: 1141: 918:, "For us, however, one thing is certain: NATO will not expand to the east." In 1996, Gorbachev wrote in his 620: 596:

the same prerogatives for automatic use of nuclear weapons that existed for the commander-in-chief of the US

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A key step in establishing the NATO Command Structure was the North Atlantic Council's selection of General

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Three major NATO exercises took place concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957. Operation Counter Punch,

6709: 6321: 5995: 5942: 5651: 5641: 5138: 3285: 1864: 1714: 1614: 1531: 688: 36: 6366:. "The Bibliography of New Cold War History." (2nd ed.) Cold War History Research Center, Budapest, 2018) 5914:

Hendrickson, Ryan C. "NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg."

6998: 6771: 6744: 6413: 6064: 5420: 5332: 5288: 5260: 4967: 4099:"NATO elevates Mediterranean Dialogue to a genuine partnership, launches Istanbul Cooperation Initiative" 4073: 3508: 2324:

Air Traffic Management and Air Defence committees, working groups organization and center including the:

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issued a statement in which it condemned the invasion "in the strongest possible terms". Elements of the

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Martin, Garret (2011). "The 1967 withdrawal from NATO – a cornerstone of de Gaulle's grand strategy?"".

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Kramer, Mark; Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz (2017-07-01). "NATO Enlargement – Was There a Promise?".

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led eight NATO countries—Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and

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This article is about the overall history of NATO. For the history of NATO's relations with the former

6531:"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future" 5225: 1148:, United States, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became the Headquarters of 502:

as the organization's chief civilian was created, and eventually the North Atlantic Council appointed

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were standardized so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other standards such as the

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Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context

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were activated for the first time in NATO's history. In March, NATO leaders met at Brussels for an

1113: 266: 3125: 2863: 752: 619:, which was signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, 6940: 6925: 6910: 6905: 6860: 6845: 6729: 6649: 6231: 4546: 2341: 2265: 1993: 1767: 1663: 1577: 727:

When de Gaulle announced his decision to withdraw from the integrated NATO command, US President

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The membership of the organization was then largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of the

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was to be stationed in eastern German and was not to be associated with the NATO structure.

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Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to secretary general

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Hawes, Derek (2019). "Enduring alliance: a history of NATO and the post-war global order".

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Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe (STRIKFORSOUTH), afloat, centered around

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Détente led to many high-level meetings between leaders from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

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Maritime Air Plymouth Sub-Area Channel Command (MAIRPLYMCHAN), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

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appears to be one of the most serious diplomatic crisis between the NATO allies in years.

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Nato and Western Perceptions of the Soviet Bloc: Alliance Analysis and Reporting, 1951-69

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was held in Riga, Latvia, and highlighted the issue of energy security. It was the first

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Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National, and Multinational Considerations

5037: 2770: 2651: 46: 7083: 6890: 6719: 6671: 6406: 6394: 6338: 6319:(2005). "Holding the bridge in troubled times: the Cold War and the navies of Europe". 6285: 6211: 6169: 6015: 6007: 5929:

NATO, Britain, France, and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000

5903: 5834: 5755: 5728: 5473: 5440: 4828: 4701: 4579: 4046: 4017: 3874: 3829: 3678: 3660: 3625: 3166: 2961: 2553: 1890: 1777: 1636: 1133: 1012: 514: 345: 283: 262: 83: 6378: 5636: 4425: 1292:

became the 29th member of NATO on 5 June 2017, amid strong objections from Russia. On

6694: 6686: 6547: 6481: 6342: 6215: 6194: 6143:“NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security,” Special issue of 6134: 6019: 5907: 5838: 5732: 5723: 5696: 5601: 5582: 5557: 5536: 5522: 5507: 5496: 5477: 5451: 5424: 5396: 5368: 5342: 5318: 5306: 5292: 5264: 4858: 4136: 4021: 4000:"Scenariu de război în "Poarta Focșani". Cât de rapid oprește NATO o luptă cu Rusia?" 3878: 3866: 3617: 3384: 3170: 2098: 2002: 1904: 1702: 1598: 1370:

said that the US behavior would force Turkey to look for new friends and allies. The

1323: 1207: 1145: 1103: 1004: 882: 669: 661: 653: 526: 522: 510: 475: 433: 254: 214: 79: 5388:

The last decade of the Cold War: from conflict escalation to conflict transformation

3664: 3629: 2216:

Maritime Air Nore Sub-Area Channel Command (MAIRNORECHAN), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

734:

That vision came true when France announced its return to full participation at the

417: 6448: 6330: 6203: 6159: 6116: 6077: 6041: 5999: 5951: 5895: 5826: 5778:

The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951–1959: Military Strategy or Political Stabilization

5764: 5718: 5710: 5392: 5278: 4722: 3925: 3858: 3652: 3609: 3252: 3158: 2545: 2139: 1824: 1308: 1270: 1169: 1023: 858:

The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the

823: 673: 561: 451:

in red and unaffiliated countries are in grey. Yugoslavia, although communist, had

394: 272: 6207: 5955: 5899: 5697:"NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world" 5382: 5141:, US Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1, 1997, 11, citing JDW July 17, 1993. 295:, in September 1948. However, the parties were too weak militarily to counter the 6030:(1986). "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952". 5975: 5924: 5781: 5674: 5662: 5414: 5386: 5356: 5213: 4935: 4780: 4481: 4456: 4403: 3847:

Kramer, Mark (2009-04-01). "The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia".

3811: 3758: 3687: 3280: 3162: 3120: 2858: 1881: 1679: 1436: 1297: 1239: 948: 924: 806: 791:

policy. Similarly, in 1983 and 1984, responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact

765: 692: 405: 288: 199: 6178:"NATO and the Berlin Crisis of 1961: Facing the Soviets While Maintaining Unity" 5830: 5768: 5311: 5169: 4657:"US changing strategic NATO partner with pastor, Turkish President Erdoğan says" 2602:"Biden, Johnson sign new Atlantic Charter on trade, defense amid Covid recovery" 1300:

became the 30th member after a dispute about its name was resolved with Greece.

1074: 583:

provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in

443: 380: 6855: 6121: 6102: 6073: 6045: 6027: 5846: 5447: 4374: 3718: 3497: 2885: 2490: 1983: 1785: 1402: 1398: 1363: 1235: 1008: 796: 792: 780: 728: 683:

incursion into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate peace with the

623:, Albania, and East Germany, thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the 584: 530: 495: 350: 147: 71: 7094: 6334: 6257:

Western Security. The Formative Years: European and Atlantic Defence 1947-1953

5965:

How NATO Adapts: Strategy and Organization in the Atlantic Alliance Since 1950

5714: 3862: 2330:(NACMA), based in Brussels, manages around a hundred persons in charge of the 1814: 1034:, to impel Russian foreign policy in directions decidedly not to our liking." 660:

NATO's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during

575: 291:

in 1948, leading to the creation of a multinational defense organization, the

7109: 6605: 6316: 5465: 5410: 5118: 3870: 3621: 3570: 2723:"Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of Greece and Turkey" 2380: 2121: 2108: 2074: 2006: 1761: 1710: 1283: 1089: 853: 818: 608: 385: 258: 103: 6055:

Freedom of the Skies: An Illustrated History of Fifty Years of NATO Airpower

5574:

Transforming NATO in the Cold War: Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s

5038:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Channel Command and Channel Committee" 3952:"Expanding Alliance: The Overview; Poland, Hungary and the Czechs join NATO" 2579: 2422:

Alliance Ground Surveillance Capability Provisional Project Office (AGS/PPO)

7077: 6599: 5656:

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration § Further reading

4222: 4156: 3781: 3543: 3534: 2213:

Allied Maritime Air Force Channel (MAIRCHAN), in Northwood, United Kingdom

2042:

Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (MAIREASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom

1885: 1781: 1674:

as one of the alliance's two Major NATO Commanders. A third was added when

1278: 1262: 1162: 999: 907: 684: 648: 604: 541:(AAFCE); Monte Carlo, a simulated atomic air-ground exercise involving the 304: 276: 139: 67: 63: 20: 1621:(AFSOUTH), covering Italy and the Mediterranean. SHAPE was established at 1230:. Studies for the system had begun in 2002, with negotiations centered on 6644: 6241:

Propaganda and intelligence in the cold war: The NATO information service

6223: 6094:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1948-1957: Community or Alliance?

6089: 6081: 5742:

The Diplomacy of Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO, 1942-1949

5524:

Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years

5284:

Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan

4243: 3947: 3656: 3613: 3565: 3312: 3215: 2495: 2350:

NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Programme Management Organisation

2208: 2176:

Submarines Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT), in Norfolk, United States

2130:

Submarine Force Western Atlantic (SUBWESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

2048:

Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (MAIRCENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

1872: 1173: 1027: 886: 784: 680: 616: 557: 448: 374: 95: 6228:

Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty 1947-1949

6011: 2312:

Production Logistics organizations, agencies, and offices including the

2169:

Carrier Striking Group Two (CARSTRIKGRUTWO), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

2070: 2057: 906:

negotiators gave informal commitments regarding further NATO expansion.

668:

between it and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to US President

498:

and on another 10 in Italy and Scandinavia. Also at Lisbon, the post of

6875: 6616: 6252: 4859:"US carrier strike group comes under NATO command in the Mediterranean" 4745:"Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Russia's attack on Ukraine" 2687:"Atlanticism as the Core 20th Century US Strategy for Internationalism" 2557: 2464: 2261: 2204: 2045:

Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (MAIRNORLANT), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

1894: 1648:

running through the Mediterranean to the Middle East and the Far East.

1289: 1250: 580: 464: 336: 195: 99: 4542:"NATO declines to condemn arrests of Turkish legislators, journalists" 3714:"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?" 3712:

Klussmann, Uwe; Schepp, Matthias; Wiegrefe, Klaus (26 November 2009).

2166:

Carrier Striking Group One (CARSTRIKGRUONE), in Norfolk, United States

747: 6621: 6525: 6432:

The Cold War and the Nordic countries: Historiography at a crossroads

6244: 6003: 5876: 5753:

Caddis, John (2007). "History, grand strategy and NATO enlargement".

5121:(8 June 1991). "Cold War Battle Orders Make Way for a New NATO Era". 4803:"NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia" 3177: 2370: 2125: 1841: 1794: 1694:

auspices. In due course, the CINCHAN role was assumed by the British

1683: 1589: 1179: 1046: 963: 770: 708: 349:

The North Atlantic Treaty, signed by US President Harry S. Truman in

303:

had overthrown a democratic government, and British Foreign Minister

171: 2549: 1857:

Allied Naval Forces Baltic Approaches (NAVBALTAP), in Karup, Denmark

1804: 1176:

to be held in a country that had been part of the old Soviet Union.

353:, on 4 April 1949, was ratified by the United States in August 1949. 6611: 5804:

Partnership in Crisis: The US, Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO

4611: 4514: 4486: 4453:"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe" 4218:"Nato plans to upgrade nuclear weapons 'expensive and unnecessary'" 3201: 3080: 3053: 2197: 2193:

Nore Sub-Area Channel Command (NORECHAN), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

2143: 2029: 1868: 1848: 1771: 1742: 1722: 1058: 1054: 1050: 897:

on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany became part of the

624: 321: 218: 183: 179: 159: 115: 24: 4697:"Turkey, US in diplomatic crisis after ministers hit by sanctions" 2425:

Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System (BICES)

2160:

Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

1953: 1854:

Allied Air Forces Baltic Approaches (AIRBALTAP), in Karup, Denmark

1656: 6266:

Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order

5685:

Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era

5498:

The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives

4519: 4399:"Macedonia signs Nato deal after ending name dispute with Greece" 4074:"NATO needs to beef up defense of Baltic airspace: top commander" 2991: 2153: 2149: 2102: 2061: 2036: 1746: 1706: 1421: 1223: 1219: 1137: 1062: 1038: 967: 721: 702:

Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the

691:

from NATO command, and it later banned the stationing of foreign

203: 191: 187: 175: 163: 151: 127: 123: 91: 87: 3227: 2428:

NATO Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support Office (CALS)

2163:

Carrier Striking Force (CARSTRIKFOR), in Norfolk, United States

1840:

Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland (LANDJUT), in

914:, the West German foreign minister, said in a conversation with 6460: 2446: 2112: 2092: 2022: 1957: 1943: 1930: 1425: 1318:

led to strong condemnation by NATO nations, and Poland invoked

1042: 1016: 552: 548: 487: 425: 377:, which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. 207: 167: 155: 135: 131: 119: 107: 75: 28: 5860:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

5667:"Europe's Eastern Promise: rethinking NATO and EU enlargement" 4718:"NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack" 4510:"NATO Meets to Approve Strengthening Forces in Eastern Europe" 3284:. Vol. 146, no. 12. pp. 166–189. Archived from 420:

rifle cartridge in the 1950s as a standard firearm-cartridge.

6676: 6392:

Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Cold War and European Revisionism."

4575:"Turkey's relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation" 4482:"Ukraine crisis: Nato bolsters Eastern Europe against Russia" 2453:

Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA)

2327: 2313: 2292:

Logistics committees, organizations and agencies, including:

2256: 1934: 1834: 143: 111: 5851:

The Western Alliance: European-American Relations Since 1945

5186: 4313:"Montenegro Officially Joins NATO At Ceremony In Washington" 3367:

The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order

2751: 2419:

Project Steering Committees and Project Offices, including:

2081:

Western Atlantic Area (WESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

6578: 5571:

Wenger, Andreas; Nuenlist, Christian; Locher, Anna (2007).

5331: 5229: 5206: 5069: 5045: 5017: 4989: 4896: 3449: 3437: 3399: 3221: 2377:

NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency

2356: 1968:

Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF), in Vicenza, Italy

1691: 1633: 847: 59: 2777: 1971:

Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force (6 ATAF), in İzmir, Turkey

1593:

NATO military command and areas of responsibilities (1954)

1457:, Lord Ismay described the civilian structure as follows: 233:

From the 1950s to 2003, the Strategic Commanders were the

4190: 4186:"Part of NATO missile defense system goes live in Turkey" 2475:

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration#NATO

1613:, containing Scandinavia, the North Sea, and the Baltic; 1210:

and NATO leaders led to the Intensified Dialogue program.

70:

and to stop the expansion of Soviet power in Europe. The

3892:

Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Tom (12 December 2017).

3733: 2745:"Proof and Inspection Committee NATO 7.62 MM Ammunition" 2443:

Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO

656:'s 1966 withdrawal from NATO military integrated command 471:(SHAPE) to direct forces in Europe; it began work under 82:, a defensive pact, which was expanded in 1948 with the 5980:

NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance

5361:

NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance

5010:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Atlantic Command" 3711: 3498:"NATO Command Structure: Considerations for the Future" 3496:

Weinrod, W. Bruce; Barry, Charles L. (September 2010).

3477: 3096: 1218:

in Bucharest, Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of

1206:

Meetings between the government of Ukrainian President

941:

Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps

529:; Italic Weld, a combined air-naval-ground exercise in 6577: 4829:"NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance" 3786:"Did NATO Promise Not to Enlarge? Gorbachev Says "No"" 3636: 3339:"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member" 2620: 1362:

who were involved in the detention of American pastor

4639:"US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor" 4123:. CNN.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 2666: 2355:

NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organisation (

2084:

Ocean Sub-Area (OCEANLANT), in Norfolk, United States

1273:

stationed there and deploying them on the stealthier

66:

when British diplomacy set the stage to contain the

6282:

A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years (3 volumes)

6103:"Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan" 5818:

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

5598:

Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

5570: 4915:

T.D. Young, Reforming NATO's Military Structures, 7.

3183: 2822: 2632: 2224:

Standing Naval Force Channel (STANAVFORCHAN), afloat

741: 35:. For NATO history with regards to enlargement, see 4677:"US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention" 4607:"Rough seas for NATO as Turkey clashes with allies" 4161:"Medvedev calls missile defense a threat to Russia" 4121:"U.S. wins NATO backing for missile defense shield" 2280:, which was activated in Madrid in September 1999. 2035:Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT), in 1678:was established on 21 February 1952 to control the 568:(established in 1961) and competitions such as the 455:in 1948, and Albania was a Warsaw Pact member-only 5495: 5439: 5310: 3891: 3828:from the original on 27 December 2001 – via 3505:Center for Technology and National Security Policy 2834: 2572:"1949–1952: Creating a Command Structure for NATO" 1180:2008–present: Renewed focus on territorial defense 1026:, an American diplomat and former advocate of the 955:but maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. 945:Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty 762:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 27:. For the history of NATO's relations the present 6497:"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009" 6131:NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition 5207:NATO Communication and Information Systems Agency 3707: 3705: 2480:History of the Common Security and Defence Policy 2416:Education and Training college, schools and group 2196:Plymouth Sub-Area Channel Command (PLYMCHAN), in 995:in which 85.3% of voters supported joining NATO. 901:and of the alliance. That had been agreed in the 643: 16:History of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 7107: 5691: 4141:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3597: 3468:"Greek-Turkish Relations: The Deadlocked Allies" 2203:Benelux Sub-Area Channel Command (BENECHAN), in 1847:Allied Land Forces in Zealand (LANDZEALAND), in 5992:The United States and NATO: The Formative Years 5470:Britain, Italy, and the Origins of the Cold War 4929:Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009 4340:"Defying Russia, Montenegro finally joins NATO" 3918: 2529: 2527: 5870: 3751: 3702: 3593: 3591: 3589: 2321:Civil Emergency Planning committees and center 2314:NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency 1651:In 1952, after Greece and Turkey joined NATO 1277:. On 15 June 2016, NATO officially recognized 836: 697:air-force bases that it had operated in France 6563: 5549: 5226:"NATO Research & Technology Organization" 4923: 4921: 4212: 3984:"NATO Expansion Would Be a Fateful Blunder", 3752:Blomfield, Adrian; Smith, Mike (6 May 2008). 3417: 3385:"Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)" 3233: 2363:NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency 2283: 2245:On July 1, 1994, the Alliance disestablished 1257:signed a protocol at the NATO Council in 2016 1136:on 21 November, the first summit in a former 864:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 5775: 4776:"NATO Response Force deploys for first time" 4286:"NATO declares space an 'operational domain" 4260:"Cyberspace is officially a war zone – NATO" 3495: 3332: 3330: 3305: 2533: 2524: 2435:Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center 62:(NATO) begins in the immediate aftermath of 37:Enlargement of NATO § Past enlargements 6486:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6423:. "The new history of Cold War alliances." 6133:(NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint), 5255:Isby, David C.; Kamps, Charles Jr. (1985). 4370:"NATO: North Macedonia becomes 30th member" 3586: 1083: 764:opened for signature. NATO argued that its 652:Map of the NATO air bases in France before 6570: 6556: 6296:The United States, Italy and NATO, 1947-52 5520: 4918: 4396: 3642: 3306:Le Blévennec, François (25 October 2011). 2392:NATO Electronic Warfare Advisory Committee 2097:Island Command Bermuda (ISCOMBERMUDA), in 6715:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 6153:Collision Course: NATO, Russia and Kosovo 6120: 6026: 5857: 5814: 5722: 5595: 5338:Allied command structures in the new NATO 5305: 5254: 3739: 3364: 3327: 3245: 3102: 2783: 2757: 2626: 2411:NATO Research and Technology Organisation 2148:Island Command Madeira (ISCOMADEIRA), in 2087:Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area (CANLANT), in 1607:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 1480:Coats of arms of historical NATO commands 469:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 5962: 5887:Journal of Contemporary European Studies 5808:Royal Institute of International Affairs 5788: 5490: 5381: 5277: 5090:"Revised Terms of Reference for SACLANT" 4974: 4881: 4773: 4016: 3998:Popescu, Andrei Luca (21 October 2021). 3924: 3810: 3754:"Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War" 3455: 3443: 3405: 2672: 2255: 2107:Island Command Azores (ISCOMAZORES), in 1588: 1435: 1302: 1244: 1201: 1112: 1097: 957: 876: 848:1991–2001: Response to the Yugoslav Wars 801: 751: 647: 574: 525:, naval and amphibious exercises in the 509:In September 1952, the first major NATO 478:in January 1951. In September 1950, the 442: 404:The creation of NATO brought about some 379: 344: 326: 45: 6808:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation 6506:. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from 6279: 5939: 5845: 5801: 5464: 5247: 4961: 4572: 4155: 3997: 3677: 3533: 3420:"NATO at 70: Lessons From The Cold War" 3299: 3248:"NATO at 70: Lessons from the Cold War" 2884: 2794: 2792: 2638: 2398:Military Committee Meteorological Group 1950:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe 1739:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1653:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe 1628:The British post of Commander in Chief 1094:International Security Assistance Force 1069:. Slovenian membership was endorsed in 440:extends beyond NATO into civilian use. 39:. For NATO's structural evolution, see 7108: 6175: 6150: 6129:NATO Office of Information and Press. 6088: 5989: 5923: 5752: 5739: 5409: 5355: 4587:from the original on 21 September 2020 4450: 4397:McLaughlin, Daniel (6 February 2019). 4283: 4236: 3946: 3894:"NATO Expansion: What Gorbachev Heard" 3846: 3539:"Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato" 3515:from the original on September 5, 2013 3483: 3418:Trakimavičius, Lukas (25 March 2019). 3146: 2828: 2684: 2644: 1913:(2 ATAF), in Rheindahlen, West Germany 1418:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO 572:for tank gunnery, instituted in 1963. 315: 6551: 6527:Atlantic Council of the United States 6302: 6293: 6263: 6251: 6238: 6191: 6170:Defending the West: A History of NATO 6100: 6076:was a routine NATO exercise in 1983. 6061: 6052: 5883: 5702:Review of International Organizations 5682: 5661: 5442:Defending the West: a history of NATO 5159:T.D. Young, 'NATO After 2000,' 16-18. 5117: 5066:"NATO the first five years 1949-1954" 4774:Gonzalez, Oriana (26 February 2022). 4337: 4257: 4071: 3273: 2918: 2804:"NATO the first five years 1949–1954" 2798: 2678: 1466: 1448: 1431: 7044:Relationship with the European Union 6449:"NATO Strategy Documents" 1949-1969" 6436:University Press of Southern Denmark 6411:. "Danish Cold War Historiography." 6315: 6222: 5437: 4982:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure" 4889:"Chapter 6 - The civilian structure" 4715: 3336: 3195: 2928:NATO: The First Five Years 1949–1954 2840: 2789: 1728: 1352:Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute 371:pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot 5042:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 5014:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4986:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4893:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4821: 4751:(Press release). 24 February 2022. 4573:Stolton, Samuel (14 October 2019). 4039: 3816:"The Lessons of German Unification" 3377: 3124:. 30 September 1957. Archived from 2890:"Navies Meet the Test in Operation 2771:"NATO Declassified – NATO Alphabet" 1977:Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe 1919:(4 ATAF), in Ramstein, West Germany 1242:criticized the system as a threat. 988:NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council 966:being raised in a ceremony marking 13: 7089:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 7014:Individual Partnership Action Plan 6750:Joint Support and Enabling Command 6579:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 6494: 6442: 5616: 4839:from the original on 31 March 2022 4554:from the original on 3 August 2019 3745: 3184:Wenger, Nuenlist & Locher 2007 2296:NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency 1940:Allied Land Forces Southern Europe 970:'s joining of the alliance in 2009 699:since 1950 to the French by 1967. 537:(BAOR), the Netherlands Corps and 293:Western Union Defence Organisation 60:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 14: 7127: 7004:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 6454: 6383:. "Cold War history in Germany." 6350: 5871:Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis (2014). 4869:from the original on 8 March 2022 4755:from the original on 1 April 2022 4284:Winter, Laura (4 December 2019). 4258:Hardy, Catherine (15 June 2016). 4047:"Allied Command Operations (ACO)" 3780: 3274:Ogden, Christopher (1995-09-18). 3076:"West Germany accepted into Nato" 2502:Relations between France and NATO 2251:Allied Forces Northwestern Europe 2232: 1999:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 1963:Allied Air Forces Southern Europe 1791:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force 1668:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 1666:(ACLANT) on 30 January 1952, the 1416:were placed under the command of 1286:as an operational domain of war. 1275:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II 984:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 881:Reforms made under Soviet leader 742:1962–1991: Détente and escalation 239:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 6145:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6108:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5917:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5776:Chourchoulis, Dionysios (2014). 5218: 5200: 5175: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5131: 5111: 5082: 5058: 5030: 5002: 4716:Cook, Lorne (24 February 2022). 4451:Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). 4072:Sytas, Andrius (29 March 2016). 3975:, Los Angeles Times, 7 July 1997 3930:"Sarkozy military plan unveiled" 3906:from the original on 8 June 2022 3566:"The future of NATO: Bad timing" 3222:National Defense University 1997 3198:"Not Enough NATO In Afghanistan" 3196:Dowd, Alan (22 September 2009). 3150:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2990:. 5 October 2012. Archived from 2028:Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT), in 2021:Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT), in 1917:Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force 1911:Second Allied Tactical Air Force 1901:Allied Air Forces Central Europe 1632:was given a dual-hatted role as 1570: 1556: 1538: 1520: 1502: 1484: 1379:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1344:Kurdish-inhabited areas in Syria 539:Allied Air Forces Central Europe 41:Structure of NATO § History 7019:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative 6803:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 6798:Chair of the Military Committee 6462:Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay 6264:Sayle, Timothy Andrews (2019). 4955: 4941: 4909: 4851: 4795: 4767: 4737: 4709: 4689: 4669: 4649: 4631: 4619:from the original on 7 May 2021 4599: 4566: 4534: 4502: 4474: 4444: 4418: 4390: 4362: 4331: 4317:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4305: 4277: 4251: 4230: 4206: 4178: 4149: 4113: 4091: 4065: 4010: 3991: 3978: 3969: 3940: 3885: 3840: 3824:. No. 61. pp. 21–22. 3804: 3774: 3671: 3558: 3527: 3489: 3461: 3411: 3358: 3267: 3239: 3189: 3140: 3108: 3068: 3042: 3006: 2976: 2946: 2912: 2878: 2862:. 24 March 1952. Archived from 2854:"NATO: The Man with the Oilcan" 2846: 2763: 2737: 1831:Allied Forces Baltic Approaches 1758:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1709:, north of the Belgian city of 1701:In 1966, when French President 1672:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1655:(LANDSOUTHEAST) was created in 1603:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1474:NATO Military Command Structure 1159:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative 953:NATO Military Command Structure 893:An expansion of NATO came with 868:dissolution of the Soviet Union 533:; Grand Repulse, involving the 235:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 7061:Science for Peace and Security 7054:eastward NATO expansion issues 6147:17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267. 5969:Johns Hopkins University Press 5858:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (1989). 5521:Schoenbaum, Thomas J. (1988). 5257:Armies of NATO's Central Front 4338:Milic, Predrag (5 June 2017). 4237:Becker, Markus (16 May 2012). 4101:. NATO Update. 16 October 2008 3337:Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). 3019:. 1 April 1954. Archived from 2715: 2594: 2564: 2332:Air Control and Command System 2301:Central Europe Pipeline System 1688:Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth 1670:joined the previously created 1440:1952 NATO organisational chart 1265:proposed using the ship-based 644:Strained relations with France 1: 6767:Allied Command Transformation 6280:Schmidt, Gustav, ed. (2001). 6259:. Norwegian University Press. 6208:10.1080/09662839.2019.1587746 6164:NATO: The Entangling Alliance 5956:10.1080/01402390.2016.1227258 5900:10.1080/14782804.2019.1657731 5416:NATO: The Entangling Alliance 4239:"US Nuclear Weapons Upgrades" 2517: 1965:(AIRSOUTH), in Naples, Italy 1927:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1801:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1619:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1611:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1584: 1550:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1514:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1336:2016–present purges in Turkey 1142:Allied Command Transformation 422:Fabrique Nationale de Herstal 301:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 299:. In addition, the communist 244: 6710:International Military Staff 6466:"NATO: The First Five Years" 6322:Journal of Strategic Studies 6096:. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. 5996:University Press of Kentucky 5990:Kaplan, Lawrence S. (2014). 5943:Journal of Strategic Studies 5695:; Borzutzky, Silvia (2006). 5652:Bibliography of the Cold War 5642:Resources in other libraries 5596:Willbanks, James H. (2004). 3163:10.1080/14794012.2011.593819 2278:Joint Headquarters Southwest 1979:(NAVSOUTH), in Naples, Italy 1865:Allied Forces Central Europe 1715:Allied Forces Central Europe 1615:Allied Forces Central Europe 1532:Allied Forces Central Europe 1360:Turkish government ministers 1316:Russian annexation of Crimea 7: 6999:Atlantic Treaty Association 6425:Journal of Cold War Studies 6414:Journal of Cold War Studies 6176:Pedlow, Gregory W. (2011). 6065:Journal of Cold War Studies 5831:10.1080/1352327042000306020 5550:van der Eyden, Ton (2003). 5421:University of Chicago Press 5333:National Defense University 5289:Brookings Institution Press 4968:University of New Brunswick 4004:Radio Europa Liberă România 3509:National Defense University 2458: 2405:Military Oceanography Group 2328:NATO ACCS Management Agency 1641:Allied Forces Mediterranean 1249:NATO foreign ministers and 1122:Kabul International Airport 899:Federal Republic of Germany 837:1991–present: Post-Cold War 736:2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit 672:and British Prime Minister 436:became widespread, and the 430:aircraft-marshaling signals 10: 7132: 6594:Animus in consulendo liber 6309:Liverpool University Press 6294:Smith, E. Timothy (1991). 6122:10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0 6046:10.1177/002234338602300305 5984:Greenwood Publishing Group 5963:Johnston, Seth A. (2017). 5649: 5556:. Vol. 1. IOS Press. 5365:Greenwood Publishing Group 5170:Organizations and Agencies 3681:(September–October 2014). 2284:Organizations and agencies 1821:Allied Forces South Norway 1811:Allied Forces North Norway 1662:With the establishment of 1646:sea lines of communication 1455:NATO: The First Five Years 1385:to trigger Article 4. The 1183: 1144:(ACT), was established in 1132:(NRF) was launched at the 1087: 872:Central and Eastern Europe 851: 840: 815:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 745: 414:Standardization Agreements 330: 319: 271:NATO has its roots in the 248: 18: 7070: 6989: 6816: 6785: 6777:Standardization agreement 6685: 6630: 6585: 6430:Olesen, Thorsten B., ed. 6335:10.1080/01402390500088379 6033:Journal of Peace Research 5769:10.1093/survival/40.1.145 5724:10.1007/s11558-006-0164-3 5715:10.1007/s11558-006-9515-3 5683:Asmus, Ronald D. (2002). 5637:Resources in your library 5099:. NATO Standing Committee 3899:National Security Archive 3863:10.1080/01636600902773248 2685:Straus, Ira (June 2005). 2652:"A short history of NATO" 1778:United Kingdom Air Forces 1356:US Department of Treasury 1334:NATO did not condemn the 1150:Allied Command Operations 934:National Security Archive 535:British Army on the Rhine 500:Secretary General of NATO 251:Aftermath of World War II 7049:Relationship with Russia 6760:SHAPE International Band 6270:Cornell University Press 6232:McClelland & Stewart 6053:March, Peter R. (1999). 5261:Jane's Information Group 3850:The Washington Quarterly 3387:. NATO. 11 November 2014 3371:Cornell University Press 2924:"NATO the First 5 Years" 2118:Island Command Greenland 1719:Chateau de Fontainebleau 1696:Commander-in-Chief Fleet 1120:'s military terminal at 1084:2001–2008: War on Terror 707:U.S. Secretary of State 613:Foreign Affairs Minister 473:Supreme Allied Commander 267:Western Union (alliance) 6101:Münch, Philipp (2021). 4547:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 3369:. Ithaca & London: 3050:"Fast facts about NATO" 2498:, the Soviet opposition 2482:, of the European Union 2342:NATO Programming Centre 2266:United States Air Force 1994:Allied Command Atlantic 1735:NATO Military Committee 1664:Allied Command Atlantic 1578:Allied Command Atlantic 1232:anti-ballistic missiles 480:NATO Military Committee 310:Italian Communist Party 217:evolved throughout the 7009:Mediterranean Dialogue 6991:Multilateral relations 6772:Parliamentary Assembly 6495:Pedlow, Dr Gregory W. 6303:Smith, Joseph (1990). 5802:Cornish, Paul (1997). 5791:International Politics 5438:Park, William (1986). 5137:Thomas-Durrell Young, 4962:Maloney, Sean (1991). 4927:Dr Gregory W. Pedlow, 4214:Norton-Taylor, Richard 3645:International Security 3601:International Security 3246:Trakimavicius, Lukas. 2960:. 2013. Archived from 2958:NATO Tiger Association 2930:. NATO. Archived from 2806:. NATO. Archived from 2578:. 2013. Archived from 2512:Ukraine–NATO relations 2367:SHAPE Technical Centre 2272: 2247:Allied Command Channel 2183:Allied Command Channel 2054:Island Command Iceland 1725:, in the Netherlands. 1676:Allied Command Channel 1594: 1564:Allied Command Channel 1464: 1441: 1387:North Atlantic Council 1358:sanctioned two senior 1328:gross domestic product 1311: 1261:In 2009, US President 1258: 1228:missile defence system 1211: 1194:Ukraine–NATO relations 1186:Georgia–NATO relations 1125: 1110: 980:Mediterranean Dialogue 971: 912:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 890: 885:led to the end of the 810: 757: 657: 588: 566:NATO Tiger Association 484:North Atlantic Council 460: 453:left the Soviet sphere 438:NATO phonetic alphabet 389: 363:NATO Secretary General 354: 226:and its headquarters ( 55: 7039:Partnership for Peace 6677:.nato Internet domain 6640:North Atlantic Treaty 6417:20.4 (2019): 180-211. 6398:11.2 (1987): 143-156. 6290:With 60 contributors. 6239:Risso, Linda (2014). 6151:Norris, John (2005). 5920:14.3 (2016): 237-251. 5864:Yale University Press 5740:Baylis, John (1993). 5650:Further information: 5504:Yale University Press 5317:. London: Doubleday. 5124:Jane's Defence Weekly 3821:The National Interest 3791:Brookings Institution 3103:Isby & Kamps 1985 3014:"Text of Soviet Note" 2984:"Historical Overview" 2922:(17 September 2001). 2888:(28 September 1952). 2784:Isby & Kamps 1985 2627:Isby & Kamps 1985 2537:International Affairs 2507:Russia–NATO relations 2486:NATO open door policy 2269:F-16 Fighting Falcons 2259: 2136:Iberian Atlantic Area 2120:(ISCOMGREENLAND), in 2067:Island Command Faroes 2012:Eastern Atlantic Area 1753:Allied Command Europe 1592: 1546:Allied Command Europe 1528:Allied Command Europe 1510:Allied Command Europe 1492:Allied Command Europe 1459: 1439: 1348:intervention in Libya 1338:. As a result of the 1306: 1248: 1205: 1198:Post-Soviet conflicts 1190:Russia–NATO relations 1184:Further information: 1116: 1101: 1088:Further information: 976:Partnership for Peace 961: 880: 841:Further information: 805: 755: 651: 611:, then the Norwegian 603:The incorporation of 598:Strategic Air Command 578: 446: 383: 359:North Atlantic Treaty 348: 333:North Atlantic Treaty 331:Further information: 327:1949–1962: Beginnings 320:Further information: 224:Allied Command Europe 78:signed, in 1947, the 49: 33:Russia–NATO relations 7029:NATO global partners 6665:potential withdrawal 6389:8.2 (2008): 135-156. 6185:US National Archives 6082:10.1162/jcws_a_00952 5579:Taylor & Francis 5533:Simon & Schuster 5466:Pedaliu, Effie G. H. 5341:. DIANE Publishing. 5279:Garthoff, Raymond L. 5248:General bibliography 4550:. 21 November 2016. 4020:(16 December 1997). 3657:10.1162/ISEC_a_00236 3614:10.1162/isec_c_00287 3424:The Atlantic Council 2988:Canadian Army Trophy 2802:(4 September 2001). 2725:. NATO. 4 April 1949 2582:on 24 September 2015 2306:NATO Pipeline System 1952:(LANDSOUTHEAST), in 1496:Supreme Headquarters 1414:carrier strike group 1397:which also involved 1395:extraordinary summit 1368:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1366:. Turkish President 1322:in meetings. At the 1077:under NATO control. 1067:2004 Istanbul summit 982:initiative, and the 903:Two Plus Four Treaty 895:German reunification 704:Cuban Missile Crisis 666:special relationship 636:Operation Deep Water 632:Operation Strikeback 570:Canadian Army Trophy 463:The outbreak of the 410:military terminology 399:overseas departments 341:Cuban Missile Crisis 206:joined in 2023, and 7024:Major non-NATO ally 6705:International Staff 6305:The Origins of NATO 6172:. Wheatsheaf Books. 6168:Park, W. H. (1986) 5976:Kaplan, Lawrence S. 5529:Ann Arbor, Michigan 5357:Kaplan, Lawrence S. 5172:, accessed May 2008 4970:. pp. 258–261. 4865:. 24 January 2022. 4662:Hürriyet Daily News 4165:The Washington Post 4018:Albright, Madeleine 3812:Zoellick, Robert B. 3683:"A Broken Promise?" 3679:Sarotte, Mary Elise 3458:, pp. 278–279. 3446:, pp. 280–282. 3408:, pp. 659–661. 3344:The Washington Post 3236:, pp. 104–106. 2866:on December 4, 2008 2760:, pp. 129–130. 2470:Enlargement of NATO 2271:in a NATO exercise. 2056:(ISCOMICELAND), in 1878:Northern Army Group 1717:was moved from the 1630:Mediterranean Fleet 1391:NATO Response Force 1267:Aegis Combat System 1154:Baltic Air Policing 1130:NATO Response Force 1032:East-West relations 929:US State Department 916:Eduard Shevardnadze 689:Mediterranean Fleet 519:Exercise Grand Slam 316:1949–1991: Cold War 297:Soviet Armed Forces 58:The history of the 6672:Opposition to NATO 6543:on 3 October 2012. 6427:4.2 (2002): 55-84. 6395:Diplomatic History 6286:Palgrave Macmillan 5933:St. Martin’s Press 5474:Palgrave Macmillan 5307:Gorbachev, Mikhail 5212:2008-04-21 at the 4934:2013-03-01 at the 4702:The Times of India 4665:. August 11, 2018. 4580:Al Jazeera English 3830:Charles University 3288:on August 17, 2000 3234:van der Eyden 2003 2964:on 3 November 2013 2703:on 20 October 2013 2431:NATO FORACS Office 2273: 2069:(ISCOMFAROES), in 1891:Central Army Group 1637:Commander in Chief 1595: 1467:Military structure 1449:Civilian structure 1442: 1432:Structural changes 1312: 1259: 1253:'s Prime Minister 1212: 1134:2002 Prague summit 1126: 1111: 1013:Madeleine Albright 972: 891: 831:referendum in 1986 811: 758: 658: 589: 543:Central Army Group 515:Exercise Mainbrace 511:maritime exercises 461: 390: 355: 284:Treaty of Brussels 263:Treaty of Brussels 84:Treaty of Brussels 56: 29:Russian Federation 7103: 7102: 6793:Secretary General 6695:NATO headquarters 6655:List of exercises 6195:European Security 6160:Osgood, Robert E. 5623:Library resources 5588:978-0-415-39737-7 5563:978-1-58603-291-3 5542:978-0-671-60351-9 5513:978-0-300-10562-9 5457:978-0-8133-0408-3 5411:Osgood, Robert E. 5402:978-0-7146-8539-7 5374:978-0-275-98006-1 5348:978-1-57906-033-6 5324:978-0-385-40668-0 5298:978-0-8157-3041-5 5270:978-0-7106-0341-8 4835:. 28 March 2022. 4705:. August 2, 2018. 4685:. August 1, 2018. 4645:. August 1, 2018. 4522:. 5 February 2015 4490:. 5 February 2015 4194:. 16 January 2012 4159:(23 March 2012). 3988:, 5 February 1997 3950:(13 March 1999). 3926:Stratton, Allegra 3486:, pp. 89–91. 3186:, pp. 67–69. 2786:, pp. 13–14. 2379:(NCSA), based in 2190:, United Kingdom 2018:, United Kingdom 1997:(ACLANT), led by 1729:Structure in 1989 1703:Charles de Gaulle 1625:, west of Paris. 1599:Dwight Eisenhower 1372:US–Turkey dispute 1324:2014 Wales summit 1271:B61 nuclear bombs 1216:April 2008 summit 1208:Viktor Yushchenko 1146:Norfolk, Virginia 1124:in September 2010 1107:terrorist attacks 1019:'s bloody boot." 1005:Bronislaw Geremek 883:Mikhail Gorbachev 843:Post–Cold War era 720:, near Paris, to 670:Dwight Eisenhower 662:Charles de Gaulle 654:Charles de Gaulle 527:Mediterranean Sea 523:Exercise Longstep 476:Dwight Eisenhower 434:NATO Stock Number 397:, including some 255:Treaty of Dunkirk 237:(SACEUR) and the 215:structure of NATO 86:to add the three 80:Treaty of Dunkirk 7123: 7034:Open door policy 6730:Maritime Command 6572: 6565: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6536:. Archived from 6535: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6501: 6491: 6485: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6410: 6402:Mariager, Rasmus 6386:Cold War History 6382: 6365: 6346: 6312: 6299: 6289: 6273: 6260: 6248: 6235: 6219: 6188: 6182: 6156: 6126: 6124: 6097: 6085: 6058: 6049: 6023: 6004:10.2307/40202397 5972: 5959: 5936: 5925:Heuser, Beatrice 5911: 5880: 5867: 5854: 5842: 5811: 5798: 5785: 5772: 5749: 5736: 5726: 5688: 5679: 5671: 5663:Asmus, Ronald D. 5611: 5592: 5567: 5546: 5517: 5501: 5487: 5461: 5445: 5434: 5406: 5393:Psychology Press 5378: 5352: 5328: 5316: 5302: 5274: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5228:. Archived from 5222: 5216: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5185:. Archived from 5183:"NATO C3 Agency" 5179: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4925: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4723:Associated Press 4713: 4707: 4706: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4615:. 24 June 2020. 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4346:. 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Kennan 998:Czech President 824:Tropic of Cancer 674:Harold Macmillan 562:Operation Gladio 395:Tropic of Cancer 273:Atlantic Charter 210:joined in 2024. 202:joined in 2020, 198:joined in 2017, 194:joined in 2009, 186:joined in 2004, 158:joined in 1999, 146:joined in 1982, 142:joined in 1955, 138:joined in 1952, 52:NATO enlargement 7131: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7116:History of NATO 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7066: 6985: 6926:North Macedonia 6812: 6781: 6681: 6626: 6581: 6576: 6540: 6533: 6529:(August 2003). 6516: 6514: 6513:on 1 March 2013 6510: 6499: 6479: 6478: 6471: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6443:Primary sources 6421:Mastny, Vojtech 6404: 6376: 6359: 6353: 6180: 6090:Milloy, John C. 6028:Lundestad, Geir 5847:Grosser, Alfred 5782:Lexington Books 5744:. Basingstoke: 5693:Axelrod, Robert 5675:Foreign Affairs 5669: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5631: 5630: 5628:History of NATO 5626: 5619: 5617:Further reading 5614: 5608: 5589: 5564: 5543: 5514: 5492:Reynolds, David 5484: 5458: 5431: 5403: 5391:. Vol. 5. 5375: 5349: 5325: 5299: 5271: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5214:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4966:(M.A. thesis). 4960: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4936:Wayback Machine 4926: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4809:. 25 March 2022 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4461: 4459: 4457:Carnegie Europe 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4404:The Irish Times 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4378:. 27 March 2020 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4252: 4235: 4231: 4216:(10 May 2012). 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4154: 4150: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4015: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3945: 3941: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3890: 3886: 3845: 3841: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3710: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3688:Foreign Affairs 3676: 3672: 3641: 3637: 3596: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3574:. 31 March 2012 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2994:on 3 March 2016 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2920:Ismay, Hastings 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2886:Baldwin, Hanson 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2800:Ismay, Hastings 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2550:10.2307/2618790 2532: 2525: 2520: 2461: 2338:) due for 2009. 2286: 2235: 2138:(IBERLANT), in 2014:(EASTLANT), in 1907:, West Germany 1731: 1713:. Headquarters 1680:English Channel 1587: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1469: 1451: 1434: 1409:Harry S. Truman 1382: 1319: 1298:North Macedonia 1293: 1240:Dmitry Medvedev 1200: 1182: 1096: 1086: 986:. In 1998, the 949:Nicolas Sarkozy 925:Robert Zoellick 856: 850: 845: 839: 807:Wim van Eekelen 781:cruise missiles 766:nuclear sharing 750: 744: 693:nuclear weapons 646: 406:standardization 343: 329: 324: 318: 289:Berlin Blockade 269: 249:Main articles: 247: 200:North Macedonia 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7129: 7119: 7118: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6976:United Kingdom 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6851:Czech Republic 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6523: 6492: 6456: 6455:External links 6453: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6428: 6418: 6399: 6390: 6371: 6352: 6351:Historiography 6349: 6348: 6347: 6329:(2): 309–337. 6317:Till, Geoffrey 6313: 6300: 6291: 6277: 6261: 6255:, ed. (1985). 6249: 6236: 6220: 6189: 6173: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6141: 6127: 6115:(2): 138–166. 6098: 6086: 6074:Able Archer 83 6059: 6050: 6040:(3): 263–277. 6024: 5987: 5973: 5960: 5950:(4): 505–531. 5937: 5921: 5912: 5894:(4): 545–546. 5881: 5868: 5855: 5843: 5812: 5799: 5786: 5773: 5763:(1): 145–151. 5750: 5737: 5709:(3): 293–307. 5689: 5680: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5593: 5587: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5518: 5512: 5488: 5482: 5462: 5456: 5448:Westview Press 5435: 5429: 5407: 5401: 5383:Njølstad, Olav 5379: 5373: 5353: 5347: 5329: 5323: 5303: 5297: 5275: 5269: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5217: 5199: 5174: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5130: 5119:Starr, Barbara 5110: 5081: 5057: 5029: 5001: 4973: 4954: 4940: 4917: 4908: 4880: 4850: 4820: 4807:Deutsche Welle 4794: 4766: 4736: 4708: 4688: 4668: 4648: 4630: 4598: 4565: 4533: 4501: 4473: 4443: 4432:. 4 March 2014 4417: 4389: 4375:Deutsche Welle 4361: 4350:on 7 June 2017 4330: 4304: 4276: 4250: 4229: 4205: 4177: 4148: 4112: 4090: 4064: 4038: 4009: 4006:(in Romanian). 3990: 3986:New York Times 3977: 3968: 3956:New York Times 3939: 3917: 3884: 3839: 3803: 3773: 3744: 3742:, p. 675. 3740:Gorbachev 1996 3732: 3719:Spiegel Online 3701: 3670: 3635: 3608:(1): 186–192. 3585: 3557: 3526: 3488: 3476: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3410: 3398: 3376: 3357: 3326: 3308:"The Big Move" 3298: 3266: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3188: 3176: 3157:(3): 232–243. 3139: 3107: 3095: 3067: 3056:. 6 April 2009 3041: 3005: 2975: 2954:"Organisation" 2945: 2911: 2898:New York Times 2877: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2788: 2776: 2762: 2758:Willbanks 2004 2750: 2736: 2714: 2694:Streit Council 2677: 2665: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2608:. 10 June 2021 2593: 2563: 2544:(3): 351–363. 2522: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2491:Able Archer 83 2488: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2374: 2353: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2285: 2282: 2234: 2233:After Cold War 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2201: 2194: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2115: 2105: 2095: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2001:(SACLANT), in 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1984:US Sixth Fleet 1980: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1960: 1947: 1929:(AFSOUTH), in 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1898: 1897:, West Germany 1888: 1880:(NORTHAG), in 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1828: 1818: 1803:(AFNORTH), in 1798: 1788: 1786:United Kingdom 1775: 1756:(ACE), led by 1730: 1727: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1468: 1465: 1450: 1447: 1433: 1430: 1403:European Union 1399:Group of Seven 1364:Andrew Brunson 1255:Milo Đukanović 1236:Vladimir Putin 1181: 1178: 1085: 1082: 1009:Janos Martonyi 852:Main article: 849: 846: 838: 835: 797:peace movement 746:Main article: 743: 740: 729:Lyndon Johnson 645: 642: 585:Central Europe 531:northern Italy 496:Central Europe 418:7.62×51mm NATO 351:Washington, DC 328: 325: 317: 314: 246: 243: 148:Czech Republic 72:United Kingdom 54:(1952–present) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7128: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6981:United States 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6606:The NATO Hymn 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6539: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6468:. 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5189:on 2009-01-14 5188: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5098: 5097:NATO Archives 5091: 5085: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4430:NATO Newsroom 4427: 4421: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4319:. 5 June 2017 4318: 4314: 4308: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4166: 4162: 4158: 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3314: 3309: 3302: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3276:"Bombs Away!" 3270: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3224:, p. 50. 3223: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3105:, p. 15. 3104: 3099: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3026:on 2016-09-13 3022: 3015: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2843:, p. 28. 2842: 2837: 2831:, p. 76. 2830: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2724: 2718: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2675:, p. 13. 2674: 2673:Reynolds 1994 2669: 2653: 2647: 2641:, p. 97. 2640: 2635: 2629:, p. 13. 2628: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2451: 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