History of Norway - Knowledge

3468: 19: 3304: 3637: 2367: 3605: 3532: 2959:("ERP") in 1947, receiving US$ 400 million in American support. Given the business background of the Marshall Plan's American leaders, their readiness to work with the Norwegian Labor government's ERP Council disappointed the conservative Norwegian business community. It was represented by the major business organizations, the Norges Industriforbund and the Norsk Arbeidsgiverforening. While reluctant to work with the government, Norwegian business leaders also recognized the dangers of appearing to obstruct the implementation of the Marshall Plan. American acceptance of a role for government in economic planning reflected their 2340: 3520: 3586: 2060: 1501: 2647: 2279: 2806:

resistance within Norway. One long-term impact was the abandonment of a traditional Scandinavian policy of neutrality; Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949. Norway at the start of the war had the world's fourth largest merchant fleet, at 4.8 million tons, including a fifth of the world's oil tankers. The Germans captured about 20% of the fleet but the remainder, about 1000 ships, were taken over by the government. Although half the ships were sunk, the earnings paid the expenses of the government.

1623: 862: 2973: 3066: 1883: 2563: 7596: 2175: 1787: 3567: 2117:, monopolies and privileges throughout the county granted to burghers. The lumber industry became important in the 17th century through exports especially to England. To avoid deforestation, a royal decree closed a large number of sawmills in 1688; because this mostly affected farmers with small mills, by the mid 18th century only a handful of merchants controlled the entire lumber industry. Mining increased in the 17th century, the largest being the silver mines in 1205: 88: 2843:

Nazis and mocking their inflated self-image. People on the street asked, "Do you know the difference between the Nazis and a bucket of manure? The bucket." In Post Office lines they explained, "It's rumored that we're getting new stamps bearing Quisling's likeness, but distribution has been delayed because no one knows which side to spit on." The jokes worked to educate Norwegians about the occupation, and encourage a sense of solidarity. At the time of

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the growth came in the cities. The population of Christiania reached 40,000 in 1855. By 1865 the population reached 1.7 million; the large increase was largely caused by better nutrition from herring and potatoes, a sharp decrease of infant mortality and increased hygiene. Emigration to North America started in 1825, with the first mass emigration commencing in the 1860s. By 1930, 800,000 people had emigrated, the majority settling in the

876: 3467: 890: 848: 904: 475: 1734: 2775: 918: 1422: 3139: 3197:, located to the right of the Conservatives, had its break-through in the late 1980s. The high wages in the oil industry made low-skill manufacturing industries uncompetitive and the Labor Party closed a number of public industrial companies which were receiving large subsidies. The 1980s saw a trebling of people on disability, largely amongst the oldest in the workforce, and the 1725:

gradual process where farmers would borrow money in meagre times, often not being able to repay them. However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that Norwegian farmers enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. In the 13th century about twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the king, church and landowners.

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in 1939, Norway maintained a strict neutrality. Both Britain and Germany realized the strategic location; both made plans to invade Norway, regardless of Norwegian opposition. The Germans struck first and invaded Norway on 9 April 1940. After furious battles with Norwegian and British forces, Germany

1910:, but it was not popular in Norway, where the Church was the sole remaining national institution and the country was too poor for the clergy to be very corrupt. Initially, Frederick agreed not to try to introduce Protestantism to Norway but in 1529 he changed his mind. Norwegian resistance was led by 3040:

both opened in 1968, one year before a network of regional colleges started being opened. Influenced by American culture and similar actions abroad, youth and students started to rebel against cultural norms. The 1960s saw an increased focus on environmentalism, especially through activism, based on

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establishing the first trade unions and demanding that equality before the law be independent of social class. Parliament passed a series of laws abandoning economic privileges and easing domestic trade during the 1840s and 1850s. Population increase forced the clearing of new land, although some of

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Throughout the period, Bergen was the largest town in the country; its population of 14,000 in the mid 18th century was twice the size of Christiania (later Oslo) and Trondheim combined. Eight townships with privileges existed in 1660—by 1800 this had increased to twenty-three. During this period up

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took over from the Fosna culture ca. 7000 BC, when a warmer climate led to increased forestation and new species of mammals for hunting. The oldest human skeleton ever discovered in Norway was found in shallow water off Sogne in 1994 and has been carbon dated to 6600 BC. About 4000 BC people in the

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opened in 1966. A social security net was gradually introduced after the war, with child allowances introduced in 1946 and the Social Care Act introduced in 1964. The 1960s saw good times for heavy industry and Norway became Europe's largest exporter of aluminum and the world's largest exporter of

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was established and was coordinated from London from 1943. Stokker reports that hostile humour against the Germans helped maintain morale and build a wall against collaboration. Jokes made the rounds dripping with contempt for the oppressors, ridicule of Nazi ideology, stressing the cruelty of the

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The Norwegian economy improved with the introduction of the water-driven saw in the early 16th century. Norway had huge resources of timber but did not have the means to exploit much of it in the Middle Ages as only hand-tools were available. The new saw mills which sprang up in the fjords changed

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The population increased from 150,000 in 1000 to 400,000 in 1300, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, by 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy. This was a

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reform: taxes were cut, local private radio stations were permitted, cable television was established by private companies, regulations on borrowing money were removed and foreigners were permitted to buy securities. An economic crisis hit in 1986 when foreigners started selling Norwegian krone,

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The government in exile, including the royal family, escaped to London. Politics were suspended and the government coordinated action with the Allies, retained control of a worldwide diplomatic and consular service, and operated the huge Norwegian merchant marine. It organized and supervised the

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was built on piles from Norway. Tree-felling was done in the winter when farm-work was impossible and it was easy to get the felled trees across the snow to the rivers. In the spring, the logs floated down the rivers to the saw mills by the sea. By the mid-16th century the power of the Hanseatic

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to compensate for too much money having been issued during the war and thus hindering investments. Especially fishermen were hit hard in the period, while farmers retained market prices through organizing regulations. Unemployment peaked at ten percent between 1931 and 1933. Although industrial

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had its first parliamentary members elected in 1903. The women's issue became increasingly dominant through the 1880s and they were gradually permitted to take secondary and tertiary education. Norwegian support of the union decreased towards the end of the 1890s, especially following the 1897

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on 16 February 1814 to discuss his plans. They rejected a new absolute monarchy and advised him instead to convoke a constituent assembly to draw up a liberal constitution and decide the form of government. Representatives from the entire country were elected to meet at Eidsvoll Manor. The 112

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and underwent a period of reconstruction under public planning. Oil was discovered in 1969 and by 1995 Norway was the world's second-largest exporter. This resulted in a large increase of wealth. From the 1980s Norway started deregulation in many sectors, and in 1989–1990 experienced a banking

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Annual parliamentary sessions were introduced from 1869 and in 1872 ministers were, through a constitutional amendment, required to meet in Parliament to defend their policies. The king, despite having no constitutional right to do so, vetoed the amendment in three successive parliaments. The

1938:(III), his younger Catholic brother Hans and the followers of Christian II. Olaf Engelbrektsson again tried to lead a Catholic Norwegian resistance movement. Christian III triumphed and Engelbrektsson went into exile and, in 1537, Christian demoted Norway from an independent kingdom to a 2257:

with Sweden on equal terms, while Sweden accepted the Norwegian Constitution and separate institutions in both states. King Christian Frederik agreed to convoke an extraordinary parliament to revise the Constitution accordingly, and then abdicate. The parliament was convened in

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the following year, but after several Norwegian victories a cease-fire was signed in 1809. After pressure from Norwegian merchants license trade was permitted with corn from Denmark to Eastern Norway in exchange for Norwegian timber export to Great Britain. Following the

6141: 1608:. An ancient well-preserved Viking cemetery for more than 1000 years was discovered using ground-penetrating radar. Archaeologists also revealed at least seven other previously unknown burial mounds and the remnants of five longhouses with the help of the radar survey. 1337:

Iron Age tools allowed for more extensive clearing and farming, and thus more areas were cultivated as the population grew with the increased harvests. A new social structure evolved: when sons married, they would remain in the same house; such an extended family was a

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reformist orientation. The opportunities for mediation between conservative Norwegian business interests and the government that arose in the course of administering the Marshall Plan helped establish a base for the emergence of Norwegian corporatism in the 1950s.

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An immigration surplus was established in the late 1960s, largely from Western Europe and the United States—from the 1970s increasingly expertise in oil. The period also saw an increased immigration of unskilled labor from developing countries, especially

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was created in 1152 in an attempt to control the appointment of kings. The church inevitably took sides in these conflicts, with the church's influence on the king also becoming an issue in the civil wars. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of

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Kyllingstad, Jon Røyne. "The Norwegian Association for Heredity Research and the Organized International Eugenics Movement. Expertise, authority, transnational networks and international organization in Norwegian genetics and eugenics (1919–1934)."

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was not agreed upon until 2010. Between 1973 and 1981 the country was ruled by the Labor Party, who carried out a series of reforms such as new school system. Farmers received increased subsidies and from 1974 women were permitted to inherit farms.

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was legalized in 1978. Loans guaranteed in future oil income allowed Norway to avoid a recession during the mid-1970s. But by 1977 high wages had made Norwegian industry uncompetitive and a soaring forced cut-backs in public and private spending.

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By the 21st century, Norway became one of the world's most prosperous countries with oil and gas production accounting for 20 percent of its economy. By reinvesting its oil revenues, Norway had the world's largest sovereign wealth fund in 2017.

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spread to Norway and within a year killed nearly two-thirds of the population. Later plagues halved the population by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more

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has been influenced to an extraordinary degree by the terrain and the climate of the region. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat inland of the great ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now

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accommodation rig capsized in 1980; these incidents led to a strengthening of petroleum safety regulations. The oil industry not only created jobs in production, but a large number of supply and technology companies were established.

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Industrialization started in the 1840s, and from the 1860s large-scale emigration to North America took place. In 1884 the king appointed Johan Sverdrup as prime minister, thus establishing parliamentarism. The union with Sweden was

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prevailed and controlled the country until the end of the war. The German goal was to use Norway to control access to the North Sea and the Atlantic, and to station air and naval forces to stop convoys from Britain to the USSR.

2992:. Throughout the post-war period both fishing and agriculture became more mechanized, the agricultural subsidies rose to the third-highest in the world and the number of small-scale farms and fishermen fell dramatically. The 2324:, farmers became more conscious of electing themselves, resulting in a majority of farmers in Parliament. This resulted in rural tax cuts and higher import tariffs, shifting the tax burden to the cities. They also passed the 1704:, which allowed all the king's sons to rule jointly by dividing Norway into portions for each to rule. At times there were periods of peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict. The 4184: 3012:, sat for six years and started a trend of shifting Labor and Conservative governments. Norwegianization of Samis halted after the war and Sami rights became an increasing issue, with a council being established in 1964. 2294:

The Napoleonic Wars sent Norway into an economic crisis, as nearly all the merchants had gone bankrupt during the blockade. Recovery was difficult because of export tariffs and the country experienced high inflation. The

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Swedish abolition of the free trade agreement and the lack of a Norwegian foreign minister. Negotiations of independence commenced, but were not effective because of shifting governments and the Swedish threat of war.

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when it was established in 1816, financed through a silver tax which lasted until 1842. Under threat of a coup d'état by Carl Johan, Norway reluctantly paid the debt stated in the Treaty of Kiel, despite never having

2220:, heir to the Danish and Norwegian crowns, had since 1813 been viceroy of Norway. He spearheaded the Norwegian resistance against the Kiel Treaty and planned to claim the throne as the legitimate heir. He traveled to 1382:

hit southern Norway in the 6th century, with hundreds of farms being depopulated. Most were repopulated in the 7th century, which also saw the construction of several fishing hamlets and a boom in trade of iron and

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king of Denmark and Norway in 1661, eliminating the power of the nobles. A new administrative system was introduced. Departments organized by portfolio were established in Copenhagen, while Norway was divided into

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in the 1970s, receiving an area of 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi). A series of border disputes followed; agreements were reached with Denmark and Iceland in the 1990s, but the border in the

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Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark, because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined. Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of

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started being salted, which required fishermen to buy salt from merchants. The first important period of Norwegian shipping was between 1690 and 1710, but the advantage was lost with Denmark–Norway entering the

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retained distinct dialects. Professional administration was now needed and power shifted from the pincial nobility to the royal administration: district stipendiary magistrates were appointed as judges and the

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in Bergen in return for recognition of her right to rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations. Even worse were the pirates, the

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living at the mercy of the farmer. There were 48,000 smallholders in 1800. Compared to Denmark, taxes were very low in Norway, typically at four to ten percent of the harvest, although the number of farms per

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contained Norwegians. Norway benefitted from the many European wars of the 18th century. As a neutral power it was able to expand its share of the shipping market. It also supplied timber to foreign navies.

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in 1709. However, Norwegian shipping regained its strength towards the end of the century. Many Norwegians earned a living as sailors in foreign ships, especially Dutch ones. The crews in both sides of the

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became an important resource in this period and the government secured laws to hinder foreigners from controlling waterfalls, mines and forests. Large industrial companies established in these years were

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introduced Norway's first television broadcasts. Norway feared competition from Swedish industry and Danish agriculture and chose not to join any free trade organizations until 1960, when it joined the

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resulted in a brutalization of society and 30,000 people were imprisoned. 55,000 people joined the National Unity Party, which became the only legal party. But the nazification process failed after the

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between Christiania and Eidsvoll opened in 1854, followed a year later by the first telegraph line. Export industry commenced with steam-powered sawmills in the 1860s, followed by canned herring,

1462:, which were brought to the Norwegian farms as a slave workforce. Whenever the men were engaged in warfare and voyages, the homestead was run by those remaining at home, supervised by the wife. 2716:. Although strong during the 1920s, they were marginalized through the 1930s. A short-lived Labor Government reigned in 1928, but did not establish a sound parliamentary support until the 1935 1693:) became the Christian centre of Norway. Within a few years the Danish rule had become sufficiently unpopular that Norway again united under a Norwegian king, Magnus Olavson the Good, in 1035. 1097:

and separate institutions, except for the foreign service. The union was formally established after the extraordinary Storting adopted the necessary amendments to the Constitution and elected

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Kvam, Vegard. "Compulsory school attendance as a child welfare initiative: the socio-political function of education legislation with respect to vulnerable children in Norway, 1814–1900."

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was the first in the world when it was established in 1972. A network of regional airports were built in Western and Northern Norway in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Membership in the

6000: 1561:. He also established the leidang, a mobilization army/navy. Haakon made an unsuccessful attempt to introduce Christianity in Norway. After his death in 960, war broke out between the 3932: 3585: 2085:

were repossessed. The period under absolutism increased the ratio of self-owning farmers from twenty to fifty percent, largely through sales of crown land to finance the lost wars.

5515: 1946:, strengthening the king's power. All church valuables were sent to Copenhagen and the forty percent of the land which was owned by the church came under the control of the king. 2320:. The first half of the century was dominated by the ca. 2,000 officials, as there were few bourgeois and no aristocracy following an 1821 decision to abolish nobility. From the 2943:(NATO). However, Norway never allowed permanently stationed foreign troops or nuclear weapons on Norwegian soil to avoid agitating the Soviet Union, with which Norway from 1944 2627:

was introduced in 1913—as the second country in the world. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians carried out a series of polar expeditions. The most important explorers were

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In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern

5209: 3733: 3303: 18: 465: 1918:, who invited the old king Christian II back from his exile in the Netherlands. Christian returned but his army was defeated and he spent the rest of his life in prison. 1824:

was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Hanse, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegians, which resulted in

1348:, a sacred place where all free men from the surrounding area would assemble and could settle disputes and determine sanctions for crimes, such as paying fines in food. 3962: 3901: 1759:, with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century. Throughout the 1106: 4725: 3054: 2892:

private consumption allowing for higher industrial investments. The Labor Party retained power throughout the period and maintained a policy of public planning. The

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ships. In October 2018, Norwegian archaeologists headed by the archaeologist Lars Gustavsen announced the discovery of a buried 20 m long Gjellestad Viking ship in

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as the first European country. The Liberal Party introduced a series of legal reforms, such as increasing the voting rights to about half of all men, settling the

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between 1611 and 1613 saw 8,000 Norwegian peasants conscripted. Despite lack of training, Denmark–Norway won and Sweden abandoned its claims to the land between

1081:. However, no foreign powers recognized the Norwegian independence but supported the Swedish demand for Norway to comply with the treaty of Kiel. After a short 5682: 3367: 2931:. However, there was no enthusiasm for the UN at the time. Anti-communism grew with a Soviet proposal for joint control over Svalbard and especially after the 2578:

appointed in 1905, Parliament voted to establish a Norwegian consular service. This was rejected by the king and on 7 June Parliament unanimously approved the

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was established in 1920, although this period saw a rise of support for the Conservatives. The Labor Party split in 1921, with the left wing establishing the

7060: 6311:(Princeton University Press; 2014) 543 pages; the history of the Scandinavian social model as it developed after the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905. 6131: 5884: 1284:. According to Ante Aikio the formation of the Sámi language was completed in its southernmost area of usage (central Scandinavia, South Sápmi) by 500 AD. 2947:. NATO financed large parts of the Norwegian military investments, which ultimately resulted in numerous airports being built during the 1950s and 1960s. 5975: 3248: 3777: 7553: 6179:

Kunkeler, Nathaniël, and Martin Kristoffer Hamre. "Conceptions and Practices of International Fascism in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, 1930–40."

2579: 2553: 1531:(circa 870–900). He set up the basics of a state administration with stewards seated at the most important estates of vanquished or exiled chieftains. 362: 983:. Gradually, between 1,500 BC and 500 BC, agricultural settlements spread to the entire south Norway, while the inhabitants of the regions north of 2052:, each led by a district governor, and further subdivided into bailiwicks. About 1,600 government officials were appointed throughout the country. 4145: 3088:

field—which proved to be among the ten largest fields in the world. Operations of the fields was split between foreign operators, the state-owned

5845: 4114: 356: 5650: 4083: 2366: 1943: 1066: 286: 6202: 5945: 4769: 5996: 3566: 1537:, then uninhabited, was discovered by Norwegians during the late 9th century. By 930 the island had been divided among 400 Norse chieftains. 1407:

Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.

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imposed in 1661. In 1814, after being on the losing side of the Napoleonic Wars with Denmark, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden by the

3924: 3240:, became Norway's second largest company by 1985, just to go bankrupt by 1993. Unemployment reached record-high levels in the early 1990s. 1775:. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position, and many aristocrats lost their surplus income, reducing some to mere farmers. High 6487: 2583: 503: 5031: 3844:

Aikio, Ante (2004), "An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami", in Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.),

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was created in 1961 by former Labor politicians who disagreed with the Labor Party's NATO, nuclear and European policies. Following the

2692:. Some merchants made huge profits from trade and shipping during the war, resulting in an increased division between the classes. The 1701: 1121:

were important sources of income for the country. The following decades saw a fluctuating economy and the rise of the labor movement.

7053: 3439:, the leader of Norway's center-left Labor Party, took office on 14 October 2021. He formed a minority coalition government with the 2888:

being introduced. Reconstruction after the war gave Norway the highest economic growth in Europe until 1950, partly created through

1355:. Trading with Romans also took place, largely furs and skins in exchange for luxury goods. Some Scandinavians also served as Roman 3371: 2861: 1378:

tribes migrated northwards and local farmers wanted protection. This also resulted in the construction of simple fortifications. A

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The textile industry started in the 1840s, which was followed up with mechanical workshops to build new machinery as the British

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armor, and were well trained. In addition to gold and silver, an important purpose from the raids was the capture and trading of

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joined them in January 2019. The Progress Party left the coalition in January 2020, but it continued to support the government.

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By 1990, Norway was Europe's largest oil producer and by 1995 it was the world's second-largest oil exporter. Membership in the

1667:, built churches and created an institution of priests. Many chieftains feared that Christianization would rob them of power as 1436:

The Viking Age was a period of Scandinavian expansion through trade, raids and colonization. One of the first raids was against

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Roy, Chiraag, Anthony Ware, and Costas Laoutides. "The political economy of Norwegian peacemaking in Myanmar's peace process."

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to take control and hilltop forts to be constructed. From the 8th century Norwegians started expanding across the seas to the

7646: 6436: 6397: 6378: 6359: 3448: 3421: 3405: 3332: 3181: 3009: 2909: 2536: 2473: 2400: 2321: 949: 4902: 3954: 3893: 2586:, only 184 people voted in favor of a union. The government offered the Norwegian crown to Denmark's Prince Carl, who after 7046: 6032:

Andresen, Astri, and Kari Tove Elvbakken. "In peace and war: birth control and population policies in Norway (1930–1945)."

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about 12,000 BC. The first immigration took place during this period as the Norwegian coast offered rich opportunities for

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to two-thirds of the country's audited national income was transferred to Copenhagen. In the last decades of the century,

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shifted their focus from defending an invasion to being mobile for use in NATO operations abroad and participated in the

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was built, the issue shifted the political climate and made large-scale hydroelectricity project difficult to built. The

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took control of Norwegian trade in the 14th century and established trading posts in most Norwegian port cities, such as

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The Versatile Farmers of the North; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power, 1750–1814

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on 17 May 1814. Power would be split between the king – a position to which Christian Frederik was appointed – and the

2419:. From 1850 to 1880 the Norwegian shipping industry enjoyed a large boom, stimulated by the abolishing of the British 1034:. The population expanded quickly until 1349 (Oslo: 3,000; Bergen: 7,000; Trondheim: 4,000) when it was halved by the 7813: 7118: 6323: 6116:

Goksøyr, Matti, and Gaute Heyerdahl. "The 1952 and 1994 Olympic Flames: Norway's Quest for Winter Olympic Identity."

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The last century BC saw a widespread cultural development. The Norse adapted letters and created their own alphabet,

716: 6302: 3848:, Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, vol. 63, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pp. 5–34 1363:. They functioned as priests and accepted sacrifices from farmers which were again used to pay soldiers, creating a 8140: 7942: 7651: 7521: 6987: 6582: 3209: 3101: 2708:

Norway had nine governments between 1918 and 1935, nearly all minority and lasting an average eighteen months. The

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the Norwegian merchant marine was largely used in support of the British, resulting in Norway being classified as

7548: 7012: 6615: 6480: 6247: 3545: 3157:, and Oslo became the center-point of immigration, although regulations from 1975 slowed this significantly. The 2989: 2896:

was created in 1946. The 1950s saw a boom in construction of hydroelectricity and the state built the steel mill

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Ancient constitutions and modern monarchy: historical writing and enlightened reform in Denmark-Norway 1730–1814

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Dackling, Martin. "Traditional or modern peasants? odelsrett and bördsrätt in parliamentary debates, 1810–1860"

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to finance new road projects. A banking crisis hit Norway in the late 1980s, causing the largest banks, such as

1713:, who introduced clear succession laws. He also managed to subject Greenland and Iceland to Norwegian rule; the 8102: 7712: 6799: 6632: 6570: 2696:

was dominated by economic instability caused among other by strikes, lock-outs and the monetary policy causing

2385: 2333: 2230: 1315:. The climate changes also meant that farmers started building more solid structures for shelter. Knowledge of 5967: 1677:, and had Olaf banished from Norway in 1028. When he tried to return in 1030, he was met by the locals in the 1440:

in 793 and is considered the beginning of the Viking Age. This was possible because of the development of the

7856: 7732: 7573: 7432: 7325: 7138: 7007: 6916: 6110: 3773: 3670: 3444: 2844: 2839: 2702: 2194: 1272:. Some yields were so high that it allowed farmers to trade furs and skins for luxury items, especially with 444: 6328:

Taylor, Louisa. "Bishops, war, and canon law: The Military Activities of Prelates in High Medieval Norway."

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inherited both the Norwegian and Danish thrones, creating a union between the two countries. In 1397, under

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Myhre, Jan Eivind. "Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond: Evolution and Professionalisation."

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Loftsgarden, Kjetil. "Mass Production and Mountain Marketplaces in Norway in the Viking and Middle Ages."

3420:, was elected. The transition came amid an economy in good condition, with low unemployment. In Norwegian 2923:

Norway retained its neutrality policy until 1947, focusing on its membership in the United Nations, where

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the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives.

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League in Bergen was broken; though German craftsmen remained, they had to accept Danish-Norwegian rule.

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A climate shift with colder weather started about 500 BC. The forests, which had previously consisted of

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as staple foods. Between 5,000 BC and 4,000 BC the earliest agricultural settlements appeared around the

821: 389: 383: 341: 3650:(left) announce that Norway and Russia have settled the long conflict over their maritime border in the 3041:

ever-more conversion of waterfalls to hydro stations, pollution and the dilapidation of herring stocks.

2935:, after which the Communist Party lost all influence. Norway started negotiations for the creation of a 2053: 1864:, who resided in the country for several years. Norway did not take any part in the events which led to 8199: 8118: 7910: 7861: 7808: 7406: 7358: 7250: 7245: 7022: 7017: 6473: 6235:

Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different."

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Götz, Norbert (2009). "The Absent-Minded Founder: Norway and the Establishment of the United Nations".

3344: 2936: 2329: 2309: 1960: 1780: 1391:. Some chieftains were able to control most of the trade and grew in power throughout the 8th century. 1218:, with technology from southern Scandinavia. The break-through occurred between 2900 and 2500 BC, when 826: 489: 439: 67: 6172:

Kjølsvik, Idar, and Herborg Finnset. "Norway's Millennium of Christianity and Decade of Celebration."

5837: 5622: 8087: 7823: 7661: 7641: 7631: 6992: 6746: 6707: 6057:

Brégaint, David. "Kings and aristocratic elites: communicating power and status in medieval Norway."

3174: 2717: 2713: 2125:. Fishing continued to be an important income for farmers along the coast, but from the 18th century 1865: 1543:– the son of Harald Fairhair, raised in England – assumed the crown in 930 and established two large 942: 6458: 6419: 6291: 6121: 6072: 6062: 4176: 1342:. They would offer protection from other clans; if conflicts arose, the issue would be decided at a 8092: 7922: 7772: 7762: 7666: 7626: 7543: 7501: 7363: 7210: 5937: 4761: 3284: 3264: 2944: 2497: 2360: 2339: 2262:

on 7 October, and the necessary amendments were resolved on 4 November 1814. On the same day, king

2165: 2036: 1935: 1512: 1504: 806: 317: 147: 5153:

Kathleen Stokker, "Heil Hitler; God Save the King: Jokes and the Norwegian Resistance 1940–1945,"

2901: 2701:

production increased by eighty percent from 1915 to 1939, the number of jobs remained stable. The

8128: 7957: 7737: 7636: 7616: 7368: 7330: 6997: 6655: 6184: 6160:

Secret Alliances: Special Operations and Intelligence in Norway 1940–1945–The British Perspective

3675: 3417: 3194: 3117: 3097: 3033: 2835: 2749: 2391:

The population decrease resulted in a labor shortage in the agriculture, which again resulted in

2354:

hindered import of textile machinery. An economic crisis hit the country from 1848, resulting in

2003:

in 1618–48, a new conscription system was created in which the country was subdivided into 6,000

1915: 1861: 1697: 1235: 1147: 652: 228: 102: 3037: 1489:

settled on the east coast of Ireland circa 800 and founded the island's first cities, including

8123: 8082: 8017: 7932: 7886: 7747: 7707: 7702: 7595: 7451: 7310: 6821: 6650: 3846:

Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag

3398: 3328: 3252: 2721: 2720:, based on an alliance with the Agrarian Party. During the 1920s and 1930s, Norway established 2575: 2477: 2312:

on 17 May became an important political rally every year; in 1829 the Swedish governor-general

2234: 2179: 1899: 1714: 1705: 1260:, permanent farms with houses and yards, especially in the fertile areas around the Oslofjord, 1098: 1078: 745: 740: 589: 449: 323: 183: 23: 6136:

Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018."

8097: 7952: 7742: 7511: 7280: 7240: 7220: 7200: 7103: 6901: 6766: 5035: 3541: 3494: 3440: 3340: 3212:

to connect island communities to the mainland. From the 1980s, the largest cities introduced

3042: 2881: 2709: 2540: 2296: 2106:

was introduced in 1736; as it required people to read, elementary education was introduced.

1817: 1767: 1581: 1520: 1208: 1019: 831: 634: 454: 159: 6279:

Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed.

1214:

The first farming, and thus the start of the Neolithic period, began ca. 4000 BC around the

8072: 7962: 7777: 7396: 7215: 6956: 6951: 6891: 6826: 6731: 6153: 3490: 3308: 3288: 3154: 2917: 2893: 2531:

The 1880s and 1890s saw the rise of the labor movement and trade unions became common; the

2521: 2485: 2423:. By 1880 there were 60,000 Norwegian seamen and the country had the world's third-largest 2325: 2317: 2238: 2007:, each required to support one soldier. Denmark–Norway lost the war and was forced to cede 2000: 1825: 1718: 1710: 1678: 1596:

Several Viking ships in burial mounds have been found and placed in museums, including the

1528: 1482: 1332: 1256:

The Bronze Age began around 1800 BC and involved innovations such as ploughing fields with

935: 866: 667: 619: 520: 165: 120: 292: 8: 8037: 7967: 7937: 7891: 7866: 7722: 7621: 7604: 7416: 7401: 7348: 7295: 7290: 7265: 7123: 6921: 6851: 6794: 6711: 6537: 5068: 3572: 3386: 3382: 3005: 2624: 2081:

The population of Norway increased from 150,000 in 1500 to 900,000 in 1800. By 1500 most

2059: 2044: 2016: 1911: 1749: 1605: 1231: 1153: 7386: 7038: 3436: 2598:, factory inspection, a ten-hour working day and worker protection laws. Waterfalls for 2189:

on France's side in 1807. This had a devastating effect on the Norwegian economy as the

2063: 1168:. Increased ice receding from 8000 BC led to settlement along the entire coastline. The 599: 8067: 7994: 7984: 7871: 7752: 7685: 7538: 7320: 7270: 7230: 7183: 7178: 7168: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7128: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7027: 6931: 6715: 6667: 6662: 6565: 6555: 6512: 6504: 6446: 6407: 5803: 5320: 4115:"A Rare Viking Ship Burial Was Just Discovered in Norway, Less Than 2 Feet Underground" 3537: 3482: 3170: 3142: 3127: 3110: 3081: 2826: 2779: 2769: 2525: 2396: 2250: 2217: 2153: 2145: 2131: 2049: 1951: 1891: 1845: 1813: 1545: 1316: 1239: 1086: 1058: 780: 706: 624: 614: 604: 353: 335: 280: 3023:

in 1962 concluded the construction of new railway routes, while the first part of the

1959:

became employees of the crown rather than of the local nobility. In 1572 (or 1556), a

1189: 8164: 8052: 8009: 7989: 7896: 7881: 7851: 7791: 7496: 7411: 7353: 7315: 7305: 7285: 7275: 7260: 7235: 7205: 7173: 7158: 7133: 7069: 6906: 6881: 6861: 6841: 6831: 6721: 6703: 6672: 6605: 6522: 6496: 6432: 6393: 6374: 6355: 6319: 6257: 6126:

Grytten, Ola. "Revising growth history: new estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019"

5642: 5324: 3280: 3113:

and dividends from Statoil gave high income from the oil industry to the government.

3001: 2199: 2067: 2040: 1976: 1964: 1654: 1650: 1251: 785: 662: 639: 140: 114: 6212: 6045:

The power of the periphery: How Norway became an environmental pioneer for the world

2395:

and thus capital. The government stimulated the process through the creation of the

2224:

to gain support for his person, and then assembled twenty-one prominent citizens at

1642: 1540: 8047: 7947: 7803: 7491: 7300: 7225: 7195: 6896: 6811: 6756: 6726: 6677: 6637: 6620: 6610: 6545: 6517: 5634: 5312: 3643: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3591: 3409: 3221: 3158: 3146: 2997: 2818: 2817:

proclaimed himself prime minister and appointed a government with members from the

2685: 2646: 2599: 2557: 2221: 2136: 2118: 1849: 1838: 1801: 1772: 1760: 1745: 1681:, where Olaf was killed, in accordance with the law. The church elevated Olaf I to 1659: 1562: 1500: 1375: 1371: 1344: 1277: 1169: 1126: 1118: 1070: 1047: 995: 816: 674: 657: 261: 242: 215: 195: 189: 126: 108: 51: 5638: 3502: 2403:

eight years later. The 19th century saw a large increase of road construction and

2278: 1979:) and the Dutch controlled the export of Norwegian timber for the next 150 years. 1828:. However, Norway and its Council of State was too weak to secede from the union. 1280:

arrived in the north and assimilated with the indigenous population, becoming the

8173: 8077: 8062: 7999: 7927: 7833: 7568: 6936: 6911: 6699: 6682: 6527: 6004: 5906: 5772: 5165: 4910: 3647: 3268: 3217: 2814: 2765: 2745: 2733: 2693: 2628: 2594:. The following ten years, Parliament passed a series of social reforms, such as 2501: 2436: 2424: 2420: 2377: 2186: 1947: 1931: 1646: 1638: 1516: 1261: 1110: 395: 368: 4053: 3695: 3205: 3190: 2332:

from 1838. Cultural expression from the 1840s to the 1870s was dominated by the

2122: 975:. They were hunter-gatherers whose diet included seafood and game, particularly 8145: 8133: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6846: 6836: 6751: 6694: 6587: 6550: 6262:

Nelsen, Brent F. "Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962–90."

5205: 4732: 3549: 3506: 3474: 3428:

won re-election. In January 2018, the Liberal Party joined the government, the

3401:, killing 77 people. It was the worst ever gun massacre made by an individual. 3312: 3260: 3244: 3093: 2897: 2877: 2822: 2729: 2688:. Half the Norwegian fleet was sunk and 2,000 seamen were killed by the German 2654: 2650: 2632: 2493: 2225: 2203: 2090: 1968: 1877: 1674: 1494: 1466: 1114: 1074: 894: 880: 852: 721: 701: 5316: 3696:"Norway Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption" 3020: 2972: 2829:

continued in Northern Norway and the government fled to London on 7 June. The

8193: 8178: 8022: 6982: 6781: 5811: 5675: 5646: 3623: 3351: 3256: 3237: 3016: 2956: 2885: 2662: 2658: 2636: 2444: 2440: 2355: 2169: 2082: 1996: 1987:

The 17th century saw a series of wars between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. The

1903: 1524: 1474: 1185: 1173: 1003: 922: 908: 479: 55: 39: 2460: 2428: 2012: 1622: 58:(1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730. 8057: 7846: 7533: 6941: 6771: 6642: 6560: 3425: 3229: 3185: 3132: 2983:

The sale of cars was deregulated in October 1960, and in the same year the

2869: 2838:

resigned and both organized sports and bishops boycotted the new regime. A

2787: 2562: 2263: 2110: 2103: 2094: 2086: 1939: 1857: 1821: 1664: 1577: 1569: 1257: 1157: 1051: 971:. They traveled steadily northwards along the coastal areas, warmed by the 811: 774: 696: 255: 27: 4146:"For the First Time in a Century, Norway Will Excavate Viking Ship Burial" 2725: 2174: 1558: 984: 7841: 6926: 6804: 6789: 6761: 6597: 5722: 5355:

Kai R. Pedersen, "Norwegian Business and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1952."

4906: 4765: 3651: 3557: 3320: 3316: 3122: 3065: 2681: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2300: 2152:

movement, which demanded the right to preach the word of God freely. The

1907: 1882: 1779:

made the church more powerful, and the archbishop became a member of the

1437: 1404: 1356: 1281: 1227: 1226:, pigs, cattle, sheep and goats became common and spread as far north as 1204: 1198: 1062: 1057:

After Sweden left the union in 1523, Norway became the junior partner in

1035: 1031: 972: 528: 249: 4383: 3925:"Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts" 2464: 2020: 2008: 1841:", who launched three devastating raids on the port (the last in 1427). 1786: 1549:, assemblies in which the king met with the free men to make decisions: 1469:

caused Norwegians to travel to and colonize sparsely populated areas of

1379: 1165: 1039: 7979: 7506: 6689: 6309:

The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century

5158: 3619: 3595: 3560:

during a state visit in Washington, D.C., United States, in March 2005.

3553: 3525:

Jens Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2005 until 2013.

3363: 3359: 3355: 3233: 3225: 3198: 3169:. The case united the environmental and Sami interest groups; although 3166: 3029: 3024: 2924: 2913: 2591: 2408: 2242: 2233:

gathered and, after six weeks of discussion, concluded the work on the

2190: 1992: 1988: 1975:

this. In 1544 a deal was struck with the Netherlands (then part of the

1895: 1890:

Sweden was able to pull out of the Kalmar Union in 1523, thus creating

1756: 1554: 1455: 1445: 1416: 1015: 750: 679: 153: 87: 3267:—connected to the capital with Norway's first high-speed railway, the 2868:

and 25 were executed. The post-war years saw an increased interest in

2455: 2287: 2266:

of Sweden was elected king of Norway, thereby establishing the Union.

1942:, dissolving the Norwegian Council of State. The Reformation was also 6736: 3955:"1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway" 3213: 3162: 3106: 3077: 3069: 2976: 2889: 2737: 2697: 2567: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2381: 2372: 2209: 2126: 1980: 1690: 1682: 1573: 1426: 1388: 1384: 1360: 1215: 1011: 999: 991: 980: 755: 536: 6465: 6272:

Riste, Olav. "Britain and Norway: from War to Cold War, 1944–1951."

5938:"Norway's right-wing government wins re-election fought on oil, tax" 2916:

allowed for governmental control over private debt. Oslo hosted the

2509: 1833: 7757: 6946: 6741: 6150:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

3336: 3295:

resulted in cooperation with Russia and reduced military activity.

3292: 2960: 2774: 2741: 2595: 2489: 2305: 1956: 1733: 1588:. Unlike Greenland, no permanent settlement was established there. 1550: 1478: 1470: 1441: 1367:. Thus they were able to rule an area of several clans and tribes. 1296: 1181: 1094: 976: 684: 7443: 6228:

Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden."

5623:"Norway's urban toll rings: Evolving towards congestion charging?" 3394: 2847:

on 8 May 1945, there were 360,000 German soldiers in the country.

2343: 1269: 1265: 6816: 6627: 3498: 3486: 3478: 3375: 3276: 3272: 3089: 3085: 2865: 2666: 2513: 2351: 2269: 2149: 2113:

as the basis for commerce, which involved import regulations and

1737: 1686: 1601: 1597: 1585: 1534: 1486: 1451: 1430: 1273: 1161: 1027: 1007: 564: 557: 551: 47: 43: 31: 6084:

Eitrheim, Øyvind, Jan Tore Klovland, and Lars Fredrik Øksendal.

5621:

Ieromonachou, P.; Potter, S.; Warren, J. P. (1 September 2006).

3447:. The previous center-right government was ousted in the 13 Sep 3189:

which ultimately forced an increase in taxes and Prime Minister

1669: 7516: 7474: 5065:

Erik J. Friis, "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45" in

4084:"Viking ship burial discovered in Norway just 50cm underground" 3408:, voters ended eight years of Labor rule led by Prime Minister 2484:, run for election, and subsequently the majority succeeded at 2114: 2074: 1971:

was founded, and professional military officers were employed.

1809: 1741: 1490: 1459: 1400: 1312: 1223: 1043: 968: 575: 570: 35: 6152:, ed. by Ute Daniel, et al. (Freie Universität Berlin, 2016). 2431:

connected the capital to Trondheim in 1877. Norway joined the

2206:

signed on 14 January 1814 ceded Norway to the king of Sweden.

1497:

kings to ally, and by 900 they had driven out the Norwegians.

8027: 2604: 1776: 1352: 1320: 1304: 1292: 1194: 1177: 3138: 2669:, the tent erected at the South Pole on 16 December 1911 as 2026: 1696:

From the 1040s to 1130 the country was at peace. In 1130, a

1421: 1152:

Norway's coastline rose from glaciation with the end of the

4388:. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. p. 514. 3510: 2517: 2407:

services commenced along the coast. The first railway, the

2259: 1805: 1364: 1339: 1308: 1219: 1164:, and by 9300 BC they were already settled as far north as 1130: 2316:

resigned after he used force against demonstrators in the

7068: 5767:

Hove-Ødegård, Arne; Celius, Sten; Brun, Ivar Ole (2004).

3726:"Lessons from Norway, the world's most inclusive economy" 2283: 1637:

and the abolition of the traditional Asatru reflected in

1572:, a Norwegian-born man, a group of Icelanders settled on 1300: 1288: 1109:

in 1905. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians such as

5620: 5202:"Passport Issues, Citizenship and National Registration" 3894:"Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics" 2939:, but instead opted to become a founding member of the 1844:

Norway slipped ever more into the background under the

5766: 5683:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3435:

Norway's new center-left cabinet under Prime Minister

2089:

became common in the absolutism period, especially in

1921: 1511:

The mid-9th century saw the largest chieftains of the

1117:

carried out important polar expeditions. Shipping and

5907:"Norway election: Conservative Erna Solberg triumphs" 1565:

and the Earls of Lade in alliance with Danish kings.

1527:

and was able to unify the country after the decisive

1160:, fishing, and hunting. These early inhabitants were 3259:. Large public investments in the 1990s were a new 3135:became a new, profitable industry along the coast. 3045:was created as the country's first in 1962 and the 2056:was the most famous viceroy of Norway (1664–1699). 1934:broke out between the supporters of his eldest son 1444:, suitable for travel across the sea, and advanced 6027:Britain and Norway in Europe Since 1945: Outsiders 6020:Foreign relations of Norway § Further reading 4177:"Vil grave fram det første vikingskipet på 100 år" 4174: 3271:. A number of large government companies, such as 2643:in 1911 became the first to reach the South Pole. 2554:Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 1326: 1245: 6316:History of Norway from the Ice Age to the Oil Age 5508:"Russia and Norway strike Arctic sea border deal" 5506:Dyomkin, Denis; Fouche, Gwladys (27 April 2010). 3774:"'Søgnekvinnen' – Norway's Oldest Human Skeleton" 1077:. Norway declared its independence and adopted a 8191: 6107:Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway 5877:"The Top 5 Worst Gun Massacres by an Individual" 3869: 3867: 2508:by establishing two official written standards, 2450: 1860:in 1502. Norwegians had some affection for king 1812:, which had the largest German colony. In 1380, 1046:became the main trading port, controlled by the 5972:Norway's News in English — www.newsinenglish.no 4789: 4787: 3818: 3816: 1950:was introduced as a written language, although 1744:, once the centre of trade in Norway under the 1728: 1721:civil war resulted in a pro-Norwegian victory. 6387: 5936:Dagenborg, Henrik Stolen (12 September 2017). 5067:Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. 3424:the center-right government of Prime Minister 3004:ruled for a month. The Conservative coalition 1866:Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s 7459: 7054: 6481: 6118:International Journal of the History of Sport 6102:(Dec 1955) 5#12 pp 833–838, covers 1814–1905. 5997:Norways Prime Minister present his government 5726:(in Norwegian). 24 December 1993. p. 11. 5505: 3864: 2336:, which emphasized the uniqueness of Norway. 943: 497: 30:with their surrounding territories: northern 6431:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 6373:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 5802: 5071:on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday 4784: 4175:miljødepartementet, Klima-og (12 May 2020). 3813: 3100:in 1977 and 123 people were killed when the 3092:, the partially state-owned Norsk Hydro and 2193:hindered export by ship and import of food. 2178:The Constituent Assembly which approved the 1591: 6098:Falls, Cyril. "The Independence of Norway" 2862:legal purge took place in Norway after WWII 2821:. He was quickly set aside and replaced by 2427:. As the first coast-to-coast railway, the 1370:The chieftains' power increased during the 1359:. Some of the most powerful farmers became 7466: 7452: 7061: 7047: 6488: 6474: 6299:Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890–1940 5771:. Lillehammer Municipality. Archived from 4720: 4718: 4716: 3362:in Thailand and the other part across the 2864:in which 53,000 people were sentenced for 1755:The 13th century is described as Norway's 1394: 1234:, which brought new weapons, tools and an 1230:. This period also saw the arrival of the 1026:was completed during the 11th century and 950: 936: 504: 490: 7778:Membership of International organizations 6211:(Princeton University Press, 1967) 576pp 5935: 5808:"Fra invasjonsforsvar til innsatsforsvar" 5670: 5668: 3208:opened in 1982 and since the country has 2102:decreased from four to two in the 1670s. 1323:, resulting in better weapons and tools. 6392:(in Norwegian). Lysaker: Dinamo Forlag. 5735: 5733: 5544: 5542: 5492: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5367: 5365: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5229: 5227: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5173: 3343:in 2011. They were also involved in the 3302: 3137: 3064: 2971: 2773: 2645: 2561: 2454: 2365: 2338: 2277: 2253:on 14 August Norway accepted to enter a 2208: 2173: 2058: 1963:was appointed for Norway with a seat at 1881: 1785: 1732: 1621: 1499: 1420: 1203: 17: 6426: 6388:Stenersen, Øyvind; Libæk, Ivar (2003). 6086:A monetary history of Norway, 1816–2016 4713: 3922: 2623:was established the following year and 2533:Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions 1999:. With the Danish participation in the 1093:with Sweden, keeping its Constitution, 8192: 6368: 6354:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Andante Forlag. 5665: 5518:from the original on 30 September 2013 5032:"Historikk – Stavanger lufthavn, Sola" 4843: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4688: 4686: 4658: 4656: 4574: 4572: 4445: 4443: 4381: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4021: 4019: 3991: 3989: 3892:Bailey, Stephanie (26 February 2019). 3891: 3857: 3855: 2794: 2241:. The Swedish army under Crown prince 1101:as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. 7447: 7070:History of current European countries 7042: 6495: 6469: 6349: 6281:Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s 5968:"Progress leaves Solberg's coalition" 5887:from the original on 26 February 2022 5848:from the original on 13 December 2021 5818:from the original on 23 November 2011 5730: 5539: 5487: 5473: 5362: 5275: 5263: 5224: 5182: 5170: 4125:from the original on 14 November 2020 4112: 3904:from the original on 26 February 2019 3843: 3830: 3828: 3806: 3804: 2346:, a major copper mining town, in 1869 2299:was established as a currency by the 1871: 1523:when he entered an alliance with the 1465:The lack of suitable farming land in 6138:Scandinavian Economic History Review 5917:from the original on 18 October 2017 5720:"Landet rundt TBK overtar Dolphin". 5653:from the original on 17 October 2015 5302: 4156:from the original on 6 February 2021 4143: 3372:magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami 3109:became the center of this industry. 2524:and, as the first European country, 2159: 1930:When Frederick died and a three-way 1403:caused by the climate change in the 1201:, skis, sleds and large skin boats. 7473: 7003:History of the Mediterranean region 6088:(Cambridge University Press, 2016). 6047:(Cambridge University Press, 2020). 5359:1996 21(4): 285–301. ISSN 0346-8755 4838: 4826: 4814: 4683: 4653: 4569: 4440: 4375: 4303: 4289: 4113:Starr, Michelle (15 October 2018). 4016: 3986: 3852: 3598:redevelopment of Oslo's waterfront. 348:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 13: 6314:Stenersen, Øivind and Ivar Libæk. 4094:from the original on 13 April 2021 3965:from the original on 25 March 2020 3935:from the original on 25 March 2020 3825: 3801: 3594:opened in 2007 and is part of the 3251:, with Norway instead joining the 2985:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 2941:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2809: 2801:Diplomatic history of World War II 2537:Norwegian Employers' Confederation 1748:trade network, now preserved as a 1630:about 1265, at its greatest extent 14: 8211: 7585: 5692:from the original on 9 March 2013 4385:Dansk biografisk Lexikon, vol. 11 4187:from the original on 12 July 2023 3736:from the original on 25 June 2018 3706:from the original on 25 June 2018 2621:Norwegian Institute of Technology 1515:engaged in major power struggle. 1493:. Their arrival caused the petty 1481:, the latter of which became the 1125:between 1940 and 1945 during the 1054:with Denmark and Sweden in 1397. 371: 7594: 6988:Bibliography of European history 6583:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6237:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5990: 5960: 5948:from the original on 27 May 2020 5929: 5899: 5869: 5860: 5830: 5796: 5787: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5713: 5704: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5530: 5499: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5296: 5287: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5194: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5089: 5084:Oxford Companion to World War II 5076: 5059: 5050: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4772:from the original on 1 July 2012 4735:. pp. 44–45. Archived from 4064:from the original on 15 May 2011 3923:Ramming, Audrey (6 March 2020). 3780:from the original on 5 July 2014 3776:. Thornews.com. 7 January 2013. 3635: 3603: 3584: 3565: 3530: 3518: 3466: 2950: 2748:. Norway's first civil airport, 2535:was established in 1899 and the 994:period started in 4,000 BC. The 916: 902: 888: 874: 860: 846: 535: 473: 222: 86: 7013:History of Western civilization 6616:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6343: 6335:Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2014) 6330:Scandinavian Journal of History 6318:(3rd ed. Dinamo Forlag 2007), 6274:Scandinavian journal of history 6230:Scandinavian Journal of History 6181:Journal of Contemporary History 6148:Haug, Karl Erik. "Norway", in: 6069:Scandinavian Journal of History 6059:Scandinavian Journal of History 6013: 5978:from the original on 3 May 2023 5357:Scandinavian Journal of History 5097:Norway and the Second World War 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4805: 4796: 4754: 4704: 4695: 4674: 4665: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4392:from the original on 4 May 2018 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4168: 4137: 4106: 4076: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4007: 3998: 3977: 3947: 3916: 3885: 3876: 3837: 3546:First Lady of the United States 3298: 3180:The Conservative Party won the 2990:European Free Trade Association 2967: 2755: 2547: 2476:saw the first two parties, the 2249:in late July; at the armistice 1327:Nordic Iron Age (500 BC–800 AD) 1246:Nordic Bronze Age (1800–500 BC) 6857:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6800:Christianity in the modern era 6571:Christianity in late antiquity 6264:Scandinavian political studies 6081:(George Allen and Unwin, 1968) 4382:Bricka, Carl Frederik (1897). 3792: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3718: 3688: 3646:(right) and Russian President 3366:and Southeast Asia were among 3096:. Ekofisk experienced a major 2825:, but reinstated in 1942. The 1717:thus came to an end after the 1611: 1085:, the countries concluded the 1: 7574:Norwegian government-in-exile 7008:History of the European Union 6427:Thuesen, Nils Petter (2011). 6244:Contemporary European History 5639:10.1016/j.tranpol.2006.01.003 3681: 3671:Norway and the European Union 3577:financial crisis of 2007–2008 3473:Five Nordic Prime Ministers ( 3459: 3358:celebration, more than 80 of 3350:On 26 December 2004 during a 2933:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2703:Norwegian School of Economics 2451:The last decades of the Union 1791: 1657:, starting in 1015, made the 1410: 1374:between 400 and 550 as other 1276:. About 1000 BC, speakers of 1141: 1089:, in which Norway accepted a 7580: 7527:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 7522:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 6169:(U of Nebraska Press, 1998). 6162:(Biteback Publishing, 2021). 5838:"Tsunami victims remembered" 5676:"Regulatyr Reform in Norway" 5082:I.C.B Dear and M.R.D. Foot, 3626:(right) at the visit to the 3505:(right) from Sweden) at the 3080:started in 1966 and in 1969 2874:Scandinavian Airlines System 2855: 2328:, which established elected 2270:The State of the Officials ( 2073:and Norwegian gunboats near 2019:in 1657 to 1660 resulted in 1894:under the rule of a king in 1729:Decline and the Kalmar Union 1663:pass church laws, destroyed 1618:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 1129:, after which Norway joined 987:continued to hunt and fish. 420: 401: 7: 6967:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6578:Crisis of the Third Century 5034:. Avinor.no. Archived from 3666:Foreign relations of Norway 3659: 3614:(second left) and his wife 3451:after two four-year terms. 3422:parliamentary election 2017 3051:European Economic Community 3047:Ministry of the Environment 2910:State Educational Loan Fund 2762:German occupation of Norway 2740:and secured sovereignty of 2676:Norway adopted a policy of 2619:was completed in 1909, the 2488:the cabinet. In 1884, King 2435:in 1875 and introduced the 2433:Scandinavian Monetary Union 2185:Denmark–Norway entered the 2027:The Absolute Monarchy era ( 1649:, but he was killed in the 10: 8216: 7023:Military history of Europe 7018:Maritime history of Europe 6017: 5305:Diplomacy & Statecraft 3454: 3368:thousands of people killed 3345:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 3193:was forced to resign. The 3161:started in the 1970s when 3060: 2937:Scandinavian defense union 2904:. State banks such as the 2850: 2798: 2759: 2551: 2492:appointed majority leader 2401:State Agricultural College 2393:increased use of machinery 2163: 1875: 1615: 1414: 1330: 1249: 1145: 440:Economic history of Norway 8158: 8111: 8008: 7918: 7909: 7799: 7790: 7693: 7684: 7612: 7603: 7592: 7482: 7425: 7377: 7339: 7076: 6993:Genetic history of Europe 6975: 6780: 6596: 6536: 6503: 6369:Steine, Tor Olav (1992). 6254:A brief history of Norway 6079:A Short History of Norway 6050:Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. 5317:10.1080/09592290903455741 4726:"Railway Statistics 2008" 4054:"Landnámabók (Sturlubók)" 3642:Norwegian Prime Minister 3610:Norwegian Prime Minister 3307:Norwegian Prime Minister 3177:was established in 1989. 2705:was established in 1936. 2156:was established in 1811. 1576:in the 980s. Erik's son, 7698:Administrative divisions 7544:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 6290:42.9 (2021): 2172–2188. 6130:(Feb 2022, 75#pp 181–20 6029:(Springer Nature, 2020). 5157:(1991) 50#2 pp. 171–190 4183:(in Norwegian Nynorsk). 3397:by the Norwegian gunman 3311:met with U.S. President 3265:Oslo Airport, Gardermoen 3184:and carried out a large 2994:Socialist People's Party 2690:Atlantic U-boat Campaign 2580:dissolution of the union 2539:the following year. The 2361:Midwestern United States 2166:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 2121:and the copper mines in 2093:and Trøndelag, with the 2054:Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve 1702:succession to the throne 1505:Petty kingdoms of Norway 1454:were well equipped, had 1319:was introduced from the 7814:Government Pension Fund 6998:History of Christianity 6232:15.3–4 (1990): 269–278. 6199:Perspectives on Science 6128:Economic History Review 6003:26 October 2021 at the 5769:"An Olympic Fairy Tale" 4762:"Norges Bank's history" 3676:Arctic policy of Norway 3538:Norwegian King Harald V 3406:2013 Storting elections 3387:Government Headquarters 3118:exclusive economic zone 3116:Norway established its 3034:University of Trondheim 2023:being ceded to Sweden. 1916:Archbishop of Trondheim 1641:was first attempted by 1592:Archaeological findings 1584:in ca. 1000, naming it 1553:for Western Norway and 1395:Archaeological findings 1238:, from which later the 1148:Scandinavian prehistory 1123:Germany occupied Norway 7119:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6822:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6350:Malmø, Morten (1997). 6266:15.4 (1992): 307–328. 6140:68.2 (2020): 129–144. 3575:languishes during the 3493:(center) from Norway, 3399:Anders Behring Breivik 3393:camp at the island of 3329:Norwegian Armed Forces 3324: 3253:European Economic Area 3149: 3073: 3015:The completion of the 2980: 2783: 2718:Nygaardsvold's Cabinet 2673: 2584:dissolution referendum 2571: 2468: 2388: 2347: 2291: 2235:Constitution of Norway 2214: 2182: 2180:Constitution of Norway 2109:The entire period saw 2078: 1922:The Puppet State era ( 1887: 1797: 1752: 1715:Icelandic Commonwealth 1706:Archdiocese of Nidaros 1631: 1508: 1433: 1211: 1099:Charles XIII of Sweden 378:Possession annexations 184:Military Establishment 59: 24:Scandinavian Peninsula 6902:Industrial Revolution 6390:The History of Norway 6339:(Nisus Publications). 6332:45.3 (2020): 263–285. 6288:Third World Quarterly 6276:37.2 (2012): 164–170. 6246:28.3 (2019): 409–421 6201:30.1 (2022): 77–107. 6193:47.5 (2018): 587–610. 6176:34.4 (2020): 410–424. 6052:The History of Norway 6036:35.3 (2020): 345–369 6034:Continuity and Change 6018:Further information: 5913:. 10 September 2013. 5086:(1995) pp 818–23 3542:Norwegian Queen Sonja 3513:, on 27 October 2003. 3495:Anders Fogh Rasmussen 3412:. A coalition of the 3391:Workers' Youth League 3385:saw an attack on the 3306: 3141: 3068: 3043:Rondane National Park 2975: 2927:had become the first 2882:Nordic Passport Union 2799:Further information: 2777: 2760:Further information: 2649: 2641:Amundsen's expedition 2565: 2552:Further information: 2458: 2369: 2342: 2297:Norwegian speciedaler 2281: 2212: 2195:Sweden invaded Norway 2177: 2062: 1967:in Oslo. In 1628 the 1886:Map of Denmark–Norway 1885: 1789: 1736: 1625: 1519:began the process of 1503: 1424: 1331:Further information: 1303:, were replaced with 1250:Further information: 1236:Indo-European dialect 1209:Rock carvings at Alta 1207: 1050:. Norway entered the 832:Scandinavian Airlines 647:Chronological history 56:Johann Baptist Homann 21: 8103:Romantic nationalism 7713:Correctional Service 7672:World Heritage Sites 6957:European debt crisis 6952:European integration 6892:Age of Enlightenment 6732:Republic of Florence 6371:Fenomenet Norsk Data 6307:Sejersted, Francis. 6239:4.2 (2006): 187–209. 6221:64.1 (2020): 94–115 6219:Medieval Archaeology 6191:History of Education 6183:57.1 (2022): 45–67. 6165:Kersaudy, Franöois. 6071:46.1 (2021): 63–83. 5844:. 28 December 2014. 5842:www.newsinenglish.no 5164:12 July 2023 at the 4150:Smithsonian Magazine 3730:World Economic Forum 3497:(second right) from 3491:Kjell Magne Bondevik 3445:Socialist Left Party 3339:in 2003, and in the 3309:Kjell Magne Bondevik 3289:1994 Winter Olympics 3236:, a manufacturer of 3210:built subsea tunnels 3111:High petroleum taxes 3038:University of Tromsø 2945:shared a land border 2918:1952 Winter Olympics 2894:University of Bergen 2819:National Unity Party 2671:the first expedition 2574:With the four-party 2522:compulsory education 2500:, thus establishing 2386:romantic nationalism 2334:romantic nationalism 2326:Local Committees Act 2318:Battle of the Square 2239:Parliament of Norway 2231:Constituent Assembly 2213:Map of Sweden–Norway 2066:between the frigate 2039:elevated himself to 1719:Age of the Sturlungs 1679:Battle of Stiklestad 1529:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1483:Kingdom of the Isles 1425:Reconstruction of a 1333:Iron Age Scandinavia 1193:north started using 1172:is evidenced by the 415:Contemporary history 318:Re-established state 196:Oversea colonization 190:Migration settlement 22:Homann's map of the 7340:States with limited 6922:Revolutions of 1848 6852:Early modern France 6633:Anglo-Saxon England 6538:Classical antiquity 6294:covers 2011 to 2019 6209:A history of Norway 6061:46.1 (2021): 1–20. 5974:. 20 January 2020. 5804:Ingebrigtsen, Roger 5775:on 12 December 2010 5069:Henry Goddard Leach 4903:"Polar Expeditions" 4742:on 22 November 2010 4090:. 15 October 2018. 3654:, on 27 April 2010. 3622:(second right) and 3573:Oslo Stock Exchange 3485:(second left) from 3443:, supported by the 3430:Christian Democrats 3255:and later also the 3165:planned to dam the 3076:Prospecting in the 2840:resistance movement 2795:Government in exile 2582:. In the following 2576:Michelsen's Cabinet 2017:Second Northern War 1912:Olav Engelbrektsson 1750:World Heritage Site 1606:Halden Municipality 1232:Corded Ware culture 1188:further south. The 1154:last glacial period 293:Council abolishment 275:Early modern period 8068:Norwegian language 7877:Telecommunications 7564:Reichskommissariat 7028:Crusading movement 6932:Russian Revolution 6767:Hundred Years' War 6663:Maritime republics 6566:Early Christianity 6556:Hellenistic period 6513:Paleolithic Europe 6174:Lutheran Quarterly 6109:(Routledge, 2015) 6105:Garau, Salvatore. 5881:top5ofanything.com 5806:(7 October 2011). 4913:on 29 October 2012 3618:(left), meet with 3414:Conservative Party 3333:War in Afghanistan 3325: 3247:was rejected in a 3171:Alta Power Station 3150: 3143:Alta Power Station 3128:Abortion on demand 3102:Alexander Kielland 3082:Phillips Petroleum 3074: 3053:was rejected in a 2981: 2955:Norway joined the 2906:State Housing Bank 2902:two aluminum works 2827:Norwegian Campaign 2786:From the start of 2784: 2780:Norwegian Campaign 2770:Norwegian Campaign 2752:, opened in 1937. 2722:three dependencies 2680:from 1905; during 2674: 2572: 2526:universal suffrage 2469: 2447:being introduced. 2389: 2371:Bridal Journey in 2348: 2330:municipal councils 2314:Baltzar von Platen 2292: 2251:Convention of Moss 2218:Christian Frederik 2215: 2183: 2154:University of Oslo 2146:Hans Nielsen Hauge 2132:Great Northern War 2079: 1888: 1872:Union with Denmark 1798: 1790:The Kalmar Union, 1753: 1632: 1509: 1434: 1240:Norwegian language 1212: 1087:Convention of Moss 1067:introduced in 1537 595:History by country 455:Nobility in Norway 390:Reichskommissariat 312:Late modern period 172:Hereditary kingdom 60: 8200:History of Norway 8187: 8186: 8154: 8153: 7973:language conflict 7905: 7904: 7852:Norwegian paradox 7786: 7785: 7768:Political parties 7728:Foreign relations 7680: 7679: 7441: 7440: 7036: 7035: 6962:COVID-19 pandemic 6907:French Revolution 6882:Habsburg monarchy 6862:Cossack Hetmanate 6842:Portuguese Empire 6832:Absolute monarchy 6827:Thirty Years' War 6722:Holy Roman Empire 6647:Bulgarian Empire 6606:Early Middle Ages 6523:Bronze Age Europe 6497:History of Europe 6438:978-82-92870-51-8 6399:978-82-8071-041-3 6380:978-82-00-21501-1 6361:978-82-91056-13-5 6352:Norge på vingene! 6297:Salmon, Patrick. 5073:(1965), p422-444. 3732:. 12 April 2017. 3630:, on 3 June 2009. 3437:Jonas Gahr Stoere 3352:Christmas holiday 3323:, on 27 May 2003. 3291:. The end of the 3283:were privatized. 3261:National Hospital 3084:found oil in the 3000:the Conservative 2929:secretary-general 2831:German occupation 2528:for men in 1889. 2520:, seven years of 2506:language conflict 2443:, along with the 2272:embedsmannsstaten 2200:Battle of Leipzig 2160:Union with Sweden 2001:Thirty Years' War 1977:Holy Roman Empire 1965:Akershus Fortress 1932:war of succession 1846:Oldenburg dynasty 1651:Battle of Svolder 1628:Kingdom of Norway 1252:Nordic Bronze Age 1071:absolute monarchy 998:caused the first 964:history of Norway 960: 959: 514: 513: 480:Norway portal 445:Judaism in Norway 384:German occupation 363:Union dissolution 342:Language conflict 330:Union with Sweden 299:Absolute monarchy 141:Early Middle Ages 8207: 8167: 8043: 8033: 7916: 7915: 7862:Renewable energy 7837: 7797: 7796: 7691: 7690: 7610: 7609: 7598: 7554:End of the union 7517:High Middle Ages 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7378:Dependencies and 7077:Sovereign states 7063: 7056: 7049: 7040: 7039: 6897:Great Divergence 6812:Age of Discovery 6757:Late Middle Ages 6727:High Middle Ages 6638:Byzantine Empire 6621:Christianization 6611:Migration Period 6546:Classical Greece 6518:Neolithic Europe 6490: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6442: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6403: 6384: 6365: 6252:Midgaard, John. 6025:Almlid, Geir K. 6007: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5627:Transport Policy 5618: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5485: 5482: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5273: 5270: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5212:on 18 March 2012 5208:. Archived from 5198: 5192: 5189: 5180: 5177: 5168: 5155:Western Folklore 5151: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4909:. Archived from 4899: 4893: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4836: 4833: 4824: 4821: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4731:(in Norwegian). 4730: 4722: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4512:Derry pp.104–105 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144:McGreevy, Nora. 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3961:. 9 March 2020. 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3862: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3823: 3820: 3811: 3808: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3700:www.heritage.org 3692: 3644:Jens Stoltenberg 3639: 3628:Oslo Opera House 3616:Ingrid Schulerud 3612:Jens Stoltenberg 3607: 3592:Oslo Opera House 3588: 3569: 3534: 3522: 3470: 3410:Jens Stoltenberg 3360:Norwegian people 3341:Libyan Civil War 3222:Christiania Bank 3159:Alta controversy 3147:massive protests 3145:, built despite 3006:Borten's Cabinet 2998:Kings Bay Affair 2880:in 1952 and the 2845:German surrender 2778:Scenes from the 2686:The Neutral Ally 2625:women's suffrage 2600:hydroelectricity 2558:The Neutral Ally 2399:in 1851 and the 2384:, an example of 2310:Constitution Day 2290:during the 1880s 2137:Anglo-Dutch Wars 2064:Battle of Alvøen 1850:established 1450 1839:Victual Brothers 1802:Hanseatic League 1796: 1793: 1781:Council of State 1773:animal husbandry 1761:High Middle Ages 1746:Hanseatic League 1635:Christianization 1563:Fairhair dynasty 1372:Migration Period 1278:Uralic languages 1127:Second World War 1119:hydroelectricity 1048:Hanseatic League 1024:Christianization 1022:of the country. 996:Migration Period 952: 945: 938: 925: 921: 920: 919: 911: 907: 906: 905: 897: 893: 892: 891: 883: 879: 878: 877: 869: 865: 864: 863: 855: 851: 850: 849: 817:Nordic countries 690:Christianization 675:Migration Period 539: 516: 515: 506: 499: 492: 478: 477: 476: 262:Treaty of Bergen 243:Late Middle Ages 216:High Middle Ages 202:Christianization 90: 80: 62: 61: 52:Northwest Russia 8215: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8170: 8163: 8150: 8107: 8088:Public holidays 8041: 8031: 8004: 7901: 7835: 7782: 7703:National budget 7676: 7662:Protected areas 7599: 7590: 7569:Quisling regime 7478: 7472: 7442: 7437: 7421: 7379: 7373: 7359:Northern Cyprus 7341: 7335: 7251:North Macedonia 7072: 7067: 7037: 7032: 6971: 6937:Interwar period 6912:Napoleonic Wars 6776: 6747:Mongol invasion 6700:Crown of Aragon 6592: 6532: 6528:Iron Age Europe 6499: 6494: 6454: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6429:Norges historie 6415: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6381: 6362: 6346: 6207:Larsen, Karen. 6022: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6005:Wayback Machine 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5570: 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4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345:Derry pp. 81–82 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327:Derry pp. 77–78 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3662: 3655: 3648:Dmitry Medvedev 3640: 3631: 3608: 3599: 3589: 3580: 3570: 3561: 3548:U.S. President 3535: 3526: 3523: 3514: 3471: 3462: 3457: 3301: 3269:Gardermoen Line 3249:1994 referendum 3218:Den norske Bank 3175:Sami Parliament 3063: 3055:1972 referendum 2970: 2953: 2884:along with the 2872:, resulting in 2858: 2853: 2815:Vidkun Quisling 2812: 2810:Quisling regime 2803: 2797: 2772: 2766:Quisling regime 2758: 2746:Svalbard Treaty 2734:Queen Maud Land 2714:Communist Party 2694:interwar period 2629:Fridtjof Nansen 2570:in Oslo in 1912 2566:Industry along 2560: 2550: 2502:parliamentarism 2453: 2437:Norwegian krone 2425:merchant marine 2421:Navigation Acts 2378:Adolph Tidemand 2276: 2229:members of the 2187:Napoleonic Wars 2172: 2162: 2033: 2015:to Sweden. The 1944:imposed in 1537 1928: 1880: 1874: 1852:). There was a 1814:Olaf Haakonsson 1794: 1731: 1711:Håkon Håkonsson 1700:broke out over 1673:in traditional 1655:Olav Haraldsson 1647:Olav Tryggvason 1645:, and later by 1639:Norse mythology 1620: 1614: 1594: 1521:unifying Norway 1517:Harald Fairhair 1419: 1413: 1397: 1335: 1329: 1262:Trondheimsfjord 1254: 1248: 1190:Nøstvet culture 1150: 1144: 1111:Fridtjof Nansen 1083:war with Sweden 1038:and successive 956: 917: 915: 914: 903: 901: 900: 889: 887: 886: 875: 873: 872: 861: 859: 858: 847: 845: 844: 837: 836: 802: 794: 793: 792: 777: 770: 762: 761: 760: 736: 728: 727: 726: 717:Denmark–Iceland 644: 592: 582: 581: 580: 547: 510: 474: 472: 460: 459: 435: 427: 426: 416: 408: 407: 396:Quisling regime 313: 305: 304: 276: 268: 267: 245: 235: 234: 218: 208: 207: 143: 133: 132: 98: 97:Ancient history 78: 71: 50:, and parts of 12: 11: 5: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8168: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8146:Name of Norway 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8035: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7923:Climate change 7919: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7867:Stock Exchange 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7773:Prime Minister 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Municipalities 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7627:Extreme points 7624: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7539:Denmark–Norway 7536: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7502:Petty kingdoms 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: articles 7471: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7433:European Union 7429: 7427: 7426:Other entities 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7380:other entities 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7326:United Kingdom 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7139:Czech Republic 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6887:Russian Empire 6884: 6879: 6877:British Empire 6874: 6872:Dutch Republic 6869: 6867:Swedish Empire 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6847:Spanish Empire 6844: 6839: 6837:Ottoman Empire 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Serbian Empire 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6588:Late antiquity 6585: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6551:Roman Republic 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6437: 6424: 6398: 6385: 6379: 6366: 6360: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6312: 6305: 6295: 6284: 6283:(1985): 12–26. 6277: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6215: 6205: 6194: 6187: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6158:Insall, Tony. 6156: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6124: 6120:(2021): 1–19. 6114: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6048: 6043:Anker, Peder. 6041: 6030: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 5989: 5959: 5928: 5898: 5868: 5859: 5829: 5795: 5793:Stenersen: 176 5786: 5759: 5757:Stenersen: 175 5750: 5748:Stenersen: 172 5741: 5739:Stenersen: 174 5729: 5712: 5703: 5664: 5633:(5): 367–378. 5613: 5604: 5602:Stenersen: 171 5595: 5593:Stenersen: 168 5586: 5584:Stenersen: 167 5577: 5575:Stenersen: 165 5568: 5566:Stenersen: 164 5559: 5557:Stenersen: 173 5550: 5548:Stenersen: 162 5538: 5536:Stenersen: 159 5529: 5498: 5496:Stenersen: 158 5486: 5484:Stenersen: 156 5472: 5470:Stenersen: 155 5463: 5461:Stenersen: 152 5454: 5445: 5443:Stenersen: 151 5436: 5434:Stenersen: 149 5427: 5418: 5416:Stenersen: 163 5409: 5407:Stenersen: 147 5400: 5398:Stenersen: 146 5391: 5389:Stenersen: 148 5382: 5380:Stenersen: 142 5373: 5371:Stenersen: 145 5361: 5348: 5339: 5337:Stenersen: 141 5330: 5311:(4): 619–637. 5295: 5286: 5284:Stenersen: 140 5274: 5272:Stenersen: 138 5262: 5260:Stenersen: 135 5253: 5251:Stenersen: 137 5244: 5235: 5233:Stenersen: 134 5223: 5206:Nordic Council 5193: 5191:Stenersen: 143 5181: 5179:Stenersen: 130 5169: 5146: 5144:Stenersen: 127 5137: 5135:Stenersen: 125 5128: 5126:Stenersen: 124 5119: 5117:Stenersen: 122 5110: 5108:Stenersen: 121 5101: 5088: 5075: 5058: 5056:Stenersen: 117 5049: 5038:on 28 May 2014 5023: 5021:Stenersen: 116 5014: 5012:Stenersen: 113 5005: 5003:Stenersen: 111 4996: 4994:Stenersen: 110 4987: 4985:Stenersen: 107 4978: 4969: 4967:Stenersen: 106 4960: 4958:Stenersen: 104 4951: 4949:Stenersen: 103 4942: 4940:Stenersen: 102 4933: 4931:Stenersen: 101 4924: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4865:Stenersen: 100 4858: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4783: 4753: 4733:Jernbaneverket 4712: 4703: 4694: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4419:Derry pp.92–93 4412: 4410:Derry pp.91–92 4403: 4374: 4365: 4363:Derry pp.84–89 4356: 4354:Derry pp.83–84 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4167: 4136: 4105: 4075: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3985: 3976: 3946: 3915: 3884: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3791: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3717: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3552:and his wife, 3550:George W. Bush 3536: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3507:Nordic Council 3475:Matti Vanhanen 3472: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3418:Progress Party 3313:George W. Bush 3300: 3297: 3245:European Union 3195:Progress Party 3182:1981 elections 3094:Saga Petroleum 3062: 3059: 3002:Lyng's Cabinet 2969: 2966: 2952: 2949: 2898:Norsk Jernverk 2878:Nordic Council 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2823:Josef Terboven 2811: 2808: 2796: 2793: 2757: 2754: 2730:Peter I Island 2710:Agrarian Party 2655:Helmer Hanssen 2651:Roald Amundsen 2633:Roald Amundsen 2549: 2546: 2498:prime minister 2494:Johan Sverdrup 2452: 2449: 2301:Bank of Norway 2275: 2268: 2255:personal union 2247:invaded Norway 2226:Eidsvoll Manor 2204:Treaty of Kiel 2161: 2158: 2091:Eastern Norway 2083:deserted farms 2032: 2025: 1969:Norwegian Army 1927: 1920: 1892:Denmark–Norway 1878:Denmark-Norway 1873: 1870: 1730: 1727: 1675:Norse paganism 1643:Håkon the Good 1613: 1610: 1593: 1590: 1580:, came across 1541:Håkon the Good 1513:petty kingdoms 1473:, Orkney, the 1467:Western Norway 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1396: 1393: 1328: 1325: 1247: 1244: 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1115:Roald Amundsen 1091:personal union 1075:Treaty of Kiel 1059:Denmark–Norway 958: 957: 955: 954: 947: 940: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 912: 898: 884: 870: 856: 839: 838: 835: 834: 829: 824: 822:Monetary Union 819: 814: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 791: 790: 789: 788: 783: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 725: 724: 722:Nordic Council 719: 714: 709: 707:Denmark–Norway 704: 699: 694: 693: 692: 687: 677: 672: 671: 670: 665: 660: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 593: 588: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 573: 568: 561: 554: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 532: 531: 525: 524: 512: 511: 509: 508: 501: 494: 486: 483: 482: 469: 468: 462: 461: 458: 457: 452: 447: 442: 436: 434:Related topics 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 399: 393: 387: 381: 375: 366: 360: 351: 345: 339: 333: 327: 321: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 296: 290: 284: 281:Denmark–Norway 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 259: 253: 246: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 226: 219: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 199: 193: 187: 181: 178:Imperial realm 175: 169: 163: 157: 151: 148:Petty kingdoms 144: 139: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 124: 118: 112: 106: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 83: 82: 73: 72: 65: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8212: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8134:national flag 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Incarceration 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Ethnic groups 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:National bank 7840: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Incarceration 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7549:Sweden–Norway 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7392:Faroe Islands 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:South Ossetia 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211:Liechtenstein 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:Art of Europe 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6782:Modern period 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6460: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6324:9788250418523 6321: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100:History Today 6097: 6095:(Brill, 2019) 6094: 6091:Evju, Håkon. 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6023: 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3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:Melinda Gates 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544:, greeted by 3543: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503:Göran Persson 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:Davíð Oddsson 3480: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257:Schengen Area 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3238:minicomputers 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:Nordland Line 3013: 3011: 3010:1965 election 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957:Marshall Plan 2951:Marshall Plan 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:metric system 2883: 2879: 2876:in 1946, the 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2836:Supreme Court 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:Oscar Wisting 2660: 2659:Sverre Hassel 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2637:Otto Sverdrup 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516:, introduced 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:Conservatives 2479: 2475: 2474:1882 election 2466: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2445:metric system 2442: 2441:gold standard 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Mortgage Bank 2394: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2356:Marcus Thrane 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:1832 election 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2286:at Fossum in 2285: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2202:in 1813, the 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2170:Sweden-Norway 2167: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Frederick III 2030: 2029:enevoldstiden 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Varangerfjord 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Martin Luther 1901: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766:In 1349, the 1764: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:civil war era 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525:Earls of Lade 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:Faroe Islands 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 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664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 610:Faroe Islands 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 585: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566: 562: 560: 559: 555: 553: 550: 549: 543: 542: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 526: 522: 518: 517: 507: 502: 500: 495: 493: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 471: 470: 467: 464: 463: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 431: 430: 422: 419: 418: 412: 411: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 309: 308: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 278: 272: 271: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 239: 238: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 212: 211: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166:Establishment 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 150:Unknown–11thC 149: 146: 145: 142: 137: 136: 128: 127:Migration Age 125: 123:500 BC–800 AD 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 94: 93: 89: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 69: 64: 63: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40:Baltic region 37: 33: 29: 25: 20: 16: 8124:Coat of arms 8083:Prostitution 8038: 8028: 8018:Architecture 7933:Demographics 7887:Trade unions 7847:Nordic model 7708:Constitution 7586:21st century 7559:World War II 7534:Kalmar Union 7483: 7369:Transnistria 7331:Vatican City 7255: 6942:World War II 6795:Early modern 6772:Kalmar Union 6643:Papal States 6561:Roman Empire 6428: 6389: 6370: 6351: 6344:In Norwegian 6336: 6329: 6315: 6308: 6298: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6218: 6208: 6198: 6190: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6149: 6137: 6127: 6117: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6077:Derry, T.K. 6068: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6033: 6026: 6014:Bibliography 5992: 5980:. Retrieved 5971: 5962: 5950:. Retrieved 5941: 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5910: 5901: 5889:. Retrieved 5880: 5871: 5866:Thuesen: 444 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5841: 5832: 5820:. Retrieved 5798: 5789: 5777:. Retrieved 5773:the original 5762: 5753: 5744: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5694:. Retrieved 5655:. Retrieved 5630: 5626: 5616: 5611:Thuesen: 394 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5511: 5501: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5425:Thuesen: 370 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5356: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5293:Thuesen: 334 5289: 5256: 5247: 5242:Thuesen: 335 5238: 5214:. Retrieved 5210:the original 5196: 5154: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5096: 5091: 5083: 5078: 5066: 5061: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5036:the original 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4976:Thuesen: 300 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4911:the original 4897: 4892:Thuesen: 258 4888: 4883:Thuesen: 252 4879: 4874:Thuesen: 248 4870: 4861: 4852: 4807: 4798: 4793:Thuesen: 224 4774:. Retrieved 4756: 4744:. Retrieved 4737:the original 4706: 4697: 4676: 4667: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4562: 4553: 4548:Thuesen: 177 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4437:Derry p. 100 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4384: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4180: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4149: 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4119:ScienceAlert 4118: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4088:the Guardian 4087: 4078: 4068:14 September 4066:. Retrieved 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4009: 4000: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3958: 3949: 3937:. Retrieved 3928: 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3897: 3887: 3878: 3845: 3839: 3798:Stenersen: 9 3794: 3782:. Retrieved 3768: 3763:Stenersen: 8 3759: 3754:Stenersen: 7 3750: 3738:. Retrieved 3729: 3720: 3708:. Retrieved 3699: 3690: 3477:(left) from 3441:Centre Party 3434: 3426:Erna Solberg 3403: 3389:in Oslo and 3383:2011 attacks 3380: 3349: 3326: 3299:21st century 3242: 3230:nationalized 3206:Vardø Tunnel 3203: 3191:Kåre Willoch 3186:deregulation 3179: 3151: 3133:Fish farming 3115: 3075: 3072:oil platform 3014: 2982: 2968:1950 to 1972 2954: 2922: 2870:Scandinavism 2859: 2813: 2804: 2788:World War II 2785: 2756:World War II 2744:through the 2707: 2675: 2588:a plebiscite 2573: 2548:Independence 2530: 2470: 2390: 2370: 2349: 2293: 2271: 2264:Charles XIII 2216: 2184: 2148:started the 2142: 2111:mercantilism 2108: 2104:Confirmation 2099: 2080: 2069: 2034: 2028: 2004: 1986: 1973: 1940:puppet state 1929: 1924:lydriketiden 1923: 1889: 1862:Christian II 1858:Knut Alvsson 1843: 1830: 1822:Kalmar Union 1799: 1765: 1754: 1723: 1695: 1668: 1665:heathen hofs 1658: 1633: 1595: 1582:Newfoundland 1578:Leif Ericson 1570:Erik the Red 1567: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1510: 1485:. Norwegian 1464: 1450: 1448:techniques. 1435: 1398: 1369: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1286: 1255: 1213: 1151: 1136: 1103: 1079:constitution 1056: 1052:Kalmar Union 989: 963: 961: 812:Scandinavism 775:Nordic model 697:Kalmar Union 646: 645: 629: 594: 563: 556: 450:LGBT history 421:Oil industry 372:independence 324:Constitution 256:Kalmar Union 76: 28:Fennoscandia 15: 8098:Nationalism 7953:Immigration 7829:Natural gas 7743:LGBT rights 7733:Governments 7512:Unification 7407:Isle of Man 7342:recognition 7311:Switzerland 7246:Netherlands 6927:World War I 6917:Nationalism 6805:Reformation 6790:Renaissance 6762:Black Death 6695:Kievan Rus' 6598:Middle Ages 6455:|work= 6416:|work= 6167:Norway 1940 5891:26 February 5852:13 December 5822:20 November 5779:11 December 5723:Aftenposten 5696:20 November 5216:20 November 4917:20 November 4907:Fram Museum 4776:20 November 4766:Norges Bank 4521:Derry p.114 4458:Derry p.102 3652:Barents Sea 3558:White House 3509:Session in 3321:White House 3317:Oval Office 3287:hosted the 3285:Lillehammer 3204:The subsea 3123:Barents Sea 3030:ferroalloys 2682:World War I 2617:Bergen Line 2613:Sydvaranger 2609:Norsk Hydro 2541:Labor Party 2282:Harvesting 2260:Christiania 2095:smallholder 1908:Reformation 1900:Frederick I 1826:a rebellion 1795: 1400 1768:Black Death 1612:Middle Ages 1438:Lindisfarne 1405:Jotunheimen 1387:across the 1357:mercenaries 1317:ironworking 1282:Sami people 1242:developed. 1199:earthenware 1063:Reformation 1036:Black Death 1032:archdiocese 1020:unification 973:Gulf Stream 529:Scandinavia 357:exploration 287:Reformation 250:Black Death 223:Middle Ages 160:Unification 117:1700–500 BC 111:Pre 1700 BC 77:History of 34:, northern 8073:Literature 8032:(clothing) 7980:Norwegians 7963:Irreligion 7836:(currency) 7758:Parliament 7507:Viking Age 7497:Bronze Age 7281:San Marino 7241:Montenegro 7221:Luxembourg 7201:Kazakhstan 7104:Azerbaijan 6690:Viking Age 6505:Prehistory 5710:Steine: 16 5657:27 October 4336:Derry p.77 4318:Derry p.75 4191:1 February 4160:1 February 4129:1 February 4098:1 February 3929:GlacierHub 3682:References 3596:Fjord City 3554:Laura Bush 3460:2000s-2010 3356:Boxing Day 3234:Norsk Data 3226:Fokus Bank 3214:toll rings 3199:crime rate 3167:Alta River 3025:Oslo Metro 2925:Trygve Lie 2914:Postbanken 2736:, annexed 2678:neutrality 2592:Haakon VII 2486:impeaching 2461:Røros Line 2429:Røros Line 2409:Trunk Line 2376:(1848) by 2245:of Sweden 2243:Carl Johan 2191:Royal Navy 2164:See also: 2045:hereditary 2013:Härjedalen 1993:Tysfjorden 1989:Kalmar War 1896:Copenhagen 1876:See also: 1818:Margaret I 1757:Golden Age 1616:See also: 1555:Frostating 1456:chain mail 1446:navigation 1417:Viking Age 1411:Viking Age 1361:chieftains 1142:Prehistory 1030:became an 1016:Viking Age 1006:and later 1000:chieftains 751:Baltic Sea 680:Viking Age 663:Bronze Age 653:Prehistory 336:Emigration 154:Viking Age 115:Bronze Age 103:Prehistory 8058:Jante law 8039:Christmas 7968:Languages 7938:Education 7892:Transport 7809:Fisheries 7723:Elections 7647:Mountains 7622:Districts 7605:Geography 7581:1945–2000 7492:Stone Age 7397:Gibraltar 7216:Lithuania 6737:Feudalism 6708:Catalonia 6457:ignored ( 6447:cite book 6418:ignored ( 6408:cite book 5921:30 August 5647:0967-070X 5452:Malmø: 67 5346:Malmø: 66 5325:153680303 5042:21 August 4746:28 August 3959:Curiosmos 3784:21 August 3347:in 1999. 3335:in 2001, 3281:Kongsberg 3163:Statkraft 3107:Stavanger 3078:North Sea 3070:Statfjord 2977:Trondheim 2890:rationing 2856:1945–1950 2750:Stavanger 2738:Jan Mayen 2726:Bouvetøya 2698:deflation 2665:(l–r) at 2568:Akerselva 2417:cellulose 2413:wood pulp 2405:steamship 2382:Hans Gude 2373:Hardanger 2222:Trondheim 2127:dried cod 2119:Kongsberg 2068:HMS 1981:Amsterdam 1952:Norwegian 1936:Christian 1902:favoured 1691:Trondheim 1683:sainthood 1653:in 1000. 1574:Greenland 1559:Trøndelag 1427:longhouse 1389:North Sea 1385:soapstone 1216:Oslofjord 1170:Stone Age 1107:dissolved 1012:Greenland 992:Neolithic 985:Trøndelag 981:Oslofjord 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7321:Ukraine 7271:Romania 7231:Moldova 7189:Ireland 7184:Iceland 7179:Hungary 7169:Germany 7164:Georgia 7154:Finland 7149:Estonia 7144:Denmark 7129:Croatia 7114:Belgium 7109:Belarus 7099:Austria 7094:Armenia 7089:Andorra 7084:Albania 6817:Baroque 6716:Majorca 6628:Francia 6303:excerpt 6301:(2002) 6256:(1963) 6132:excerpt 5952:5 March 5942:Reuters 5512:Reuters 3740:25 June 3710:25 June 3556:at the 3499:Denmark 3487:Iceland 3479:Finland 3455:Gallery 3404:In the 3376:Sumatra 3370:by the 3315:at the 3277:Telenor 3273:Statoil 3098:blowout 3090:Statoil 3086:Ekofisk 3061:Oil Age 2979:in 1965 2866:treason 2851:Postwar 2782:in 1940 2667:Polheim 2590:became 2510:Riksmål 2467:in 1877 2439:with a 2352:embargo 2288:Jølster 2150:Haugean 2115:tariffs 2077:in 1808 1961:viceroy 1898:. 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