1621:
1150:
981:
55:
1295:
1798:
1877:
687:
1565:. He made complex arrangements intended to prevent fratricidal warfare and preserve the Polish state's formal unity, but after Bolesław's death, the implementation of the plan failed and a long period of fragmentation was ushered in. For nearly two centuries, the Piasts would spar with each other, the clergy, and the nobility for the control over the divided kingdom. The stability of the system was supposedly assured by the institution of the senior or high duke of Poland, based in Kraków and assigned to the special
2353:(r. 1333–1370). Unlike his father, the new king demonstrated no attraction for the hardships of military life. Casimir's contemporaries did not give him much of a chance of overcoming the country's mounting difficulties or succeeding as a ruler. But from the beginning, Casimir acted prudently, and in 1335, he purchased the claims of King John of Bohemia to the Polish throne. In 1343, Casimir settled several high-level arbitration disputes with the Teutonic Order by a territorial compromise that culminated in the
2169:, which specified a broad range of freedoms of religious practices, movement, and trading for the Jews. It also created a legal precedent for the official protection of Jews from local harassment and exclusion. The act exempted the Jews from enslavement or serfdom and was the foundation of future Jewish prosperity in the Polish kingdom; it was later followed by many other comparable legal pronouncements. Following a series of expulsions of Jews from Western Europe, Jewish communities were established in
2198:
1193:
1715:
829:
2006:
2477:
2464:": the state within its actual boundaries, as well as past or potential boundaries. Casimir established or strengthened kingdom-wide institutions (such as the powerful state treasury) independent of the regional, class, or royal court-related interests. Internationally, the Polish king was very active diplomatically; he cultivated close contacts with other European rulers and was a staunch defender of the interests of the Polish state. In 1364, he sponsored the
2338:
1552:
1340:
1008:
1948:
1245:
2642:
2403:
469:
2126:
princes remained strong, and for economic and cultural reasons, some of them gravitated toward Poland's neighbors. The kingdom lost
Pomerania and Silesia, the most highly developed and economically important regions of the original ethnically Polish lands, which left half of the Polish population outside the kingdom's borders. The western losses had to do with the failure of the unification efforts undertaken by the
155:
481:
117:
2572:
104:
2216:, pursued a lifelong, persistently challenging struggle with powerful adversaries with persistence and determination. When he died as the king of a partially reunited Poland, he left the kingdom in a precarious situation. Although the area under King Władysław's control was limited and many unresolved issues remained, he may have saved Poland's existence as a state.
2614:(the Piotrków–Wiślica Statutes) from 1346 to 1362. Accordingly, conflict resolution relied on legal proceedings domestically, while bilateral or multilateral negotiations and treaties were increasingly important in international relations. By this time, the network of cathedral and parish schools had become well developed. In 1364, Casimir the Great established the
2099:
1589:. The first four provinces were given to his four sons, who became independent rulers. The fifth province, the Seniorate Province of Kraków, was to be added to the senior among the princes who, as the Grand Duke of Kraków, was the representative of the whole of Poland. This principle broke down already within the generation of Bolesław III's sons, when
1935:, then the last pagan state in Europe. Teutonic wars with Poland and Lithuania continued for most of the 14th and 15th centuries. The Teutonic state in Prussia, increasingly populated by German settlers beginning in the 13th century, but still retaining a majority Baltic population, had been claimed as a
2154:
Despite the territorial truncation, 14th-century Poland experienced a period of accelerated economic development and increasing prosperity. This included further expansion and modernization of agricultural settlements, the development of towns and their greater role in briskly growing trade, mining
2125:
were the last two rulers of the Piast dynasty, who ruled over a reunified kingdom of Poland in the 14th century. Their rule was not a return to the Polish state as it existed before the period of fragmentation, because of the loss of internal cohesion and territorial integrity. The regional Piast
799:
was assured by the persistent territorial expansion of the early Piast rulers. Beginning with a very small area around
Gniezno (before the town itself existed), the Piast expansion lasted throughout most of the 10th century and resulted in a territory approximating that of present-day Poland. The
1223:
was recovered from the Czechs. Casimir was aided by recent adversaries of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and Kievan Rus', both of whom disliked the chaos in Poland left after the dismemberment of the country beginning in the reign of
Mieszko II. Casimir introduced a more mature form of
2146:
was not to be fully incorporated into the Polish state in the near future. Casimir stabilized the western and northern borders, tried to regain some of the lost territories, and partially compensated the losses by new eastern expansion that placed within his kingdom regions that were
1784:
The social status was becoming increasingly based on the size of feudal land possessions. Those included the lands controlled by the Piast princes, their rivals the great lay land owners and church entities, and the knightly class. The work force ranged from hired "free" people to
824:
state during the later part of the 10th century), Mieszko's state reached its mature form, including the main regions regarded as ethnically Polish. The Piast lands totaled about 250,000 km (96,526 sq mi) in area, with an approximate population of under one million.
1958:
As the disadvantages of political division were becoming increasingly apparent in various segments of the society, some of the Piast dukes began to make serious efforts aimed at the reunification of the Polish state. Important among the earlier attempts were the activities of the
1862:. The titular Duke of Poland promised to provide a "just and noble law according to the council of bishops and barons." Such legal guarantees and privileges included the lower level land owners and knights, who were evolving into the lower and middle nobility class known later as
1175:
was murdered in 1032, whereas his brother Otto died in unclear circumstances in 1033, events that permitted
Mieszko to recover his authority partially. The first Piast monarchy then collapsed with Mieszko's death in 1034. Deprived of a government, Poland was ravaged by an
2281:, who had also claimed the Polish crown. John undertook an expedition aimed at Kraków in 1327, which he was compelled to abort; in 1328, he waged a crusade against Lithuania, during which he formalized an alliance with the Teutonic Order. The Order was in a state of
1281:
executed; subsequently Bolesław was forced to abdicate the Polish throne due to pressure from the
Catholic Church and the pro-imperial faction of the nobility. Stanisław would become the second martyr and patron saint of Poland (known in English as St. Stanislav),
2521:
With the death of
Casimir the Great, the period of hereditary (Piast) monarchy in Poland came to an end. The land owners and nobles did not want a strong monarchy; a constitutional monarchy was established between 1370 and 1493 that included the beginning of the
1167:(r. 1025–1034) tried to continue the expansionist politics of his father. His actions reinforced old resentment and hostility on the part of Poland's neighbors, and his two dispossessed brothers took advantage of it by arranging for invasions from Germany and
1831:, weakened and depopulated many of the small Polish principalities, as the country was becoming progressively more subdivided. Depopulation and increasing demand for labor caused a massive immigration of West European peasants into Poland, mostly
2586:, the Polish nobility decided that Jadwiga, Louis's youngest daughter, should become the next "King of Poland"; Jadwiga arrived in 1384 and was crowned at the age of eleven. The failure of the union of Poland and Hungary paved the way for the
2537:), the Polish nobility was granted extensive concessions and agreed to extend the Anjou succession to Louis's daughters, as Louis had no sons. Louis's neglect of Polish affairs resulted in the loss of Casimir's territorial gains, including
1428:
1789:
attached to the land, to slaves (either purchased, forced into slavery after capture in war or forced into slavery as prisoners). The upper layer of the feudal lords, first the Church and then others, was able to acquire economic and
3753:
1421:
1089:
turned out to be much more difficult, and it resulted in a series of wars (1002–1005, 1007–1013, 1015–1018). From 1003 to 1004, Bolesław intervened militarily in Czech dynastic conflicts. After his forces were removed from
1728:
The 13th century brought fundamental changes to the structure of Polish society and its political system. Because of constant internal conflicts, the Piast dukes were unable to stabilize Poland's external borders. Western
2502:), Louis engaged in succession negotiations with Polish knights and nobility starting in 1351. They supported him, exacting in return further guarantees and privileges for themselves; the formal act was negotiated in
2459:
Casimir the Great considerably solidified the country's position in both foreign and domestic affairs. Domestically, he integrated and centralized the reunited Polish state and helped develop what was considered the
1358:, who attacked Bolesław's Poland in 1109. Bolesław was able to defend his realm due to his military abilities, determination and alliances, and also because of a societal mobilisation across the social spectrum (see
1211:(r. 1039–1058), known to history as the Restorer. After returning from exile in 1039, Casimir rebuilt the Polish monarchy and the country's territorial integrity through several military campaigns: in 1047,
1649:
Intellectual and artistic activity was concentrated around the institutions of the Church, the courts of the kings and dukes, and emerged around the households of the rising hereditary elite. Written
1331:, finally forced Władysław to remove his hated protégé, Poland was divided among the three of them from 1098, and after the father's death, from 1102 to 1106, it was divided between the two brothers.
1435:
2738:
2606:
churches, castles, urban fortifications and homes of wealthy city residents. The most notable examples of architecture from the medieval period in Poland are the many churches representing the
2436:
Allied with
Denmark and Western Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania was granted to the Order as an "eternal charity"), Casimir was able to impose some corrections on the western border. In 1365,
1868:. The period of fragmentation weakened the rulers and established a permanent trend in Polish history, whereby the rights and role of the nobility were expanded at the monarch's expense.
958:, ca. 980. When fighting the Czechs in 990, Mieszko was helped by the Holy Roman Empire. By about the year 990, when Mieszko I officially submitted his country to the authority of the
1269:, also known as the Generous (r. 1058–1079), developed Polish military strength and waged several foreign campaigns between 1058 and 1077. As an active supporter of the papacy in its
1115:
349:
339:
329:
2085:
style predominated in the 13th century; native elements in art forms were increasingly important, with significant advances taking place in agriculture, manufacturing and crafts.
1903:, who lived in a territory adjacent to his lands; substantial border warfare was taking place and Konrad's province was suffering from Prussian invasions. On the other hand, the
796:
2231:
in the period 1304–1306. Václav III's murder in 1306 terminated the
Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and its involvement in Poland. Afterwards, Władysław completed the takeover of
1354:(r. 1102–1138) became the duke of Poland by defeating his half-brother Zbigniew in 1106–1107. Zbigniew had to leave the country, but received support from Holy Roman Emperor
2045:, the social impact of the Church was considerably broader in the 13th century, as networks of parishes were established and cathedral-type schools became more common. The
2130:
dukes and the German expansion processes. These included the Piast principalities developing (or falling into) dependencies in respect to the German political structures,
2057:
characterized the period, as well as other written records, laws and documents. More of the clergy were of local origin; others were expected to know the Polish language.
1642:. However, it would be a few generations from the time of Mieszko's conversion until significant numbers of native clergymen appeared. After the establishment of numerous
320:
1529:
2610:
style; medieval sculpture, painting and ornamental smithery are best revealed in the furnishings of churches and liturgical items. Polish law was first codified in the
1524:
1514:
701:
2498:
assumed the Polish throne. As
Casimir's actual commitment to the Anjou succession seemed problematic from the beginning (in 1368 the Polish king adopted his grandson,
2022:
An important factor in the unification process was the Polish Church, which remained a single ecclesiastical province throughout the fragmentation period. Archbishop
2879:
3069:
2910:
2365:
were recovered by
Casimir. At that time, Poland started to expand to the east and through a series of military campaigns between 1340 and 1366, Casimir annexed the
2239:. In 1308, Pomerania was conquered by the Brandenburg state. In a recovery effort, Władysław agreed to ask for help from the Teutonic Knights; the Knights brutally
1931:. As virtually all of the Western Baltic pagans became converted or exterminated (the Prussian conquests were completed by 1283), the Knights confronted Poland and
1228:
and relieved the burden of financing large army units from the duke's treasury by settling his warriors on feudal estates. Faced with the widespread destruction of
1794:, which it exempt to a significant degree from court jurisdiction and economic obligations such as taxation that had previously been imposed by the ruling dukes.
625:. The resulting internal fragmentation eroded the initial Piast monarchical structure in the 12th and 13th centuries and caused fundamental and lasting changes.
1362:). Zbigniew, who later returned, died in mysterious circumstances, perhaps in the summer of 1113. Bolesław's other major achievement was the conquest of all of
856:
traveler, according to whom Mieszko was one of four Slavic "kings" established in central and southern Europe in the 960s. In 965, Mieszko, who was allied with
2787:
1653:
began to be generated in the late 10th century; leaders such as Mieszko II and Casimir the Restorer were considered literate and educated. Along with the
1499:
3770:
2863:
2783:
2002:
and became King of Poland in 1300. Václav's heavy-handed policies soon caused him to lose whatever support he had earlier in his reign; he died in 1305.
1078:
effectively served as an essential anchor and an institution to fall back on for the Piast state, helping it to survive in the troubled centuries ahead.
2452:
district was taken outright in 1368. The latter action severed the land connection between Brandenburg and the Teutonic state and connected Poland with
2808:
2710:
2062:
621:, the last duke of the early period, succeeded in defending his country and recovering territories previously lost. Upon his death in 1138, Poland was
2468:, in which a number of monarchs participated, which was concerned with the promotion of peaceful cooperation and political balance in Central Europe.
1445:
740:. Accelerated rebuilding of old tribal fortified settlements, construction of massive new ones and territorial expansion took place during the period
2894:
2660:
302:
112:
17:
3080:
Makk, Ferenc (1993). Magyar külpolitika (896–1196) ("The Hungarian External Politics (896–1196)"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. pp. 48–49.
2759:
2763:
2325:(and a great loss to Poland) was his success in forcing most of the Piast Silesian principalities, often ambivalent about their loyalties, into
1129:
Bolesław's expansionist policies were costly to the Polish state and were not always successful. He lost, for example, the economically crucial
607:
in 1042. In the process, the royal dignity for Polish rulers was forfeited, and the state reverted to the status of a duchy. Duke Casimir's son
2433:. Later, until his death, he pursued the Polish claim to Silesia legally by petitioning the pope; his successors did not continue his efforts.
1122:. In 1025, shortly before his death, Bolesław I finally succeeded in obtaining the papal permission to crown himself, and he became the first
1990:
from 1294) and was assassinated soon after his coronation. A more extensive unification of Polish lands was accomplished by a foreign ruler,
1986:
became the first Piast duke crowned as King of Poland since Bolesław II, but he ruled over only a part of the territory of Poland (including
765:
2345:(1333–1370) is shown within the red line; Silesia (yellow) and Pomerania (purple) were lost, while the kingdom had expanded to the southeast
1843:
were often utilized as its legal bases. German immigrants were also important in the rise of the cities and the establishment of the Polish
2582:
The Hungarian-Polish union lasted for twelve years and ended in war. After Louis's death in 1382 and a power struggle that resulted in the
1634:
From the time of the conversion of Poland's ruling elite to Christianity in the 10th century, foreign churchmen had been arriving and the
511:
848:
of the Polans tribal union known from contemporary written sources. A detailed account of aspects of Mieszko's early reign was given by
2618:, the second oldest university in Central Europe. While many still traveled to Southern and Western Europe for university studies, the
1855:) especially in the urban centers of Silesia and other regions of western Poland, were an increasingly influential minority in Poland.
1839:
occurred in the 1220s. The German, Polish and other new rural settlements represented a form of feudal tenancy with legal immunity and
1459:
2053:
were the leading monastic orders at this time, and they interacted closely with the general population. A proliferation of narrative
747:–950. The Polish state developed from these tribal roots in the second half of the century. According to the 12th-century chronicler
1236:
and replaced the old Piast capitals of Poznań and Gniezno; Kraków would function as the capital of the realm for several centuries.
665:
were lost after the fragmentation, and Poland began expanding to the east. The period ended with the reigns of two members of the
2926:
2282:
1907:
themselves were at that time being subjected to increasingly forced, but largely ineffective Christianization efforts, including
2240:
1562:
622:
1928:
3675:
3511:
3487:
3162:
2982:
2692:
2426:
1369:(of which the remaining eastern part had been lost by Poland from after the death of Mieszko II), a task begun by his father
1323:, an advisor from the ranks of the Polish nobility who acted much as the power behind the throne. When Władysław's two sons,
1067:
592:
236:
2026:
of Gniezno was an ardent proponent of Poland's reunification; he performed the crowning ceremonies for both Przemysł II and
919:
872:
that is considered to be the founding event of the Polish state. In the aftermath of Mieszko's victory over a force of the
439:
384:
271:
1569:
that was not to be subdivided. Following his concept of seniorate, Bolesław divided the country into five principalities:
568:
in 966, which established a major cultural boundary in Europe based on religion. He also completed a unification of the
3727:
3700:
3353:
3270:
3208:
3085:
2959:
2934:
2906:
2875:
2820:
2779:
2726:
1277:. In 1079, there was an anti-Bolesław conspiracy or conflict that involved the Bishop of Kraków. Bolesław had Bishop
1123:
1043:
led to his elevation as patron saint of Poland and resulted in the creation of an independent Polish province of the
670:
580:
414:
404:
394:
374:
2575:
2177:
and elsewhere in western and southern Poland in the 13th century. Another series of communities were established at
1196:
1023:
One of the most important concerns of Bolesław's early reign was building up the Polish church. Bolesław cultivated
700:–chapel complex of Poland's first Christian ruling couple have been found beneath the church in the foreground. The
2718:
1859:
1851:) and customs that the Poles adopted. From that time, the Germans, who created early strong establishments (led by
1824:
2655:
2599:
2484:
2421:
principalities in 1339, unsuccessfully tried to recover the region by conducting military activities against the
2209:
2118:
2107:
2031:
1828:
1820:
1624:
721:
650:
504:
278:
212:
2407:
2430:
1386:
596:
3005:
769:, a chronicle of events in Germany. Widukind reported that Mieszko's forces were twice defeated in 963 by the
2771:
2611:
2499:
2425:(the rulers of Bohemia) between 1343 and 1348, but then blocked the attempted separation of Silesia from the
2158:
1852:
217:
205:
2321:). After 1329, a peace agreement with Brandenburg also assisted his efforts. A lasting achievement of King
1086:
1059:
857:
2349:
After the death of Władysław I, the old monarch's 23-year-old son became King Casimir III, later known as
552:, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The
3719:
2461:
2306:
1999:
1590:
1489:
1355:
1184:. The country suffered territorial losses, and the functioning of the Gniezno archdiocese was disrupted.
935:
248:
2247:
1278:
612:
611:
revived the military assertiveness of Bolesław I, but became fatally involved in a conflict with Bishop
2078:
2042:
1769:
and had far reaching negative consequences for the integrity of the western border. In the south-east,
1738:
1635:
1494:
896:
881:
691:
497:
459:
283:
200:
134:
2228:
1661:
1646:
in the 12th and 13th centuries, Christianization of the populace was accomplished on a larger scale.
939:
877:
222:
1620:
2583:
2224:
2027:
1991:
1932:
1733:
broke its political ties with Poland in the second half of the 12th century and from 1231 became a
1555:
1177:
951:
808:
tribes and first formed a tribal federation, then later a centralized state. After the addition of
2258:
was put down. This event may have had a limiting impact on the emerging political power of towns.
1594:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1306:
1149:
618:
3692:
2615:
2587:
2495:
2396:
2392:
2354:
1942:
1686:
1574:
1519:
1400:
of the region was initiated in earnest, an effort crowned by the establishment of the Pomeranian
1370:
1313:
1302:
1270:
1259:
1252:
1219:, a Polish noble who tried to detach the region from the rule of the Polish monarch, and in 1054
1181:
1075:
980:
845:
690:
Important early stages in the history of the Polish state and church took place on the island of
666:
576:
195:
1758:
1312:
After Bolesław's exile, the country found itself under the unstable rule of his younger brother
1266:
1016:
1011:
Poland (992–1025); area within dark pink color represents the borders at the end of the rule of
993:
669:
between 1370 and 1384. The consolidation in the 14th century laid the base for the new powerful
608:
588:
77:
3154:
2812:
2565:
2530:
1248:
1107:
1103:
604:
190:
2189:
further east in the 14th century. King Casimir received Jewish refugees from Germany in 1349.
1612:; this original early Piast monarchy configuration had not survived the fragmentation period.
975:
54:
2972:
2507:
2411:
2350:
2342:
2310:
2202:
2122:
1682:
1608:
The external borders left by Bolesław III at his death closely resembled the borders left by
1413:
1359:
1294:
1052:
1044:
654:
2465:
2162:
1509:
1062:
came as a pilgrim to visit St. Adalbert's grave and lent his support to Bolesław during the
2687:(The Chronicle of the Slavs, Volume II: The Polans), p. 95, Wydawnictwo EGIS, Kraków 2008,
2534:
2302:
2220:
2098:
778:
2058:
2012:
1995:
1469:
8:
3687:
2619:
2603:
2511:
2422:
2370:
2314:
2298:
2255:
2155:
and metallurgy. A great monetary reform was implemented during the reign of Casimir III.
2082:
2009:
1963:
1892:
1677:
clergymen spreading Church literacy; some of his prominent writings had been produced in
1609:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1534:
1484:
1474:
1363:
1273:
with the German emperor, Bolesław crowned himself king in 1076 with the blessing of Pope
1208:
1063:
1012:
947:
915:
756:
628:
549:
253:
2630:(ca. early 14th century) constitute possibly the oldest extant Polish prose manuscript.
2286:
1754:
3712:
2627:
2491:
1967:
1797:
1791:
1770:
1741:, which in 1307 extended its Pomeranian possessions even further east, taking over the
1605:
fought for power and territory in Poland, and in particular over the throne of Kraków.
1586:
1566:
1390:
1324:
1164:
1153:
1099:
1056:
1024:
997:
943:
861:
760:
600:
107:
1479:
1298:
1028:
737:
3744:
3723:
3696:
3507:
3483:
3349:
3266:
3204:
3158:
3081:
2978:
2955:
2950:
2930:
2902:
2871:
2816:
2775:
2722:
2688:
2665:
2545:
2480:
2453:
2235:, entering Kraków, and took the lands north of there, through Kuyavia all the way to
2166:
1971:
1908:
1876:
1730:
1670:
1628:
1539:
1504:
1464:
1157:
1130:
1082:
1040:
989:
923:
888:
869:
849:
686:
681:
584:
565:
529:
143:
83:
63:
3341:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2093:
1915:
soon overstepped their authority and moved beyond the area granted them by Konrad (
1912:
1896:
1848:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1578:
1570:
1397:
1274:
1111:
1085:
but when Emperor Otto III died in 1002, Bolesław's relationship with his successor
1048:
1036:
801:
709:
643:
632:
243:
3013:
2800:
2561:
2506:
in 1355. After his coronation, Louis returned to Hungary; he left his mother and
2322:
2278:
2266:
2127:
2111:
2046:
1975:
1960:
1880:
1840:
1674:
1666:
1255:
1239:
748:
572:
tribal lands that was fundamental to the existence of the new country of Poland.
2358:
2290:
2023:
1952:
1081:
Bolesław at first chose to continue his father's policy of cooperation with the
595:, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned in 1025 as the first
3714:
The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320–1370
2890:
2557:
2274:
2262:
2197:
2182:
1983:
1722:
1561:
Before he died, Bolesław III Wrymouth divided the country, in a limited sense,
1317:
1229:
1192:
1168:
1144:
969:
955:
904:
833:
805:
724:, with the Polans settling in the flatlands around the emerging strongholds of
717:
533:
485:
185:
180:
59:
1979:
1943:
Reunification attempts and the reigns of Przemysł II and Václav II (1232–1305)
876:
in 967, which was led by Wichmann, the first missionary bishop was appointed:
3764:
3682:
3499:
2945:
2647:
2607:
2553:
2251:
2232:
2135:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1714:
1001:
985:
837:
809:
752:
639:
525:
473:
258:
34:
3127:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 182–187, Andrzej Pleszczyński
1847:(city dwelling merchants) class; they brought with them West European laws (
1171:
in 1031. Mieszko was defeated and forced to leave Poland. Mieszko's brother
934:
and its mouth. After the death of Otto I, and then again after the death of
828:
642:
pagans, which led to centuries of Poland's warfare with the Knights and the
556:
then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to
2523:
1655:
1283:
1119:
1035:
bishop in exile and missionary who was killed in 997 while on a mission in
976:
The reign of Bolesław I and establishment of a Kingdom of Poland (992–1025)
964:
865:
789:
561:
557:
175:
1138:
545:
2854:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 146–167, Zofia Kurnatowska
2476:
2131:
2103:
2005:
1844:
1832:
1762:
1718:
1698:
1659:
act, the most important written document and source of the period is the
1639:
1141:; the region had previously been conquered with great effort by Mieszko.
821:
170:
2925:(VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), p. 77,
2402:
1381:, except for the directly incorporated southern part, became Bolesław's
532:. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler
2541:
2395:
population. Supported by Hungary, the Polish king in 1338 promised the
2326:
2148:
2050:
1924:
1920:
1778:
1757:
became independent of the Polish dukes from 1227. In mid-13th century,
2731:
2602:
were undertaken during Casimir's reign, including the construction of
2490:
Immediately after Casimir's death in 1370, the heirless king's nephew
2192:
2016:
1916:
1216:
1187:
2437:
2337:
2318:
2236:
2065:, was the most recognized representative in the intellectual sphere.
1987:
1750:
1643:
1551:
1366:
1339:
1225:
1015:(992); dark red border comprises the area at the end of the reign of
927:
887:
Mieszko's state had a complex political relationship with the German
873:
813:
662:
3745:
Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów
2170:
1947:
1746:
1742:
1233:
1200:
1007:
926:. The victories over Wichmann and Odo allowed Mieszko to extend his
729:
528:
between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the
2297:. Władysław was helped by his alliances with Hungary (his daughter
1864:
1836:
1374:
1320:
1244:
959:
908:
569:
537:
3688:
God's Playground: A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795
2449:
2265:. In 1320, he became the first king of Poland crowned in Kraków's
1923:). In the following decades, they conquered large areas along the
1801:
1378:
682:
Mieszko I and the adoption of Christianity in Poland (ca. 960–992)
2549:
2445:
2418:
2362:
2332:
2270:
2213:
2161:
was taking place in Poland since very early times. In 1264, Duke
2143:
2139:
1936:
1786:
1766:
1734:
1382:
1220:
1212:
1172:
1134:
1095:
1091:
1071:
968:), he had transformed Poland into one of the strongest powers in
903:
from the western part of his lands. Mieszko fought wars with the
900:
817:
733:
658:
553:
2380:
there attracted newcomers of several nationalities, was granted
2094:
The reunited kingdom of the last Piast rulers; Jewish settlement
1110:, took place. The conflicts with Germany ended in 1018 with the
880:. The action counteracted the intended eastern expansion of the
2717:(History of Poland until 1505), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (
2538:
2515:
2471:
2441:
2366:
2294:
2186:
2174:
2074:
2070:
2054:
1858:
In 1228, the Acts of Cienia were passed and signed into law by
1781:, a territory that had changed hands on a number of occasions.
1774:
1694:
1678:
1650:
1032:
892:
774:
770:
696:
541:
3416:
3414:
1443:
1240:
Bolesław II and the conflict with Bishop Stanisław (1058–1079)
154:
2623:
1690:
1401:
1377:
was subdued in a bloody takeover and Western Pomerania up to
725:
720:
gave rise to a tribal predecessor of the Polish state in the
636:
3143:
2626:, became increasingly more common in written documents. The
2571:
1765:
to the Margraviate, which made possible the creation of the
1145:
Mieszko II and the collapse of the Piast kingdom (1025–1039)
1114:
on favorable terms for Bolesław. In the context of the 1018
3571:(Chronology of Polish History), pp. 74–75, Krzysztof Stopka
3411:
2503:
2399:
the Polish throne in the event he dies without male heirs.
2385:
2377:
2178:
1970:, who was killed in 1241 while fighting the Mongols at the
931:
911:
116:
46:
1289:
103:
2077:, a Silesian monk, was one of the finest achievements of
1407:
853:
755:. In existing sources from the 10th century, Piast ruler
42:
3265:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2006,
3068:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 168–183,
2212:(r. 1305–1333), who began as an obscure Piast duke from
1669:, a foreign cleric from the court of Bolesław Wrymouth.
3286:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 37, Krzysztof Stopka
3101:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 33, Krzysztof Stopka
2552:
forcefully annexed the central Polish lands separating
1709:
1039:. Bolesław skillfully took advantage of his death: his
946:. After the death of Doubravka in 977, Mieszko married
599:. The first Piast monarchy collapsed with the death of
3312:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 196–209
2836:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 144–159
2305:
in 1320) and Lithuania (in a pact of 1325 against the
1871:
1232:
after the Czech incursion, Casimir moved his court to
1180:, and in 1039, there was an invasion by the forces of
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3461:
3459:
3348:; Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books, 2007,
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3219:
3217:
1106:, the niece of Emperor Otto III and future mother of
3506:, Eights Edition, pp. 116–117. London: Times Books.
3424:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 129–141, 154–155
2677:
2637:
2417:
Casimir, who formally gave up his rights to several
1939:
and protected by the popes and Holy Roman Emperors.
1334:
1316:(r. 1079–1102). Władysław was strongly dependent on
579:
converted the population to Christianity, created a
3308:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3123:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3064:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3042:
3040:
3038:
3024:
3022:
2850:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
2832:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
2526:, the dominant bicameral parliament of the future.
2193:
The reign of Władysław I the Elbow-high (1305–1333)
1773:was unable to preserve Poland's supremacy over the
1188:
Reunification of Poland under Casimir I (1039–1058)
3711:
3653:
3620:
3600:
3530:
3456:
3427:
3385:
3315:
3289:
3252:(Atlas of Polish History), 14th ed., pp. 4 & 5
3230:
3214:
3181:
2081:. The construction of churches and castles in the
1681:monasteries in Poland. Among the preeminent early
583:in 1025 and integrated Poland into the prevailing
3482:, Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press.
3445:
3443:
3168:
3060:
3058:
3056:
2661:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
1721:or German settlement in the east, miniature from
1207:Poland made a recovery under Mieszko's son, Duke
3762:
3561:
3130:
3104:
3035:
3019:
2165:of Greater Poland granted the privileges of the
1815:Civil strife and foreign invasions, such as the
884:, which was established at about the same time.
868:followed on 14 April 966, an event known as the
864:, a Christian princess. Mieszko's conversion to
2223:, Władysław returned from exile and challenged
1098:. In 1013, the marriage between Bolesław's son
3640:
3440:
3117:
3053:
2964:
2333:The reign of Casimir III the Great (1333–1370)
1074:were established on this occasion. The Polish
716:, lit. "people of the fields") in what is now
3493:
3276:
3091:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2529:During the reign of Louis I, Poland formed a
2273:. The coronation was hesitantly agreed to by
1429:
575:Following the emergence of the Polish state,
505:
2793:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2472:The reign of Louis I and Jadwiga (1370–1399)
751:, the Polans were ruled at this time by the
653:, then strengthened and expanded by his son
3663:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 173–177
3637:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 169–173
3617:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 160–171
3545:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 155–160
3469:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 145–154
3437:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 141–144
3395:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 128–129
3332:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 116–128
3299:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 111–115
3240:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 104–111
3227:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 101–104
2770:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)),
2388:, the main Polish centre in the midst of a
603:in 1034, followed by its restoration under
3771:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
3191:(History of Poland until 1505), p. 100–101
3178:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 98–100
2977:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
2970:
2954:, p. 325, 1998 New York, HarperPerennial,
2839:
2560:, previously granted by King Louis to his
2548:in 1387. In 1396, Jadwiga and her husband
2384:in 1356, and had thus begun its career as
1447:Feudal fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320)
1436:
1422:
512:
498:
53:
3114:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 93–96
3050:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 88–93
3032:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 80–88
2739:"The history of Ostrów Tumski stronghold"
2697:
1118:, Bolesław took over the western part of
922:of the Saxon Eastern March in 972 in the
860:at the time, married the duke's daughter
27:Period of Polish history from 960 to 1370
3140:(History of Poland until 1505), p. 96–98
2570:
2475:
2401:
2336:
2196:
2138:of the Polish ruling circles. The lower
2097:
2034:at various stages of the duke's career.
2004:
1946:
1875:
1796:
1713:
1619:
1550:
1404:Diocese after Bolesław's death in 1140.
1338:
1293:
1243:
1191:
1148:
1006:
979:
930:possessions west to the vicinity of the
827:
685:
649:In 1320, the kingdom was restored under
3504:The Times Complete History of the World
2807:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 29,
1373:and completed by Bolesław around 1123.
1290:Reign of Władysław I Herman (1079–1102)
14:
3763:
3681:
3153:(History of Poland: The Middle Ages),
2598:In the 14th century, many large scale
2142:was controlled by the Teutonic Order.
1408:Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)
891:, as Mieszko was a "friend", ally and
804:tribe conquered and merged with other
773:tribes acting in cooperation with the
3709:
3676:Bibliography of the history of Poland
3480:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3203:(Atlas of Polish History), 14th ed.,
2868:Trade and urban development in Poland
2289:). As a result, the Knights captured
1638:was developing as a part of European
1417:
844:Initially a pagan, Mieszko I was the
593:Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Gniezno
3747:" (Piast heraldic emblems on seals)
3646:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3593:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3580:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3554:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3449:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3365:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3261:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
2901:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
2870:, Cambridge University Press, 1993,
2309:and the marriage of Władysław's son
1899:to help him fight the pagan, Baltic
1710:State and society; German settlement
676:
3012:(There could have been no Poland),
2317:, daughter of the Lithuanian ruler
2277:in spite of the opposition of King
1872:Relations with the Teutonic Knights
1835:; the early waves from Germany and
1627:(late 1240–1241) culminated in the
788:to 992), his tribal state accepted
615:and was expelled from the country.
24:
3669:
3211:, PPWK Warszawa–Wrocław 1998, p. 5
2998:
2261:In 1313–1314, Władysław conquered
1460:Frederick I's expedition to Głogów
1251:is all that remains of the second
25:
3782:
3737:
2013:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
1335:Reign of Bolesław III (1102–1138)
1156:shown allegorically with Duchess
3004:An interview with the historian
2974:A history of Polish Christianity
2719:Polish Scientific Publishers PWN
2640:
1927:coast and established their own
1636:culture of early Medieval Poland
820:(both taken by Mieszko from the
479:
467:
153:
115:
102:
3587:
3574:
3548:
3517:
3472:
3406:A Traveller's History of Poland
3398:
3372:
3359:
3346:A Traveller's History of Poland
3335:
3302:
3255:
3243:
3194:
3074:
2939:
2915:
2685:Kronika Słowian, tom II Polanie
2656:Poland in the Early Middle Ages
2544:, which was recovered by Queen
2483:was the great-granddaughter of
2254:leadership seeking rule by the
2088:
1704:
1178:anti-feudal and pagan rebellion
3310:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
3125:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
3066:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2884:
2857:
2852:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2834:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2826:
2786:, pp. 147–149, Adam Żurek and
2768:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2752:
2151:, thus ethnically non-Polish.
1133:in 1005 together with its new
1055:. In the year 1000, the young
722:early part of the 10th century
13:
1:
3151:Historia Polski-średniowiecze
2671:
2622:, along with the predominant
2612:Statutes of Casimir the Great
2588:union of Lithuania and Poland
1911:sponsored by the papacy. The
792:and became the Polish state.
782:
741:
113:Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
98:
3661:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3635:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3615:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3543:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3467:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3435:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3422:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3393:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3330:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3297:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3238:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3225:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3189:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3176:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3138:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3112:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3048:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3030:Historia Polski do roku 1505
2715:Historia Polski do roku 1505
2593:
2408:Collegiate church in Wiślica
2243:and kept it for themselves.
2037:
858:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
18:History of Poland (966–1385)
7:
3720:University of Chicago Press
3648:A Concise History of Poland
3595:A Concise History of Poland
3582:A Concise History of Poland
3556:A Concise History of Poland
3451:A Concise History of Poland
3367:A Concise History of Poland
3263:A Concise History of Poland
2899:A Concise History of Poland
2633:
2533:. In the pact of 1374 (the
2462:Crown of the Polish Kingdom
2000:Przemysł's daughter Richeza
1203:(built in the 11th century)
1094:in 1018, Bolesław retained
694:. Remnants of the original
657:. The western provinces of
536:in the early 12th century:
530:history of the Polish state
237:Prehistory and protohistory
10:
3787:
3673:
3569:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
3284:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
3099:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
2971:Kłoczowski, Jerzy (2000).
2923:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej
2805:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
2485:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2241:took over Gdańsk Pomerania
2210:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2119:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2108:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2102:A fragment of a sandstone
1739:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1685:religious orders were the
1673:was one of the pioneering
1615:
1343:Poland during the rule of
936:Holy Roman Emperor Otto II
651:Władysław I the Elbow-high
524:The period of rule by the
460:Timeline of Polish history
2250:instigated by the city's
1697:founded in 1044) and the
1662:Gesta principum Polonorum
1625:Mongol invasion of Poland
1455:
1385:, to be ruled locally by
897:Holy Roman Emperor Otto I
564:in an event known as the
111:
101:
93:
70:
52:
41:
32:
3250:Atlas historyczny Polski
3201:Atlas historyczny Polski
2772:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
2584:Greater Poland Civil War
2341:Poland during ruling of
2123:Casimir III, "the Great"
1556:Collegiate church in Tum
1490:Mayor Albert's Rebellion
1389:, the first duke of the
1350:After a power struggle,
1070:and several subordinate
918:in 963–964 and Margrave
878:Jordan, bishop of Poland
797:Mieszko's emerging state
781:. Under Mieszko's rule (
704:is located on the right.
613:Stanislaus of Szczepanów
3710:Knoll, Paul W. (1972).
3693:Oxford University Press
3478:Davies, Norman (2005).
2600:brick building projects
2496:Capetian House of Anjou
2329:between 1327 and 1329.
2285:from 1327 to 1332 (see
1860:Władysław III Laskonogi
1808:became a member of the
1301:is the burial place of
1279:Stanisław of Szczepanów
1271:Investiture Controversy
1182:Bretislaus I of Bohemia
1076:ecclesiastical province
759:was first mentioned by
667:Capetian House of Anjou
330:Early elective monarchy
297:10th century–1385
3155:Wydawnictwo Literackie
2813:Wydawnictwo Literackie
2579:
2531:Polish-Hungarian union
2487:
2429:by Holy Roman Emperor
2414:
2397:Hungarian ruling house
2346:
2219:Supported by his ally
2206:
2115:
2019:
1955:
1888:
1812:
1725:
1631:
1591:Władysław II the Exile
1563:among four of his sons
1558:
1347:
1309:
1262:
1204:
1160:
1108:Casimir I the Restorer
1104:Richeza of Lotharingia
1020:
1004:
970:central-eastern Europe
841:
705:
635:to help him fight the
623:divided among his sons
3567:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
3282:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
3097:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
2758:Various authors, ed.
2574:
2479:
2412:Casimir III the Great
2405:
2340:
2200:
2101:
2063:influential chronicle
2008:
1950:
1879:
1804:, established by the
1800:
1717:
1623:
1595:Bolesław IV the Curly
1554:
1352:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1345:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1342:
1307:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1297:
1247:
1195:
1152:
1053:Archbishop of Gniezno
1010:
983:
942:, a pretender to the
940:Henry the Quarrelsome
882:Magdeburg Archdiocese
831:
812:, the country of the
795:The viability of the
689:
655:Casimir III the Great
644:German Prussian state
213:Territorial evolution
3743:Górczyk, Wojciech, "
3070:Andrzej Pleszczyński
3010:Polski mogło nie być
2683:Witold Chrzanowski,
2616:University of Kraków
2535:Privilege of Koszyce
2301:was married to King
2221:Charles I of Hungary
2132:settler colonization
2032:Władysław I Łokietek
1992:Václav II of Bohemia
1759:Bolesław II the Bald
1267:Bolesław II the Bold
1215:was taken back from
948:Oda von Haldensleben
938:, Mieszko supported
836:territory under the
779:Wichmann the Younger
766:Res gestae saxonicae
673:that was to follow.
609:Bolesław II the Bold
589:Bolesław I the Brave
78:Bolesław I the Brave
2880:Google Print, p. 47
2427:Gniezno Archdiocese
2423:House of Luxembourg
2256:House of Luxembourg
2248:rebellion in Kraków
2083:Gothic architecture
2061:, the author of an
2030:. Świnka supported
1964:Henry I the Bearded
1893:Konrad I of Masovia
1881:Henry IV of Wrocław
1603:Casimir II the Just
1599:Mieszko III the Old
1249:St. Leonard's Crypt
1197:St. Andrew's Church
1068:Gniezno Archdiocese
1064:Congress of Gniezno
1031:, a well-connected
1000:body back from the
988:at the entrance to
916:Saxon Eastern March
840:in the 10th century
629:Konrad I of Masovia
303:Jagiellonian period
249:Bronze and Iron Age
33:Kingdom of Poland (
3659:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3633:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3613:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3541:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3465:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3433:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3420:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3404:John Radzilowski,
3391:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3328:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3295:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3236:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3223:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3187:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3174:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3149:Stanisław Szczur,
3136:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3110:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3046:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3028:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3008:, Piotr Bojarski,
2921:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
2911:Google Print, p. 6
2788:Wojciech Mrozowicz
2721:), Warszawa 1986,
2628:Holy Cross Sermons
2580:
2566:Władysław of Opole
2550:Jagiełło (Jogaila)
2488:
2466:Congress of Kraków
2415:
2406:Foundation of the
2347:
2227:and his successor
2207:
2205:at Wawel Cathedral
2163:Bolesław the Pious
2116:
2020:
1968:Henry II the Pious
1956:
1889:
1813:
1726:
1632:
1567:Seniorate Province
1559:
1371:Władysław I Herman
1348:
1314:Władysław I Herman
1310:
1303:Władysław I Herman
1263:
1205:
1165:Mieszko II Lambert
1161:
1025:Adalbert of Prague
1021:
1005:
954:, Margrave of the
866:Latin Christianity
850:Ibrâhîm ibn Ya`qûb
842:
761:Widukind of Corvey
706:
601:Mieszko II Lambert
577:a series of rulers
486:History portal
375:Partitioned Poland
340:Deluge and decline
108:Civitas Schinesghe
3757:
3525:Europe: A History
3512:978-0-00-788089-8
3488:978-0-231-12817-9
3380:Europe: A History
3163:978-83-08-04135-2
2984:978-0-521-36429-4
2951:Europe: A History
2864:Francis W. Carter
2811:. Copyright 1999
2784:Zofia Kurnatowska
2693:978-83-7396-749-6
2666:Slavery in Poland
2576:St. Mary's Church
2500:Casimir of Słupsk
2454:Farther Pomerania
2351:Casimir the Great
2203:Casimir the Great
2167:Statute of Kalisz
2159:Jewish settlement
2059:Wincenty Kadłubek
1996:Přemyslid dynasty
1972:Battle of Legnica
1909:Northern Crusades
1731:Farther Pomerania
1671:Bruno of Querfurt
1665:, a chronicle by
1629:Battle of Legnica
1548:
1547:
1158:Matilda of Swabia
1131:Farther Pomerania
1083:Holy Roman Empire
990:Gniezno Cathedral
924:Battle of Cedynia
889:Holy Roman Empire
870:Baptism of Poland
832:Expansion of the
708:The tribe of the
677:10th–12th century
671:kingdom of Poland
585:culture of Europe
581:kingdom of Poland
566:Baptism of Poland
522:
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474:Poland portal
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423:
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279:Early Middle Ages
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84:Jadwiga of Poland
64:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
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2774:, Wrocław 2002,
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2711:Jerzy Wyrozumski
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2492:Louis of Hungary
2444:became Poland's
2382:municipal rights
2355:Treaty of Kalisz
2287:Battle of Płowce
2246:In 1311–1312, a
2237:Gdańsk Pomerania
2079:medieval science
2069:, a treatise on
1988:Gdańsk Pomerania
1897:Teutonic Knights
1849:Magdeburg rights
1841:German town laws
1817:Mongol invasions
1810:Hanseatic League
1806:Teutonic Knights
1771:Leszek the White
1755:Gdańsk Pomerania
1450:
1448:
1438:
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1424:
1415:
1414:
1398:Christianization
1360:Battle of Głogów
1260:Władysław Herman
1112:Peace of Bautzen
1049:Radim Gaudentius
984:An image on the
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702:Poznań Cathedral
633:Teutonic Knights
587:. Mieszko's son
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284:Christianization
201:Military history
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3670:Further reading
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3014:Gazeta Wyborcza
3006:Tomasz Jasiński
3003:
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2944:
2940:
2929:, Kraków 1999,
2920:
2916:
2895:Hubert Zawadzki
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2801:Andrzej Chwalba
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2620:Polish language
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2283:war with Poland
2279:John of Bohemia
2267:Wawel Cathedral
2201:Sarcophagus of
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2112:Wawel Cathedral
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1976:Henry IV Probus
1945:
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1116:Kiev expedition
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419:1945–1989
409:1939–1945
399:1918–1939
395:Second Republic
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379:1795–1918
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3683:Davies, Norman
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2275:Pope John XXII
2263:Greater Poland
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1998:, who married
1984:Greater Poland
1961:Silesian dukes
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1929:monastic state
1913:Teutonic Order
1891:In 1226, Duke
1873:
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1723:Sachsenspiegel
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1124:king of Poland
1029:Slavník family
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950:, daughter of
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907:, the Czechs,
905:Polabian Slavs
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2946:Norman Davies
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2935:83-85719-38-5
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917:
913:
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906:
902:
899:and paid him
898:
894:
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885:
883:
879:
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871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
838:Piast dynasty
835:
830:
826:
823:
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811:
810:Lesser Poland
807:
803:
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753:Piast dynasty
750:
739:
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723:
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692:Ostrów Tumski
688:
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531:
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526:Piast dynasty
515:
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259:Polish tribes
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19:
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3519:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3450:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
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3366:
3361:
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3257:
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3106:
3098:
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3065:
3047:
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3016:July 7, 2007
3009:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2973:
2966:
2949:
2941:
2922:
2917:
2898:
2886:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2833:
2828:
2804:
2795:
2767:
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2733:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2597:
2581:
2528:
2524:general sejm
2520:
2489:
2458:
2448:, while the
2435:
2416:
2374:area of Rus'
2359:Dobrzyń Land
2348:
2291:Dobrzyń Land
2260:
2245:
2218:
2208:
2157:
2153:
2134:and gradual
2121:and his son
2117:
2089:14th century
2066:
2041:
2024:Jakub Świnka
2021:
1957:
1953:Jakub Świnka
1895:invited the
1890:
1887:, about 1300
1863:
1857:
1814:
1783:
1727:
1705:13th century
1687:Benedictines
1660:
1656:Dagome iudex
1654:
1648:
1633:
1607:
1560:
1411:
1395:
1349:
1311:
1264:
1206:
1162:
1128:
1120:Red Ruthenia
1080:
1022:
965:Dagome iudex
963:
886:
843:
794:
790:Christianity
764:
713:
707:
695:
648:
631:invited the
627:
619:Bolesław III
617:
574:
562:Latin Church
558:Christianity
554:ruling house
523:
458:
432:Contemporary
405:World War II
321:Early Modern
293:Piast period
292:
191:Coat of arms
176:Polonization
94:
3718:. Chicago:
3650:, pp. 42–44
3597:, pp. 26–34
3584:, pp. 14–26
3558:, pp. 23–24
3453:, pp. 15–34
3408:, pp. 39–41
3369:, pp. 14–16
2741:. Poznań.pl
2343:Casimir III
2269:instead of
2149:East Slavic
2104:sarcophagus
2067:Perspectiva
2051:Franciscans
1980:Przemysł II
1978:. In 1295,
1951:Archbishop
1853:patriciates
1763:Lubusz Land
1719:Ostsiedlung
1699:Cistercians
1644:monasteries
1640:Christendom
1387:Wartislaw I
1364:Mieszko I's
1275:Gregory VII
1169:Kievan Rus'
846:first ruler
444:1989–
385:World War I
272:Middle Ages
171:Polonophile
144:History of
3691:. Oxford:
2764:Adam Żurek
2745:2009-09-19
2672:References
2564:ally Duke
2510:'s sister
2431:Charles IV
2327:allegiance
2229:Václav III
2106:depicting
2047:Dominicans
2043:Culturally
1966:, his son
1925:Baltic Sea
1921:Kulmerland
1583:Sandomierz
1520:Lubusz 1st
1253:Romanesque
1154:Mieszko II
1017:Bolesław I
998:Adalbert's
932:Oder River
928:Pomeranian
786: 960
745: 920
95:Chronology
71:Monarch(s)
3685:(2005) .
2578:in Kraków
2512:Elizabeth
2438:Drezdenko
2371:Volodymyr
2357:of 1343.
2319:Gediminas
2303:Charles I
2299:Elizabeth
2252:patrician
2225:Václav II
1933:Lithuania
1829:1287/1288
1825:1259/1260
1821:1240/1241
1751:Pomerelia
1610:Mieszko I
1535:Zawichost
1495:Yaroslavl
1485:Chmielnik
1475:Drohiczyn
1367:Pomerania
1286:in 1253.
1284:canonized
1226:feudalism
1209:Casimir I
1139:Kołobrzeg
1135:bishopric
1041:martyrdom
1013:Mieszko I
1002:Prussians
874:Velunzani
862:Doubravka
816:, and of
814:Vistulans
757:Mieszko I
663:Pomerania
605:Casimir I
550:Mieszko I
548:. It was
546:Siemomysł
254:Antiquity
244:Stone Age
223:Statehood
3765:Category
3527:, p. 429
3502:(2010),
3382:, p. 366
3356:, p. 260
2990:12 April
2815:Kraków,
2790:, p. 226
2634:See also
2419:Silesian
2393:Orthodox
2114:, Kraków
2049:and the
1919:Land or
1865:szlachta
1837:Flanders
1777:area of
1761:granted
1683:monastic
1679:eremitic
1510:Trojanów
1375:Szczecin
1329:Bolesław
1325:Zbigniew
1321:Sieciech
1087:Henry II
1072:dioceses
1060:Otto III
994:Bolesław
992:depicts
960:Holy See
952:Dietrich
909:Margrave
697:palatium
640:Prussian
570:Lechitic
538:Siemowit
196:Monarchs
135:a series
133:Part of
3754:English
3749:Histmag
3490:, p. 66
2594:Culture
2546:Jadwiga
2516:regents
2508:Casimir
2494:of the
2363:Kuyavia
2311:Casimir
2271:Gniezno
2214:Kuyavia
2144:Masovia
2140:Vistula
2038:Culture
2017:Wrocław
1994:of the
1917:Chełmno
1883:in the
1845:burgher
1767:Neumark
1749:areas.
1737:of the
1675:Western
1616:Culture
1579:Masovia
1571:Silesia
1540:Mozgawa
1505:Legnica
1470:Goźlice
1465:Bogucin
1356:Henry V
1221:Silesia
1217:Miecław
1213:Masovia
1173:Bezprym
1100:Mieszko
1096:Moravia
1092:Bohemia
1057:Emperor
1037:Prussia
1027:of the
1019:(1025)
996:buying
914:of the
901:tribute
818:Silesia
802:Polanie
763:in his
734:Gniezno
714:Polanie
659:Silesia
446:present
80:(first)
62:of the
3726:
3699:
3510:
3486:
3352:
3273:, p. 9
3269:
3207:
3161:
3084:
2981:
2958:
2933:
2905:
2874:
2819:
2778:
2725:
2691:
2604:Gothic
2539:Halych
2442:Santok
2367:Halych
2315:Aldona
2295:Kujawy
2187:Grodno
2175:Kalisz
2171:Kraków
2075:Witelo
2071:optics
2055:annals
2010:Gothic
1974:, and
1775:Halych
1747:Słupsk
1743:Sławno
1695:Tyniec
1651:annals
1587:Kraków
1530:Ujście
1525:Gdańsk
1500:Jazdów
1234:Kraków
1201:Kraków
1066:; the
1045:Church
893:vassal
854:Jewish
834:Polans
806:Slavic
777:exile
771:Veleti
730:Poznań
710:Polans
637:Baltic
542:Lestek
367:Modern
164:Topics
146:Poland
137:on the
86:(last)
2927:Fogra
2624:Latin
2556:from
2450:Wałcz
2446:fiefs
1787:serfs
1691:abbey
1689:(the
1515:Kłeck
1402:Wolin
1379:Rügen
1163:King
1047:with
1033:Czech
920:Odo I
822:Czech
775:Saxon
726:Giecz
35:Piast
3724:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3508:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3082:ISBN
2992:2011
2979:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2799:Ed.
2776:ISBN
2762:and
2723:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2542:Rus'
2504:Buda
2440:and
2390:Rus'
2386:Lwów
2378:Lviv
2361:and
2293:and
2185:and
2179:Lviv
1937:fief
1827:and
1779:Rus'
1745:and
1735:fief
1601:and
1585:and
1383:fief
1327:and
1305:and
1102:and
912:Gero
852:, a
736:and
661:and
544:and
206:Wars
186:Name
181:Flag
47:1385
2410:by
2313:to
2110:in
2073:by
2015:in
1982:of
1819:in
1753:or
1693:in
1258:of
1199:in
1137:in
1051:as
895:of
43:960
3767::
3722:.
3695:.
3622:^
3602:^
3532:^
3458:^
3442:^
3413:^
3344:,
3317:^
3216:^
3055:^
3037:^
3021:^
2948:,
2909:,
2897:,
2893:,
2878:,
2866:,
2841:^
2803:,
2782:,
2766:,
2713:,
2699:^
2590:.
2568:.
2518:.
2456:.
2181:,
2173:,
1823:,
1701:.
1597:,
1593:,
1581:,
1577:,
1573:,
1393:.
1126:.
972:.
783:c.
742:c.
732:,
728:,
646:.
540:,
3756:)
3752:(
3732:.
3705:.
3514:.
3088:.
2994:.
2823:.
2748:.
2460:"
2369:–
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
962:(
712:(
513:e
506:t
499:v
45:–
37:)
20:)
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