6324:
4834:
466:
6702:
5958:
6664:
6634:
6649:
5069:
6017:
6272:
6301:
5976:
5676:
3323:
2858:
44:
3833:
5397:
4948:
6944:
in the
Larkana district of Sindh, by Rakhaldas Banerji in 1922. Sir John Marshall, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, used the term 'Indus civilization' for the culture discovered at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, a term doubly apt because of the geographical context implied in the name 'Indus' and the presence of cities implied in the word 'civilization'. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it `Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site."
3547:
5219:
6031:
5998:
6619:
6045:
6683:
5771:
4107:
3728:
5423:). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell, it was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking
4149:. Alexander besieged the city after arriving there some days later. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander reputedly leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The Greek army thereafter started killing civilians and animals and whatever came in their way to take revenge of their injured leader. The Mallian army eventually surrendered, preventing further bloodshed.
4994:
6156:. The first time Ahmad Shah invaded Hindustan, the Mughal imperial army checked his advance successfully. Yet subsequent events led to a double alliance, one by marriage and another politically, between the Afghan King and the Mughal Emperor. The battle of Panipat was the effect of this political alliance. After the victory of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani became the primary ruler over Northern India. The influence of Durrani monarch continued in Northern India up to his death.
5038:
6359:
13570:
4360:
2516:
4438:
8991:"I have already described the way in which the city is walled, but they say that it was divided up into narrow streets in the same irregular manner as in Athens, and that the houses were built in such a way that if you look at them from outside they had only one story, while if you went into one of them, you at once found subterranean chambers extending as far below the level of the earth as did the chambers above."
13317:
6744:
6261:
invasion, Singh had recovered his own fort at Rohtas. During the second invasion, he had emerged as a leading Sikh chief. After the third invasion, he had decisively defeated Zamah Shah. This had eventually led to the takeover of Lahore in 1799. In 1809, Singh signed the Treaty of
Amritsar with the British; in this treaty, Singh was recognised as the sole ruler of Punjab up to River Sutlej by the British.
3811:) in central Punjab, in c. 14th century BCE, between the Bharata clan on the one hand and a confederation of ten tribes on the other. The ten tribes pitted against Sudas comprised five major tribes: the Purus, the Druhyus, the Anus, the Turvasas and the Yadus; in addition to five minor ones: the Pakthas, the Alinas, the Bhalanas, the Visanins and the Sivas. Sudas was supported by the Vedic
7904:, p. 29 "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people."
6476:. In his Burahin-i-Ahmaddiya, which was meant to rejuvenate Islam on the basis of the Quran, he had attempted to refute both Christian missionaries, and Hindus and Sikhs. In another work, Ahmad argued that Guru Nanak was a Muslim. He interpreted Jihad as a peaceful method, and declared himself to be the Messiah. This was met with significant controversy.
6701:
6607:. A strong supporter of colonial rule, the Unionists were weakened by the war as they were directed to sacrifice their political interests to support the war effort. Unable to placate their traditional support base with benefits from the colonial administration, they suffered a loss of authority which led to their disastrous performance at the
7473:. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the
10663:
9481:
picture of my father and grandfather, they accompanied me, many of them armed with swords and bows, and our numbers increased daily; and when we reached this city, the inhabitants, with torches lit at the altar of the Sun, and singing the praises of my father and grandfather, came out and welcomed me, and brought me hither.
6905:, Gandhi further called in Indian troops to extinguish the few militants who had taken shelter in the Golden Temple, killing thousands of civilians in the crossfire. Attacks then targeted the Punjab State police and Indian Security forces that opposed the creation of Khalistan and wished Punjab stay under Indian rule.
6323:
6983:"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278
5653:. Various road and irrigation projects were taken under his rule, and the rule had patronized Persian culture. Despite this, there was still persecution of the local Hindu people as many temples, such as that of Mathura, were destroyed and had a system of widespread discrimination against Hindus. The rule of
6265:
come in and take over control of the area. After the
British victories at the battles of the Sutlej in 1845–46, the army and territory of the boy Raja Duleep Singh was cut down. Lahore was garrisoned by British troops, and given a resident in the Durbar. In 1849, the British had formally taken control.
4071:. Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused. This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus. Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in
9437:
How on this his father, then sixteen years of age, fled to the king beyond the
Hydaspes, a greater king than himself, who received him kindly... he requested to be sent to the Brahmans; and how the Brahmans educated him; and how in time he married the daughter of the Hydaspian king, and received with
8693:
McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing
Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to
8585:
Menander king in India, known locally as
Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital
8339:
he bought the boy by paying on the spot 1000 kdrshapanas. Kautilya(Chanakya) then took the boy with him to his native city of
Takshasila (Taxila), then the most renowned seat of learning in India, and had him educated there for a period of seven or eight years in the humanities and the practical arts
5215:, established an independent kingdom in western Afghanistan with Ghazni as its capital. When the Ghaznavids began expanding eastwards they came into conflict with the Hindu Shahis. This led to the Hindu Shahi ruler to form an alliance with Rajput rulers in the Punjab to check the Ghaznavid expansion.
5017:
at Taxila, a high center of learning, which never recovered from the destruction. Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of Taxila were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where apparently some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions. One
9394:
The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been left very young an orphan; and how during his minority two of his relatives according to Indian custom acted as regents, but with so little regard to law, that some nobles conspired against them, and slow them as they were sacrificing to
9182:
Philostratus comments that the people who live between the River Kophen and Taxila have a coinage not of gold and silver but of
Orichalcum and black brass. He describes the houses as designed so that if you look at them from the outside, they appear to have only one storey, but if you go inside they
6943:
Habib: "Harappa, in
Sahiwal district of west Punjab, Pakistan, had long been known to archaeologists as an extensive site on the Ravi river, but its true significance as a major city of an early great civilization remained unrecognized until the discovery of Mohenjo-daro near the banks of the Indus,
7432:
The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for 'Five rivers' the word used before the advent of
Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point
6550:
led fifty riflemen from the 1/9th Gurkhas, 54th Sikhs, and 59th Sikhs into the Bagh and ordered them to open fire into the crowd that had gathered there. The official number of deaths, as reported by the British government, was given as 379 killed, but some reports claimed that more than 1,000 were
6459:
Despite these developments, colonial rule was marked by exploitation of resources. For the purpose of exports, the majority of external trade was controlled by British export banks. The Imperial government exercised control over the finances of Punjab and took the majority of the income for itself.
4917:
destroyed the last remains of Kushan rule. In the early 3rd century BC, a union formed between the Punjab janapadas to expel the Kushans, resulting in a Kushan defeat and them being pushed all the way out of Eastern Punjab. Thus starting the fall of the empire and resulting in a century of peace in
6555:. They were also responsible for the bombing of the Legislative Assembly in Delhi on 8 April 1929. The three believed that the nonviolent movement was a failure. Nevertheless, the use of violence in the Indian independence movement became unpopular after the execution of the trio on 23 March 1931.
6479:
In the first and second decades of the early 20th century, the idea of Hindu and Muslim separation had become an active political tone. Muslims were told to remain aloof of the Indian National Congress, the main body seeking Indian Independence, because there was a general fear that representation
6455:
in western Punjab between 1860 and 1947 brought 14 million acres of land under cultivation, and revolutionised agricultural practices in the region. To the agrarian and commercial class was added a professional middle class that had risen the social ladder through the use of the English education,
6442:
Colonial rule had a profound impact on all areas of Punjabi life. Economically it transformed the Punjab into the richest farming area of India, socially it sustained the power of large landowners and politically it encouraged cross-communal co-operation amongst land owning groups. The Punjab also
6264:
Within ten years of Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the Empire was taken over by the British who had already more or less exerted indirect or direct influence throughout the Subcontinent. At Lahore, there were increasing levels of nobles vying for power. A growing instability, allowed the British to
6260:
In 1799, a process to unify Punjab was started by Ranjit Singh. Training his army under the style of the East India Company, he was able to conquer much of Punjab and surrounding areas. The invasions of Zaman Shah, the second successor of Ahmad Shah Abdali had served as a catalyst. After the first
5938:
During the reign of Muḥammad Shah (1719–48), the empire began to decline, accelerated by warfare and rivalries, and. After the death of Muḥammad Shah in 1748, the Marathas attacked and ruled almost all of northern India. Mughal rule was reduced to only a small area around Delhi, which passed under
5699:
who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to most illustrious of the Langah Sultans. Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans
13102:
Digby, Simon (1976). "Mohammad Habib: Politics and society during the early medieval period. Collected works, Vol. 1. Edited by K. A. Nizami. xx, 451 pp., front. New Delhi: People's Publishing House [for the] Centre of Advanced Study, Dept. of History, Aligarh Muslim University, 1974. Rs.
8666:
It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as
8422:
Subhagasena seems to be the successor of Virasena, who came to the throne after Ashoka, according to Taranatha. It appears that after the secession of the north-western half of India from the Maurya empire after the death of Ashoka, Virasena entrenched his hold over it while the other eastern and
7464:
in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge,
5910:
at the Second Battle of Panipat (1556) and re-established Mughal rule. Akbar's son Jahangir had furthered the size of the Mughal Empire through conquest, yet left much of the state bankrupt as a result. He was later buried in Lahore. Jahangir's son Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658) was known for his
4125:
When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king". Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him. Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces
6516:
In 1854, the Punjab education department was instituted with a policy to provide secular education in all government managed institutions. Privately run institutions would only receive grants-in-aid in return for providing secular instruction. By 1864 this had resulted in a situation whereby all
5307:
occupied the cities of Uch, Multan, Peshawar, Lahore, and Delhi. In 1206, the Ghurid general Qutb-al-din Aybeg and his successor Iltutmish founded the first of the series of Delhi Sultanates. Each dynasty would be an alternation of various inner-Asian military lords and their clients, constantly
6795:
The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2%
6783:
western part became the Pakistani province of West Punjab and the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became the Indian province of Punjab. Many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. All
6521:
was established in Lahore, the 4th university to be established in South Asia. In 1884, a reorganisation of the Punjab education system occurred, introducing measures tending towards decentralisation of control over education and the promotion of an indigenous education agency. As a consequence
5454:
and many other regions in India His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.
9480:
When I crossed the Hydraotis, I heard that, of the usurpers, one was already dead, and the other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to the villages I passed through who I was, and what were my rights : and the people received me gladly, and declaring I was the very
5859:
was ousted from his ancestral domain in Central Asia. Bābur turned to India and crossed the Khyber Pass. He was able to secure control of Punjab, and in 1526 he decisively defeated the forces of the Delhi sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī at the First Battle of Panipat. The next year, he defeated the Rajput
6803:
As stated, a major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by
5257:
respectively, resisted Mahmud for another quarter of a century and later by Bhimapala and local Ghakkhar chieftains until Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad's victory in Second battle of Tarain in 1192. Mahmud's battles against the Hindu Shahi between 1001 and 1026 were significant in establishing Muslim
9351:
Phraotes, in answer, said that he was moderate because his wants were few, and that as he was wealthy, he employed his wealth in doing good to his friends, and in subsidizing the barbarians, his neighbours, to prevent them from themselves ravaging, or allowing other barbarians to ravage his
5320:
was the second dynasty of the Delhi sultanates, ruling from 1290 to 1320. This dynasty was a short-lived one, and extended Islamic rule to Gujarat, Rajasthan, the Deccan, and parts of Southern India. The first Mongol invasion of Punjab occurred when they were pursuing the Khwarezmian Shah,
9894:
The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi
6450:
Administratively, colonial rule instated a system of bureaucracy and measure of the law. The 'paternal' system of the ruling elite was replaced by 'machine rule' with a system of laws, codes, and procedures. For purposes of control, the British established new forms of communication and
8736:"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India
7916:, p. 387: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."
4944:, who around 390 AD invaded Punjab and replaced remaining remnants of the Kushans. They seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire, particularly central and western Punjab, until they were displaced by the invasion of the Alchon Huns at the end of the 5th century.
4781:
also recounts that his father, being the son of a king, had become an orphan from a young age. In accordance with Indian customs, two of his relatives assumed responsibility for his upbringing until they were killed by rebellious nobles during a ritualistic ceremony along the
7584:
means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes
4383:. Following the death of Menander, most of his empire splintered and Indo-Greek influence was considerably reduced. Many new kingdoms and republics east of the Ravi River began to mint new coinage depicting military victories. The most prominent entities to form were the
3927:
had been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings
7184:
Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the
6896:
in the 1970s, along the lines of Pakistan, which led to a state of emergency being declared by Indira Gandhi, who believed the creation of Khalistan would drastically weaken India, particularly since the Punjab region grew up to 70% of the country's wheat (during the
6551:
killed. There had been many Indian independence movements in Punjab at the time as well. Notably, the actions of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru on 17 December 1928 in which the trio was responsible for killing J.P. Saunders in revenge for the latter's killing of
6484:'s demand for separate electorates for Muslims was granted at Amritsar in 1909. The Muslim League also demanded separate electorates in every province, even in those without Muslim majority populations, which was also granted by the Indian National Congress in 1916.
8010:
Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru, he did not probably come to the throne before 540 or 530 bc, and Pukkusati also may be regarded as ruling in Gandhara about that time. He would be thus a contemporary of Cyrus who established his power and authority in 549
3759:
can be strongly attributed to Punjab. Although their distribution patterns are not satisfactorily ascertainable, they are associated with the Porusni, Asikni, Satudri, Vipas, and Saraswati. The rivers of Punjab often corresponded to the eastern Janapadas.
6159:
In 1757, the Sikhs were persistently ambushing guards to loot trains. In order to send a message, and prevent such occurrences from recurring, Ahmad Shah destroyed the Shri Harimandir Sahib and filled the Sarovar (Holy water pool) with cow carcasses.
3856:
Many Janapadas were mentioned from Vedic texts and there was a large level of contact between all the Janapadas with descriptions being given of trading caravans, movement of students from universities, and itineraries of princes. In its heyday, the
8614:
Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130
10945:
4529:
from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the earlier Indo-Greeks. The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE and soon they were replaced with Indo-Parthians by the mid 1st century AD.
6574:
introduced increased provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The
6271:
10247:
4395:. The Yaudheyas and Arjunayanas both are said to have won "victory by the sword" and the Audumbaras are said to of checked the Indo-Greek advance all the way up the upper bari doab, depicting a short Indo-Greek rule in Eastern Punjab. The
4261:
warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription, which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans. The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas.
8935:
the Reliquary Inscription of Ariaśrava et al (No. 31), dated 98 Azes (50/51 CE), whose donor, Ariaśrava, stipulates her relic dedication was made in the reign of Gondopahres' nephew Abdagases and the General Aśpavarma, son of Indravarma
4573:
reliquary, indicating was a gift in exchange for tribute or assistance. According to another reliquary inscription Indravarma is noted as the Lord of Gandhara and general during the reign of Vijayamitra. According to Apracha chronology,
3636:
of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.
8703:"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences",
8360:
This tradition is curiously confirmed by Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta as a youth had met Alexander during his campaigns in the Panjab. This was possible because Chandragupta was already living in that locality with Kautilya
5747:
fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shortly after Shah Husayn departed Multan for
4378:
and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of
3829:. This was fought between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Duryodhana, a descendant of Kuru (who was the son of king Samvaran), had tried to insult the Panchali princess Draupadi in revenge for defeating his ancestor Samvaran.
4810:
against the usurpers. With fervent support from the populace, Phraotes led a triumphant entry into the residence of the usurpers, whilst the citizens brandished torches, swords, and bows in a display of unified resistance.
8318:
The Mauryan empire proper, north of the line of the Nerbudda and the Vindhya mountains, had pivoted upon three great cities: pataliputra the capital and the seat of the emperor, Taxila the seat of the viceroy of the North
4191:, the initial Mauryan emperor. Under Chanakya's tutelage, Chandragupta received a comprehensive education at Taxila, encompassing various arts of the time, including military training, for a duration spanning 7–8 years.
9582:
Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29,
5170:. The Banu Munnabih later gave allegiance to the Abbasids, and remained unchallenged for over a century. Visitors at the time noted the power, prestige and prosperity brought to the region under Banu Munnabih rule.
7575:
The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. In the later period the word
5492:. The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured
6611:
and a breakdown in inter-communal cooperation at a political level. Although the term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945.
4975:. Between 460 and 470 AD, the Alchons took over Gandhara and Western Punjab which also had remained under the control of the Kidarites, while the Gupta Empire remained further east. Their most famous ruler was
5049:
visited in 630 AD and described it as a large and prosperous kingdom. It ruled the region in 6th and 7th centuries, as evident from the chronicles of Xuanzang and other sources. The capital of the kingdom was
5708:
and abducted in the favour of his son. His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited the Sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of
4654:, and active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE. The city of Taxila is thought to have been a capital of the Indo-Parthians however this is where the Eastern boundary of the empire was limited to. The Greek philosopher
8444:
Polybius states: "He (Antiochus the Great) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India, renewed his friendship with Sophogsenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had 150 altogether
6816:
following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became
6663:
5939:
Maratha (1785) and the British (1803) control. The last Mughal, Bahādur Shah II (reigned 1837–57), was exiled to Burma by the British. Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include
10926:
8860:
The apracas were also connected by marital alliance with the Odi kings in the Swat valley since a royal relative and officer named Suhasoma in a Buddhist reliquary inscription of Senavarman was married to
5806:. The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th century. The hymns composed by
9048:
The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother
8072:
The Persians indeed summoned the Hydrakai from India to serve as mercenaries, but they did not lead an army into the country and only approached its borders when Kyros marched against the Massagatai.
13525:
3577:, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in Punjab. The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the
6447:. By patronising influential local allies and focusing administrative, economic and constitutional policies on the rural population, the British ensured the loyalty of its large rural population.
10231:
8381:
According to tradition he began by strengthening his position by an alliance with the Himalayan chief Parvataka, as stated in both the Sanskrit and Jaina texts, Mudradkshasa and Parisishtaparvan.
3822:, sided with the confederation of ten tribes. Sudas had earlier defeated Samvaran and ousted him from Hastinapur. It was only after the death of Sudas that Samvaran could return to his kingdom.
9631:
Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906
7159:
5159:
emerged as a major power in the southern Punjab. The newly conquered region became known as Sind and was the easternmost state of the Umayyad Caliphate. Umayyad rule was later replaced with
4806:
king, whilst having one son who was Phraotes himself. Phraotes proceeds to narrate the opportune moment he seized to reclaim his ancestral kingdom, sparked by a rebellion of the citizens of
3338:
in India. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century,
3632:
very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence. A gradual
7506:
6517:
grants-in-aid to higher education schools and colleges were received by institutions under European management, and no indigenous owned schools received government help. In 1882,
5860:
confederacy under Rana Sanga of Mewar, and in 1529 defeated the remnants of the Delhi sultanates. At his death in 1530 the Mughal Empire encompassed almost all of Northern India.
5427:, which he did over 1324–1325 AD, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign.
5129:
was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas. This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI):
6300:
5246:
and seized Hindu Shahi territory north of the river Sindh. In 1006 Mahmud attacked the Kingdom of Multan, returning a few years later to massacre the local Ismaili population.
4833:
5567:). He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh. Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty. Khizr Khan did not take up the title of
6838:, a Sikh-dominated political party active mainly in Punjab, sought to create a Sikh State but idea was not very popular. However, there was push in many regions of India for
4141:
in the south Punjab. The Malli, together with nearby tribe of Oxydracj, gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to fight against an army of 50,000 Greeks. Alexander started his
2448:
8720:
9140:
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017
7990:
According to the Buddhist account Pukkusati, king of Taksasila, sent an embassy and a letter to king Bimbisara of Magadha and he also defeated Pradyota, king of Avanti.
4330:
The expression "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities, traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila,
13558:
8436:
8414:
7716:
Quote: “Soanian and Soanian‐like assemblages are known throughout the entire Siwalik or Sub‐ Himalayan region, from Pakistan to northeast India including Nepal...”
8586:
of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.
7559:
11476:
465:
4757:
and Black brass, and their houses appearing as single-story structures from the outside, but upon entering, underground rooms were also present. They describe
4620:
noble, Jhadamitra, engaged in discussions concerning the establishment of accommodation for monks during the rainy seasons, displaying that he was a patron of
3993:, it further states that the Persians summoned mercenaries specifically from the Oxydrakai tribe, who were previously known to have resisted the incursions of
6377:
Bahawal Khan Abbasi. The role of Bahawalpur state was important as the sole surviving Muslim state in Punjab. On 22 February 1833, Abbasi III entered into a
6246:, and lasted several decades under its Muslim successor states. The rebuilt Harminder Sahib was destroyed, and the pool was filled with cow entrails, again.
12295:
10833:
Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526
10803:
Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526
10719:
Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398–1526
4103:
and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant. Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.
4702:, after having ascended from a subordinate governance role to a recognized position as one of Gondophares's successors. He assumed the position following
4079:
victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative. Alexander later founded two cities—
13500:
13305:
12112:
8030:
The Behistun inscription of the Achaemenid emperor Darius indicates that Gandhara was conquered by the Persians in the later part of the 6th century BCE.
8023:
7390:
The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
5957:
4959:(5th century AD) features two Kidarite royal hunters as well as two Alchon hunters, suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.
9068:
The coins further show that Sasan, who was at first a subordinate ruler under Gondophares, subsequently assumed independent or quasi-independent status.
5975:
5434:
assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered
4501:, a descendant of Viyakamitra, approximately half a century after the initial inscription, is credited with its restoration following inflicted damage.
4366:(155–130 BC) is the most famous Indo-Greek king mentioned in both Graeco-Roman and Indian sources. The capital of the Indo-Greeks during his reign was
11354:
7452:
6496:
opened. Lines were opened between Lahore and Multan in 1864, and Amritsar and Delhi in 1870. The Scinde, Punjab and Delhi railways merged to form the
4254:
descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch.
4126:
annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom. The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the
8301:
2358:
7523:
The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words,
10977:
9592:
which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
5466:
The Tughlaq empire after Muhammed Bin Tughluqs death was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence, it was at this point that
3909:
2418:
7465:
used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g.,
6633:
5114:. He was described as a fearsome Shahi. Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of
11106:
10928:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING
10204:
2482:
2388:
11683:
6682:
6199:
were under Maratha rule. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. As Punjab served as the frontier province of the Marathas,
5752:, however, the governor was thrown out of the city. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently but in 1541,
5095:, replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan. In the 10th century, the tribe of the
3520:
Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE in the Pothohar Plateau in north of Punjab that indicate the region was home to
8401:
The army of Malayaketu (Parvataka) comprised recruits from the following peoples : Khasa, Magadha, Gandhara, Yavana, Saka, Chedi and Huna.
6648:
5045:
After the retreat of Huns in the early 6th century, Takkas, an ancient warrior group of Punjab, seized control of the Punjab. The Chinese monk
4988:
13551:
10065:
9501:
8477:
4668:
to have visited India, and specifically the city of Taxila around 46 AD. He describes constructions of the Greek type, probably referring to
2398:
13536:
11960:
8995:
8982:
8874:
5731:
Baloch in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagir". The city was invaded during the reign of Sultan Husseyn II by ruler Shah Husayn of the
5308:
vying for power. These sultanates would make Delhi a safe haven for Muslim Turks and Persians who would flee the eventual Mongol invasions.
10747:
8694:
be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."
8637:
2721:
2681:
11014:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
9837:
9754:
9703:
9531:
9014:
8763:
7377:
7080:
441:
12959:
12760:
12337:
7727:
7703:
7665:
7647:
5931:
in the period 1645 to 1656. Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb was deeply religious and undertook extensive campaign in Deccan. He built famous
5704:. He fought off attempts to reinstall Shiekh Yousaf who had taken refuge under Delhi Sultans. Eventually, he signed a peace treaty with
7510:
6563:
10818:
Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute
8843:
8830:
The domain of the Apracas was probably centred in Bajaur and extended to Swat, Gandhara, Taxila and other parts of Eastern Afghanistan
8813:
5883:
in 1556 and re-established the Mughal Empire across the Punjab and northern India. In 1580 the Punjab was divided into two provinces,
9561:
5018:
of the long lasting impact of this was the decline of Buddhism in Punjab, which was soon replaced by Hinduism as the major religion.
4015:
Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as
8504:
7821:
7808:
Paterson, T.T., Drummond, H.J.H., 1962. Soan the Palaeolithic of Pakistan.Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan Karachi.
7674:
An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective
7344:
3150:
in central Punjab which attracted many followers. After a long period of anarchy due to decline of Mughals in the 18th century, the
13679:
13544:
13283:
8901:
6608:
5110:
Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 BC after it had been lost under his predecessor to the
4624:. A reliquary inscription dedicated to 50 CE, by a woman named Ariasrava, describes that her donation was made during the reign of
8949:
8845:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
8815:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
13298:
3875:
10023:
5455:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in
13490:
10734:
This considerably depleted Iqbal's strength and encouraged Khizr Khan to collect his forces of Multan, Deopalpur and the Punjab
10427:
9657:
6618:
4786:. This event led to the usurpation of the throne, compelling Phraotes' father to seek refuge with the king situated beyond the
4006:
11770:
6385:, to get protection against the expanding Sikh Empire. When British rule ended in 1947 and British India was partitioned into
6106:, took offence at Guru Hargobind's declaration and after a series of assaults on Amritsar, forced the Sikhs to retreat to the
13329:
13078:
13055:
13037:
13019:
12984:
12953:
12880:
12854:
12824:
12804:
12785:
12754:
12725:
12678:
12651:
12633:
12598:
12556:
12528:
12510:
12482:
12430:
12396:
12376:
12321:
12248:
12206:
12143:
12106:
12079:
12035:
11930:
11780:
11664:
11612:
11470:
11423:
11252:
11137:
10939:
10841:
10811:
10727:
10541:
10514:
10470:
10214:
10159:
10033:
9667:
9175:
9148:
9121:
9091:
9024:
8959:
8911:
8884:
8853:
8823:
8796:
8541:
8514:
8487:
8311:
8215:
7697:
7608:
7413:
7371:
7328:
7299:
7272:
7208:
7074:
6639:
6135:
5333:, and the cities of Multan and Lahore were even sacked. Ultimately, they were defeated during the rule by its able generals,
4877:(Benares). By the 3rd century, their empire in Indian subcontinent was disintegrating and their last known great emperor was
3359:
12830:
12604:
12562:
12254:
11258:
8786:
8547:
8221:
7614:
7419:
6016:
5610:
on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah. He defeated the advancing
10336:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233–234
9602:
6139:
5898:
Over the next twentyfour years, the Mughals gradually consolidated power in the Punjab. Campaigns followed to subdue local
5258:
political dominance in the Afghanistan region and surrounding Gandhar region west of Punjab. After Ghazni was conquered by
5173:
Between 982–5, the power of the Banu Munnabih began to erode and Multan was conquered by Halam b. Shayban on behalf of the
5125:
After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 BC.
4207:
region, possibly during his time at the university. Subsequent to Alexander's death, Chanakya and Chandragupta allied with
4145:
and advanced quickly than the expectations of the Mallians. Many of them were killed and rest fled to the Mallian capital,
4137:
After battle of Hydaspes, Alexander moved further southward during his in Punjab which brought him in confrontation to the
4063:
which was ruled by his extended family. When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in
13674:
10774:
10637:
10372:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240
10360:
Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237
9267:
They are taken to the palace. They found the city divided by narrow streets, well-arranged, and reminding them of Athens.
8065:
7020:
2475:
2208:
6842:
based on language. In Punjab, instead of religion, the Akalis launched the Punjabi Suba movement aimed at creation of a
4411:, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the
13291:
12933:
12455:
11573:
11225:
10566:
10460:
10391:
10132:
10006:
9804:
8456:
Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry; Wheeler, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer (1968).
8274:
3403:
2886:
7544:
3950:
confirms that his empire had inherited this region from conquests carried out earlier by Cyrus. It is unknown whether
12910:
12578:
Kumar, Sunil (2020). "The Delhi Sultanate as Empire". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).
12279:
11985:
11525:
11460:
11437:
11049:
11019:
11003:
10865:
10784:
10757:
10687:
10647:
10620:
10610:
10241:
10059:
9814:
9787:
9777:
9748:
9697:
8757:
8578:
8457:
8284:
8169:
6497:
5366:
5189:, that the Friday sermon was in the name of the Fatimid and all decisions are taken in accordance with his commands.
685:
85:
8948:
Fisher, W. B.; Yarshater, Ehsan; Gershevitch, Ilya; Frye, R. N.; Boyle, J. A.; Avery, Peter; Jackson, Peter (1968).
5292:, who described it as a region irrigated by Indus , Jhelum , Lahore (now known as Ravi), Satluj and Beas rivers.
3460:
across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal. The Soanian culture was a prehistoric technological culture from the
674:
78:
11312:
8978:"Taxila, they tell us, is about as big as Nineveh, and was fortified fairly well after the manner of Greek cities"
7262:
7245:
6839:
5166:
In the mid 800s, Abbasid authority in Sind weakened and five independent principalities emerged. The Banu Munnabih
3781:
3769:
3765:
3383:
9165:
9111:
9081:
5997:
13236:
13048:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries
12292:
10831:
10801:
10717:
10504:
6805:
6752:
6493:
6410:
5935:
in Lahore. Aurangzeb had instilled heavy taxes on Hindus and Sikhs that had later led to an economic depression.
4676:, received a Greek education at the court. The kingdom was conquered in the 1st century AD by the Kushan empire.
4558:
4534:
3355:
3159:
3044:, with Taxila being designated as the provincial capital of the Northwestern territories. After its decline, the
434:
371:
10531:
9016:
Rise of the Tang Dynasty: The Reunification of China and the Military Response to the Steppe Nomads (AD 581–626)
7289:
3825:
A second battle, referred to as the Mahabharat in ancient texts, was fought in Punjab on a battlefield known as
3604:, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their
11816:
9978:
7787:
5912:
5902:
and the Hill forts. The Gakkhars were co-opted and assimilated into the Mughal polity under Kamal Khan, son of
5591:
was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from
3578:
2468:
717:
475:
13257:
The last two dynasties of the Sahis : an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
12096:
9138:
6102:, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The succeeding son of Jahangir,
5415:
During Ghazi Maliks reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to
4777:
is reported to have subsidized both barbarians and neighbouring states, to avert incursions into his kingdom.
4019:. The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the
3111:
conquered southern portions of the region up to Multan, which became independent from the caliphate under the
13597:
13566:
11517:
7225:
6501:
5603:
4897:), several "Little Kushans" are known, who ruled locally in the area of Punjab with their capital at Taxila:
3512:, and numerous flake type tools, all occurring in varying typo-technological frequencies at different sites.
2293:
11346:
5871:, about whom he suspected of being friendly with the Mughals. During this period, Sher Shah constructed the
2969:
that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C. The migrating Indo-Aryan tribes gave rise to the
13510:
13342:
6571:
6567:
4407:. The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the
3858:
3399:
2685:
802:
10487:
10443:
10369:
10357:
10333:
10125:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
10025:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
7662:
6435:, the Punjab remained relatively peaceful. In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by
6397:. Bahawalpur remained an autonomous entity until 14 October 1955, when it was merged with the province of
2947:
developed between 774,000 BC and 11,700 BC. This period goes back to the first interglacial period in the
13623:
13377:
8903:
Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200
6789:
6654:
6505:
6370:
5362:
5334:
5126:
4664:
3391:
2403:
2273:
364:
10971:
10700:
10345:
4473:, this assertion is supported by swathes of discovered donations within their principal domain, between
13669:
11110:
10186:
6901:, incentives had been provided to the people of Punjab to switch to growing wheat exclusively). During
6208:
5989:
5138:
3966:. The annexation under Cyrus was limited to the Western sphere of Gandhāra as only during the reign of
3954:
remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian
3138:, established in 1526 AD, has left an immense cultural and architectural legacy in Punjab. The city of
2453:
427:
23:
7531:(water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
5879:. Following the death of Sher Shah, in 1556, the Mughal forces under Humayun defeated Sikandar at the
4130:
of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as
13397:
13337:
12176:
Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush".
10998:
Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960.
9924:
Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
7241:
6898:
6716:
6584:
6543:
6531:
6492:
In 1862, the first section of railway in the Punjab was constructed between Lahore and Amritsar, and
6030:
5852:
5330:
5243:
3563:
3537:
3473:
3154:
in 1799 unified most of the Punjab region. The region was conquered by the British EIC in 1849 after
2613:
2423:
2383:
2373:
1848:
1442:
791:
663:
13313:
10293:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 332.
6854:
state of India in the 1950s.In 1966, it resulted in the formation of the Punjabi speaking -majority
6044:
5618:
and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign. Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of
4288:) invaded Punjab from Bactria in 200 BC, taking advantage of decline of Mauryans. The Greeks in the
13462:
13432:
13011:
11911:
Robert Ivermee, Secularism, Islam and Education in India, 1830–1910, Routledge, 28 July 2015, p.105
9867:, Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 97–100
7481:, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for
6669:
6600:
6527:
6432:
6424:
6022:
5880:
5400:
5068:
4608:
whilst also describing him as 'Stratega' or general of the Aprachas. In accordance with a Buddhist
4238:, and Virasena emerged as its king. Noteworthy for his diplomatic endeavors, Virasena's successor,
3281:
2710:
2499:
2308:
1222:
1062:
11902:
Robert Ivermee, Secularism, Islam and Education in India, 1830–1910, Routledge, 28 July 2015, p.96
10049:
9493:
6599:. Its influence over the rural population severely limited the local appeal and reach of both the
5238:
succeeded his father in 997, and began a series of raids into northern India. In 1001 he defeated
4765:, being walled like a Greek city whilst also being shaped with Narrow roads, and further describe
3861:
attracted students from all over Indian subcontinent as well as those from surrounding countries.
13643:
13357:
11957:
8992:
8979:
8632:
6604:
6592:
6576:
6481:
6341:
6307:
6212:
5658:
4400:
4251:
3684:
3080:
2908:
2584:
2413:
2378:
2213:
1993:
1542:
1094:
1023:
12776:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017b). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
12736:
Afghanistan Revisited: The Brahmana Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab ( C.840.-1026 CE)
11702:, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 127–129
8627:
7603:. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
5587:
and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.
4694:, emerged as a figure of significance. Aspavarman, a preceding Apracharaja contemporaneous with
4481:. Archaeological evidence also establishes dynastic affiliations between them and the rulers of
3056:
successively established reigns in Punjab however during this time a local kingdom known as the
2927:
in India. It is believed that the earliest evidence of human habitation in Punjab traces to the
13592:
13520:
13472:
13467:
13402:
13255:
12353:
12215:
10284:
8042:
7460:. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named
6924:
5701:
5497:
5471:
5408:
5382:
5342:
5322:
4293:
4281:
4114:
4086:
4028:
2955:
2879:
2706:
2637:
2328:
2303:
2253:
2193:
1778:
1714:
1512:
728:
603:
12025:
10408:
10316:
10149:
9831:
9738:
9687:
9523:
8747:
7758:
7361:
7198:
7064:
6808:
riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer
4457:
was a historical dynasty situated in the region of Gandhara, extending from the governance of
3962:
sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the
3796:, Bhalanasas, Visanins, and Sivas were associated with areas in the north and west of Punjab.
3716:. Archaeologically, the time span of these entities corresponds to phases also present in the
3468:
in Punjab, Pakistan. The Soanian culture has been approximated to have taken place during the
13602:
13495:
13447:
12943:
12744:
12331:
11680:
7687:
7402:
Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.).
6588:
6452:
6428:
6363:
5775:
5424:
4680:
4645:
3505:
3501:
3155:
3053:
2966:
2962:
2696:
2672:
2363:
2333:
2198:
2153:
1983:
1622:
1612:
1582:
1314:
1294:
1155:
524:
486:
210:
13132:
Fenech, Louis E. (2001), "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources",
7500:
7489:
render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."
7449:
5675:
3732:
3660:
99:
13648:
13452:
13437:
13412:
13387:
13382:
13181:
7742:
6797:
6688:
6518:
6504:
linked Lahore and Peshawar in 1883. By 1886, the independent railways had amalgamated into
6394:
6277:
5431:
4344:
3982:
3947:
2965:
that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the
2443:
2298:
2283:
2228:
1869:
391:
12224:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
12218:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
10287:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Habib, Mohammad; Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (eds.).
9806:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
9689:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
9553:
6800:) prior to the partition. Many Muslims fled the partition violence to settle in Pakistan.
4853:
expanded out of central Asia into the Punjab under the leadership of their first emperor,
8:
13574:
13422:
11997:
Talbot, Ian (1993). "The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan".
11885:
Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation, Vol. 3, Issue 1
11499:
9309:
and was the residence of a sovereign who ruled over what of old was the kingdom of Porus.
7825:
6914:
6902:
6673:
6580:
6451:
transportation, including post systems, railways, roads, and telegraphs. The creation of
6444:
6378:
6242:, with 30,000 Sikhs being killed, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals, with the
5948:
5940:
5338:
4738:
4655:
4592:
is situated between 20 and 50 CE, during which numismatic evidence overlaps him with the
4289:
4215:. This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and
4200:
4196:
4188:
4032:
3994:
3837:
3832:
3804:
3717:
3601:
3293:
3084:
3076:
cultural zenith occurred during this period in which artwork from the region flourished.
3025:
3009:
2632:
2561:
2223:
1951:
1798:
1492:
1472:
884:
832:
413:
13185:
9098:
In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.
7746:
7728:"Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment"
6480:
based on elections and employment-based upon competition was not in their interest. The
3258:, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the
13457:
13417:
13407:
13372:
13367:
13212:
13169:
13157:
12185:
11304:
11195:
9471:
9428:
9385:
9342:
9300:
9258:
9216:
8928:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
7134:
7016:
6887:
6776:
6730:
6473:
6416:
6291:
6243:
6180:
5903:
5765:
5728:
5513:
5470:, Ghazi Maliks nephew, took reign. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of
5467:
5390:
4998:
4940:
started migrating towards Punjab and other regions of Pakistan. First of them were the
4462:
4380:
4320:
4271:
4131:
3773:
3688:
3680:
3620:
systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and
3541:
3509:
3322:
3163:
3045:
2973:
2691:
2642:
2428:
2288:
2268:
1913:
1522:
1432:
1202:
1192:
1125:
1074:
780:
696:
183:
92:
9908:
9878:
9061:
9041:
8394:
8374:
8353:
8332:
8003:
7983:
7641:
7177:
5396:
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3546:
3004:
wherein tribute rendered by Gandhara to him is first documented. A century later, the
13515:
13442:
13427:
13392:
13217:
13199:
13149:
13120:
13074:
13051:
13033:
13015:
12990:
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12929:
12906:
12886:
12876:
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12781:
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12674:
12647:
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12594:
12552:
12534:
12524:
12506:
12478:
12451:
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12392:
12372:
12317:
12310:
12275:
12244:
12225:
12202:
12139:
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12075:
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11981:
11926:
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11776:
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11608:
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11015:
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10861:
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10753:
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10387:
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9783:
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9334:
9292:
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9208:
9171:
9144:
9117:
9087:
9020:
8955:
8907:
8880:
8849:
8819:
8792:
8753:
8605:
8574:
8537:
8510:
8483:
8307:
8280:
8211:
8165:
7693:
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7409:
7367:
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7070:
6420:
6333:
6153:
6111:
5963:
5811:
5654:
5167:
5160:
5148:
4913:(335–350). They probably were vassals of the Gupta Empire, until the invasion of the
4886:
4489:
The dynasty is argued to have been founded by Viyakamitra, identified as a vassal to
4349:
4075:; the exact site remains unknown. The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive
3986:
3916:
3493:
3453:
3272:
3112:
3108:
3083:
of Punjab occurred in the 5th and 6th century, which were ultimately repelled by the
2997:
2872:
2677:
2655:
2620:
2608:
2438:
2408:
2318:
2258:
2203:
2033:
1923:
1902:
1858:
1828:
1532:
1462:
1452:
1422:
904:
866:
746:
498:
399:
256:
167:
144:
12778:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
12305:
11887:. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. pp. (80–84).
5786:
A significant event in the late 15th century Punjab was the formation of Sikhism by
5218:
4718:, whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of
4304:), and the Indo-Greeks in the present-day north-western Indian Subcontinent. Later,
13607:
13505:
13352:
13347:
13321:
13261:
13207:
13189:
13141:
13112:
12697:
12006:
11976:
The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company,
8672:
7750:
7444:
7433:
of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
6919:
6875:
6847:
6843:
6818:
6772:
6734:
6708:
6596:
6231:
6004:
5795:
5724:
5720:
5696:
5688:
5679:
Approximate territory of the Langah Sultanate at its greatest extent, circa 1475 CE
5670:
5630:
5512:
attacked Punjab however he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by
5509:
5451:
5300:
5235:
5115:
5111:
4971:
during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. They were first mentioned as being located in
4952:
4854:
4838:
4719:
4208:
4142:
4010:
3967:
3933:
3485:
3441:
3387:
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3331:
3175:
3128:
3124:
3033:
3001:
2932:
2916:
2798:
2764:
2662:
2596:
2574:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2433:
2368:
2338:
2323:
2278:
2263:
2248:
2218:
2113:
1808:
1592:
1502:
1381:
1371:
1324:
1253:
1232:
822:
812:
651:
586:
417:
297:
161:
111:
11129:
11107:"The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)"
10233:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
8025:
History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century
5013:
The Alchons apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and
3989:
never conquered India and had only approached its borders after battling with the
13482:
13240:
13068:
13005:
12921:
12898:
12814:
12664:
12623:
12588:
12546:
12468:
12386:
12366:
12299:
12238:
12219:
11964:
11699:
11687:
11602:
11539:
11242:
11090:
10288:
10176:
8999:
8986:
8724:
8599:
8531:
8201:
7669:
7598:
7456:
7405:
Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings
7403:
6863:
6785:
6715:
ordered troops under his command to fire into a crowd of non-violent protestors,
6552:
6345:
6315:
6200:
6188:
6184:
6050:
5932:
5916:
5888:
5884:
5838:
5834:
5803:
5799:
5770:
5646:
5615:
5541:
5537:
5326:
5275:
4727:
4478:
4277:
4243:
4118:
3905:
3893:
3120:
2789:
2716:
2701:
2667:
1891:
1880:
1838:
1818:
1736:
1703:
1284:
1212:
1172:
1084:
1044:
1006:
924:
308:
304:
290:
9610:
8927:
8254:
Arrian (1893). Anabasis of Alexander. George Bell and Sons. OCLC 486120., p. 604
4023:. In 326 B.C. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as
13362:
13064:
12619:
12388:
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
11507:
6871:
6855:
6764:
6692:
6436:
6220:
6216:
6164:
6115:
6087:
6079:
5864:
5856:
5753:
5732:
5705:
5619:
5580:
5533:
5489:
5317:
5304:
5296:
5254:
5103:
formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian
4906:
4842:
4824:
4787:
4605:
4593:
4562:
4510:
4494:
4432:
4408:
4324:
4138:
4106:
4081:
3963:
3897:
3892:
and achieved victories over neighbouring kingdoms such as that of the realm of
3605:
3589:
3307:
3100:
3096:
3017:
2744:
2101:
2053:
1747:
1725:
1693:
1671:
1632:
1562:
1552:
1412:
1145:
955:
457:
330:
323:
283:
190:
103:
13116:
12701:
12368:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
12289:
The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India
12010:
9999:
The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation
7754:
7008:
3596:, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial
13663:
13280:
R. M. Chopra, "The Legacy of the Punjab", (1997), Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
13203:
13153:
13124:
13001:
12994:
12864:
12709:
12660:
12418:
11503:
11300:
11191:
9467:
9424:
9381:
9338:
9296:
9254:
9212:
7636:
6813:
6738:
6712:
6624:
6547:
6398:
6382:
6107:
6083:
6075:
5981:
5928:
5828:
5791:
5779:
5723:
being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around
5650:
5584:
5564:
5501:
5480:. His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from
5350:
5259:
5032:
4972:
4902:
4857:. They were descended from an Indo-European, Central Asian people called the
4850:
4820:
4707:
4486:
4442:
4412:
4396:
4359:
4235:
4220:
4184:
4164:
4158:
4064:
4016:
3951:
3881:
3727:
3656:
3633:
3497:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3363:
3339:
3335:
3135:
3088:
3069:
2989:
2924:
2862:
2857:
2515:
2023:
1963:
1788:
1182:
1135:
1115:
989:
972:
934:
914:
849:
633:
623:
613:
556:
314:
242:
217:
176:
43:
13194:
12890:
12538:
12229:
11543:
11535:
11433:
10298:
8717:
8464:..with whom Antiochus the Great renewed an ancestral relationship in 206 BCE
6974:
Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.
5782:, Pakistan, commemorates the site where Nanak is believed to have been born.
5369:
near Lahore in 1298 where quite a large number of them were taken prisoner.
4993:
3937:
3713:
3068:
in Eastern Punjab resisted their expansions. In the late 1st century AD the
2794:
13265:
13221:
12474:
10413:
10321:
8609:
8207:
6329:
6168:
6086:'s rival claim to the throne. Guru Arjan Dev's death led to the sixth Guru
6036:
5924:
5740:
5642:
5611:
5386:
5088:
5063:
4894:
4861:, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson,
4734:
4684:
4659:
4454:
4428:
4331:
4285:
4212:
4048:
4040:
3975:
3777:
3721:
3646:
3625:
3617:
3528:, and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE.
3437:
3347:
3299:
3235:
3231:
3142:
became one of the largest in the world under Mughals. In the 16th century,
3092:
3057:
3041:
2940:
2143:
2133:
2013:
2003:
1933:
1768:
1758:
1642:
1572:
1354:
1274:
894:
758:
706:
574:
249:
224:
125:
115:
11878:
11876:
9438:
her seven villages as pin-money, and had issue one son, himself, Phraotes.
8876:
Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts
8145:
Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean".
6223:, Ahmad Shah Abdali captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and
3880:
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhara was governed under the reign of King
3788:, and others were associated in Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other
12464:
12406:
11512:
11413:
10267:
10265:
8197:
6851:
6760:
6756:
6281:
6255:
5985:
5967:
5872:
5505:
5107:. Three of the most notable rulers were Lalliya, Bhimadeva and Jayapala.
5076:
5072:
5006:
4964:
4937:
4931:
4898:
4783:
4746:
4703:
4695:
4651:
4629:
4625:
4601:
4579:
4566:
4550:
4498:
4490:
4388:
4297:
4239:
4096:
4020:
3979:
3971:
3943:
3929:
3826:
3609:
3593:
3582:
3525:
3395:
3351:
3343:
3260:
3255:
3151:
2928:
2806:
2759:
2163:
2123:
2083:
1482:
1344:
1334:
344:
231:
12189:
11308:
11284:
11199:
11175:
9475:
9451:
9432:
9408:
9389:
9365:
9346:
9322:
9304:
9280:
9262:
9238:
9220:
9196:
7230:. State Museum, Department of Languages & Culture, Himachal Pradesh.
7138:
7122:
5863:
Bābur's son Humāyūn (reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56) had lost territory to
5657:, the last Lodi emperor, emperor was a weak one and was eclipsed by the
5037:
4352:
in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a
11873:
10409:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
8067:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W
6867:
6523:
6358:
6337:
6286:
6284:. It was built by Ranjit Singh in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the
6103:
6091:
6063:
5807:
5787:
5629:, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of
5556:
5529:
5517:
5476:
5447:
5358:
5250:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5182:
4976:
4968:
4878:
4865:, the empire spread to encompass much of south Asia at least as far as
4754:
4711:
4690:, as described on numismatic evidence identifying him as the nephew of
4585:
4575:
4554:
4546:
4458:
4392:
4375:
4363:
4305:
4301:
4127:
4092:
4024:
3990:
3912:, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the
3841:
3819:
3808:
3708:
3621:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3407:
3375:
3247:
3239:
3147:
3116:
3065:
2959:
2948:
2912:
2907:
region which is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the
2844:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2073:
1973:
1683:
276:
13233:
13161:
10262:
6468:
A highlight of religious controversy during this time was that of the
5118:'s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan, by successfully raiding
4541:, designating the title "Stratega," denoting a position equivalent to
3358:
was a large administrative region encompassing the present-day Indian
12221:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
11729:
The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time
11218:
Transnational Soldiers: Foreign Military Enlistment in the Modern Era
10290:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
8684:"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83.
8423:
southern half of the country passed under the domination of Samprati.
7502:
History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time
6954:
6893:
6835:
6809:
6469:
6204:
6119:
5944:
5899:
5626:
5622:
and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul.
5443:
5420:
4941:
4927:
4914:
4714:
is known through numismatic evidence to have overstruck the coins of
4691:
4633:
4613:
4589:
4526:
4518:
4227:
3901:
3869:
3815:
3697:
3571:
3521:
3469:
3411:
3265:
3251:
3049:
2836:
2832:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2779:
2043:
235:
7871:
7783:
7685:
6500:
in 1870, creating a link between Karachi and Lahore via Multan. The
5606:
after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as
4636:, describing the joint rule by the Aprachas and the Indo-parthians.
4437:
4171:
held a pivotal position as a core territory within the empire, with
3095:
in the early medieval period. Between the 8th and 12th century, the
3013:
13569:
13145:
12670:
11418:. Richard André. Barraud. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 45.
9992:
9990:
8263:
Dodge, Theodore (1890). Alexander. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 604.
7320:
6892:
Sikhs called for the creation of a separate Sikh homeland known as
6390:
6149:
6123:
6095:
5868:
5596:
5576:
5481:
5239:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5046:
4956:
4910:
4874:
4862:
4828:
4803:
4795:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4742:
4723:
4673:
4621:
4570:
4542:
4482:
4470:
4384:
4327:
and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.
4258:
4247:
4216:
4192:
4180:
4176:
4056:
4055:
had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities. He (alongside
3959:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3885:
3849:
3785:
3744:
3676:
3652:
3613:
3555:
3073:
3061:
3037:
3005:
2993:
2985:
2970:
2920:
2774:
2556:
2507:
2393:
1304:
769:
546:
536:
134:
119:
11497:
11462:
Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803)
6456:
which opened up new professions in law, government, and medicine.
5508:
and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute. During his time Tatar Khan of
5057:
5026:
4745:
in 46 AD, that during this time the Gandharans living between the
3012:. The Janapadas exhibited resistance to his advances, notably the
11977:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11381:
10432:. North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press. p. 144.
9456:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9413:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9370:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9327:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9285:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9243:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
9201:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6859:
6768:
6672:, built in 1882. It was the fourth university established in the
6224:
6192:
6099:
6067:
5920:
5714:
5710:
5493:
5460:
5439:
5419:
to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of
5226:
of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in
5208:
5174:
5096:
5080:
5051:
4890:
4882:
4870:
4799:
4762:
4609:
4597:
4522:
4466:
4416:
4404:
4339:
4316:
4068:
3889:
3793:
3702:
3700:
or republics. These political entities were represented from the
3629:
3597:
3574:
3551:
3489:
3432:
3367:
3143:
2977:
2944:
2784:
2769:
1602:
507:
157:
138:
11415:
The complete Taj Mahal : and the riverfront gardens of Agra
10183:
History of Punjab: From Ancient Age to War of Independence, 1857
9987:
4798:
states that his father received an education facilitated by the
2951:, from which remnants of stone and flint tools have been found.
13168:
Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, et al. (2012).
12272:
Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts, and Historical Issues
11679:
A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy,
11369:
8103:
Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The campaign of the Hydaspes".
7963:
7924:
7922:
6962:
6958:
6780:
6311:
6235:
6196:
6176:
6172:
6008:
5892:
5876:
5749:
5744:
5692:
5592:
5588:
5568:
5560:
5528:
After the death of the last Tughluq ruler Nasir-ud-din Mahmud,
5485:
5416:
5404:
5289:
5263:
5227:
5212:
5119:
5014:
5002:
4866:
4858:
4807:
4791:
4758:
4750:
4722:
It has also been discovered that Sasan overstruck the coins of
4669:
4538:
4474:
4446:
4367:
4353:
4335:
4312:
4231:
4204:
4172:
4168:
4146:
4134:, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries.
4099:
would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a
4076:
4072:
4060:
4052:
3955:
3845:
3736:
3687:, or tribes, to many Janapadas (territorial civilisations) and
3664:
3500:
landscape. Soanian assemblages generally comprise varieties of
3481:
3243:
3139:
3029:
2981:
2904:
2551:
1402:
11958:
http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1937-1945.htm
11882:
11789:
9225:
Taxila was about the size of Ninovoh, walled like a Greek city
9063:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
9043:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
8947:
8396:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
8376:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
8355:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
8334:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
8120:
Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions
7450:
Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica
6522:
several new institutions were encouraged in the province. The
5633:
on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.
4639:
4323:. Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to
3230:
thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers
3060:, maintained autonomy and other janapadas such as that of the
2996:, assumed a role in halting the expansionary ambitions of the
13316:
12521:
Holy people of the world : a cross-cultural encyclopedia
12098:
Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues
9639:
9637:
8236:
7640:
7175:
6743:
6583:
formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by
6386:
6374:
6118:
and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of
6071:
5848:
5844:
5739:'s insistence, who was either ethnic Mongol, or of Turkic or
5736:
5649:. The Lodi dynasty reached its peak under Bahlul's grandson
5552:
5548:
5456:
5435:
5378:
5354:
5346:
5345:
who were Punjab Muslims. In the winter of 1297, the Chagatai
5178:
5156:
5152:
5132:
4770:
4715:
4699:
4687:
4557:
is additionally noteworthy for receiving the above-mentioned
4514:
4374:
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings
4308:
4110:
3812:
3748:
3740:
3672:
3668:
3415:
3379:
3104:
3087:. Most of the western Punjab region became unified under the
3021:
2936:
2754:
2749:
2739:
153:
107:
58:
12440:
of the Book: Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten
12423:
Gods, Sages and Kings: Vedic Secrets of Ancient Civilization
11657:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
10429:
An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh
8206:. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society /
7919:
7066:
Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia
6779:
in 1947 split the former Raj province of Punjab; the mostly
6183:, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, in the process.
5284:
date to the early period of Delhi Sultanate, such as in the
4921:
4794:, a ruler esteemed greater than Phraotes' father. Moreover,
4672:, and explains that the Indo-Parthian king of Taxila, named
4338:. Other potential centers are only hinted at; for instance,
4265:
11600:
11582:
6719:. The act served to rally the Indian independence movement.
6239:
6234:
took place under the Muslim provincial government based at
5911:
monuments, including the Taj Mahal. He was born in Lahore.
5907:
5303:
they began expanding eastwards. Between 1175 and 1192, the
5186:
5144:
4617:
4348:
and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain
2063:
337:
11837:
11750:
11393:
10448:. Publication Bureau, Punjab University. 1966. p. 82.
9634:
7013:
The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh
6821:, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.
6812:, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became
5817:
5571:, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as
5151:
penetrated into South Asia. In 712 the Umayyads conquered
3919:
into Gandhara. This hypothesis posits that the army which
12780:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
12051:
12027:
Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition
11636:
11516:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,
11350:
10104:
10080:
9718:
8196:
7883:
7784:"Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land"
7651:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 653.
6526:
opened a college in Lahore in 1886, the Sikhs opened the
6230:
In 1762, there were persistent conflicts with the Sikhs.
4802:
upon request to the king and married the daughter of the
13167:
11740:
11738:
10895:
10883:
10871:
10705:. Printed at Government Central Press. 1971. p. 52.
10592:
10590:
9948:
8718:"Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"
7877:
7686:
Gwen Robbins Schug; Subhash R. Walimbe (13 April 2016).
6874:
majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with
6755:
of British India was divided along religious lines into
6542:
An important event of the British Raj in Punjab was the
5377:
The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in
5021:
3550:
Ceremonial vessel; 2600 – 2450 BC; discovered from
3330:
Today Punjab region is usually considered to consist of
12688:
McLeod, Hew (1999), "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab",
12063:
11058:
10575:
7907:
5381:
when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of
4814:
4175:
serving as the provincial capital of the North West in
3997:, but they never entered their armies into the region.
3202:, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words,
13105:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
12505:, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited,
12214:
11939:
11861:
11849:
11825:
11042:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II
10271:
9938:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9909:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"
9740:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
8272:
7934:
7837:
7835:
6404:
5372:
4549:
who was a general during the reign of the Apracharaja
3864:
3807:" which was fought on the banks of the river Parusni (
3689:
3286:
3221:
3209:
3024:
of Central Punjab. Following the demise of Alexander,
2954:
The Punjab region was the site of one of the earliest
12749:. Very short introductions. Oxford University Press.
12494:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
11735:
11568:(3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 162.
11327:
10587:
10384:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
9137:
Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (14 March 2018).
8601:
Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh
8455:
8147:
Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
8105:
Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
7953:
7951:
7949:
7663:
Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region
7629:
5311:
3946:, among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's
3600:-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the
3342:
referred it to a relatively smaller area between the
3197:
3185:
12718:
Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History
11513:
Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
11070:
10092:
9879:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"
9865:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
8340:
and crafts of the time, including the military arts.
8178:
7127:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
6595:
dominated Punjabi politics from the 1920s until the
6439:, the Punjab came under the direct rule of Britain.
5193:
Ghaznavid Empire (10th century AD – 12th century AD)
4730:, this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.
4257:
The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a
3936:. However, the presence of Gandhāra, referred to as
3480:). Soanian artifacts were manufactured on quartzite
3008:
of Punjab encountered the expansive undertakings of
11898:
11896:
11894:
11731:. Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd. p. 283.
11690:, Routledge, W. Owen Cole, Piara Singh Sambhi, 2005
11285:"Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan"
10178:
Tārīk̲h̲-i Panjāb: Qadīm daur tā Jang-i Āzādī, 1857
9929:
9449:
9406:
9363:
9320:
9278:
9236:
9194:
7859:
7847:
7832:
6082:, whilst in Mughal custody, for supporting his son
6070:, coincided with the conquest of northern India by
5636:
4841:plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE.
4578:was the son of Visnuvarma, an Aprachraja preceding
4152:
3900:that Pukkusāti would have been contemporary to the
3731:Map of Indian subcontinent in 500 BCE. Kingdoms of
3326:
The region of Punjab (lit. The land of five rivers)
3314:), which has the same meaning as the Persian word.
13228:Talbot, I. A. (1980). "The 1946 Punjab Elections"
12905:. India: Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13.
12309:
11234:
10386:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
10116:
9971:History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4
9167:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
9113:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
9083:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
8974:Description of the Hellenistic urbanism of Taxila:
7946:
7366:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199.
7363:The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places
7323:: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction").
7095:
5641:Later, Bahlul Lodi captured Delhi and founded the
4936:After decline of Kushan empire, the central Asian
4497:. This epigraphic source further articulates that
4422:
3870:Pukkusāti and Achaemenid Gandāra (518 BC – 326 BC)
13170:"Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization"
13070:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society
10772:
10702:Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur
10416:, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press
7176:Rajkamal Publications Limited, New Delhi (1943).
7035:
5583:. After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab,
4183:, a prominent figure in the establishment of the
4059:) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of
3640:
3531:
3226:, 'water', of the same meaning. The word
2976:, which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the
13661:
12975:Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E., eds. (2016),
12922:"History and Culture of Panjab Through The Ages"
12236:
11999:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
11891:
11705:
10608:
10556:
10209:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–394.
9743:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–124.
8479:India: From Indus Valley Civilisation to Mauryas
7719:
7679:
7359:
7160:"3 alexander and his successors in central asia"
6443:became the major centre of recruitment into the
6423:it was administratively independent. During the
6227:regions and had consolidated control over them.
6129:
5814:, the central religious scripture of the Sikhs.
5266:in Punjab which remained as their last capital.
3028:, who had received his education in the city of
13174:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12847:The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security
12797:The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander
11772:Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology
11594:
11244:Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism
11176:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
10489:Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D.
10458:
9136:
8107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–130.
7816:
7814:
7580:was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (
7317:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten
6763:, with East Punjab containing modern states of
6211:in 1758. In 1761, following the victory at the
5058:Hindu Shahis (9th century AD – 11th century AD)
5027:Taank Kingdom (6th century AD – 8th century AD)
12352:
12269:
12072:Language, Religion and Politics in North India
11607:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 260–261.
11564:Fenech, Louis E; McLeod, W.H. (11 June 2014).
11215:
11124:
11122:
11120:
10530:Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994).
10529:
10381:
10229:
10051:Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1
8242:
8001:
7981:
7969:
7928:
7590:
7288:Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994).
7287:
7006:
6566:was established by colonial authorities under
6090:to declare sovereignty in the creation of the
6057:
5523:
5280:Earliest mention of the region under the name
4989:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
4979:who had capital in Sagala in northern Punjab.
4067:, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila,
3215:
3203:
13552:
13299:
13000:
12384:
11216:Arielli, N.; Collins, B. (28 November 2012).
10973:The District of Dera Ismail Khan, Trans-Indus
10745:
10668:. Indian History Congress. 1995. p. 216.
10635:
10375:
9685:
8533:The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources
6724:
5579:– initially that of Timur, and later his son
5299:replaced the Ghaznavids in Ghazni, and under
4445:of the type found in the Early Saka layer at
3888:accounts, he had forged diplomatic ties with
3696:. The latter are loosely translated to being
3191:
3179:
2880:
2476:
435:
13111:(2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 453.
13027:
12360:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 592–608.
12030:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 139–.
12023:
11563:
11458:
10459:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).
9859:
9857:
9855:
9686:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
8667:"not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a
8437:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
8415:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
7811:
7227:Himachal Art & Archaeology: Some Aspects
5329:in 1221. The early period of te dynasty saw
4849:About the middle of the 1st century CE, the
4469:. Renowned for their significant support of
4296:centered on Bactria (now the border between
4276:The Indo-Greek kingdom was founded when the
12974:
12237:Bhaṅgū, R.S.; Singh, K.; Singh, K. (2006).
11498:Chisti, AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque (2012).
11375:
11117:
10615:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 138.
10536:. Asian Educational Services. p. 221.
10310:
10308:
9681:
9679:
9452:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9409:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9366:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9323:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9281:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9239:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
9197:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
8604:. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 31.
8306:. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
7552:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
7401:
5602:Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid
5262:, the capital of the Ghaznavids shifted to
4769:kingdom as containing the old territory of
4640:Indo-Parthian Kingdom (c. 30 AD – c. 50 AD)
4234:, the northwestern region seceded from the
3103:controlled the eastern portions of Punjab.
13559:
13545:
13306:
13292:
12775:
12690:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
12666:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
11289:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10924:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10400:
9965:
9963:
9643:
9163:
9109:
9079:
8879:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 134–135.
8562:
8536:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
6094:and the establishment of a fort to defend
5756:captured Multan, and the Sultanate ended.
5504:to pay tribute. He also laid siege to the
5133:Arrival of Islam and the Emirate of Multan
4881:. Following territory losses in the west (
4569:, which he subsequently re-dedicated as a
3032:, garnered support from republics such as
2887:
2873:
2483:
2469:
442:
428:
13211:
13193:
12500:
11659:. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1.
11648:
11211:
11209:
11092:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839
10901:
10889:
10877:
9852:
9736:
9395:the Indus, and seized upon the government
8746:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010).
8591:
8529:
8300:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010).
7197:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010).
6534:stepped in to organise Muslim education.
6098:. Jahangir then jailed Guru Hargobind at
5520:who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab.
5500:, and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in
4922:Hunnic migrations (c. 350 AD – c. 500 AD)
4650:The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was founded by
4266:Indo-Greek Kingdom (c. 180 BC – c. 20 BC)
4095:, who died soon after the battle. Later,
3119:conquered region in 1025, after whom the
13501:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
13134:Journal of the American Oriental Society
12659:
12618:
12304:
12133:
11347:"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur"
11282:
11173:
11033:
10963:
10305:
10147:
10001:. Oxford University Press. p. 100.
9676:
8710:
8502:
8144:
8102:
7913:
7635:
6742:
6609:1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election
6419:in 1849. Although nominally part of the
6357:
6353:
6195:and other subahs on the eastern side of
5769:
5674:
5395:
5217:
5079:between the 7th and 9th centuries CE in
5067:
5036:
4992:
4946:
4832:
4504:
4436:
4358:
4105:
3831:
3726:
3588:The civilisation flourished both in the
3545:
3524:peoples who settled on the banks of the
3321:
13030:The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009
13028:Thorpe, Showick; Thorpe, Edgar (2009),
12812:
12742:
12586:
12582:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
12518:
12491:
12417:
12240:Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81
12170:The Punjab under imperialism, 1885-1947
11883:Bhupinder Singh, Amandeep Kaur (2015).
11588:
11339:
11278:
11276:
11039:
10969:
10907:
10776:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
10581:
10445:Proceedings – Punjab History Conference
10363:
10283:
10236:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 267.
10202:
10185:] (in Urdu). p. 3 – via
10141:
9973:. UNESCO. 1 January 1998. p. 294.
9960:
9906:
9655:
8900:Petrie, Cameron A. (28 December 2020).
8784:
8739:
8503:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1 January 2016).
7940:
7692:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39–.
7536:
7240:
7120:
7107:
7062:
6463:
5895:remained capital of the Mughal Empire.
5818:Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)
5683:In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, the chief of
5091:dynasty originating from the region of
4773:. Following an exchange with the king,
4376:combined the Greek and Indian languages
4000:
3876:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
3818:, while his former Purohita, the Rishi
3683:suggests a transition from early small
13662:
13253:
13131:
13063:
12928:, Atlantic Publishers, pp. 1–16,
12844:
12715:
12687:
12445:
12329:
12094:
11996:
11945:
11920:
11867:
11855:
11843:
11831:
11806:
11756:
11744:
11714:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV
11711:
11627:
11601:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014).
11399:
11387:
11333:
11240:
11206:
11158:
11152:
11095:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
11076:
10559:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765
10502:
10425:
10339:
10198:
10196:
10148:Bosworth, C. Edmund (31 August 2007).
9996:
9954:
9942:
9876:
9775:
9662:. Arihant Publications India limited.
9603:"The History of Pakistan: The Kushans"
9059:
9039:
9012:
8899:
8872:
8841:
8811:
8392:
8372:
8351:
8330:
8162:Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues
7889:
7865:
7853:
7790:from the original on 10 September 2018
7725:
7596:
7542:
7314:
7260:
5759:
5168:established themselves based at Multan
5155:and Southern Punjab up to Multan, and
4982:
4007:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
3444:, in upper Punjab, Pakistan along the
3317:
3107:became established in Punjab when the
13540:
13287:
13101:
12962:from the original on 18 November 2022
12941:
12919:
12897:
12870:
12763:from the original on 18 November 2022
12733:
12607:from the original on 18 November 2022
12577:
12565:from the original on 18 November 2022
12544:
12463:
12405:
12364:
12340:from the original on 18 November 2022
12257:from the original on 18 November 2022
12196:
12175:
12115:from the original on 18 November 2022
12069:
12057:
11768:
11726:
11642:
11479:from the original on 18 November 2022
11440:from the original on 18 November 2022
11405:
11261:from the original on 18 November 2022
11140:from the original on 24 February 2021
11088:
11064:
10980:from the original on 18 November 2022
10836:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 109.
10596:
10550:
10485:
10250:from the original on 18 November 2022
10174:
10122:
10110:
10098:
10086:
10068:from the original on 18 November 2022
10021:
9997:Virani, Shafique N. (19 April 2007).
9840:from the original on 18 November 2022
9829:
9757:from the original on 18 November 2022
9730:
9724:
9706:from the original on 18 November 2022
8778:
8766:from the original on 18 November 2022
8568:
8550:from the original on 18 November 2022
8475:
8469:
8224:from the original on 18 November 2022
8159:
8140:
8138:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8063:
7957:
7901:
7841:
7706:from the original on 18 November 2022
7689:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
7617:from the original on 18 November 2022
7513:from the original on 18 November 2022
7498:
7422:from the original on 18 November 2022
7380:from the original on 18 November 2022
7101:
7083:from the original on 18 November 2022
7041:
7002:
7000:
6881:
6824:
6136:Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
5906:. Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) defeated
5430:After his father's death in 1325 CE,
5143:At the beginning of the 8th century,
5022:Medieval Punjab (c. 500 AD – 1526 AD)
4246:. This engagement is corroborated by
4035:. His kingdom spanned between rivers
13045:
12903:The Illustrated History of the Sikhs
12833:from the original on 23 October 2022
12794:
12641:
11411:
11273:
10856:Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007).
10678:Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007).
10151:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
9802:
9504:from the original on 19 October 2020
9450:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9407:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9364:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9321:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9279:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9237:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
9195:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
8745:
8597:
8530:Thonemann, Peter (14 January 2016).
8299:
8117:
7485:, which English translations of the
7223:
7196:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
6717:killing between 300 and 1,000 people
6140:Maratha conquest of North-west India
6078:. Jahangir ordered the execution of
4815:Kushan Empire (c. 50 AD – c. 350 AD)
4533:Some Aprachas are documented on the
3298:'five rivers'). The ancient
3264:, which calls one of the regions in
13007:Political Violence in Ancient India
12977:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
12270:Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (2003),
11654:
11247:. Royal Book Company. p. 402.
10925:Baloch, N. A.; Rafi, A. Q. (1998).
10829:
10799:
10715:
10203:Lapidus, Ira M. (13 October 2014).
10193:
9823:
9164:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
9110:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
9080:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
8788:Ancient Communities of the Himalaya
8434:
8412:
8184:
8016:
7565:from the original on 11 August 2022
7190:
6405:Colonial period (1849 AD – 1947 AD)
5664:
5373:Tughlaq dynasty (1320 AD – 1410 AD)
5349:Kadar led an army that ravaged the
5331:numerous Mongol invasions of Punjab
4918:Punjab before the Gupta expansion.
4091:at the battle-ground, in memory of
3865:Ancient Punjab (518 BC – c. 500 AD)
3751:can be seen in Punjab in northwest.
3192:
3180:
13:
13274:
12746:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction
12580:The Oxford World History of Empire
12336:(in Estonian). Sanbun Publishers.
12134:Lutz, James; Lutz, Brenda (2013).
11921:Narain, Savita (19 October 2013).
11716:. Punjabi University. p. 396.
11357:from the original on 14 April 2017
11315:from the original on 22 April 2022
10127:. Algora Publishing. p. 275.
10054:. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 1932.
10028:. Algora Publishing. p. 275.
9013:Romane, Julian (30 January 2018).
8842:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
8812:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
8135:
8077:
7408:. Punjabi University. p. 80.
7247:Ancient India, History and Culture
6997:
6498:Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway
6203:gave the province to his key ally
5312:Khilji dynasty (1290 AD – 1320 AD)
5269:
5185:noted that the city of Multan was
4967:were a nomadic people who invaded
2514:
14:
13691:
11967:Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
11630:All India Modern History Congress
11163:. Central Book Depot. p. 92.
10951:from the original on 6 March 2022
10533:History of the Panjab Hill States
10465:. Psychology Press. p. 184.
8993:(Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 23)
8980:(Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 20)
8506:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
8122:. University of California Press.
8002:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
7982:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
7735:Journal of Archaeological Science
7291:History of the Panjab Hill States
7179:Chandragupta Maurya And His Times
7047:
7023:from the original on 5 March 2016
6747:Map of Punjab region, as of today
5867:, launched campaigns against the
4292:were eventually divided from the
3456:. Soanian sites are found in the
13568:
13315:
12201:, University of Nebraska Press,
12127:
12088:
12017:
11990:
11970:
11951:
11925:. Lancer Publishers. p. 1.
11914:
11905:
11762:
11720:
11693:
11673:
11621:
11604:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism
11566:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism
11557:
11491:
11452:
11167:
11099:
11082:
11024:
11008:
10992:
10850:
10823:
10793:
10766:
10739:
10709:
10693:
10672:
10656:
10629:
10602:
10523:
10496:
10486:Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980).
10479:
10452:
10436:
10419:
10351:
10327:
10277:
10223:
10168:
10042:
10015:
9900:
9870:
9796:
9769:
9659:Know Your State Himachal Pradesh
9656:Experts, Arihant (4 June 2019).
9649:
9625:
9595:
9586:
9576:
9546:
9534:from the original on 27 May 2015
9516:
9486:
9443:
9400:
9143:. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17.
8640:from the original on 21 May 2022
6957:products, seal carving, work in
6829:
6700:
6681:
6662:
6647:
6632:
6627:in Lahore. It was built in 1865.
6617:
6322:
6299:
6270:
6043:
6029:
6015:
5996:
5974:
5956:
5822:
5637:Lodi Dynasty (1451 AD − 1526 AD)
4250:, who records an instance where
4242:, maintained relations with the
4187:, played a key role by adopting
4153:Mauryan Empire (316 BC – 180 BC)
3040:. He subsequently conquered the
2856:
464:
42:
13680:History of Pakistan by location
12156:
11769:Malik, Anas (22 October 2010).
10860:, Part I, Now Delhi: S. Chand,
10682:, Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand,
9564:from the original on 5 May 2015
9357:
9314:
9272:
9230:
9188:
9183:have underground rooms as well.
9157:
9130:
9103:
9073:
9060:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
9053:
9040:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
9033:
9006:
8968:
8941:
8920:
8893:
8866:
8835:
8805:
8785:Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (1998).
8749:The Greeks in Bactria and India
8730:
8697:
8687:
8678:
8652:
8620:
8523:
8496:
8449:
8428:
8406:
8393:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
8386:
8373:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
8366:
8352:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
8345:
8331:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
8324:
8303:The Greeks in Bactria and India
8293:
8273:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1967).
8266:
8257:
8248:
8190:
8153:
8126:
8111:
8057:
8035:
7995:
7975:
7895:
7802:
7776:
7655:
7507:Calcultta Central Press Company
7492:
7438:
7395:
7353:
7337:
7308:
7281:
7254:
7234:
7200:The Greeks in Bactria and India
6977:
6968:
6947:
6937:
6494:Lahore Junction railway station
6429:Revolt led by Ahmed Khan Kharal
6411:Punjab Province (British India)
5625:The last ruler of the Sayyids,
4423:Apracharajas (c. 52 BC – 78 AD)
3755:Some of the early Janas of the
13073:. Cambridge University Press.
12875:. Princeton University Press.
12644:A Journey Through India's Past
12593:, Cambridge University Press,
12590:A History of Islamic Societies
12548:Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Biography
12450:, Cambridge University Press,
12274:, Permanent Black Publishers,
12199:The State at War in South Asia
10509:ABS Publications. p. 74.
10206:A History of Islamic Societies
9019:. Pen and Sword. p. 240.
8954:. Cambridge University Press.
8873:Kubica, Olga (14 April 2023).
8752:. Cambridge University Press.
8727:. Ancient History Encyclopedia
8482:. Concept Publishing Company.
8459:The Cambridge History of India
7824:. Pakistan.net. Archived from
7360:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010).
7294:. Asian Educational Services.
7217:
7203:. Cambridge University Press.
7169:
7152:
7069:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259.
6858:, the Haryanvi-Hindi-majority
6850:("province") in the erstwhile
6415:The Punjab was annexed by the
6249:
6207:who acquired the title of the
6114:, moved the Sikh community to
5288:of the 13th century historian
5005:. It was destroyed during the
4211:king Parvataka to conquer the
3641:Iron Age (c. 1300 BC – 518 BC)
3579:Archaeological Survey of India
3532:Bronze Age (3300 BC – 1300 BC)
3426:
3162:was created in 1857. In 1947,
2903:refers to the past history of
718:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1:
12926:History and Culture of Panjab
12496:. Cambridge University Press.
12243:. Institute of Sikh Studies.
11923:The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
11809:Punjab and the Raj, 1849–1947
11727:Latif, Syad Muhammad (1964).
11712:Bhatia, Sardar Singh (1998).
11518:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
11283:Siddiqui, Shabbir A. (1986).
11161:The Life and Times of Humayun
10506:Firoz Tughluq, 1351–1388 A.D.
9779:The World of the Skandapurāṇa
9776:Bakker, Hans (16 July 2014).
8951:The Cambridge History of Iran
8149:. Cambridge University Press.
7499:Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891).
7261:Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1996).
7224:Ohri, Vishwa Chander (1980).
6990:
6878:as a result of the movement.
6792:, also became part of India.
6711:. In 1919, Brigadier-General
6546:. In 1919, Brigadier-General
6502:Punjab Northern State Railway
6130:Durrani and Maratha invasions
5365:defeated the invaders on the
5249:Jayapala's son and grandson,
4521:) who migrated from southern
3908:and according to the scholar
3679:. Literary evidence from the
3659:appeared in Punjab including
3421:
3174:Though the name Punjab is of
1648:
1387:
1360:
1259:
1238:
1161:
1100:
1029:
1012:
995:
978:
961:
940:
855:
838:
592:
12924:, in Singh, Mohinder (ed.),
12816:Handbook of Oriental Studies
12413:, Cambridge University Press
11628:Potdar, Datto Vaman (1938).
9907:Meister, Michael W. (2005).
9836:. CUP Archive. p. 791.
9737:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017).
9692:. UNESCO. pp. 123–126.
8906:. Oxbow Books. p. 105.
8628:"Menander | Indo-Greek king"
8571:Who's Who in the Greek World
8462:. CUP Archive. p. 512.
8279:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7545:"Lahore of Pre Historic Era"
7319:. New Delhi, India, Urbana,
6591:till partition in 1947. The
6572:Government of India Act 1935
6568:Government of India Act 1919
6511:
6314:, Pakistan, adjacent to the
5810:were later collected in the
5536:, the fourth dynasty of the
5407:, built during the reign of
4889:), and in the east (loss of
3938:
3859:University of ancient Taxila
3515:
3360:states and union territories
3169:
3166:amidst wide-scale violence.
803:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
13649:Islamabad Capital Territory
13491:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
13095:
12979:, Oxford University Press,
12411:An Introduction to Hinduism
12371:, Oxford University Press,
11980:, 1997. table 45, pp. 136.
11465:. Lotus Press. p. 38.
11174:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
10830:Lal, Kishori Saran (1980).
10800:Lal, Kishori Saran (1980).
10716:Lal, Kishori Saran (1980).
10314:William Lowe (Translator),
10272:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
8476:Gupta, Gyan Swarup (1999).
8164:. Bloomsbury. p. 151.
7726:Lycett, Stephen J. (2007).
6908:
6655:General Post Office, Lahore
6558:
6506:North Western State Railway
6487:
6122:, who attempted to install
6058:Mughal conflicts with Sikhs
5927:(or Prime Minister) of the
5524:Sayyid Dynasty (1410–40 AD)
5488:according to the historian
4679:During the dominion of the
4665:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
4356:or royal seat at one time.
4085:at the site of victory and
3970:did the region between the
3840:was fought on the banks of
3690:
3492:, all derived from various
3392:Islamabad Capital Territory
3287:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
2984:, laying the foundation of
2399:Influence on Southeast Asia
10:
13696:
13675:History of India by region
12074:. iUniverse. p. 326.
11775:. Routledge. p. 190.
11390:, pp. 20–31, 623–642.
11044:. Har-Anand Publications.
10773:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008).
10492:Punthi Pustak. p. 20.
10187:The University of Michigan
9830:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965).
9803:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999).
8573:. Routledge. p. 155.
7242:Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind
6885:
6728:
6725:Partition of Punjab (1947)
6640:Government College, Lahore
6564:Punjab Legislative Council
6408:
6373:was founded in 1609 AD by
6253:
6133:
5990:UNESCO World Heritage Site
5832:
5826:
5763:
5668:
5357:. Alauddin's army, led by
5325:, who was defeated in the
5273:
5196:
5139:Umayyad campaigns in India
5136:
5087:In the ninth century, the
5061:
5030:
4986:
4925:
4818:
4761:as being the same size as
4643:
4426:
4311:conquered Punjab and made
4269:
4156:
4004:
3923:claimed Cyrus had lost in
3873:
3799:An important event of the
3644:
3535:
3430:
3302:referred to the region as
3000:until during the reign of
781:Black and Red ware culture
13636:
13616:
13588:
13581:
13481:
13328:
13247:
13117:10.1017/s0041977x0005028x
12871:Singh, Khushwant (1984).
12702:10.1080/00856408708723379
12519:Jestice, Phyllis (2004),
12138:. Routledge. p. 88.
12011:10.1080/03086539308582893
11089:Singh, Khushwant (1991).
11040:Chandra, Chandra (2005).
10858:History of Medieval India
10749:History of Medieval India
10680:History of Medieval India
10642:. S. Chand. p. 229.
10639:History of Medieval India
10609:Kenneth Pletcher (2010).
10557:Richard M. Eaton (2019).
10324:, Volume 1, pages 296–301
10175:Malik, Ikram Ali (1990).
8200:; Vivekanand Jha (2004).
8160:Anson, Edward M. (2013).
8005:The Achaemenids And India
7985:The Achaemenids And India
7755:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001
7315:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013).
6899:Green Revolution in India
6587:in 1942 who remained the
6585:Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
6544:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
6537:
6532:Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam
6074:and establishment of the
5608:Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah
5353:, and advanced as far as
5041:Taank kingdom highlighted
4230:, following the death of
4195:'s accounts suggest that
4113:and Alexander during the
3564:Indus Valley Civilisation
3538:Indus Valley Civilisation
3311:
3276:
3216:
3204:
2988:. In the 6th century BC,
792:Painted Grey Ware culture
664:Indus Valley Civilisation
13644:Azad Jammu & Kashmir
13012:Harvard University Press
12646:, Northern Book Centre,
12551:. Abhinav Publications.
12312:A Brief History of India
12298:18 November 2022 at the
12178:The Numismatic Chronicle
12161:
11686:18 November 2022 at the
11510:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).
11159:Prasad, Ishwari (1976).
11134:Encyclopaedia Britannica
10806:. Munshiram Manoharlal.
10722:. Munshiram Manoharlal.
10426:Crooke, William (1890).
8723:18 November 2022 at the
8662:(London, 1968). Pp. 112
8276:History of Ancient India
8118:Holt, Frank Lee (2003).
7455:18 November 2022 at the
7250:. Asia Publishing House.
7121:Prakash, Buddha (1951).
6930:
6840:reorganisation of states
6834:After independence, the
6670:University of the Punjab
6601:Indian National Congress
6433:Murree rebellion of 1857
6425:Indian Rebellion of 1857
6393:, Bahawalpur joined the
6023:Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
5401:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
5181:. By 985, the traveller
4525:to Punjab, Pakistan and
4513:were descended from the
4465:to the era of the early
4027:, who fought the famous
3978:become annexed. However
3464:. It is named after the
3127:ruled much of the south
3018:Mallians of South Punjab
1443:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1423:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
1024:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
13239:28 January 2021 at the
13195:10.1073/pnas.1112743109
12795:Romm, James S. (2012),
12628:, Motilal Banarsidass,
12587:Lapidus, I. M. (2014),
12492:Jackson, Peter (2003).
12448:The Sikhs of the Punjab
12197:Barua, Pradeep (2006),
12070:Brass, Paul R. (2005).
11376:Singh & Fenech 2016
10934:. Unesco. p. 305.
10382:Jackson, Peter (2003).
10348:Encyclopædia Britannica
10285:Saksena, Banarsi Prasad
10230:Satish Chandra (2004).
10123:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
10022:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
9809:. Motilal Banarsidass.
9558:Encyclopædia Britannica
9528:Encyclopædia Britannica
8716:Ghose, Sanujit (2011).
8705:India, the Ancient Past
8633:Encyclopedia Britannica
8509:. Motilal Banarsidass.
7648:Encyclopædia Britannica
7600:The Sikhs of the Punjab
7543:Khalid, Kanwal (2015).
7346:Encyclopædia Britannica
7063:Minahan, James (2012).
6482:All-India Muslim League
6362:One Rupee gold coin of
6342:Golden Temple, Amritsar
6336:being recited near the
6308:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh
6213:Third battle of Panipat
6171:attacked and conquered
6148:was established by the
5687:tribe, established the
5659:arrival of Babur's army
4252:Antiochus III the Great
4219:, as documented in the
3178:origin, its two parts (
2956:cradle of civilizations
1543:Western Chalukya Empire
686:Mature Harappan culture
13266:10.25911/5d74e50054bb9
13254:Rehman, Abdur (1976).
12873:A history of the Sikhs
12845:Seiple, Chris (2013),
12716:Melton, J. G. (2014),
12501:Jayapalan, N. (2001),
12470:The Indus Civilization
12446:Grewal, J. S. (1990),
12385:George Erdosy (1995).
12316:, Simon and Schuster,
12216:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
10746:V. D. Mahajan (2007).
10636:V. D. Mahajan (2007).
10503:Jauhri, R. C. (1990).
10154:. BRILL. p. 299.
9877:Rahman, Abdul (2002).
9494:"Plate British Museum"
9170:. BRILL. p. 107.
9116:. BRILL. p. 115.
9086:. BRILL. p. 106.
8848:. BRILL. p. 119.
8818:. BRILL. p. 118.
8707:, Burjor Avari, p. 130
8660:Flames over Persepolis
7597:Grewal, J. S. (1998).
7267:. Publication Scheme.
6925:Panjab Digital Library
6748:
6642:, established in 1864.
6366:
5783:
5700:led by Tatar Khan and
5680:
5540:after the fall of the
5498:Jagannath Temple, Puri
5412:
5383:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
5367:Battle of Jaran-Manjur
5231:
5084:
5042:
5010:
4960:
4846:
4741:upon their visit with
4450:
4371:
4122:
4115:Battle of the Hydaspes
4029:Battle of the Hydaspes
3853:
3792:Janapadas such as the
3752:
3559:
3488:, and occasionally on
3327:
3164:Punjab was partitioned
2519:
2449:Science and technology
833:Three Crowned Kingdoms
675:Early Harappan culture
490:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
86:Mature Harappan period
12920:Singh, Ganda (1989),
12734:Mohan, R. T. (2010),
12391:. Walter de Gruyter.
12330:Dhanoa, S.S. (2005).
12101:. Sage. p. 174.
12024:Nisid Hajari (2015).
11811:. Riverdale Company.
11655:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
11459:G.S. Chhabra (2005).
11241:Quddus, S.A. (1992).
11113:on 27 September 2011.
10665:Proceedings:Volume 55
10317:Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh
8998:10 March 2016 at the
8985:10 March 2016 at the
7343:"Punjab." Pp. 107 in
6746:
6707:Martyr's memorial at
6589:Premier of the Punjab
6364:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
6361:
6354:Kingdom of Bahawalpur
6330:Maharaja Ranjit Singh
5891:. From 1586 to 1598,
5776:Gurdwara Janam Asthan
5773:
5678:
5425:Shamsuddin Firoz Shah
5409:Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq
5399:
5221:
5071:
5040:
4996:
4950:
4836:
4646:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
4505:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
4440:
4362:
4319:) the capital of the
4109:
3884:. According to early
3835:
3730:
3568:Harappan civilisation
3566:is also known as the
3549:
3325:
3214:, 'five' and
3190:, 'five' and
3156:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3131:in the 15th century.
2967:Indo-Aryan migrations
2963:Harrapan civilization
2915:, comprising eastern
2518:
2352:Specialised histories
1623:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1613:Kalachuris of Tripuri
1295:Western Ganga Kingdom
1223:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
1173:Western Satrap Empire
1156:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1146:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
697:Late Harappan culture
458:History of South Asia
211:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
194:c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
191:Indo-Scythian kingdom
96:c. 1900 – c. 1500 BCE
89:c. 2600 – c. 1900 BCE
82:c. 3300 – c. 2600 BCE
79:Early Harappan period
13230:Modern Asian Studies
13046:Wink, Andre (2002),
12948:. Akaal Publishers.
12813:Scharfe, H. (2002),
12743:Nesbitt, E. (2016).
12642:Mani, C. M. (2005),
12545:Johar, S.S. (1975).
12095:Martin, Gus (2013).
11963:2 April 2016 at the
11807:Talbot, Ian (1988).
10612:The History of India
10370:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
10358:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
10346:Muḥammad ibn Tughluq
10334:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi
8791:. Indus Publishing.
8598:Ahir, D. C. (1971).
8569:Hazel, John (2013).
7264:Temples of Rajasthan
7007:H K Manmohan Siṅgh.
6519:University of Punjab
6464:Religious revivalism
6395:Dominion of Pakistan
6278:Hazuri Bagh Baradari
5474:) who had the title
5432:Muhammed Bin Tughlaq
4199:encountered a young
4001:Alexander's invasion
3948:Behistun Inscription
3718:Indo-Gangetic divide
1870:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1672:Late medieval period
1583:Eastern Ganga Empire
1315:Vishnukundina Empire
375:c. 1849 – c. 1947 CE
368:c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
348:c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
341:c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
334:c. 1758 – c. 1761 CE
327:c. 1748 – c. 1818 CE
320:c. 1627 – c. 1707 CE
294:c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
131:c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
93:Late Harappan period
13575:History of Pakistan
13186:2012PNAS..109E1688G
13180:(26): E1688–E1694.
12696:(sup001): 155–165,
12438:Gandhi, R. (2013).
12365:Dyson, Tim (2018),
12060:, pp. 188–189.
11846:, pp. 128–129.
11759:, pp. 100–101.
11591:, pp. 345–346.
11412:Koch, Ebba (2006).
11402:, pp. 155–165.
11378:, pp. 236–238.
10970:Tolbort, T (1871).
10113:, pp. 120–153.
10089:, pp. 170–172.
9727:, pp. 274–275.
8243:Theodore Dodge 1890
8045:. www.palikanon.com
7970:Chattopadhyaya 2003
7929:Chattopadhyaya 2003
7892:, pp. 115–125.
7822:"Islamabad history"
7786:. 2 February 2017.
7747:2007JArSc..34.1434L
6915:History of Pakistan
6903:Operation Blue Star
6806:religious cleansing
6674:Indian subcontinent
6581:Sikandar Hayat Khan
6379:subsidiary alliance
5949:Shahbaz Khan Kamboh
5760:Founding of Sikhism
5339:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
5077:Hindu Shahi dynasty
5009:in the 5th century.
4983:Decline of Buddhism
4739:Apollonius of Tyana
4698:, was succeeded by
4656:Apollonius of Tyana
4539:Sirkap, near Taxila
4493:, according to the
4449:, Punjab, Pakistan.
4290:Indian Subcontinent
4201:Chandragupta Maurya
4197:Alexander the Great
4189:Chandragupta Maurya
4033:Alexander the Great
3995:Alexander the Great
3848:– A depiction from
3838:Battle of Ten Kings
3805:Battle of Ten Kings
3448:(nearby modern-day
3400:North-West Frontier
3318:Geographical extent
3026:Chandragupta Maurya
1952:Early modern period
1799:Vijayanagara Empire
1779:Chitradurga Kingdom
1473:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
885:Shaishunaga dynasty
414:History of Pakistan
365:State of Bahawalpur
187:c. 180 – c. 50 BCE
180:c. 316 – c. 200 BCE
173:c. 326 – c. 316 BCE
150:c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
13598:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
12942:Singh, H. (2008).
11645:, p. 144-145.
11180:Asian Perspectives
10462:A History of India
9863:Li Rongxi (1996),
9498:The British Museum
7878:Giosan et al. 2012
7668:2012-01-04 at the
7661:Parth R. Chauhan.
7017:Punjabi University
6888:Khalistan movement
6882:Khalistan movement
6825:After Independence
6777:Partition of India
6749:
6731:Partition of India
6689:Multan Ghanta Ghar
6474:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
6470:Ahmaddiya movement
6417:East India Company
6367:
6292:Shuja Shah Durrani
6244:Chhota Ghallughara
6181:Timur Shah Durrani
6110:. The ninth Guru,
5847:, a descendant of
5798:, Pakistan in the
5784:
5766:History of Sikhism
5729:Malik Sohrab Dodai
5681:
5645:, the last of the
5612:Hoshang Shah Ghori
5514:Feroz Shah Tughlaq
5468:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
5413:
5391:Battle of Lahrawat
5244:Battle of Peshawar
5232:
5085:
5043:
5011:
4999:Dharmarajika Stupa
4961:
4847:
4545:, such as that of
4463:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4451:
4381:Greco-Buddhist art
4372:
4321:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4272:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4132:Greco-Buddhist art
4123:
3985:, states that the
3854:
3764:Janas such as the
3753:
3657:legendary kingdoms
3612:houses, elaborate
3560:
3542:Cemetery H culture
3470:Middle Pleistocene
3406:to the north, the
3328:
3093:Odi Shahi Kingdoms
2974:Vedic civilization
2520:
2429:Partition of India
2294:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2242:Regional histories
2187:National histories
2074:Travancore Kingdom
2044:Thondaiman Kingdom
1914:Golkonda Sultanate
1523:Somavamshi Kingdom
1493:Rashtrakuta Empire
1433:Rashidun Caliphate
1355:Kabul Shahi Empire
1203:Nagas of Padmavati
1126:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1066:(230 BC – AD 1206)
759:Vedic Civilisation
707:Vedic Civilisation
604:Ahar-Banas culture
404:c. 1947 CE–present
396:c. 1947 CE–present
392:Province of Punjab
228:c. 345 – c. 455 CE
184:Indo-Greek Kingdom
13670:History of Punjab
13657:
13656:
13632:
13631:
13534:
13533:
13511:Jammu and Kashmir
13483:Union territories
13343:Arunachal Pradesh
13080:978-0-521-57219-4
13057:978-0-391-04173-8
13039:978-81-317-2133-9
13021:978-0-674-97527-9
12986:978-0-19-969930-8
12955:978-0-9554587-1-2
12882:978-0-19-562643-8
12856:978-0-415-66744-9
12826:978-90-04-12556-8
12806:978-1-4000-7967-4
12787:978-0-692-86440-1
12756:978-0-19-874557-0
12727:978-1-61069-026-3
12680:978-1-57607-907-2
12653:978-81-7211-194-6
12635:978-81-208-0436-4
12600:978-1-139-99150-6
12558:978-81-7017-030-3
12530:978-1-57607-355-1
12512:978-81-7156-928-1
12484:978-93-82381-53-2
12432:978-0-910261-37-1
12398:978-3-11-014447-5
12378:978-0-19-882905-8
12333:Raj Karega Khalsa
12323:978-0-89281-923-2
12250:978-81-85815-28-2
12208:978-0-8032-2785-9
12145:978-0-415-53785-8
12108:978-1-4522-0582-3
12081:978-0-595-34394-2
12037:978-0-547-66921-2
11932:978-1-935501-87-9
11782:978-1-136-90418-9
11666:978-81-7824-109-8
11614:978-1-4422-3601-1
11506:; Miah, Sajahan;
11472:978-81-89093-06-8
11425:978-0-500-34209-1
11254:978-969-407-130-5
11067:, pp. 12–13.
11030:Davies, pp. 627–8
10941:978-92-3-103467-1
10843:978-81-215-0227-6
10813:978-81-215-0227-6
10729:978-81-215-0227-6
10543:978-81-206-0942-6
10516:978-81-7072-029-4
10472:978-0-415-32919-4
10406:Vincent A Smith,
10216:978-0-521-51430-9
10161:978-90-474-2383-6
10035:978-0-87586-860-8
9957:, pp. 48–50.
9669:978-93-131-6765-5
9177:978-90-474-2049-1
9150:978-1-78491-855-2
9123:978-90-474-2049-1
9093:978-90-474-2049-1
9026:978-1-4738-8779-4
8961:978-0-521-20092-9
8913:978-1-78570-306-5
8886:978-1-000-86852-4
8855:978-90-04-18159-5
8825:978-90-04-18159-5
8798:978-81-7387-090-3
8658:Mortimer Wheeler
8543:978-1-316-43229-7
8516:978-81-208-0433-3
8489:978-81-7022-763-2
8435:Prakesh, Buddha.
8413:Prakesh, Buddha.
8313:978-1-108-00941-6
8217:978-81-85229-92-8
8187:, pp. 23–28.
8064:Mccrindle, J. W.
7972:, pp. 56–57.
7764:on 7 October 2021
7699:978-1-119-05547-1
7610:978-0-521-63764-0
7445:Lassen, Christian
7415:978-81-7380-990-3
7373:978-1-61530-202-4
7330:978-93-83064-41-0
7301:978-81-206-0942-6
7274:978-81-85263-87-8
7210:978-1-108-00941-6
7076:978-1-59884-659-1
6796:according to the
6709:Jallianwalla Bagh
6691:was built in the
6421:Bengal Presidency
6334:Guru Granth Sahib
6154:Ahmad Shah Abdali
6112:Guru Tegh Bahadur
6066:, the founder of
5964:Naulakha pavilion
5881:Battle of Panipat
5812:Guru Granth Sahib
5655:Ibrahim Khan Lodi
5496:, desecrated the
5234:Sabuktigin's son
5149:Umayyad Caliphate
5127:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
4887:Kushano-Sasanians
4403:soon followed in
4226:According to the
3917:Achaemenid Empire
3896:. It is noted by
3454:Pleistocene Epoch
3410:to the east, and
3404:Jammu and Kashmir
3384:Pakistani regions
3297:
3285:
3113:Emirate of Multan
3109:Umayyad Caliphate
3016:of Gandhara, the
2998:Achaemenid Empire
2992:, the monarch of
2901:History of Punjab
2897:
2896:
2493:
2492:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2092:
2091:
1994:Thanjavur Kingdom
1942:
1941:
1903:Bijapur Sultanate
1859:Deccan sultanates
1737:Tughlaq Sultanate
1684:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1662:
1661:
1533:Chaulukya Kingdom
1463:Mallabhum kingdom
1453:Umayyad Caliphate
1193:Bharshiva Dynasty
1089:(200 BC – AD 300)
1079:(230 BC – AD 220)
1075:Satavahana Empire
1053:
1052:
1049:(247 BC – AD 224)
905:Macedonian Empire
879:(450 BC – AD 489)
867:Achaemenid Empire
737:
736:
642:
641:
565:
564:
515:
514:
499:Madrasian culture
452:
451:
386:Post-independence
318:
257:Emirate of Multan
171:
168:Macedonian Empire
148:
145:Achaemenid Empire
129:
13687:
13624:Gilgit-Baltistan
13586:
13585:
13573:
13572:
13561:
13554:
13547:
13538:
13537:
13378:Himachal Pradesh
13322:History of India
13320:
13319:
13308:
13301:
13294:
13285:
13284:
13269:
13225:
13215:
13197:
13164:
13128:
13091:
13089:
13087:
13060:
13042:
13024:
12997:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12938:
12916:
12899:Singh, Khushwant
12894:
12867:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12809:
12799:, Anchor Books,
12791:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12739:
12730:
12712:
12684:
12656:
12638:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12583:
12574:
12572:
12570:
12541:
12515:
12503:History of India
12497:
12488:
12460:
12435:
12414:
12402:
12381:
12361:
12349:
12347:
12345:
12326:
12315:
12284:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12233:
12211:
12193:
12150:
12149:
12136:Global Terrorism
12131:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12120:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12067:
12061:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12021:
12015:
12014:
11994:
11988:
11974:
11968:
11955:
11949:
11943:
11937:
11936:
11918:
11912:
11909:
11903:
11900:
11889:
11888:
11880:
11871:
11865:
11859:
11853:
11847:
11841:
11835:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11804:
11787:
11786:
11766:
11760:
11754:
11748:
11742:
11733:
11732:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11709:
11703:
11697:
11691:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11652:
11646:
11640:
11634:
11633:
11625:
11619:
11618:
11598:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11495:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11409:
11403:
11397:
11391:
11385:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11280:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11213:
11204:
11203:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11130:"Mughal Dynasty"
11126:
11115:
11114:
11109:. Archived from
11103:
11097:
11096:
11086:
11080:
11074:
11068:
11062:
11056:
11055:
11037:
11031:
11028:
11022:
11012:
11006:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10950:
10933:
10922:
10905:
10899:
10893:
10887:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10827:
10821:
10820:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10697:
10691:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10633:
10627:
10626:
10606:
10600:
10594:
10585:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10423:
10417:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10379:
10373:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10337:
10331:
10325:
10312:
10303:
10302:
10281:
10275:
10269:
10260:
10259:
10257:
10255:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10200:
10191:
10190:
10172:
10166:
10165:
10145:
10139:
10138:
10120:
10114:
10108:
10102:
10096:
10090:
10084:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10019:
10013:
10012:
9994:
9985:
9984:
9967:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9927:
9926:
9916:Ancient Pakistan
9913:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9886:Ancient Pakistan
9883:
9874:
9868:
9861:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9827:
9821:
9820:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9773:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9683:
9674:
9673:
9653:
9647:
9641:
9632:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9609:. Archived from
9599:
9593:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9077:
9071:
9070:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9010:
9004:
8972:
8966:
8965:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8932:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8743:
8737:
8734:
8728:
8714:
8708:
8701:
8695:
8691:
8685:
8682:
8676:
8673:Hippodamian plan
8656:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8419:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8328:
8322:
8321:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8270:
8264:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8142:
8133:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8100:
8075:
8074:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8020:
8014:
8013:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7828:on 30 June 2008.
7818:
7809:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7763:
7757:. Archived from
7741:(9): 1434–1440.
7732:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7683:
7677:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7644:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7572:
7570:
7564:
7549:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7520:
7518:
7496:
7490:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7385:
7357:
7351:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7118:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7060:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7004:
6984:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6966:
6965:, lead, and tin.
6951:
6945:
6941:
6920:History of India
6876:Himachal Pradesh
6819:Pakistani Punjab
6773:Himachal Pradesh
6735:Punjab, Pakistan
6704:
6685:
6666:
6657:, built in 1887.
6651:
6636:
6621:
6597:Second World War
6371:Bahawalpur state
6326:
6303:
6280:in front of the
6274:
6238:to wipe out the
6232:Vadda Ghalughara
6062:The lifetime of
6047:
6033:
6019:
6005:Tomb of Jahangir
6000:
5978:
5960:
5915:, born into the
5802:province of the
5790:who was born in
5725:Dera Ismail Khan
5689:Langah Sultanate
5671:Langah Sultanate
5665:Langah Sultanate
5631:Bahlul Khan Lodi
5575:(vassal) of the
5532:established the
5510:Greater Khorasan
5385:after defeating
5301:Muhammad of Ghor
5177:caliph based in
5112:Saffarid dynasty
5007:Hunnic invasions
4953:Hephthalite bowl
4855:Kujula Kadphises
4839:Kushano-Sasanian
4790:, in modern-day
4733:It was noted by
4720:Kujula Kadphises
4559:Silver Reliquary
4535:Silver Reliquary
4294:Graeco-Bactrians
4143:Mallian campaign
4011:Mallian campaign
3968:Darius the Great
3941:
3693:
3442:Pothohar Plateau
3372:Himachal Pradesh
3334:in Pakistan and
3313:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3125:Langah Sultanate
3085:Vardhana dynasty
3081:Hunnic invasions
3079:The devastating
3072:annexed Punjab,
2980:was composed in
2889:
2882:
2875:
2860:
2614:Mexican American
2495:
2494:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2434:Pakistan studies
2274:Himachal Pradesh
2114:Portuguese India
2110:
2109:
2106:
2064:Sikh Confederacy
1960:
1959:
1956:
1809:Bengal Sultanate
1748:Sayyid Sultanate
1726:Khalji Sultanate
1715:Mamluk Sultanate
1680:
1679:
1676:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1593:Kakatiya Kingdom
1503:Paramara Kingdom
1396:
1392:
1389:
1365:
1362:
1305:Kamarupa Kingdom
1268:
1264:
1261:
1254:Kalabhras Empire
1247:
1243:
1240:
1166:
1163:
1150:(50 BC – AD 400)
1130:(180 BC – AD 10)
1109:
1105:
1102:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1017:
1014:
1000:
997:
983:
980:
966:
963:
949:
945:
942:
860:
857:
843:
840:
823:Haryanka dynasty
813:Pradyota dynasty
755:
754:
751:
660:
659:
656:
597:
594:
587:Anarta tradition
583:
582:
579:
547:Mehrgarh culture
537:Bhirrana culture
533:
532:
529:
528:(10,800–3300 BC)
495:
494:
491:
481:
480:
468:
454:
453:
444:
437:
430:
418:History of India
312:
309:Subah of Multans
298:Langah Sultanate
214:c. 25 – c. 80 CE
165:
142:
123:
62:c. 1,900,000 BCE
46:
36:
18:
17:
13695:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13685:
13684:
13660:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13628:
13612:
13577:
13567:
13565:
13535:
13530:
13477:
13324:
13314:
13312:
13277:
13275:Further reading
13272:
13250:
13241:Wayback Machine
13098:
13085:
13083:
13081:
13065:Wright, Rita P.
13058:
13040:
13022:
12987:
12965:
12963:
12956:
12936:
12913:
12883:
12857:
12836:
12834:
12827:
12807:
12788:
12766:
12764:
12757:
12728:
12681:
12654:
12636:
12620:Majumdar, R. C.
12610:
12608:
12601:
12568:
12566:
12559:
12531:
12513:
12485:
12458:
12433:
12425:, Lotus Press,
12407:Flood, Gavin D.
12399:
12379:
12343:
12341:
12324:
12306:Daniélou, Alain
12300:Wayback Machine
12282:
12260:
12258:
12251:
12209:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12153:
12146:
12132:
12128:
12118:
12116:
12109:
12093:
12089:
12082:
12068:
12064:
12056:
12052:
12042:
12040:
12038:
12022:
12018:
11995:
11991:
11975:
11971:
11965:Wayback Machine
11956:
11952:
11944:
11940:
11933:
11919:
11915:
11910:
11906:
11901:
11892:
11881:
11874:
11866:
11862:
11854:
11850:
11842:
11838:
11830:
11826:
11819:
11805:
11790:
11783:
11767:
11763:
11755:
11751:
11743:
11736:
11725:
11721:
11710:
11706:
11700:Khushwant Singh
11698:
11694:
11688:Wayback Machine
11678:
11674:
11667:
11653:
11649:
11641:
11637:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11599:
11595:
11587:
11583:
11576:
11562:
11558:
11548:
11546:
11528:
11508:Khanam, Mahfuza
11496:
11492:
11482:
11480:
11473:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11441:
11426:
11410:
11406:
11398:
11394:
11386:
11382:
11374:
11370:
11360:
11358:
11345:
11344:
11340:
11332:
11328:
11318:
11316:
11281:
11274:
11264:
11262:
11255:
11239:
11235:
11228:
11214:
11207:
11172:
11168:
11157:
11153:
11143:
11141:
11128:
11127:
11118:
11105:
11104:
11100:
11087:
11083:
11075:
11071:
11063:
11059:
11052:
11038:
11034:
11029:
11025:
11013:
11009:
10997:
10993:
10983:
10981:
10968:
10964:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10942:
10931:
10923:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10888:
10884:
10876:
10872:
10855:
10851:
10844:
10828:
10824:
10814:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10779:. p. 103.
10771:
10767:
10760:
10744:
10740:
10730:
10714:
10710:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10677:
10673:
10662:
10661:
10657:
10650:
10634:
10630:
10623:
10607:
10603:
10595:
10588:
10580:
10576:
10569:
10561:. p. 117.
10555:
10551:
10544:
10528:
10524:
10517:
10501:
10497:
10484:
10480:
10473:
10457:
10453:
10442:
10441:
10437:
10424:
10420:
10405:
10401:
10394:
10380:
10376:
10368:
10364:
10356:
10352:
10344:
10340:
10332:
10328:
10313:
10306:
10282:
10278:
10270:
10263:
10253:
10251:
10244:
10228:
10224:
10217:
10201:
10194:
10173:
10169:
10162:
10146:
10142:
10135:
10121:
10117:
10109:
10105:
10097:
10093:
10085:
10081:
10071:
10069:
10062:
10048:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10020:
10016:
10009:
9995:
9988:
9981:
9969:
9968:
9961:
9953:
9949:
9941:
9930:
9911:
9905:
9901:
9881:
9875:
9871:
9862:
9853:
9843:
9841:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9801:
9797:
9790:
9774:
9770:
9760:
9758:
9751:
9735:
9731:
9723:
9719:
9709:
9707:
9700:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9654:
9650:
9644:Rezakhani 2017b
9642:
9635:
9630:
9626:
9616:
9614:
9601:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9577:
9567:
9565:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9522:
9521:
9517:
9507:
9505:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9448:
9444:
9405:
9401:
9362:
9358:
9319:
9315:
9277:
9273:
9235:
9231:
9193:
9189:
9178:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9135:
9131:
9124:
9108:
9104:
9094:
9078:
9074:
9066:. p. 215.
9058:
9054:
9046:. p. 215.
9038:
9034:
9027:
9011:
9007:
9000:Wayback Machine
8987:Wayback Machine
8975:
8973:
8969:
8962:
8946:
8942:
8933:. p. 163.
8930:
8926:
8925:
8921:
8914:
8898:
8894:
8887:
8871:
8867:
8856:
8840:
8836:
8826:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8783:
8779:
8769:
8767:
8760:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8725:Wayback Machine
8715:
8711:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8688:
8683:
8679:
8657:
8653:
8643:
8641:
8626:
8625:
8621:
8596:
8592:
8581:
8567:
8563:
8553:
8551:
8544:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8474:
8470:
8454:
8450:
8442:. p. 155.
8439:
8433:
8429:
8420:. p. 157.
8417:
8411:
8407:
8391:
8387:
8371:
8367:
8350:
8346:
8329:
8325:
8314:
8298:
8294:
8287:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8227:
8225:
8218:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8158:
8154:
8143:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8116:
8112:
8101:
8078:
8070:. p. 109.
8062:
8058:
8048:
8046:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8028:. p. 604.
8022:
8021:
8017:
8000:
7996:
7980:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7956:
7947:
7939:
7935:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7884:
7876:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7833:
7820:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7730:
7724:
7720:
7709:
7707:
7700:
7684:
7680:
7670:Wayback Machine
7660:
7656:
7634:
7630:
7620:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7547:
7541:
7537:
7516:
7514:
7497:
7493:
7457:Wayback Machine
7443:
7439:
7425:
7423:
7416:
7400:
7396:
7383:
7381:
7374:
7358:
7354:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7239:
7235:
7222:
7218:
7211:
7195:
7191:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7119:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7077:
7061:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6911:
6890:
6884:
6864:Union Territory
6832:
6827:
6786:princely states
6753:Punjab Province
6741:
6727:
6720:
6705:
6696:
6695:style, in 1884.
6686:
6677:
6667:
6658:
6652:
6643:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6561:
6553:Lala Lajpat Rai
6540:
6514:
6490:
6472:, initiated by
6466:
6413:
6407:
6356:
6349:
6346:August Schoefft
6327:
6318:
6316:Badshahi Mosque
6304:
6295:
6275:
6258:
6252:
6209:Nawab of Punjab
6146:Durrani kingdom
6142:
6134:Main articles:
6132:
6060:
6053:
6051:Badshahi Mosque
6048:
6039:
6034:
6025:
6020:
6011:
6001:
5992:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5945:Adina Beg Arain
5933:Badshahi Mosque
5919:in Punjab from
5889:Subah of Multan
5885:Subah of Lahore
5841:
5839:Subah of Multan
5835:Subah of Lahore
5831:
5825:
5820:
5804:Delhi Sultanate
5768:
5762:
5721:Sultan Husayn I
5697:Sultan Husayn I
5695:. The reign of
5673:
5667:
5647:Delhi sultanate
5639:
5620:Jasrath Khokhar
5616:Malwa Sultanate
5555:, he appointed
5538:Delhi Sultanate
5526:
5375:
5327:battle of Indus
5314:
5286:Tārīkḣ-i Waṣṣāf
5278:
5276:Delhi Sultanate
5272:
5270:Delhi Sultanate
5201:
5195:
5141:
5135:
5122:around 900 BC.
5075:, built by the
5066:
5060:
5035:
5029:
5024:
4991:
4985:
4934:
4926:Main articles:
4924:
4831:
4819:Main articles:
4817:
4753:had coinage of
4728:Western Satraps
4648:
4642:
4507:
4435:
4427:Main articles:
4425:
4278:Graeco-Bactrian
4274:
4268:
4244:Seleucid Greeks
4161:
4155:
4119:Charles Le Brun
4013:
4005:Main articles:
4003:
3906:Cyrus the Great
3878:
3872:
3867:
3649:
3643:
3544:
3536:Main articles:
3534:
3518:
3494:fluvial sources
3435:
3429:
3424:
3356:Punjab Province
3332:Punjab province
3320:
3172:
3160:Punjab province
3146:was founded by
3121:Delhi Sultanate
2945:Soanian culture
2917:Punjab province
2893:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2530:
2489:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2107:
2104:
2102:Colonial states
2094:
2093:
1984:Madurai Kingdom
1957:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1892:Bidar Sultanate
1881:Berar sultanate
1849:Ladakh Kingdom
1839:Gajapati Empire
1819:Garhwal Kingdom
1704:Delhi Sultanate
1677:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1633:Chutiya Kingdom
1603:Zamorin Kingdom
1394:
1390:
1382:Maukhari Empire
1372:Chalukya Empire
1363:
1325:Maitraka Empire
1266:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1233:Vakataka Empire
1213:Sasanian Empire
1164:
1107:
1103:
1085:Kuninda Kingdom
1068:
1065:
1063:Middle Kingdoms
1055:
1054:
1045:Parthian Empire
1036:
1032:
1015:
998:
981:
964:
947:
943:
858:
841:
752:
749:
739:
738:
657:
654:
644:
643:
595:
580:
577:
567:
566:
557:Edakkal culture
530:
527:
517:
516:
508:Soanian culture
492:
489:
478:
448:
416:
408:
407:
403:
400:State of Punjab
395:
387:
379:
378:
374:
372:Punjab Province
367:
360:
352:
351:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
311:
301:c. 1445–1540 CE
300:
293:
291:Delhi Sultanate
287:c. 1170–1215 CE
286:
279:
272:
264:
263:
259:
252:
245:
238:
227:
220:
213:
206:
198:
197:
193:
186:
179:
172:
164:
149:
141:
130:
122:
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
65:
61:
59:Soanian culture
54:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
13693:
13683:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13655:
13654:
13652:
13651:
13646:
13640:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13627:
13626:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13613:
13611:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13589:
13583:
13579:
13578:
13564:
13563:
13556:
13549:
13541:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13487:
13485:
13479:
13478:
13476:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13398:Madhya Pradesh
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13338:Andhra Pradesh
13334:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13311:
13310:
13303:
13296:
13288:
13282:
13281:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13270:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13244:
13226:
13165:
13146:10.2307/606726
13129:
13097:
13094:
13093:
13092:
13079:
13061:
13056:
13043:
13038:
13025:
13020:
13002:Singh, Upinder
12998:
12985:
12972:
12954:
12939:
12935:978-8171560783
12934:
12917:
12911:
12895:
12881:
12868:
12855:
12842:
12825:
12810:
12805:
12792:
12786:
12773:
12755:
12740:
12731:
12726:
12713:
12685:
12679:
12661:McIntosh, Jane
12657:
12652:
12639:
12634:
12616:
12599:
12584:
12575:
12557:
12542:
12529:
12516:
12511:
12498:
12489:
12483:
12461:
12457:0-521-2688-4-2
12456:
12443:
12436:
12431:
12419:Frawley, David
12415:
12403:
12397:
12382:
12377:
12362:
12354:Theodore Dodge
12350:
12327:
12322:
12302:
12287:Condos, Mark.
12285:
12280:
12267:
12249:
12234:
12212:
12207:
12194:
12173:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12144:
12126:
12107:
12087:
12080:
12062:
12050:
12036:
12016:
12005:(2): 307–333.
11989:
11969:
11950:
11948:, p. 165.
11938:
11931:
11913:
11904:
11890:
11872:
11870:, p. 136.
11860:
11858:, p. 134.
11848:
11836:
11834:, p. 131.
11824:
11817:
11788:
11781:
11761:
11749:
11734:
11719:
11704:
11692:
11672:
11665:
11647:
11635:
11620:
11613:
11593:
11581:
11575:978-1442236011
11574:
11556:
11526:
11504:Islam, Sirajul
11500:"Shahbaz Khan"
11490:
11471:
11451:
11424:
11404:
11392:
11380:
11368:
11338:
11326:
11272:
11253:
11233:
11227:978-1137296634
11226:
11205:
11166:
11151:
11136:. Britannica.
11116:
11098:
11081:
11069:
11057:
11050:
11032:
11023:
11007:
10991:
10962:
10940:
10906:
10902:Jayapalan 2001
10894:
10890:Jayapalan 2001
10882:
10878:Jayapalan 2001
10870:
10849:
10842:
10822:
10812:
10792:
10785:
10765:
10758:
10738:
10728:
10708:
10692:
10671:
10655:
10648:
10628:
10621:
10601:
10599:, p. 583.
10586:
10584:, p. 103.
10574:
10568:978-0520325128
10567:
10549:
10542:
10522:
10515:
10495:
10478:
10471:
10451:
10435:
10418:
10399:
10393:978-0521543293
10392:
10374:
10362:
10350:
10338:
10326:
10304:
10276:
10274:, p. 332.
10261:
10242:
10222:
10215:
10192:
10167:
10160:
10140:
10134:978-0875868608
10133:
10115:
10103:
10091:
10079:
10060:
10041:
10034:
10014:
10008:978-0198042594
10007:
9986:
9979:
9959:
9947:
9928:
9899:
9869:
9851:
9822:
9815:
9795:
9788:
9768:
9749:
9729:
9717:
9698:
9675:
9668:
9648:
9646:, p. 203.
9633:
9624:
9613:on 7 July 2015
9607:www.kushan.org
9594:
9585:
9575:
9545:
9515:
9485:
9442:
9399:
9356:
9313:
9271:
9229:
9187:
9176:
9156:
9149:
9129:
9122:
9102:
9092:
9072:
9052:
9032:
9025:
9005:
9003:
9002:
8989:
8967:
8960:
8940:
8919:
8912:
8892:
8885:
8865:
8854:
8834:
8824:
8804:
8797:
8777:
8758:
8738:
8729:
8709:
8696:
8686:
8677:
8651:
8619:
8590:
8579:
8561:
8542:
8522:
8515:
8495:
8488:
8468:
8448:
8427:
8405:
8385:
8365:
8344:
8323:
8312:
8292:
8285:
8265:
8256:
8247:
8245:, p. 597.
8235:
8216:
8210:. p. 16.
8189:
8177:
8170:
8152:
8134:
8125:
8110:
8076:
8056:
8034:
8015:
8008:. p. 22.
7994:
7988:. p. 22.
7974:
7962:
7945:
7943:, p. 118.
7933:
7918:
7906:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7846:
7831:
7810:
7801:
7775:
7718:
7698:
7678:
7654:
7642:"Punjab"
7639:, ed. (1911).
7637:Chisholm, Hugh
7628:
7609:
7589:
7535:
7491:
7437:
7414:
7394:
7372:
7352:
7336:
7329:
7307:
7300:
7280:
7273:
7253:
7233:
7216:
7209:
7189:
7182:. p. 16.
7168:
7151:
7133:(1): 198–233.
7106:
7094:
7075:
7046:
7034:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6976:
6967:
6953:These covered
6946:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6907:
6886:Main article:
6883:
6880:
6862:state and the
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6706:
6699:
6697:
6693:Indo-Saracenic
6687:
6680:
6678:
6668:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6616:
6593:Unionist Party
6577:Unionist Party
6560:
6557:
6539:
6536:
6528:Khalsa College
6513:
6510:
6489:
6486:
6465:
6462:
6453:Canal Colonies
6437:Queen Victoria
6409:Main article:
6406:
6403:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6344:. Painting by
6328:
6321:
6319:
6310:is located in
6305:
6298:
6296:
6276:
6269:
6254:Main article:
6251:
6248:
6221:Maratha Empire
6205:Adina Beg Khan
6165:Maratha Empire
6131:
6128:
6088:Guru Hargobind
6080:Guru Arjan Dev
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5980:
5973:
5971:
5966:(1633) in the
5962:
5955:
5913:Saadullah Khan
5865:Sher Shah Suri
5857:Fergana Valley
5827:Main article:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5761:
5758:
5754:Sher Shah Suri
5735:, probably at
5733:Arghun dynasty
5706:Sikander Lodhi
5669:Main article:
5666:
5663:
5638:
5635:
5534:Sayyid dynasty
5525:
5522:
5490:William Crooke
5374:
5371:
5318:Khalji dynasty
5313:
5310:
5305:Ghurid dynasty
5297:Ghurid dynasty
5274:Main article:
5271:
5268:
5255:Trilochanapala
5197:Main article:
5194:
5191:
5147:armies of the
5137:Main article:
5134:
5131:
5062:Main article:
5059:
5056:
5031:Main article:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
4984:
4981:
4923:
4920:
4909:(305–335) and
4843:British Museum
4825:Kushan coinage
4816:
4813:
4788:Hydaspes River
4681:Indo-Parthians
4658:is related by
4644:Main article:
4641:
4638:
4606:Indo-Parthians
4537:discovered at
4511:Indo-Scythians
4506:
4503:
4495:Shinkot casket
4485:in modern day
4433:Indo-Scythians
4424:
4421:
4413:Indo-Parthians
4409:Indo-Scythians
4325:Greco-Buddhism
4270:Main article:
4267:
4264:
4185:Mauryan Empire
4157:Main article:
4154:
4151:
4117:– painting by
4002:
3999:
3910:Buddha Prakash
3898:R. C. Majumdar
3874:Main article:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3722:Gangetic basin
3720:and the upper
3645:Main article:
3642:
3639:
3606:urban planning
3590:alluvial plain
3533:
3530:
3517:
3514:
3472:period or the
3458:Sivalik region
3431:Main article:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:to the south.
3394:. It bordered
3319:
3316:
3171:
3168:
3123:followed. The
3101:Katoch dynasty
3097:Tomara dynasty
3054:Indo-Parthians
2949:second Ice Age
2935:, between the
2895:
2894:
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2640:
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2597:United Kingdom
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2256:
2251:
2245:
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2241:
2240:
2237:
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2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:Maratha Empire
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:Sikkim Kingdom
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:Marava Kingdom
2020:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:Keladi Kingdom
1920:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:Mysore Kingdom
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:Lodi Sultanate
1754:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:Ghurid Dynasty
1690:
1689:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:Hoysala Empire
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:Lohara Kingdom
1549:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:Tibetan Empire
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:Kadamba Empire
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1007:Pallava Empire
1003:
1002:
992:
986:
985:
975:
969:
968:
958:
952:
951:
937:
931:
930:
927:
925:Seleucid India
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
852:
850:Maha Janapadas
846:
845:
835:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
809:
808:
805:
798:
797:
794:
787:
786:
785:(1300–1000 BC)
783:
776:
775:
772:
765:
764:
761:
753:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
734:
731:
724:
723:
722:(2000–1600 BC)
720:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
701:(1900–1300 BC)
699:
692:
691:
690:(2600–1900 BC)
688:
681:
680:
679:(3300–2600 BC)
677:
670:
669:
668:(3300–1300 BC)
666:
658:
655:(3300–1300 BC)
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
628:(1600–1300 BC)
626:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
608:(3000–1500 BC)
606:
600:
599:
589:
581:
578:(3500–1500 BC)
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
561:(5000–3000 BC)
559:
553:
552:
551:(7000–3300 BC)
549:
543:
542:
541:(7570–6200 BC)
539:
531:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
512:
510:
504:
503:
501:
493:
485:
484:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
461:
460:
450:
449:
447:
446:
439:
432:
424:
421:
420:
410:
409:
406:
405:
397:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
369:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
342:
335:
331:Maratha Empire
328:
324:Durrani Empire
321:
302:
295:
288:
284:Ghurid dynasty
281:
280:c. 999–1186 CE
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:c. 855–1010 CE
254:
253:c. 870–1010 CE
247:
240:
229:
222:
215:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
188:
181:
174:
151:
132:
97:
90:
83:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13692:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13615:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13571:
13562:
13557:
13555:
13550:
13548:
13543:
13542:
13539:
13527:
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13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13484:
13480:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13463:Uttar Pradesh
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13318:
13309:
13304:
13302:
13297:
13295:
13290:
13289:
13286:
13279:
13278:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13258:
13252:
13251:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13232:14(1), 65-91
13231:
13227:
13223:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13166:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13135:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13110:
13106:
13100:
13099:
13082:
13076:
13072:
13071:
13066:
13062:
13059:
13053:
13049:
13044:
13041:
13035:
13031:
13026:
13023:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13008:
13003:
12999:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12982:
12978:
12973:
12961:
12957:
12951:
12947:
12946:
12940:
12937:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12918:
12914:
12912:0-19-567747-1
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12878:
12874:
12869:
12866:
12862:
12858:
12852:
12849:, Routledge,
12848:
12843:
12832:
12828:
12822:
12818:
12817:
12811:
12808:
12802:
12798:
12793:
12789:
12783:
12779:
12774:
12762:
12758:
12752:
12748:
12747:
12741:
12737:
12732:
12729:
12723:
12719:
12714:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12686:
12682:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12649:
12645:
12640:
12637:
12631:
12627:
12626:
12625:Ancient India
12621:
12617:
12606:
12602:
12596:
12592:
12591:
12585:
12581:
12576:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12550:
12549:
12543:
12540:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12522:
12517:
12514:
12508:
12504:
12499:
12495:
12490:
12486:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12471:
12466:
12462:
12459:
12453:
12449:
12444:
12441:
12437:
12434:
12428:
12424:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12404:
12400:
12394:
12390:
12389:
12383:
12380:
12374:
12370:
12369:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12339:
12335:
12334:
12328:
12325:
12319:
12314:
12313:
12307:
12303:
12301:
12297:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12283:
12281:81-7824-143-9
12277:
12273:
12268:
12256:
12252:
12246:
12242:
12241:
12235:
12231:
12227:
12223:
12222:
12217:
12213:
12210:
12204:
12200:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12174:
12171:
12167:
12166:
12147:
12141:
12137:
12130:
12114:
12110:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12091:
12083:
12077:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12054:
12039:
12033:
12029:
12028:
12020:
12012:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11993:
11987:
11986:969-407-230-1
11983:
11979:
11973:
11966:
11962:
11959:
11954:
11947:
11942:
11934:
11928:
11924:
11917:
11908:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11886:
11879:
11877:
11869:
11864:
11857:
11852:
11845:
11840:
11833:
11828:
11820:
11814:
11810:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11784:
11778:
11774:
11773:
11765:
11758:
11753:
11747:, p. 99.
11746:
11741:
11739:
11730:
11723:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11696:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11676:
11668:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11639:
11631:
11624:
11616:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11597:
11590:
11585:
11577:
11571:
11567:
11560:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11527:984-32-0576-6
11523:
11519:
11515:
11514:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11494:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11455:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11421:
11417:
11416:
11408:
11401:
11396:
11389:
11384:
11377:
11372:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11336:, p. 96.
11335:
11330:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11279:
11277:
11260:
11256:
11250:
11246:
11245:
11237:
11229:
11223:
11219:
11212:
11210:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11170:
11162:
11155:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11094:
11093:
11085:
11078:
11073:
11066:
11061:
11053:
11051:9788124110669
11047:
11043:
11036:
11027:
11021:
11020:0-231-10714-5
11017:
11011:
11005:
11004:90-04-08114-3
11001:
10995:
10979:
10975:
10974:
10966:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10930:
10929:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10904:, p. 57.
10903:
10898:
10892:, p. 56.
10891:
10886:
10880:, p. 54.
10879:
10874:
10867:
10866:81-219-0364-5
10863:
10859:
10853:
10845:
10839:
10835:
10834:
10826:
10819:
10815:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10796:
10788:
10786:9780810855038
10782:
10778:
10777:
10769:
10761:
10759:9788121903646
10755:
10751:
10750:
10742:
10735:
10731:
10725:
10721:
10720:
10712:
10704:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10688:81-219-0364-5
10685:
10681:
10675:
10667:
10666:
10659:
10651:
10649:9788121903646
10645:
10641:
10640:
10632:
10624:
10622:9781615301225
10618:
10614:
10613:
10605:
10598:
10593:
10591:
10583:
10578:
10570:
10564:
10560:
10553:
10545:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10526:
10518:
10512:
10508:
10507:
10499:
10491:
10490:
10482:
10474:
10468:
10464:
10463:
10455:
10447:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10430:
10422:
10415:
10412:, p. 217, at
10411:
10410:
10403:
10395:
10389:
10385:
10378:
10371:
10366:
10359:
10354:
10347:
10342:
10335:
10330:
10323:
10320:, p. 296, at
10319:
10318:
10311:
10309:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10273:
10268:
10266:
10249:
10245:
10243:9788124110645
10239:
10235:
10234:
10226:
10218:
10212:
10208:
10207:
10199:
10197:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10179:
10171:
10163:
10157:
10153:
10152:
10144:
10136:
10130:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10107:
10101:, p. 25.
10100:
10095:
10088:
10083:
10067:
10063:
10061:9789693514131
10057:
10053:
10052:
10045:
10037:
10031:
10027:
10026:
10018:
10010:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9991:
9982:
9976:
9972:
9966:
9964:
9956:
9951:
9944:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9910:
9903:
9896:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9873:
9866:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9826:
9818:
9816:9788120815407
9812:
9808:
9807:
9799:
9791:
9789:9789004277144
9785:
9781:
9780:
9772:
9756:
9752:
9750:9781474400305
9746:
9742:
9741:
9733:
9726:
9721:
9705:
9701:
9699:9789231032110
9695:
9691:
9690:
9682:
9680:
9671:
9665:
9661:
9660:
9652:
9645:
9640:
9638:
9628:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9598:
9589:
9579:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9482:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9173:
9169:
9168:
9160:
9152:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9133:
9125:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9106:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9076:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9056:
9049:
9045:
9044:
9036:
9028:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8944:
8937:
8929:
8923:
8915:
8909:
8905:
8904:
8896:
8888:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8869:
8862:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8838:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8808:
8800:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8781:
8765:
8761:
8759:9781108009416
8755:
8751:
8750:
8742:
8733:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8706:
8700:
8690:
8681:
8674:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8616:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8594:
8587:
8582:
8580:9781134802241
8576:
8572:
8565:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8526:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8499:
8491:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8472:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8416:
8409:
8402:
8399:. p. 4.
8398:
8397:
8389:
8382:
8379:. p. 3.
8378:
8377:
8369:
8362:
8358:. p. 2.
8357:
8356:
8348:
8341:
8337:. p. 2.
8336:
8335:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8296:
8288:
8286:9788120800182
8282:
8278:
8277:
8269:
8260:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8223:
8219:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8203:Mauryan India
8199:
8193:
8186:
8181:
8173:
8171:9781441193797
8167:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8141:
8139:
8132:Rogers, p.200
8129:
8121:
8114:
8106:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8060:
8044:
8038:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8007:
8006:
7998:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7942:
7937:
7931:, p. 55.
7930:
7925:
7923:
7915:
7914:McIntosh 2008
7910:
7903:
7898:
7891:
7886:
7879:
7874:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7844:, p. 13.
7843:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7805:
7789:
7785:
7779:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7682:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7658:
7650:
7649:
7643:
7638:
7632:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7512:
7509:. p. 1.
7508:
7504:
7503:
7495:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7398:
7391:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7229:
7228:
7220:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7172:
7161:
7155:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7104:, p. 37.
7103:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7038:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7003:
7001:
6996:
6980:
6971:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6830:Punjabi Subah
6822:
6820:
6815:
6814:Indian Punjab
6811:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6765:Indian Punjab
6762:
6758:
6754:
6751:In 1947, the
6745:
6740:
6739:Punjab, India
6736:
6732:
6718:
6714:
6713:Reginald Dyer
6710:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6625:Lahore Museum
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6605:Muslim League
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6556:
6554:
6549:
6548:Reginald Dyer
6545:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6427:, apart from
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6399:West Pakistan
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6360:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6332:listening to
6331:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6290:diamond from
6289:
6288:
6283:
6282:Alamgiri gate
6279:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6144:In 1747, the
6141:
6137:
6127:
6126:as new guru.
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6108:Sivalik Hills
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:Khusrau Mirza
6081:
6077:
6076:Mughal Empire
6073:
6069:
6065:
6052:
6046:
6041:
6038:
6032:
6027:
6024:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5982:Alamgiri Gate
5977:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:Mughal empire
5926:
5922:
5918:
5917:Thaheem tribe
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5829:Mughal Empire
5823:Mughal Empire
5815:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5792:Nankana Sahib
5789:
5781:
5780:Nankana Sahib
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5651:Sikander Lodi
5648:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5585:Uttar Pradesh
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:as deputy of
5558:
5554:
5551:1398 Sack of
5550:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5361:and probably
5360:
5356:
5352:
5351:Punjab region
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:Ghurid Empire
5256:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5163:rule in 750.
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5034:
5033:Taank Kingdom
5019:
5016:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4851:Kushan Empire
4844:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:Kushan Empire
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:Indo-Scythian
4591:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:Indo-Scythian
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4443:stone palette
4439:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:Mitra dynasty
4398:
4397:Datta dynasty
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4315:(present-day
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:Maurya Empire
4233:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4221:Mudrarakshasa
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4159:Maurya Empire
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:Mallian tribe
4135:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:Udabhandapura
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:Mahajanapadas
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:River Parusni
3839:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:era was the "
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:Ghaggar-Hakra
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:Northgrippian
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:Siwalik Hills
3459:
3455:
3452:) during the
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:lived on the
3439:
3434:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:to the west,
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:Mughal Empire
3337:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:Mughal Empire
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:Kushan Empire
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:Pushkarasarin
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Jhelum rivers
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:Punjab portal
2859:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:Folk religion
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:United States
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:North America
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Uttar Pradesh
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:Mughal Empire
1962:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:Reddy Kingdom
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:Yadava Empire
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:Harsha Empire
1401:
1400:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:Kushan Empire
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:Shunga Empire
1114:
1113:
1098:
1096:
1095:Mitra Dynasty
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037: AD 500
1033: 250 BC
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016: 250 AD
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999: 300 BC
993:
991:
988:
987:
982: 300 BC
976:
974:
973:Chera Kingdom
971:
970:
965: 300 BC
959:
957:
956:Pandya Empire
954:
953:
948: 300 AD
944: 300 BC
938:
936:
935:Sangam period
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:Maurya Empire
913:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
853:
851:
848:
847:
842: 600 BC
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
800:
799:
796:(1200–600 BC)
795:
793:
789:
788:
784:
782:
778:
777:
774:(1500–600 BC)
773:
771:
767:
766:
763:(1500–500 BC)
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:(1500–200 BC)
748:
743:
742:
733:(1600–500 BC)
732:
730:
726:
725:
721:
719:
715:
714:
711:(2000–500 BC)
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
694:
693:
689:
687:
683:
682:
678:
676:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
653:
648:
647:
638:(1400–700 BC)
637:
635:
634:Jorwe culture
632:
631:
627:
625:
624:Malwa culture
622:
621:
618:(1600–750 BC)
617:
615:
614:Pandu culture
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
601:
590:
588:
585:
584:
576:
571:
570:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
526:
521:
520:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
488:
483:
482:
477:
472:
471:
467:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
426:
425:
423:
422:
419:
415:
412:
411:
401:
398:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
373:
370:
366:
363:
362:
356:
355:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
316:
315:Mughal Empire
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
268:
267:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:c. 560–750 CE
244:
243:Taank Kingdom
241:
239:c. 450–560 CE
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
218:Kushan Empire
216:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
177:Maurya Empire
175:
169:
163:
159:
155:
152:
146:
140:
136:
133:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
13358:Chhattisgarh
13256:
13229:
13177:
13173:
13140:(1): 20–31,
13137:
13133:
13108:
13104:
13086:29 September
13084:. Retrieved
13069:
13047:
13029:
13006:
12976:
12964:. Retrieved
12945:Game of Love
12944:
12925:
12902:
12872:
12846:
12835:, retrieved
12815:
12796:
12777:
12765:. Retrieved
12745:
12735:
12720:, ABC-CLIO,
12717:
12693:
12689:
12665:
12643:
12624:
12609:, retrieved
12589:
12579:
12567:. Retrieved
12547:
12523:, ABC-CLIO,
12520:
12502:
12493:
12475:Tulika Books
12469:
12465:Habib, Irfan
12447:
12439:
12422:
12410:
12387:
12367:
12357:
12342:. Retrieved
12332:
12311:
12288:
12271:
12259:. Retrieved
12239:
12220:
12198:
12181:
12177:
12169:
12168:Ali, Imran.
12157:Bibliography
12135:
12129:
12117:. Retrieved
12097:
12090:
12071:
12065:
12053:
12041:. Retrieved
12026:
12019:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11972:
11953:
11941:
11922:
11916:
11907:
11884:
11863:
11851:
11839:
11827:
11808:
11771:
11764:
11752:
11728:
11722:
11713:
11707:
11695:
11675:
11656:
11650:
11638:
11629:
11623:
11603:
11596:
11589:Jestice 2004
11584:
11565:
11559:
11549:27 September
11547:. Retrieved
11511:
11493:
11481:. Retrieved
11461:
11454:
11442:. Retrieved
11414:
11407:
11395:
11383:
11371:
11359:. Retrieved
11341:
11329:
11317:. Retrieved
11292:
11288:
11263:. Retrieved
11243:
11236:
11220:. Springer.
11217:
11183:
11179:
11169:
11160:
11154:
11142:. Retrieved
11133:
11111:the original
11101:
11091:
11084:
11079:, p. 6.
11072:
11060:
11041:
11035:
11026:
11010:
10994:
10982:. Retrieved
10972:
10965:
10953:. Retrieved
10927:
10897:
10885:
10873:
10857:
10852:
10832:
10825:
10817:
10802:
10795:
10775:
10768:
10748:
10741:
10733:
10718:
10711:
10701:
10695:
10679:
10674:
10664:
10658:
10638:
10631:
10611:
10604:
10582:Jackson 2003
10577:
10558:
10552:
10532:
10525:
10505:
10498:
10488:
10481:
10461:
10454:
10444:
10438:
10428:
10421:
10414:Google Books
10407:
10402:
10383:
10377:
10365:
10353:
10341:
10329:
10322:Google Books
10315:
10289:
10279:
10252:. Retrieved
10232:
10225:
10205:
10182:
10177:
10170:
10150:
10143:
10124:
10118:
10106:
10094:
10082:
10070:. Retrieved
10050:
10044:
10024:
10017:
9998:
9970:
9950:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9902:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9872:
9864:
9842:. Retrieved
9832:
9825:
9805:
9798:
9778:
9771:
9759:. Retrieved
9739:
9732:
9720:
9708:. Retrieved
9688:
9658:
9651:
9627:
9615:. Retrieved
9611:the original
9606:
9597:
9588:
9578:
9566:. Retrieved
9557:
9548:
9536:. Retrieved
9527:
9524:"Zhang Qian"
9518:
9506:. Retrieved
9497:
9488:
9479:
9459:
9455:
9445:
9436:
9416:
9412:
9402:
9393:
9373:
9369:
9359:
9352:territories.
9350:
9330:
9326:
9316:
9308:
9288:
9284:
9274:
9266:
9246:
9242:
9232:
9224:
9204:
9200:
9190:
9181:
9166:
9159:
9139:
9132:
9112:
9105:
9097:
9082:
9075:
9067:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9042:
9035:
9015:
9008:
8970:
8950:
8943:
8934:
8922:
8902:
8895:
8875:
8868:
8861:Vasavadatta.
8859:
8844:
8837:
8829:
8814:
8807:
8787:
8780:
8768:. Retrieved
8748:
8741:
8732:
8712:
8704:
8699:
8689:
8680:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8654:
8642:. Retrieved
8631:
8622:
8613:
8600:
8593:
8584:
8570:
8564:
8552:. Retrieved
8532:
8525:
8505:
8498:
8478:
8471:
8463:
8458:
8451:
8443:
8430:
8421:
8408:
8400:
8395:
8388:
8380:
8375:
8368:
8359:
8354:
8347:
8338:
8333:
8326:
8317:
8302:
8295:
8275:
8268:
8259:
8250:
8238:
8226:. Retrieved
8208:Tulika Books
8202:
8192:
8180:
8161:
8155:
8146:
8128:
8119:
8113:
8104:
8071:
8066:
8059:
8047:. Retrieved
8037:
8029:
8024:
8018:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7989:
7984:
7977:
7965:
7960:, p. 4.
7941:Frawley 2000
7936:
7909:
7897:
7885:
7873:
7868:, p. 1.
7861:
7856:, p. 2.
7849:
7826:the original
7804:
7792:. Retrieved
7778:
7766:. Retrieved
7759:the original
7738:
7734:
7721:
7708:. Retrieved
7688:
7681:
7673:
7657:
7646:
7631:
7619:. Retrieved
7599:
7592:
7581:
7578:Pentapotamia
7577:
7574:
7567:. Retrieved
7555:
7551:
7538:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7515:. Retrieved
7501:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7448:
7440:
7431:
7424:. Retrieved
7404:
7397:
7389:
7382:. Retrieved
7362:
7355:
7345:
7339:
7316:
7310:
7290:
7283:
7263:
7256:
7246:
7236:
7226:
7219:
7199:
7192:
7183:
7178:
7171:
7154:
7142:. Retrieved
7130:
7126:
7097:
7085:. Retrieved
7065:
7044:, p. 1.
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7012:
7009:"The Punjab"
6979:
6970:
6949:
6939:
6891:
6856:Punjab state
6833:
6804:large-scale
6802:
6794:
6750:
6562:
6541:
6515:
6491:
6478:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6441:
6414:
6368:
6285:
6263:
6259:
6229:
6215:between the
6201:Nana Saheb I
6179:driving out
6169:Raghunathrao
6163:In 1758 the
6162:
6158:
6145:
6143:
6061:
6037:Akbari Sarai
5937:
5925:Grand vizier
5897:
5862:
5853:Genghis Khan
5842:
5785:
5743:extraction.
5741:Turco-Mongol
5719:
5684:
5682:
5643:Lodi dynasty
5640:
5624:
5607:
5604:Mubarak Shah
5601:
5572:
5546:
5527:
5475:
5465:
5429:
5414:
5387:Khusrau Khan
5376:
5323:Jalal ad-Din
5315:
5295:In 1173 the
5294:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5248:
5233:
5223:
5211:governor of
5202:
5172:
5165:
5142:
5124:
5116:Amr al-Layth
5109:
5086:
5064:Hindu Shahis
5044:
5012:
4962:
4935:
4895:Gupta Empire
4885:lost to the
4848:
4735:Philostratus
4732:
4678:
4663:
4660:Philostratus
4649:
4584:
4532:
4508:
4455:Apracharajas
4452:
4429:Apracharajas
4373:
4343:
4332:Pushkalavati
4329:
4275:
4256:
4225:
4213:Nanda Empire
4162:
4136:
4124:
4100:
4097:tetradrachms
4087:
4080:
4044:
4036:
4014:
3976:Jhelum River
3879:
3855:
3824:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3707:
3701:
3650:
3647:Vedic period
3626:Mohenjo-daro
3618:water supply
3587:
3570:, after its
3567:
3561:
3519:
3504:, discoids,
3474:mid-Holocene
3438:Homo erectus
3436:
3336:Punjab state
3329:
3312:Πενταποταμία
3304:Pentapotamía
3303:
3268:
3259:
3227:
3173:
3133:
3115:in 855. The
3078:
3058:Apracharajas
3042:Nanda Empire
2953:
2925:Punjab state
2923:and western
2900:
2898:
2626:
2625:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2527:
2374:Demographics
2364:Architecture
2313:
2144:French India
2134:Danish India
2014:Bengal Subah
2004:Bhoi dynasty
1934:Koch Kingdom
1769:Ahom Kingdom
1643:Deva Kingdom
1335:Huna Kingdom
1275:Gupta Empire
1177:(AD 35–405 )
1136:Kanva Empire
1108: 50 BC
990:Chola Empire
929:(312–303 BC)
919:(321–184 BC)
909:(330–323 BC)
899:(380–321 BC)
895:Nanda Empire
889:(424–345 BC)
871:(550–330 BC)
827:(684–424 BC)
817:(799–684 BC)
807:(700–200 BC)
729:Swat culture
575:Chalcolithic
487:Palaeolithic
250:Hindu Shahis
225:Gupta Empire
221:c. 60–345 CE
126:Vedic period
32:
15:
13637:Territories
13593:Balochistan
13521:Lakshadweep
13473:West Bengal
13468:Uttarakhand
13403:Maharashtra
13032:, Pearson,
12184:: 261–291.
12119:12 November
12043:18 December
11946:Grewal 1990
11868:Grewal 1990
11856:Grewal 1990
11844:Grewal 1990
11832:Grewal 1990
11757:Grewal 1990
11745:Grewal 1990
11400:McLeod 1999
11388:Fenech 2001
11334:Seiple 2013
11295:: 273–276.
11144:15 February
11077:Grewal 1998
10984:12 December
9955:Rehman 1976
9943:Rehman 1976
9844:11 November
9761:11 November
9710:11 November
8644:6 September
8361:(Chanakya).
8198:Irfan Habib
8043:"Pukkusāti"
7890:Wright 2009
7866:Wright 2009
7854:Wright 2009
7794:10 November
7768:10 November
7710:10 November
7527:(five), an
7479:Mahabharata
7019:, Patiala.
6852:East Punjab
6798:1941 census
6761:East Punjab
6757:West Punjab
6530:whilst the
6445:Indian Army
6256:Sikh Empire
6250:Sikh Empire
6167:'s general
5986:Lahore Fort
5968:Lahore Fort
5873:Rohtas Fort
5702:Barbak Shah
5614:, ruler of
5573:Rayat-i-Ala
5506:Kangra Fort
5472:Ghazi Malik
5343:Ghazi Malik
5089:Hindu Shahi
5073:Amb Temples
4973:Paropamisus
4965:Alchon Huns
4932:Alchon Huns
4905:(300–305),
4901:(270–300),
4899:Vasudeva II
4784:Indus River
4747:Kabul River
4704:Abdagases I
4696:Gondophares
4685:Apracharaja
4652:Gondophares
4630:Abdagases I
4626:Gondophares
4602:Gondophares
4586:Indravarmas
4580:Vijayamitra
4567:Kharahostes
4551:Vijayamitra
4499:Vijayamitra
4491:Menander II
4461:within the
4389:Arjunayanas
4298:Afghanistan
4284:(and later
4240:Subhagasena
4163:During the
4088:Bucephalous
4021:Mahabharata
3987:Achaemenids
3980:Megasthenes
3972:Indus River
3958:, although
3944:Old Persian
3930:Cambyses II
3827:Kurukshetra
3698:oligarchies
3651:During the
3610:baked brick
3594:Indus River
3583:British Raj
3526:Swaan River
3466:Soan Valley
3427:Paleolithic
3396:Balochistan
3352:British Raj
3350:rivers. In
3261:Mahabharata
3256:Indus River
3252:tributaries
3152:Sikh Empire
3046:Indo-Greeks
2929:Soan valley
2799:Sindh Sagar
2638:New Zealand
2585:Afghanistan
2562:Nationalism
2359:Agriculture
2329:South India
2304:Maharashtra
2254:Balochistan
2194:Afghanistan
2168:(1858–1947)
2164:British Raj
2158:(1757–1858)
2154:Company Raj
2148:(1759–1954)
2138:(1620–1869)
2128:(1605–1825)
2124:Dutch India
2118:(1510–1961)
2105:(1510–1961)
2088:(1799–1849)
2084:Sikh Empire
2078:(1729–1947)
2068:(1707–1799)
2058:(1674–1818)
2048:(1650–1948)
2038:(1642–1975)
2028:(1600–1750)
2018:(1576–1757)
2008:(1541–1804)
1998:(1532–1673)
1988:(1529–1736)
1978:(1540–1556)
1968:(1526–1858)
1955:(1526–1858)
1938:(1515–1947)
1928:(1499–1763)
1918:(1518–1687)
1907:(1492–1686)
1896:(1492–1619)
1885:(1490–1574)
1874:(1490–1636)
1863:(1490–1596)
1853:(1470–1842)
1843:(1434–1541)
1833:(1399–1947)
1823:(1358–1803)
1813:(1352–1576)
1803:(1336–1646)
1793:(1325–1448)
1783:(1300–1779)
1773:(1228–1826)
1763:(1451–1526)
1752:(1414–1451)
1741:(1320–1414)
1730:(1290–1320)
1719:(1206–1290)
1708:(1206–1526)
1698:(1170–1206)
1675:(1206–1526)
1656: 1300
1652: 1200
1637:(1187–1673)
1627:(1156–1184)
1607:(1102–1766)
1597:(1083–1323)
1587:(1078–1434)
1577:(1070–1230)
1573:Sena Empire
1567:(1040–1347)
1557:(1003–1320)
1483:Pala Empire
1345:Rai Kingdom
1187:(AD 60–240)
1120:(185–73 BC)
876:Ror Dynasty
596: 3950
345:Sikh Empire
232:Alchon Huns
53:Prehistoric
33:History of
13664:Categories
13617:Autonomous
13526:Puducherry
13496:Chandigarh
13448:Tamil Nadu
12058:Dyson 2018
11818:0913215287
11643:Singh 1984
11361:20 October
11186:(2): 294.
11065:Singh 2006
10597:Kumar 2020
10254:9 November
10111:Mohan 2010
10099:Barua 2006
10087:Mohan 2010
10072:9 February
9980:9231034677
9725:Alram 2014
9568:9 November
9538:9 November
9508:19 October
8671:or with a
7958:Singh 1989
7902:Dyson 2018
7842:Habib 2015
7462:Panchanada
7350:, vol. 20.
7102:Flood 1996
7042:Singh 1989
6991:References
6868:Chandigarh
6846:-majority
6790:Bahawalpur
6729:See also:
6579:under Sir
6524:Arya Samaj
6338:Akal Takht
6287:Koh-i-Noor
6104:Shah Jahan
6092:Akal Takht
6064:Guru Nanak
5941:Wazir Khan
5904:Rai Sarang
5833:See also:
5808:Guru Nanak
5788:Guru Nanak
5764:See also:
5727:to Sardar
5627:Ala-ud-Din
5557:Khizr Khan
5547:Following
5530:Khizr Khan
5518:Kailas Pal
5477:Sipahsalar
5448:Chittagong
5411:in 1320 AD
5363:Zafar Khan
5359:Ulugh Khan
5335:Zafar Khan
5251:Anandapala
5230:in 1028 CE
5205:Sabuktigin
5199:Ghaznavids
5183:Al-Maqdisi
4987:See also:
4977:Mihirakula
4969:South Asia
4879:Vasudeva I
4755:Orichalcum
4712:Vima Takto
4576:Indravarma
4555:Indravarma
4547:Indravarma
4459:Menander I
4393:Audumbaras
4391:, and the
4387:Republic,
4370:in Punjab.
4364:Menander I
4345:Geographia
4306:Menander I
4302:Uzbekistan
4286:Eucratides
4128:syncretism
4025:King Porus
3991:Massagetae
3820:Viswamitra
3809:Ravi river
3709:Astadhyayi
3691:gaṇasaṅgha
3622:metallurgy
3450:Rawalpindi
3446:Soan River
3422:Prehistory
3408:Hindi Belt
3376:Chandigarh
3288:pañca-nada
3269:Panchanada
3250:. All are
3148:Guru Nanak
3117:Ghaznavids
3066:Audumbaras
3050:Indo-Sakas
2960:Bronze Age
2913:South Asia
2722:Television
2692:Literature
2439:Philosophy
2419:Metallurgy
2409:Literature
2334:Tamil Nadu
2199:Bangladesh
1974:Sur Empire
1688:(977–1186)
1654: – c.
1617:(675–1210)
1547:(973–1189)
1537:(942–1244)
1527:(882–1110)
1517:(850–1334)
1507:(800–1327)
1487:(750–1174)
1467:(694–1947)
1447:(650–1036)
1427:(624–1075)
1395: 700
1393: – c.
1391: 550
1364: 500
1309:(350–1100)
1299:(350–1000)
1267: 600
1265: – c.
1263: 250
1246: 500
1244: – c.
1242: 250
1165: 130
1140:(75–26 BC)
1106: – c.
1104: 150
1035: – c.
1001:– AD 1279)
984:– AD 1102)
967:– AD 1345)
946: – c.
859: 600
844:– AD 1600)
652:Bronze Age
394:(Pakistan)
277:Ghaznavids
13582:Provinces
13453:Telangana
13438:Rajasthan
13413:Meghalaya
13388:Karnataka
13383:Jharkhand
13204:0027-8424
13154:0003-0279
13125:0041-977X
13050:, Brill,
12995:874522334
12865:781277896
12819:, Brill,
12710:0085-6401
12358:Alexander
11544:30677644M
11483:13 August
11444:11 August
11319:11 August
11301:2249-1937
11192:0066-8435
10955:11 August
9922:: 41–48.
9892:: 37–42.
9782:. BRILL.
9468:0035-869X
9425:0035-869X
9382:0035-869X
9339:0035-869X
9297:0035-869X
9255:0035-869X
9213:0035-869X
8770:11 August
8554:11 August
8228:11 August
7621:11 August
7569:11 August
7558:(2): 73.
7517:11 August
7426:11 August
7384:11 August
7348:(9th ed.)
7087:21 August
7027:18 August
6955:carnelian
6894:Khalistan
6836:Akali Dal
6810:Tim Dyson
6788:, except
6512:Education
6381:with the
6152:general,
6120:Aurangzeb
5923:remained
5900:Zamindars
5855:from the
5843:In 1526,
5581:Shah Rukh
5444:Lakhnauti
5421:Telangana
4997:Ruins of
4942:Kidarites
4928:Kidarites
4915:Kidarites
4837:Possible
4804:Hydaspian
4692:Aspavarma
4634:Aspavarma
4614:Aspavarma
4590:Aspavarma
4561:from the
4527:Arachosia
4519:Scythians
4350:Theophila
4282:Demetrius
4259:Yaudheyan
4228:Taranatha
4093:his horse
3952:Pukkusāti
3902:Achamenid
3882:Pukkusāti
3816:Vasishtha
3801:Rig Vedic
3790:Rig Vedic
3762:Rig Vedic
3681:Vedic Era
3616:systems,
3585:in 1861.
3572:type site
3522:Neolithic
3516:Neolithic
3412:Rajasthan
3282:romanized
3266:Aryavarta
3170:Etymology
3074:Gandharas
3010:Alexander
3006:Janapadas
2909:northwest
2780:Bhattiana
2678:Festivals
2633:Australia
2389:Education
2379:Dynasties
2299:Rajasthan
2284:Karnataka
2229:Sri Lanka
1497:(753–982)
1477:(736–916)
1457:(661–750)
1437:(632–661)
1417:(618–841)
1407:(606–647)
1376:(543–753)
1349:(489–632)
1339:(475–576)
1329:(475–767)
1319:(420–624)
1289:(345–525)
1279:(280–550)
1227:(230–360)
1217:(224–651)
1207:(210–340)
1197:(170–350)
1160:(AD 21 –
1018:– AD 800)
770:Janapadas
598:–1900 BC)
525:Neolithic
236:Kidarites
205:Classical
120:Bahlikass
13423:Nagaland
13237:Archived
13222:22645375
13096:Journals
13067:(2009).
13004:(2017),
12960:Archived
12901:(2006).
12891:11819068
12831:archived
12761:Archived
12671:ABC-Clio
12663:(2008).
12622:(1977),
12611:14 April
12605:archived
12563:Archived
12539:57407318
12467:(2015).
12421:(2000),
12409:(1996),
12356:(1890).
12338:Archived
12308:(2003),
12296:Archived
12255:Archived
12230:31870180
12190:44710198
12113:Archived
11961:Archived
11684:Archived
11536:52727562
11477:Archived
11438:Archived
11434:69022179
11355:Archived
11313:Archived
11309:44141552
11259:Archived
11200:42928323
11138:Archived
10978:Archived
10946:Archived
10299:31870180
10248:Archived
10066:Archived
9895:dynasty.
9838:Archived
9755:Archived
9704:Archived
9617:30 April
9562:Archived
9560:. 2015.
9554:"Yuezhi"
9532:Archived
9530:. 2015.
9502:Archived
9476:25581224
9433:25581224
9390:25581224
9347:25581224
9305:25581224
9263:25581224
9221:25581224
8996:Archived
8983:Archived
8764:Archived
8721:Archived
8638:Archived
8548:Archived
8222:Archived
8185:Roy 2004
7788:Archived
7704:Archived
7666:Archived
7615:Archived
7560:Archived
7511:Archived
7487:Ramayana
7483:Panchála
7475:Ramayana
7453:Archived
7447:. 1827.
7420:Archived
7378:Archived
7321:Illinois
7244:(1952).
7185:Jatakas.
7139:41784590
7081:Archived
7021:Archived
6909:See also
6784:Punjabi
6559:Politics
6488:Railways
6391:Pakistan
6294:in 1813.
6219:and the
6116:Anandpur
6096:Amritsar
5869:Gakkhars
5597:Dipalpur
5577:Timurids
5542:Tughlaqs
5516:to Raja
5482:Dipalpur
5240:Jayapala
5203:In 977,
5105:Firishta
5101:Khokhars
5093:Oddiyana
5047:Xuanzang
4957:Gandhara
4911:Kipunada
4875:Varanasi
4863:Kanishka
4829:Kanishka
4800:Brahmins
4796:Phraotes
4779:Phraotes
4775:Phraotes
4767:Phraotes
4743:Phraotes
4724:Nahapana
4674:Phraotes
4628:nephew,
4622:Buddhism
4571:Buddhist
4565:monarch
4543:Senapati
4483:Oddiyana
4471:Buddhism
4385:Yaudheya
4354:satrapal
4248:Polybius
4217:Kambojas
4209:Trigarta
4193:Plutarch
4181:Chanakya
4177:Gandhara
4057:Abisares
4045:Acesines
4037:Hydaspes
4031:against
3974:and the
3960:Buddhist
3934:Darius I
3925:Gedrosia
3921:Nearchus
3886:Buddhist
3850:Razmnama
3786:Bharatas
3782:Turvasas
3757:Rig Veda
3745:Trigarta
3733:Gandhara
3677:Trigarta
3661:Gandhara
3655:, first
3653:Iron Age
3614:drainage
3556:Pakistan
3506:scrapers
3502:choppers
3490:boulders
3382:and the
3346:and the
3273:Sanskrit
3064:and the
3062:Yaudheya
3038:Gandhara
3034:Trigarta
2994:Gandhara
2986:Hinduism
2971:Iron Age
2943:, where
2939:and the
2933:Pothohar
2921:Pakistan
2775:Bhatiore
2707:Religion
2686:Pakistan
2663:Clothing
2643:Malaysia
2575:Diaspora
2557:Punjabis
2545:Dialects
2540:Language
2535:Folklore
2508:Punjabis
2500:a series
2498:Part of
2454:Timeline
2444:Religion
2424:Military
2414:Maritime
2404:Language
2394:Indology
2224:Pakistan
2214:Maldives
1912: –
1901: –
1890: –
1879: –
1868: –
1757: –
1746: –
1735: –
1724: –
1713: –
861:–300 BC)
801: –
790: –
779: –
768: –
747:Iron Age
727: –
716: –
695: –
684: –
673: –
359:Colonial
271:Medieval
162:Mallians
135:Gandhara
112:Trigarta
100:Gandhara
24:a series
22:Part of
13458:Tripura
13418:Mizoram
13408:Manipur
13373:Haryana
13368:Gujarat
13260:(PhD).
13213:3387054
13182:Bibcode
12966:24 July
12837:3 April
12767:24 July
12569:24 July
12344:24 July
12293:excerpt
12291:(2020)
12261:24 July
12172:(2014).
11978:Karachi
11265:29 July
10868:, p.244
10690:, p.237
9583:318–350
8610:1288206
8319:West...
8049:26 July
7743:Bibcode
7144:12 June
7123:"Poros"
6870:. Some
6860:Haryana
6844:Punjabi
6769:Haryana
6383:British
6225:Kashmir
6217:Durrani
6193:Kashmir
6150:Pakhtun
6124:Ram Rai
6100:Gwalior
6068:Sikhism
5984:of the
5921:Chiniot
5715:Shorkot
5711:Chiniot
5549:Timur's
5494:Cuttack
5461:Gujarat
5452:Mithila
5440:Gujarat
5389:at the
5242:at the
5222:Silver
5209:Samanid
5175:Fatimid
5161:Abbasid
5097:Gakhars
5081:Sakesar
5052:Sialkot
4893:to the
4891:Mathura
4883:Bactria
4871:Sarnath
4763:Nineveh
4726:of the
4610:Avadana
4604:of the
4598:Azes II
4523:Siberia
4467:Kushans
4417:Kushans
4405:Mathura
4340:Ptolemy
4317:Sialkot
4203:in the
4165:Mauryan
4101:sarissa
3914:Persian
3890:Magadha
3794:Pakhtas
3766:Druhyus
3706:to the
3703:Rigveda
3630:Harappa
3598:monsoon
3592:of the
3581:in the
3575:Harappa
3552:Harappa
3498:Siwalik
3496:on the
3486:cobbles
3482:pebbles
3476:epoch (
3433:Soanian
3368:Haryana
3296:
3284::
3254:of the
3176:Persian
3144:Sikhism
2978:Rigveda
2931:of the
2785:Chhachh
2770:Derajat
2765:Pothwar
2734:Regions
2668:Cuisine
2656:Culture
2627:Oceania
2528:History
2384:Economy
2369:Coinage
2289:Kashmir
2269:Gujarat
1366:– 1026)
476:Outline
402:(India)
158:Taxiles
139:Hindush
73:Ancient
13603:Punjab
13516:Ladakh
13443:Sikkim
13433:Punjab
13428:Odisha
13393:Kerala
13330:States
13248:Theses
13234:online
13220:
13210:
13202:
13162:606726
13160:
13152:
13123:
13077:
13054:
13036:
13018:
12993:
12983:
12952:
12932:
12909:
12889:
12879:
12863:
12853:
12823:
12803:
12784:
12753:
12738:, MLBD
12724:
12708:
12677:
12650:
12632:
12597:
12555:
12537:
12527:
12509:
12481:
12454:
12429:
12395:
12375:
12320:
12278:
12247:
12228:
12205:
12188:
12142:
12105:
12078:
12034:
11984:
11929:
11815:
11779:
11663:
11611:
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11002:
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10756:
10726:
10686:
10646:
10619:
10565:
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10513:
10469:
10390:
10297:
10240:
10213:
10158:
10131:
10058:
10032:
10005:
9977:
9833:Taxila
9813:
9786:
9747:
9696:
9666:
9474:
9466:
9462:: 81.
9431:
9423:
9419:: 81.
9388:
9380:
9376:: 81.
9345:
9337:
9333:: 78.
9303:
9295:
9291:: 76.
9261:
9253:
9249:: 77.
9219:
9211:
9207:: 76.
9174:
9147:
9120:
9090:
9023:
8958:
8910:
8883:
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8822:
8795:
8756:
8608:
8577:
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7696:
7607:
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7327:
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7073:
6963:bronze
6959:copper
6872:Pahari
6781:Muslim
6775:. The
6737:; and
6570:. The
6538:Unrest
6348:(1850)
6312:Lahore
6236:Lahore
6197:Attock
6189:Multan
6185:Lahore
6177:Attock
6173:Lahore
6009:Lahore
5947:, and
5893:Lahore
5877:Jhelum
5800:Lahore
5796:Punjab
5750:Thatta
5745:Multan
5693:Multan
5685:Langah
5593:Multan
5589:Punjab
5569:Sultan
5565:Punjab
5561:Multan
5502:Orissa
5486:Abohar
5417:Deogir
5405:Multan
5290:Wassaf
5282:Panjāb
5264:Lahore
5236:Mahmud
5228:Lahore
5224:jitals
5213:Ghazni
5207:, the
5120:Ghazna
5015:stupas
5003:Taxila
4867:Saketa
4859:Yuezhi
4827:, and
4808:Taxila
4792:Punjab
4759:Taxila
4751:Taxila
4710:ruler
4708:Kushan
4706:. The
4670:Sirkap
4632:, and
4616:and a
4596:ruler
4479:Bajaur
4475:Taxila
4447:Sirkap
4368:Sagala
4336:Sagala
4313:Sagala
4232:Ashoka
4205:Punjab
4173:Taxila
4169:Punjab
4147:Multan
4121:(1673)
4082:Nicaea
4073:326 BC
4069:Omphis
4061:Taxila
4053:Strabo
4049:Chenab
4043:) and
4041:Jhelum
3983:Indica
3964:Buddha
3956:satrap
3939:Gadāra
3894:Avanti
3852:(1585)
3846:Punjab
3737:Kekaya
3714:Panini
3665:Kekaya
3634:drying
3388:Punjab
3378:, and
3364:Punjab
3354:, the
3348:Sutlej
3300:Greeks
3277:पञ्चनद
3246:, and
3244:Sutlej
3236:Chenab
3232:Jhelum
3228:Pañjāb
3140:Lahore
3129:Punjab
3030:Taxila
3020:, and
3014:Aśvaka
3002:Darius
2982:Punjab
2958:, the
2905:Punjab
2845:Jungle
2841:Gondal
2829:Kirana
2825:Sandal
2807:Rachna
2790:Kachhi
2621:Canada
2591:Europe
2552:Punjab
2319:Odisha
2314:Punjab
2259:Bengal
2204:Bhutan
307:&
305:Lahore
137:&
35:Punjab
26:on the
13608:Sindh
13506:Delhi
13353:Bihar
13348:Assam
13158:JSTOR
13103:50".
12186:JSTOR
12162:Books
11502:. In
11305:JSTOR
11196:JSTOR
10949:(PDF)
10932:(PDF)
10181:[
9912:(PDF)
9882:(PDF)
9472:JSTOR
9429:JSTOR
9386:JSTOR
9343:JSTOR
9301:JSTOR
9259:JSTOR
9217:JSTOR
8931:(PDF)
8669:polis
8440:(PDF)
8418:(PDF)
7762:(PDF)
7731:(PDF)
7585:meet.
7582:Penta
7563:(PDF)
7548:(PDF)
7471:Nilab
7163:(PDF)
7135:JSTOR
6931:Notes
6848:subah
6387:India
6375:Nawab
6240:Sikhs
6072:Babur
5875:near
5849:Timur
5845:Babur
5737:Babur
5553:Delhi
5457:Sindh
5436:Malwa
5379:Delhi
5355:Kasur
5347:noyan
5179:Egypt
5157:Islam
5153:Sindh
4955:from
4907:Shaka
4873:near
4771:Porus
4716:Sasan
4700:Sasan
4688:Sasan
4515:Sakas
4487:Swat.
4309:Soter
4280:king
4167:era,
4111:Porus
4077:Greek
3904:king
3813:Rishi
3778:Yadus
3774:Purus
3741:Madra
3685:janas
3669:Madra
3510:cores
3416:Sindh
3380:Delhi
3344:Indus
3308:Greek
3211:pañca
3205:पञ्च
3105:Islam
3089:Taank
3022:Porus
2937:Indus
2837:Ganji
2833:Neeli
2795:Doabs
2760:Bagar
2755:Puadh
2750:Doaba
2745:Malwa
2740:Majha
2717:Sport
2702:Music
2697:Media
2682:India
2673:Dance
2339:Tibet
2324:Sindh
2279:Kabul
2264:Bihar
2249:Assam
2219:Nepal
2209:India
154:Porus
108:Madra
104:Kekya
13218:PMID
13200:ISSN
13150:ISSN
13121:ISSN
13088:2013
13075:ISBN
13052:ISBN
13034:ISBN
13016:ISBN
12991:OCLC
12981:ISBN
12968:2018
12950:ISBN
12930:ISBN
12907:ISBN
12887:OCLC
12877:ISBN
12861:OCLC
12851:ISBN
12839:2018
12821:ISBN
12801:ISBN
12782:ISBN
12769:2018
12751:ISBN
12722:ISBN
12706:ISSN
12675:ISBN
12648:ISBN
12630:ISBN
12613:2018
12595:ISBN
12571:2018
12553:ISBN
12535:OCLC
12525:ISBN
12507:ISBN
12479:ISBN
12452:ISBN
12427:ISBN
12393:ISBN
12373:ISBN
12346:2018
12318:ISBN
12276:ISBN
12263:2018
12245:ISBN
12226:OCLC
12203:ISBN
12140:ISBN
12121:2020
12103:ISBN
12076:ISBN
12045:2017
12032:ISBN
11982:ISBN
11927:ISBN
11813:ISBN
11777:ISBN
11681:p.86
11661:ISBN
11609:ISBN
11570:ISBN
11551:2024
11532:OCLC
11522:ISBN
11485:2022
11467:ISBN
11446:2022
11430:OCLC
11420:ISBN
11363:2016
11321:2022
11297:ISSN
11267:2022
11249:ISBN
11222:ISBN
11188:ISSN
11146:2018
11046:ISBN
11016:ISBN
11000:ISBN
10986:2017
10957:2022
10936:ISBN
10862:ISBN
10838:ISBN
10808:ISBN
10781:ISBN
10754:ISBN
10724:ISBN
10684:ISBN
10644:ISBN
10617:ISBN
10563:ISBN
10538:ISBN
10511:ISBN
10467:ISBN
10388:ISBN
10295:OCLC
10256:2022
10238:ISBN
10211:ISBN
10156:ISBN
10129:ISBN
10074:2020
10056:ISBN
10030:ISBN
10003:ISBN
9975:ISBN
9846:2022
9811:ISBN
9784:ISBN
9763:2022
9745:ISBN
9712:2022
9694:ISBN
9664:ISBN
9619:2017
9570:2022
9540:2022
9510:2020
9464:ISSN
9421:ISSN
9378:ISSN
9335:ISSN
9293:ISSN
9251:ISSN
9209:ISSN
9172:ISBN
9145:ISBN
9118:ISBN
9088:ISBN
9021:ISBN
8956:ISBN
8908:ISBN
8881:ISBN
8850:ISBN
8820:ISBN
8793:ISBN
8772:2022
8754:ISBN
8646:2021
8615:B.C.
8606:OCLC
8575:ISBN
8556:2022
8538:ISBN
8511:ISBN
8484:ISBN
8308:ISBN
8281:ISBN
8230:2022
8212:ISBN
8166:ISBN
8051:2020
7796:2022
7770:2022
7712:2022
7694:ISBN
7623:2022
7605:ISBN
7571:2022
7525:panj
7519:2022
7477:and
7469:and
7467:Doab
7428:2022
7410:ISBN
7386:2022
7368:ISBN
7325:ISBN
7296:ISBN
7269:ISBN
7205:ISBN
7146:2022
7089:2022
7071:ISBN
7029:2015
6771:and
6759:and
6603:and
6431:and
6389:and
6369:The
6340:and
6306:The
6175:and
6138:and
6003:The
5988:, a
5908:Hemu
5887:and
5851:and
5837:and
5774:The
5713:and
5595:and
5484:and
5459:and
5341:and
5316:The
5253:and
5187:Shia
5145:Arab
4963:The
4951:The
4938:Huns
4930:and
4903:Mahi
4869:and
4749:and
4737:and
4618:Saka
4600:and
4588:son
4509:The
4477:and
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4431:and
4415:and
4399:and
4334:and
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4009:and
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3836:The
3770:Anus
3749:Sivi
3747:and
3675:and
3673:Sivi
3628:and
3562:The
3540:and
3414:and
3398:and
3390:and
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3248:Beas
3240:Ravi
3187:panj
3158:and
3134:The
3099:and
3091:and
3052:and
3036:and
2899:The
2821:Bars
2815:Bist
2811:Bari
2803:Chaj
2580:Asia
338:Misl
234:and
160:and
118:and
116:Sivi
13363:Goa
13262:doi
13208:PMC
13190:doi
13178:109
13142:doi
13138:121
13113:doi
12698:doi
12182:174
12007:doi
11351:BBC
9920:XVI
8664:ff.
7751:doi
6866:of
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