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History of Reading, Berkshire

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by the Parliamentary forces succeeded in April 1643. However, the taxes levied by the various parties left Berkshire 'in a miserable condition, hardly a sheep, hen, hog, oats, wheat, or any other thing for man or beast to feed upon'. The town's cloth trade was especially badly damaged, and the town's
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successfully petitioned for the grant of a charter from the King and negotiated a division of authority with the Abbey. However disputes continued over the Abbey's powers to raise taxes and appoint the Guild's officers. Even the title of the Guild's first officer was open to dispute, with the Guild
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in Woodley was an important local firm from the 1930s to 1950s. The Lower Earley development, started in the 1970s, was the largest private housing development in Europe. This extended the urban area of Reading up to the M4 motorway, which acts as the southern boundary to the town. Further housing
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By 1525, Reading was the largest town in Berkshire, and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England followed closely by Colchester and Leicester, based on taxable wealth. By 1611, Reading had a population of over 5000 and had grown rich on its trade in cloth, as instanced by
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army towards London. Seeing these troops as an occupying force, the people of Reading requested help from William, informing him of the Royalist positions in the town. As a result, a relief force of about 250 troops attacked from an unexpected direction, and forced the Irish troops to abandon the
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stationed there. Discovering that the city was suffering extreme privation, she rallied support from residents and arranged food parcels clothing and toys to go to the area. In the year after her mayoralty she invited six DĂĽsseldorf children to stay in Reading for three months, and set up the
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in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous. Agricultural products from the surrounding area still used Reading as a market place, especially at the famous Reading cheese fair but now trade was coming in from a wider area.
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By 1851 the population was 21,500. The previous year, the Reading Union Water Company had started construction of the works to resolve the shortage of safe drinking water that was affecting the growing town. Untreated water was pumped to the
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granted a further charter that went further than previous charters, although still leaving the appointment of the Mayor/Warden in the hands of the Abbey. This charter, and a subsequent judicial arbitration in 1499, confirmed the Guild as a
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plane machine-gunned and bombed the town centre, resulting in 41 deaths and over 100 injuries. Most of these were accounted for by a single bomb, which struck the crowded People's Pantry restaurant in the Market Arcade. In 1947,
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town. This defeat of James' troops by an inferior force, together with the willingness of the people of Reading to support William, convinced James of the insecurity of his position and he fled the country.
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that afflicted the 20th century, although many of its citizens lost their lives, or were injured, in the conflicts. The names of the dead are remembered on the Berkshire War Memorial at the entrance to
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In 1801, the population of Reading was about 9,400. During the 19th century, the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre. Reading maintained its representation by two members of parliament with the
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was opened, providing covered space for 522 cars. It was noted that the ramps were arranged to segregate up-traffic from down-traffic, with "one-way circulation" through most of the building.
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in front of the Abbey Church. The dissolution initially saw the Mayor appointed by the King's officers administering the dismemberment of the abbey properties. However, in 1542
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The Summer Assizes were moved from Abingdon to Reading in 1867, effectively making Reading the sole county town of Berkshire, a decision that was officially approved by the
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Transactions of the Historical Society of Berks. County, By Historical Society of Berks. County, Published by The Society, 1910: v.2 (1905–10) p. 164
583:). In the 19th century the town also made 'Reading Sauce', described as a sharp sauce flavoured with onions, spices, and herbs, very much like 155:
in 1121, and he is buried within the Abbey grounds. As part of his endowments, he gave the abbey his lands within Reading, along with land at
2553: 1218: 707:, which once occupied a small part of the site. It provides three storeys of shopping and boosted the local economy by providing 4,000 jobs. 2378: 1797: 1770: 159:. He also arranged for the land previously owned by Battle Abbey to be transferred to Reading Abbey, in return for some of his land at 2617: 1883: 1878: 2741: 674:
developments have increased the number of modern commuter houses in the surrounding parts of Reading, and 'out-of-town' shopping
1366: 714:, Reading has bid for city status on three recent occasions – in 2000 to celebrate the new millennium; in 2002 to celebrate the 398:, he retained his local connections. He donated to the town of Reading the four acres (16,000 m) of land that is today the 3136: 1835: 379: 2419: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1840: 1343: 1000: 932: 1491: 1469: 395: 1388: 775: 466:, an early commercial photographic studio, operated in Reading from 1844 to 1847 and was managed by Nicholaas Henneman, a 1414: 1196: 367:
courts met in both towns, with the Lenten Assizes traditionally held in Reading and the Summer Assizes in Abingdon. The
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and, on occasion, the King referring to him as the Mayor, whilst the Abbey continued to call him the Guild Warden.
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Compared to many other English towns and cities, Reading suffered little physical damage during either of the two
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The first evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, where the town came to be known as
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by Fox Talbot, the first book to be illustrated with photographic prints, were printed in Reading.
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and enhanced the town's prosperity. However the relationship between already established borough's
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Reading Abbey Rediscovered, a summary of the Abbey's history and recent archaeological excavations
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that swept through England in the 14th century. But it is known that the abbot of Reading Abbey,
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is recorded, with four on land belonging to the king and two on the land given to Battle Abbey.
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had stationed an advance guard of 600, largely Irish, troops in Reading to stop the march of
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Reading-DĂĽsseldorf Association to continue the connection, which has continued to this day.
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roads which helped it establish its location on the major coaching routes from London to
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The staff of the Trust for Wessex Archeology and Reading Museum and Art Gallery (1983).
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attempted unsuccessfully to breach the Danes' defences. The battle is described in the
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granted the Guild a new charter that permitted the burgesses to elect the Mayor.
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By 1900, the population was 59,000—large sections of the housing in Reading are
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The Siege of Reading: The Failure of the Earl of Essex's 1643 Spring Offensive
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The Siege of Reading: The Failure of the Earl of Essex's 1643 Spring Offensive
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Observations upon certain Roman roads and towns in the south of Britain
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The foundation of Reading Abbey led to the town becoming a place of
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in 1911. This expansion can be seen in the number of 1920s built
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and the Abbey was to prove strained at times. In 1253 Reading's
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As the largest settlement in the United Kingdom to be without
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It is not known exactly how badly Reading was affected by the
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in 1810 made it possible to go by barge from Reading to the
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being the only substantial military action of the campaign.
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The town continued to expand in the 20th century, annexing
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Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
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economy did not fully recover until the 20th century.
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gave land in and around Reading to his foundation of
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Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
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London Street in Reading, centre: Lovejoy's Library
474:(a pioneer of photography). Many of the images for 1645:"Towns that have recently applied for City Status" 265:; it changed hands a number of times. Despite its 245:The earliest map of Reading, published in 1611 by 190:, was one of its victims in 1361, and that nearby 81:and set up camp at Reading. On 4 January 871, the 692:, built in 1999, is named after the 17th century 3128: 1167:"Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth (1757–1844)" 657:properties, and the 1950s expansion that joined 122:listing, the town was explicitly described as a 1761:The borough of Reading | British History Online 328:Reading's trade benefited from better designed 214:The Abbey was largely destroyed in 1538 during 865:Ditchfield, P.H.; Page, William, eds. (1923). 864: 810:, (1961) English Place-names, Batsford, p. 64. 320:The 18th century saw the beginning of a major 2372: 1791: 1766:Royal Berkshire History: A History of Reading 1506: 402:, and his name is commemorated in the town's 355:for Berkshire was shared between Reading and 351:From 1714, and probably earlier, the role of 277:Reading played a significant role during the 261:The town played an important role during the 1334: 1332: 1330: 624:occurred on 10 February 1943, when a single 70:is thought to literally mean "The Red One." 1221:. Reading Borough Libraries. Archived from 62:tribe whose name means "Reada's People" in 24:, possibly as either a trading port on the 2379: 2365: 1798: 1784: 1713:, vol. 1, London: Vernor & Hood, 1615: 1243: 995:. Philimore & Co Ltd. pp. 51–52. 927:. Philimore & Co Ltd. pp. 34–38. 773: 633:, the then Mayor of Reading, travelled to 590: 226:, was subsequently tried and convicted of 2618:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 1468:. Reading Borough Council. Archived from 1342:. Reading Borough Council. Archived from 1327: 946: 944: 1308: 1114: 1089: 890: 888: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 828: 594: 490: 482: 417: 301: 240: 137: 1533:. Reading History Trail. Archived from 1144:. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 103. 918: 916: 790: 386:, in what is now the Reading suburb of 3129: 2386: 1805: 1667:"Reading submits 2012 city status bid" 1513:"News and views: Parking in Reading". 1364: 1139: 1108: 1083: 990: 955:. MRM Associates Ltd. pp. 17–25. 941: 922: 380:Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth 209: 2360: 1779: 1119:. Countryside Books. pp. 75–80. 1094:. Countryside Books. pp. 84–89. 984: 969: 950: 899:. MRM Associates Ltd. pp. 1–16. 894: 885: 867:"The borough of Reading: The borough" 847: 833:. Countryside Books. pp. 14–15. 822: 913: 871:A History of the County of Berkshire 722:. All three bids were unsuccessful. 716:Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II 133: 1601:"Largest Towns without City Status" 1367:"Reading's Courage Brewery closing" 797:. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. 780:. Kessinger Legacy. pp. 11–13. 254:the fortune made by local merchant 13: 2628:History of the politics of England 1689: 1587:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 1415:"Huntley & Palmers Collection" 1313:. Countryside Books. p. 135. 681:At the end of 1966 the Yield Hall 14: 3148: 2623:History of the economy of England 1754: 1245:"Reading Museum – George Lovejoy" 953:The Town of Reading and its Abbey 897:The Town of Reading and its Abbey 451:arrived in 1841, followed by the 3111: 1437:"Huntley & Palmers Timeline" 1417:. Reading Museum. 7 January 2011 1365:Dellor, Amanda (24 March 2010). 1164: 1062: 1035: 457:London and South Western Railway 378:Towards the end of the century, 85:took place, when an army led by 2608:History of education in England 1659: 1637: 1593: 1575: 1549: 1523: 1484: 1454: 1429: 1407: 1381: 1358: 1302: 1287: 1262: 1237: 1211: 1185: 1158: 1133: 1056: 1029: 1009: 873:. Vol. 3. pp. 342–364 441:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 413: 371:was at Reading, but both had a 297: 28:, or as an intersection on the 2603:Government in medieval England 1391:. Sutton Seeds. Archived from 1294:"Berkshire Quarter Sessions". 980:. Trust for Wessex Archeology. 813: 801: 784: 767: 755:Timeline of Reading, Berkshire 220:dissolution of the monasteries 1: 3137:History of Reading, Berkshire 1724:Malcolm Barrès-Baker (2004), 1710:Beauties of England and Wales 760: 43: 2593:English overseas possessions 1531:"The founding of the Oracle" 1275:. CGMS Consulting. July 2009 1065:"The Battle of Broad Street" 733:on 7 May 2005. Three people 718:; and 2012 to celebrate the 422:Map of Reading from 1830 by 194:lost 60% of its population. 77:invaded the then kingdom of 7: 1742:Newbury: Countryside Books 1583:"UK Government Web Archive" 1557:"John Kendrick (1573–1624)" 748: 727:murder of Mary-Ann Leneghan 688:The local shopping centre, 649:across the River Thames in 527:in 1869. The town became a 503:looking westwards, c. 1890. 232:hanged, drawn and quartered 10: 3153: 2420:Economy in the Middle Ages 1193:"Royal Berkshire Hospital" 1019:. Ottawa, EbooksLib, 2004 774:Lawes Long, Henry (1836). 52:. The name comes from the 16:Occupation at the site of 3108: 2925: 2672: 2646: 2585: 2394: 2282: 2187: 2084: 2077: 1892: 1871: 1864: 1813: 1494:. Reading Borough Council 1462:"Air Raid, February 1943" 1309:Phillips, Daphne (1980). 1115:Phillips, Daphne (1980). 1090:Phillips, Daphne (1980). 829:Phillips, Daphne (1980). 791:Cameron, Kenneth (1961). 616:, or on various suburban 533:Local Government Act 1888 2742:East Riding of Yorkshire 2659:Kingdom of Great Britain 1738:Daphne Phillips (1980), 1719:2027/yale.39002013182044 1389:"The History of Suttons" 1340:"The Nineteenth Century" 1296:Jackson's Oxford Journal 639:Royal Berkshire Regiment 512:by a pumping station at 472:William Henry Fox Talbot 400:Royal Berkshire Hospital 283:second Battle of Reading 1561:Royal Berkshire History 1171:Royal Berkshire History 1140:Hunter, Judith (1995). 1069:Royal Berkshire History 1042:Royal Berkshire History 1015:Barrès-Baker, Malcolm: 991:Hylton, Stuart (2007). 923:Hylton, Stuart (2007). 591:20th and 21st centuries 390:. Although he moved to 83:first Battle of Reading 73:In late 870 an army of 32:connecting London with 2464:Black Death in England 2104:Caversham Park Village 1701:Edward Wedlake Brayley 1563:. Nash Ford Publishing 1442:. Reading Museum. 2001 1173:. Nash Ford Publishing 1142:A History of Berkshire 1071:. Nash Ford Publishing 1044:. Nash Ford Publishing 1038:"The Siege of Reading" 604: 504: 488: 445:Reading Borough Police 427: 394:when he was appointed 317: 250: 145: 126:. The presence of six 1771:Reading History Trail 1623:"Population overview" 951:Slade, Cecil (2001). 895:Slade, Cecil (2001). 683:multi-storey car park 601:Huntley & Palmers 598: 494: 486: 464:Reading Establishment 453:South Eastern Railway 449:Great Western Railway 421: 342:Kennet and Avon Canal 307:View of Reading from 305: 244: 141: 112:William the Conqueror 96:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 20:may date back to the 1740:The Story of Reading 1728:, Ottawa: EbooksLib 1466:readingmuseum.org.uk 1311:The Story of Reading 1117:The Story of Reading 1092:The Story of Reading 993:A History of Reading 925:A History of Reading 831:The Story of Reading 585:Worcestershire Sauce 477:The Pencil of Nature 470:and former valet of 2515:Glorious Revolution 2483:English Renaissance 2435:English unification 2405:Prehistoric Britain 2285:outside the borough 794:English Place Names 581:Huntley and Palmers 510:Bath Road Reservoir 455:, in 1849, and the 373:house of correction 224:Hugh Cook Faringdon 210:Dissolution and war 3118:England portal 2767:Greater Manchester 2654:Kingdom of England 2613:History of English 2430:Anglo-Saxon period 2388:History of England 2192:within the borough 2087:within the borough 1807:Reading, Berkshire 1165:Ford, David Nash. 1063:Ford, David Nash. 1036:Ford, David Nash. 620:. One significant 605: 505: 489: 447:were founded. The 428: 318: 279:Revolution of 1688 251: 222:. 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Love My Town 1636: 1625:. Love My Town 1614: 1603:. Love My Town 1592: 1574: 1548: 1537:on 14 May 2011 1522: 1505: 1483: 1453: 1428: 1406: 1380: 1357: 1326: 1319: 1301: 1298:. 4 July 1868. 1286: 1261: 1249:Reading Museum 1236: 1210: 1184: 1157: 1150: 1132: 1125: 1107: 1100: 1082: 1055: 1028: 1008: 1001: 983: 968: 961: 940: 933: 912: 905: 884: 846: 839: 821: 812: 800: 783: 765: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 750: 747: 671:Miles Aircraft 669:into Reading. 592: 589: 537:Brock Barracks 529:county borough 514:Southcote Lock 495:The statue of 443:. In 1836 the 415: 412: 408:Addington Road 396:prime minister 299: 296: 267:fortifications 211: 208: 204:body corporate 176:Merchant Guild 135: 132: 118:. In its 1086 45: 42: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3149: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3015:Milton Keynes 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:West Midlands 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887:Tyne and Wear 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Staffordshire 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:Isle of Wight 2785: 2783: 2782:Hertfordshire 2780: 2778: 2777:Herefordshire 2775: 2773: 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Retrieved 870: 830: 824: 815: 803: 793: 786: 776: 769: 729:occurred in 724: 709: 687: 680: 676:hypermarkets 644: 606: 579:(1822–1976, 574: 568:(1837–1974, 563: 557:(1785–2010, 552: 547: 541: 522: 518:River Kennet 506: 501:Broad Street 475: 463: 461: 429: 414:19th century 407: 403: 377: 350: 338:west country 327: 319: 306: 298:18th century 276: 260: 252: 228:high treason 213: 196: 181: 165: 147: 116:Battle Abbey 110:of England, 101: 94: 72: 67: 53: 49: 47: 26:River Thames 22:Roman period 17: 15: 3070:Southampton 2940:Bournemouth 2902:West Sussex 2847:Oxfordshire 2747:East Sussex 2527:Regency era 2510:Restoration 2229:Emmer Green 2124:Emmer Green 1476:13 February 808:Cameron, K. 735:were killed 712:city status 699:with funds 651:Oxfordshire 459:, in 1856. 382:, lived at 369:county gaol 353:county town 281:, with the 184:Black Death 163:in Sussex. 66:. The name 64:Old English 60:Anglo-Saxon 3065:Shrewsbury 3045:Portsmouth 3025:Nottingham 3005:Manchester 2980:Folkestone 2965:Colchester 2935:Birmingham 2857:Shropshire 2817:Merseyside 2797:Lancashire 2722:Derbyshire 2307:Fords Farm 2234:Katesgrove 2139:Katesgrove 2134:Horncastle 2129:Green Park 2114:Coley Park 1369:. BBC News 877:5 November 761:References 701:bequeathed 690:The Oracle 635:DĂĽsseldorf 609:World Wars 531:under the 322:iron works 247:John Speed 236:Henry VIII 216:Henry VIII 168:pilgrimage 102:After the 44:Beginnings 38:Silchester 30:Roman road 3090:Worcester 3075:St Albans 3060:Sheffield 3055:Rochester 3020:Newcastle 3000:Maidstone 2990:Liverpool 2912:Wiltshire 2772:Hampshire 2687:Berkshire 2674:By county 2312:Holybrook 2269:Tilehurst 2259:Southcote 2209:Caversham 2164:Tilehurst 2159:Southcote 2094:Caversham 1856:Transport 1705:"Reading" 1498:24 August 697:workhouse 667:Tilehurst 647:Caversham 626:Luftwaffe 603:building. 539:in 1881. 309:Caversham 291:William's 199:Henry VII 197:In 1487, 172:burgesses 161:Appledram 55:Readingas 50:Readingum 3131:Category 3095:Worthing 3085:Wetherby 3035:Plymouth 2970:Coventry 2945:Brighton 2862:Somerset 2712:Cornwall 2707:Cheshire 2647:Polities 2396:Timeline 2254:Redlands 2239:Kentwood 1865:Politics 1851:Timeline 1703:(1801), 1671:BBC News 1567:21 April 1541:21 April 1254:16 April 1075:27 April 1048:27 April 749:See also 622:air raid 548:Three Bs 544:terraced 468:Dutchman 392:Richmond 357:Abingdon 336:and the 330:turnpike 316:in 1793. 287:James II 106:and the 3080:Torquay 3050:Reading 3010:Margate 2955:Chester 2950:Bristol 2877:Suffolk 2852:Rutland 2822:Norfolk 2717:Cumbria 2342:Woodley 2274:Whitley 2174:Whitley 2149:Newtown 1841:Schools 1831:History 1826:Economy 1821:Culture 1677:21 June 1651:20 June 1607:20 June 1516:Autocar 1446:14 June 1421:14 June 1399:14 June 1373:14 June 1350:14 June 659:Woodley 577:iscuits 572:), and 516:on the 439:by the 388:Woodley 157:Cholsey 153:Henry I 124:borough 18:Reading 3030:Oxford 2995:London 2882:Surrey 2737:Durham 2732:Dorset 2586:Topics 2302:Earley 2297:Calcot 2264:Thames 2244:Norcot 2219:Church 2204:Battle 2154:Norcot 2078:Places 1836:People 1814:Topics 1746:  1732:  1629:6 July 1317:  1279:22 May 1229:21 May 1148:  1123:  1098:  1023:  999:  959:  931:  903:  837:  694:Oracle 663:Earley 361:Assize 359:. The 334:Oxford 192:Henley 79:Wessex 3040:Poole 2985:Leeds 2975:Dover 2752:Essex 2727:Devon 2638:Riots 2224:Coley 2199:Abbey 2109:Coley 1846:Sport 1440:(PDF) 1273:(PDF) 1203:4 May 1177:4 May 737:in a 128:mills 75:Danes 68:Reada 58:, an 36:near 3100:York 2792:Kent 2633:Wars 2249:Park 2065:2023 2060:2022 2055:2021 2050:2019 2045:2018 2040:2016 2035:2015 2030:2014 2025:2012 2020:2011 2015:2010 2010:2008 2005:2007 2000:2006 1995:2004 1990:2003 1985:2002 1980:2001 1975:2000 1970:1999 1965:1997 1960:1996 1955:1995 1950:1994 1945:1992 1940:1991 1935:1990 1930:1988 1925:1987 1920:1986 1915:1983 1910:1979 1905:1976 1900:1973 1744:ISBN 1730:ISBN 1679:2011 1653:2011 1631:2006 1609:2011 1569:2011 1543:2011 1500:2017 1478:2012 1448:2011 1423:2011 1401:2011 1375:2011 1352:2011 1315:ISBN 1281:2011 1256:2019 1231:2007 1205:2009 1179:2009 1146:ISBN 1121:ISBN 1096:ISBN 1077:2009 1050:2009 1021:ISBN 997:ISBN 957:ISBN 929:ISBN 901:ISBN 879:2010 835:ISBN 725:The 665:and 566:ulbs 462:The 406:and 363:and 230:and 1715:hdl 741:in 703:by 561:), 555:eer 550:of 312:by 218:'s 3133:: 1707:, 1699:; 1669:. 1585:. 1559:. 1464:. 1329:^ 1247:. 1169:. 1067:. 1040:. 943:^ 915:^ 887:^ 869:. 849:^ 678:. 661:, 587:. 499:, 410:. 348:. 40:. 2380:e 2373:t 2366:v 1799:e 1792:t 1785:v 1750:. 1717:: 1681:. 1655:. 1633:. 1611:. 1589:. 1571:. 1545:. 1502:. 1480:. 1450:. 1425:. 1403:. 1377:. 1354:. 1323:. 1283:. 1258:. 1233:. 1207:. 1181:. 1154:. 1129:. 1104:. 1079:. 1052:. 1005:. 965:. 937:. 909:. 881:. 843:. 575:b 564:b 553:b 426:. 249:.

Index

Roman period
River Thames
Roman road
Calleva Atrebatum
Silchester
Readingas
Anglo-Saxon
Old English
Danes
Wessex
first Battle of Reading
King Ethelred
Alfred the Great
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Battle of Hastings
Norman Conquest
William the Conqueror
Battle Abbey
Domesday Book
borough
mills

Reading Abbey
Reading Abbey
Henry I
Cholsey
Appledram
pilgrimage
burgesses
Merchant Guild

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