History of Rome - Knowledge

5285: 3268: 173: 5680: 5429: 1439: 2529: 4740: 286: 3311:). Two nobles (followers of his predecessor Hadrian) who disliked the weakness of the Pope with regards to Charlemagne, attacked the processional train and delivered a life-threatening wound to the Pope. Leo fled to the King of the Franks, and in November, 800, the King entered Rome with a strong army and a number of French bishops. He declared a judicial trial to decide if Leo III were to remain Pope, or if the deposers' claims had reasons to be upheld. This trial, however, was only a part of a well thought out chain of events which ultimately surprised the world. The Pope was declared legitimate and the attempters subsequently exiled. On 25 December 800, 1698: 201: 1127: 1741:(slave uprisings) were hard conflicts, all within Italy, and forced the Romans to change their policy with regards to their allies and subjects. By then Rome had become an extensive power, with great wealth which derived from the conquered people (as tribute, food or manpower, i.e. slaves). The allies of Rome felt bitter since they had fought by the side of the Romans, and yet they were not citizens and shared little in the rewards. Although they lost the war, they finally got what they asked, and by the beginning of the 1st century AD practically all free inhabitants of Italy were Roman citizens. 2412: 784: 214: 187: 160: 147: 5643: 134: 114: 94: 74: 256: 228: 5296: 2451:, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." These sackings of the city astonished all the Roman world. In any case, the damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population already started to decline from the late 4th century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire, with a population of no fewer than 650,000 inhabitants. The decline greatly accelerated following the capture of 242: 4516: 4077: 4925:, who was to become one of the most popular figures among Rome's people. Pius V and Borromeo gave Rome a true Counter-Reformation character. All pomp was removed from the court, the jokers were expelled, and cardinals and bishops were obliged to live in the city. Blasphemy and concubinage were severely punished. Prostitutes were expelled or confined in a reserved district. The Inquisition's power in the city was reasserted, and its palace rebuilt with an increased space for prisons. During this period Michelangelo opened the 3536: 5763:. Although the city of Rome was occupied by Germany from 1943 and the Allies from 1944, Vatican City itself was not occupied. One of Pius XII's main diplomatic priorities was to prevent the bombing of Rome; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality. Before the American entry into the war, there was little impetus for such a bombing, as the British saw little strategic value in it. 3920: 5043: 5780: 1811: 5003:, since no other Pope before him pursued with such a determination the reform of the church and the customs. Sixtus profoundly reorganised the Papal States' administration, and cleaned the streets of Rome of thugs, procurers, duelling and so on. Even the nobles and Cardinals could not consider themselves free from the arms of Sixtus' police. The money from taxes, which were not now wasted in corruption, permitted an ambitious building programme. Some ancient aqueducts were restored, and a new one, the 1282: 5554: 3252: 4460: 3867: 3280: 2540: 1556: 5032: 1271: 2506: 5792: 1483: 3971:, in the Northern Lazio. The senators were chosen directly by the Pope from several cities of Italy, but the city was in fact independent. The Senate council included six judges, five notaries, six marshals, several familiars, twenty knights and twenty armed men. Albornoz had heavily suppressed the traditional aristocratic families, and the "democratic" party felt confident enough to start an aggressive policy. In 1362 Rome declared war on 3643: 3565: 3397: 2475:. From the 4th century, imperial edicts against stripping of stones and especially marble were common, but the need for their repetition shows that they were ineffective. Sometimes new churches were created by simply taking advantage of early Pagan temples, while sometimes changing the Pagan god or hero to a corresponding Christian saint or martyr. In this way, the Temple of Romulus and Remus became the basilica of the twin saints 2150: 3360:. This nominally included the suzerainty over Rome, but this was often highly disputed, and as the centuries passed, only the strongest Popes were to be able to assert it. The main element of weakness of the Papacy within the walls of the city was the continued necessity of the election of new popes, in which the emerging noble families soon managed to insert a leading role for themselves. The neighbouring powers, namely the 3916:. Cola also considered himself at an equal status of that of the Holy Roman Emperor. On 1 August, he conferred Roman citizenship on all the Italian cities, and even prepared for the election of a Roman emperor of Italy. It was too much: the Pope denounced him as heretic, criminal and pagan, the populace had begun to be disenchanted with him, while the nobles had always hated him. On 15 December, he was forced to flee. 6048: 6062: 270: 6409:

Trojan war. But they do not go on to indicate either the Greek tribe to which they belonged or the city from which they removed, or the date or the leader of the colony, or as the result of what turns of fortune they left their mother country; and although they are following a Greek legend, they have cited no Greek historian as their authority. It is uncertain, therefore, what the truth of the matter is.

6076: 4445:, whose aim was the restoration of the Republic, was ruthlessly suppressed in January 1453. Porcari was hanged together with the other plotters, Francesco Gabadeo, Pietro de Monterotondo, Battista Sciarra and Angiolo Ronconi, but the Pope gained a treacherous reputation, as when the execution was beginning he was too drunk to confirm the grace he had previously given to Sciarra and Ronconi. 4430: 3858:, which would last for more than 70 years. This situation brought the independence of the local powers, but these were revealed to be largely unstable; and the lack of the holy revenues caused a deep decay of Rome. For more than a century Rome had no new major buildings. Furthermore, many of the monuments of the city, including the main churches, began to fall into ruin. 3551:. The Pope had to make large cash payments to the communal officials, while the 56 senators became papal vassals. The Senate always had problems in the accomplishment of its function, and various changes were tried. Often a single Senator was in charge. This sometimes led to tyrannies, which did not help the stability of the newborn organism. 4057:, had been a century of neglect and misery for the city of Rome, which dropped to its lowest level of population. With the return of the papacy to Rome repeatedly postponed because of the bad conditions of the city and the lack of control and security, it was first necessary to strengthen the political and doctrinal aspects of the pontiff. 1528:. Multiple contemporary records suggest that the Senones hoped to punish Rome for violating its diplomatic neutrality in Etruria. The Senones marched 130 kilometres (81 mi) to Rome without harming the surrounding countryside; once they had sacked the city, the Senones withdrew from Rome. Brennus was defeated by the dictator 2091: 3743:. In order to bring peace in the city he suppressed the most powerful nobles (destroying some 140 towers), reorganised the working classes and issued a code of laws inspired by those of northern Italy. Brancaleone was a tough figure, but died in 1258 with almost nothing of his reforms turned into reality. Five years later 3904:. As his personal power among the people increased by time, on 20 May 1347 he conquered the Capitoline at the head of an enthusiastic crowd. The period of his power, though very short-lived, aspired to the prestige of Ancient Rome. Now in possession of dictatorial powers, he took the title of "tribune", referring to the 6408:

But the most learned of the Roman historians, among whom is Porcius Cato, who compiled with the greatest care the 'origins' of the Italian cities, Sempronius and a great many others, say that they were Greeks, part of those who once dwelt in Achaia, and that they migrated many generations before the

5466:

Taking the island, Garibaldi's actions were publicly denounced by Cavour but secretly encouraged via weapons supplements. This policy or real-politik, where the ends justified the means of unification, was continued as Garibaldi faced crossing the Strait of Messina. Cavour privately asked the British

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troops, plus a citizen levy of 600 knights and even 22,000 infantry. This was the period in which condottieri bands were active in Italy. Many of the Savelli, Orsini and Annibaldi expelled from Rome became leaders of such military units. The war with Velletri languished, and Rome again gave itself to

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With French units still stationed at Rome however, Cavour, being called back to office, foresaw a possibility of Garibaldi attacking the Papal States and accidentally disrupting French-Italian relations. The army of Sardinia was therefore mobilised to attack the Papal States but remain outside Rome.

2270:, Imperial authorities largely viewed Christianity simply as a Jewish sect rather than a distinct religion. No emperor issued general laws against the faith or its Church, and persecutions, such as they were, were carried out under the authority of local government officials. A surviving letter from 8223:

Mexican revolutionary Benito Juarez, named his son after the patriot and hero. Benito Mussolini was an avid writer and after he finished his schooling, he became an editor for the Milan socialist paper "Avanti". He became well known among the Italian socialists, but soon started promoting his views

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In the Austro-Prussian war however, a deal was made between the new Italy and Prussia, where Italy would attack Austria in return for the region of Venetia. The war was a major success for the Prussians (though the Italians did not win a single battle), and the northern front of Italy was complete.

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In the 18th century, the Papacy reached the peak of its temporal power, the Papal States including most of Central Italy, including Latium, Umbria, Marche and the Legations of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna extending north into the Romagna, as well as the small enclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in

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continued until it was put down in 1155, though it left its mark on the civil government of the Eternal City for centuries. 12th-century Rome, however, had little in common with the empire which had ruled over the Mediterranean some 700 years before, and soon the new Senate had to work hard to

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From 1048 to 1257, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. The latter culminated in the East-West Schism, dividing the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. From 1257 to 1377, the pope, though

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in AD 64, some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians. The war against the Jews during Nero's reign, which so destabilised the empire that it led to civil war and Nero's suicide, provided an additional rationale for suppression

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finds have confirmed that there were two fortified settlements in the 8th century BC, in the area of the future Rome: Rumi on the Palatine Hill, and Titientes on the Quirinal Hill, backed by the Luceres living in the nearby woods. These were simply three of numerous Italic-speaking communities that

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from all the Christian world, and money with them: even with a population of only 30,000, Rome was again becoming a city of consumers dependent upon the presence of a governmental bureaucracy. In the meantime, Italian cities were acquiring increasing autonomy, mainly led by new families which were

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The Romans looked upon the Greek civilisation with great admiration. The Greeks saw Rome as a useful ally in their civil strifes, and it was not long before the Roman legions were invited to intervene in Greece. In less than 50 years the whole of mainland Greece was subdued. The Roman legions

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in 390 BC (according to Polybius, the battle occurred in 387/386) and what was left was eventually lost to time or theft. With no contemporary records of the kingdom existing, all accounts of the kings must be carefully questioned. The list of kings is also of dubious historical value, though

5945:, yet it reflects the stratification of the epochs of its long history. The historical centre, identified as those parts within the limits of the ancient Imperial walls, contains archaeological remains from Ancient Rome. These are continuously being excavated and opened to the public, such as the 5846:

Being the capital city of Italy, all the principal institutions of the nation are located there, including the President; the seat of government with its single Ministeri; the Parliament; the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives for both Italy and the Vatican City. A number of

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At the end of the 6th century Rome's population had reduced to around 30,000. Many monuments were being destroyed by the citizens themselves, who stripped stones from closed temples and other precious buildings, and even burned statues to make lime for their personal use. In addition, most of the

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The commonly held stories of the early part of the Republic (before roughly 300 BC, when Old Latin inscriptions and Greek histories about Rome provide more concrete evidence of events) are generally considered to be legendary, their historicity being a topic of debate among classicists. The Roman

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Expanding further south, the Etruscans came into direct contact with the Greeks and initially had success in conflicts with the Greek colonists; after which, Etruria went into a decline. Taking advantage of this, Rome rebelled and gained independence from the Etruscans around 500 BC. It also

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which had devastated much of Italy. The continual war around Rome in the 530s and 540s left it in a state of total disrepair – near-abandoned and desolate with much of its lower-lying parts turned into unhealthy marshes as the drainage systems were neglected and the Tiber's embankments fell into

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between Rome and the great Mediterranean empire of Carthage (264–146 BC), Rome's stature increased further as it became the capital of an overseas empire for the first time. Beginning in the 2nd century BC, Rome went through a significant population expansion as Italian farmers, driven from

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was in fact returned to Rome, he found a city in anarchy because of the struggles between the nobility and the popular faction, and in which his power was now more formal than real. There followed four decades of instability, characterised by the local power struggle between the commune and the

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However, the Pope was now one of the leading religious figures in the entire Byzantine Roman Empire and effectively more powerful locally than either the remaining senators or local Eastern Roman (Byzantine) officials. In practice, local power in Rome devolved to the Pope and, over the next few

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has continued to be inhabited with little interruption since around that time. Excavations made in 2014 have revealed a wall built long before the city's official founding year. Archaeologists uncovered a stone wall and pieces of pottery dating to the 9th century BC and the beginning of the 8th

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During the 7th century, an influx of both Byzantine Roman officials and churchmen from elsewhere in the empire made both the local lay aristocracy and Church leadership largely Greek speaking. The population of Rome, a magnet for pilgrims, may have increased to 90,000. Eleven of thirteen popes

2863:. However, for the next half century, despite further tensions, Rome and the Papacy continued to prefer continued Byzantine Roman rule: in part because the alternative was Lombard rule, and in part because Rome's food was largely coming from Papal estates elsewhere in the Empire, particularly 4722:

for the tomb of Julius. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. Its economy was prosperous, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including

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There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from at least 5,000 years, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. The evidence suggesting the city's ancient foundation is also obscured by the legend of Rome's beginning

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Cavour then moved to take Venetia and Lombardy via an alliance with France. The Italians and French together would attack the two states with France getting the city of Nice and the region of Savoy in return. However, the French pulled out of their agreement soon after, enraging Cavour who

3163:. Though still protected by his massive walls, the Pope could do little against the Lombard king, who managed to ally himself with the Byzantines. Other protectors were now needed. Gregory III was the first Pope to ask for concrete help from the Frankish Kingdom, then under the command of 1216:

and deeply influenced Roman culture, as clearly shown by the Etruscan origin of some of the mythical Roman kings. Historians have no literature, nor texts of religion or philosophy; therefore, much of what is known about this civilisation is derived from grave goods and tomb findings.

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as a small remaining Papal State, but Pius IX rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain. One week after entering Rome, the Italian troops had taken the entire city save for the

3733:), the ambiguous position of the Popes, the haughtiness of a population which never abandoned the dreams of their splendid past but, at the same time, thought only of immediate advantage, and the weakness of the republican institutions always deprived the city of this possibility. 3202:. When Pippin went back to St. Denis however, Aistulf did not keep his promises, and in 756 besieged Rome for 56 days. The Lombards returned north when they heard news of Pippin again moving to Italy. This time he agreed to give the Pope the promised territories, and the 2146:. This meant that Rome had to depend upon goods and production from other parts of the Empire to sustain such a large population. This was mostly paid by taxes that were levied by the Roman government. If it had not been subsidised, Rome would have been significantly smaller. 3468:

the bishop of Rome, resided in Viterbo, Orvieto, and Perugia, and then Avignon. The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the Western Schism: the division of the western church between two, and for a time three, competing papal claimants.

1416:. However, the influence of Etruscan people in the development of Rome is often overstated. Rome was primarily a Latin city. It never became fully Etruscan. Also, evidence shows that Romans were heavily influenced by the Greek cities in the South, mainly through trade. 4132:, occupied Tivoli in October 1433 and ravaged Rome's countryside. Despite the concessions made by Eugene to the Visconti, the Milanese soldiers did not stop their destruction. This led the Romans, on 29 May 1434 to institute a Republican government under the 1539:

After that, Rome hastily rebuilt its buildings and went on the offensive, conquering the Etruscans and seizing territory from the Gauls in the north. After 345 BC, Rome pushed south against other Latins. Their main enemy in this quadrant were the fierce

5023:, and the new streets were intended to permit a better access to the major Basilicas. Old obelisks were moved or erected to embellish St. John in Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore and St. Peter, as well as Piazza del Popolo, in front of Santa Maria del Popolo. 1670:) followed, and in the beginning of the 2nd century the Romans got involved in the affairs of the Greek world. By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops. 4657:, and banning from Rome Cesare's most relentless enemy, the Orsini family. In 1500 the city hosted a new Jubilee, but grew ever more unsafe as, especially at night, the streets were controlled by bands of lawless "bravi". Cesare himself assassinated 3345:

of Rome had to face emergence of the lay interests of the City itself, spurred on by the conviction that the Roman people, though impoverished and abased, had again the right to elect the Western Emperor. The famous counterfeit document called the

2093: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2092: 456:, the city of Rome was reduced to irrelevance, its population falling below 20,000. Rome's decline into complete irrelevance during the medieval period, with the associated lack of construction activity, assured the survival of very significant 3789:. He also ordered that no foreigner could become senator of Rome. Being a Roman himself, he had himself elected senator by the people. With this move, the city began again to side for the papal party. In 1285 Charles was again Senator, but the 2770:

invaded the Lombard territories in 584, 585, 588 and 590. Rome had suffered badly from a disastrous flood of the Tiber in 589, described by Paul the Deacon as a "swarm of snakes." This was followed by a plague in 590, which was notable for the

2100: 2112:. It was, at the time, the largest city in the world. Estimates of its peak population range from 450,000 to over 3.5 million people with estimates of 1 to 2 million being most popular with historians. This grandeur increased under 1376:

was also built; the Etruscans are said to have been great engineers of this type of structure. From a cultural and technical point of view, Etruscans had arguably the second-greatest impact on Roman development, only surpassed by the Greeks.

2098: 5771:", but this occurred only on 14 August 1943, after Rome had already been bombed twice. Although the Italians consulted the Vatican on the wording of the open city declaration, the impetus for the change had little to do with the Vatican. 7243: 5421:, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic leader of Italy. In doing so, he believed that the other states would naturally come under his rule. Next, he sent the army of Piedmont to the 1459:

in 493 BC, Rome established again the supremacy over the Latin countries it had lost after the fall of the monarchy. After a lengthy series of struggles, this supremacy became fixed in 393, when the Romans finally subdued the

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the last-named kings may be historical figures. It is believed by some historians (again, this is disputed) that Rome was under the influence of the Etruscans for about a century. During this period, a bridge was built called the

3639:, led to riots in the city. Many ancient buildings were then destroyed by machines used by the rival bands to besiege their enemies in the innumerable towers and strongholds which were a hallmark of the Middle Age Italian towns. 3217:

during a feigned pilgrimage within its walls. His main ally was one Paulus Afiarta, chief of the Lombard party within the city. He conquered Rome in 772 but angered Charlemagne. However the plan failed, and Stephen's successor,

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Rome's early enemies were the neighbouring hill tribes of the Volscians, the Aequi, and of course the Etruscans. As years passed and military successes increased Roman territory, new adversaries appeared. The fiercest were the

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However, the growth of the Imperium Romanum (Roman power) created new problems, and new demands, that the old political system of the Republic, with its annually elected magistrates and its sharing of power, could not solve.

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was one of the many towers built by the noble families of Rome to mark their power and defend themselves in the several feuds that marked the city in the Middle Ages. Only the lower third part of Torre dei Conti can be seen

3829:. The Jubilee was an important move for Rome, as it further increased its international prestige and, most of all, the city's economy was boosted by the flow of pilgrims. Boniface died in 1303 after the humiliation of the 2181:, who had been co-emperor since AD 177, assumed full imperial power, which is generally associated with the beginning of the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Rome's population was only a fraction of its peak when the 5838:

A new rising trend in population continued until the mid-1980s, when the commune had more than 2.8 million residents; after that, population started to slowly decline as more residents moved to nearby suburbs. The

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After the American entry, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, while the British then supported it. Pius XII similarly advocated for the declaration of Rome as an

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Twenty-four stades from the afore-mentioned city stood Lista, the mother-city of the Aborigines, which at a still earlier time the Sabines had captured by a surprise attack, having set out against it from Amiternum by

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entered the city for the ritual coronation as Emperor. His visit was very disappointing for the citizens. He had little money, received the crown not from the Pope but from a Cardinal, and moved away after a few days.

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was consul five consecutive times (seven total), and won two decisive battles in 102 and 101 BC. He also reformed the Roman army, giving it such a good reorganisation that it remained unchanged for centuries.

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describes his persecution and executions of Christians; Trajan notably responded that Pliny should not seek out Christians nor heed anonymous denunciations, but only punish open Christians who refused to recant.

2095: 5901:(4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a 2009 study. Many of the ancient monuments of Rome were restored by the Italian state and by the 4986:

was of very different temper. Although short (1585–1590), his reign however is remembered as one of the most effective in the modern Rome's history. He was even tougher than Pius V, and was variously nicknamed

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Rome was a subsidised city at the time, with roughly 15 to 25 percent of its grain supply being paid by the central government. Commerce and industry played a smaller role compared to that of other cities like

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navy to allow Garibaldi's troops across the sea, while publicly he again, denounced Garibaldi's actions. The manoeuvre was a success and Garibaldi's military genius carried him on to take the entire kingdom.

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The need for renovation in the religious customs became evident in the vacancy period after Paulus' death, when the streets of Rome became seat of masked carousels which satirised the Cardinals attending the

352:, which commenced in 509 BC when kings were replaced with rule by elected magistrates. The period was marked by vast expansion of Roman territory. During the 5th century BC, Rome gained regional dominance in 2844:

between 678 and 752 were of Greek or Syrian descent. However, the strong Byzantine Roman cultural influence did not always lead to political harmony between Rome and Constantinople. In the controversy over

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in 509 BC. However, it took a few centuries for Rome to become the great city of popular imagination. By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula. During the

6008:). The increase of population caused by the centralisation of the Italian state necessitated new infrastructure and accommodation. There were also substantial alterations and adaptations made during the 4968:, was considered a failure. As he tried to use milder measures than those of St. Pius, the worst element of the Roman population felt free to scourge again the streets. The French writer and philosopher 4646:. Rome was safe and, as the King directed himself southwards, the Pope again changed his position, joining the anti-French League of the Italian States which finally compelled Charles to flee to France. 5425:

to join the French and British. Making minor successes in the war against Russia, cordial relations were established between Piedmont-Sardinia and France; a relationship to be exploited in the future.

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with Pompey. In the following years, he vanquished his opponents, and ruled Rome for four years. After his assassination in 44 BC, the Senate tried to reestablish the Republic, but its champions,

2578:. Meanwhile, the Senate, even though long since stripped of wider powers, continued to administer Rome itself, with the Pope usually coming from a senatorial family. This situation continued until 2197:" defines the disasters and political troubles for the Empire, which nearly collapsed. The new feeling of danger and the menace of barbarian invasions was clearly shown by the decision of Emperor 410:, from the 6th to 8th centuries. At this time, the city was reduced to a fraction of its former size, being sacked several times in the 5th to 6th centuries, even temporarily depopulated entirely. 1021:

where the river can be forded. Because of the river and the ford, Rome was at a crossroads of traffic following the river valley and of traders travelling north and south on the west side of the

7561: 1548:. In spite of these and other temporary setbacks, the Romans advanced steadily. By 290 BC, Rome controlled over half of the Italian peninsula. In the 3rd century BC, Rome brought the Greek 5807:" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation. It became a fashionable city in the 1950s and early 1960s, the years of "la dolce vita" ("the sweet life"), with popular classic films such as 4489:

was a forgery. Pius was the first Pope to use guns, in campaign against the rebel barons Savelli in the neighbourhood of Rome, in 1461. One year later the bringing to Rome of the head of the

4334:. The Papacy wanted to surpass the grandeur of other Italian cities. To this end the popes created increasingly extravagant churches, bridges, town squares and public spaces, including a new 4789:'s claims had spread criticism and even hatred against the Pope's greed throughout Europe. The prestige of Rome was then challenged by the defections of the churches of Germany and England. 3230: 2859:—its worst disaster since the Gothic Wars when the Emperor proceeded to strip Rome of metal, including that from buildings and statues, to provide armament materials for use against the 5530:; the inhabitants of the city then voted to join Italy. On 1 July 1871, Rome became the official capital of united Italy and from then until June 1929 the popes had no temporal power. 1792:, the final battle took place in the sea. Octavian was victorious, and became the sole ruler of Rome (and its empire). That date marks the end of the Republic and the beginning of the 4774:. After the execution of some 1,000 defenders, the pillage began. The city was devastated for several days, many of the citizens were killed or took shelter outside the walls. Of 189 2740:, which provided a repeatedly threatened overland link between Rome and Ravenna. In 578 and again in 580, the Senate, in some of its last recorded acts, had to ask for the support of 2375:. In spite of its increasingly marginal role in the Empire, Rome retained its historic prestige, and this period saw the last wave of construction activity: Constantine's predecessor 2848:, popes found themselves under severe pressure (sometimes amounting to physical force) when they failed to keep in step with Constantinople's shifting theological positions. In 653, 5870:

as venues. For the Olympic Games new structures were created: the Olympic Stadium (which was itself enlarged and renovated to host qualifying rounds and the final match of the 1990

5676:. The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, and the Concordat established the independent State of the Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. 4504:, which was to become a very popular feast in Rome in the following centuries. In the same year (1468) a plot against the Pope was uncovered, organised by the intellectuals of the 2520:

of the mid-6th century, Rome was besieged several times by Eastern Roman and Ostrogoth armies. Ostrogoths of Totila entered through this gate in 549, because of the treason of the

7538: 2797:, reorganised his territories and resumed activities against both Naples and Rome by 592. With the Emperor preoccupied with wars in the eastern borders and the various succeeding 1788:

The years 44–31 BC mark the struggle for power between Marcus Antonius and Octavian (later known as Augustus). Finally, on 2 September 31 BC, in the Greek promontory of

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peoples of central Italy— were first mentioned in Dionysius's account for having captured the city of Lista by surprise, which was regarded as the mother-city of the Aborigines.

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However Nicholas brought stability to the temporal power of the Papacy, a power in which the Emperor was to have no part at all. In this way, the coronation and the marriage of

9096: 8032: 3951:. In October the tyrannical Cola, who had become again very unpopular for his delirious behaviour and heavy bills, was killed in a riot provoked by the powerful family of the 6213: 2094: 4143:

proved incapable of governing the city, and their inadequacies and violence soon deprived them of popular support. The city was therefore returned to Eugene by the army of

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visits Rome for twelve days—the only emperor to set foot in Rome for two centuries. He strips buildings of their ornaments and bronze to be carried back to Constantinople

769:, and state formation in Rome in the late Archaic period. The Sant'Omobono temple site dates to 7th–6th century BC, making these the oldest known temple remains in Rome. 6274: 5730:

In practice Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, they confiscated church property in many other places, including the

1385:, composed of the nobles of the city, along with popular assemblies which ensured political participation for most of the freeborn men and elected magistrates annually. 3870:

Cola di Rienzo stormed the Capitoline Hill in 1347 to create a new Roman Republic. Though short-lived, his attempt is recorded by a 19th-century statue near the ramped

2431:'s unpaid Roman troops (largely composed of barbarians) on 11 July 472. This was the first time in almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to an enemy. The previous 5317:-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the " 8854: 7122: 1388:

The Etruscans left a lasting influence on Rome. The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the Etruscans may have introduced the worship of a triad of gods—

7710:, but he drags his carcass again out of the grave, beheads it as if it had been alive, and then throws it into the Tiber, as unworthy the honour of human burial." 7681: 3226:

against Desiderius, who was finally defeated in 773. The Lombard Kingdom was no more, and now Rome entered into the orbit of a new, greater political institution.

9375: 4626:(1492–1503). During the vacation period between the death of the former and the election of the latter there were 220 murders in the city. Alexander had to face 9329: 7406:"Between Expiatory Religious Processions and Individual Escapes: Responses to Bubonic Plague Epidemics in the Historiae of Gregory of Tours and Paul the Deacon" 2419:

Still Rome remained one of the strongholds of paganism, led by the aristocrats and senators. However, the new walls did not stop the city being sacked first by

9555: 6911: 4658: 2638:, abandoning those districts without water supply. There is a legend, significant though untrue, that there was a moment where no one remained living in Rome. 6735: 4615:

decorated the ceiling with his famous masterpiece, contributing to what became one of the most famous monuments of the world. Sixtus died on 12 August 1484.

1451:

Republic traditionally dates from 509 BC to 27 BC. After 500 BC, Rome is said to have joined with the Latin cities in defence against incursions by the

5506:

was occupied the following day, a provisional Government Joint created by Cadorna out of local noblemen to avoid the rise of the radical factions. Rome and

6705: 3759:'s heir who was coming to claim his family's rights over southern Italy, and left the city. After June 1265 Rome was again a democratic republic, electing 2333: 5019:, while old houses in the centre of the city were destroyed to open new, larger streets. Sixtus's principal aim was to make Rome a better destination for 1351:, allots 243 years for their reigns, an average of almost 35 years, which has been generally discounted by modern scholarship since the work of 5004: 2787:, to hover over the building and to sheathe his flaming sword as a sign that the pestilence was about to cease. The city was safe from capture at least. 5383:, fought for the short-lived republic. However, the actions of these two great men would not have resulted in unification without the sly leadership of 3896:. Noblemen and poor people at one time demanded with one voice the return of the Pope. Among the many ambassadors that in this period took their way to 2677:

decades, both much of the remaining possessions of the senatorial aristocracy and the local Byzantine Roman administration in Rome were absorbed by the

7569: 3341:

Following the death of Charlemagne, the lack of a figure with equal prestige led the new institution into disagreement. At the same time the universal

1329:. (Priscus is said by the ancient literary sources to be the son of a Greek refugee and an Etruscan mother.) Their names refer to the Etruscan town of 484: 9084: 7221: 933:, and freemen without distinction. To provide his citizens with wives, Romulus invited the neighbouring tribes to a festival in Rome where the Romans 5573:. In 1861, Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the control of the Pope. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the 5394:

Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take.

6936: 3515:, an idealistic, fierce opponent of ecclesiastical property and church interference in temporal affairs, the revolt that led to the creation of the 2630:, except for one, were not repaired. The population, without imports of grain and oil from Sicily, shrank to less than 50,000 concentrated near the 9341: 7966: 6243: 6036:

and the inclusion of bordering villages such as Labaro, Osteria del Curato, Quarto Miglio, Capannelle, Pisana, Torrevecchia, Ottavia, Casalotti.

5708: 5707:. There were some bitter fights between Italian and German troops in the south of the city and even in sight of the Colosseum, shortly after the 5537:", although he was not actually restrained from coming and going. Pius IX took steps to ensure self-sufficiency, such as the construction of the 3368:, and later the Emperors, learned how to take their own advantage of this internal weakness, playing the role of arbiters among the contestants. 1985:: The Goths cut off the aqueducts in the siege of 537, an act which historians traditionally regard as the beginning of the Middle Ages in Italy 1733:

The first thirty years of the last century BC were characterised by serious internal problems that threatened the existence of the Republic. The

973:, named after thirty of the Sabine women who had intervened to end the war between Romulus and Tatius. The curiae formed the voting units in the 9171: 6032:), San Basilio, Garbatella, Cinecittà, Trullo and Quarticciolo. So great was the influx of people that on the coast, there was restructuring of 5874:

football World Cup); the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village), created to house the athletes, was later redeveloped as a residential district.

6167:

Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press.

4053:, which impeded any true attempt of improving the conditions of the decaying Rome. The 14th century, with the absence of the popes during the 9442: 9209: 8407: 4902:

and locked in at night. The Pope decreed that Jews should wear a distinctive sign, yellow hats for men and veils or shawls for women. Jewish

1347:, and others claim that Rome was ruled during its first centuries by a succession of seven kings. The traditional chronology, as codified by 5329:

until the dispute was resolved in 1929. Other states continued to maintain international recognition of the Holy See as a sovereign entity.

4921:. The former was a nepotist lover of court splendours, but more severe customs arrived anyway through the ideas of his advisor, the prelate 2157:

is one of the few monuments of ancient Rome from the 3rd century, and was a gate in the Servian Wall. Two side gates were destroyed in 1447.

2130:). Augustus's successors sought to emulate his success in part by adding their own contributions to the city. In AD 64, during the reign of 9984: 6886: 5325:, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they 5284: 402:

in 476 after the city was conquered by the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Consequently, Rome's power declined, and it eventually became part of the

10026: 10014: 8237: 7864: 6996: 3267: 8737: 7546: 7527:

Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., Source Book for Mediæval History (New York: Scribners, 1905; reprint AMS Press, 1971).

10073: 9310: 6621: 6123:

Procopius, Gothic War, III.xxii. "In Rome he suffered nothing human to remain, leaving it altogether, in every part, a perfect desert."

4559:. The personal politics of intrigue and war required much money, but in spite of this Sixtus was a true patron of art in the manner of 4152: 8024: 7168: 7090: 5368: 969:: Ramnes (meaning Romans), Tities (after the Sabine king), and Luceres (Etruscans). He also divided the general populace into thirty 515: 4972:

maintained that "life and goods were never as unsure as at the time of Gregorius XIII, perhaps", and that a confraternity even held

2720:, the invaders effectively restricted Imperial authority to small islands of land surrounding a number of coastal cities, including 2108:

By the end of the Republic, the city of Rome had achieved a grandeur befitting the capital of an empire dominating the whole of the

9989: 7622: 6205: 6140:", Book IV, Chapter IV, written in 1762, where he writes in a footnote that the word for Rome is Greek in origin and means force. " 2645:

dramatically impoverished by the recent wars, these were not always sufficient. He also styled himself the patron of its remaining

7944: 7476: 5679: 5517:

When Rome was eventually taken, the Italian government reportedly intended to let Pope Pius IX keep the part of Rome, west of the

3967:

With the emperor back in his lands, Albornoz could regain a certain control over the city, while remaining in his safe citadel in

3793:

reduced his charisma, and the city was thenceforth free from his authority. The next senator was again a Roman, and again a pope,

510:(established in 1946). With a population of 4.4 million (as of 2015; 2.9 million within city limits), it is the largest 11361: 9999: 6966: 5878: 4686:, both members of the Medici family. During this twenty-year period Rome became the greatest centre of art in the world. The old 2415:

The ancient basilica of St. Lawrence, outside the walls, was built directly over the tomb of the people's favourite Roman martyr.

7741: 7582:

from Oliver J. Thatcher, and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History, (New York: Scribners, 1905), p. 102.

7184: 6680: 6479: 1625:. It began in 494 BC, when, while Rome was at war with two neighbouring tribes, the Plebeians all left the city (the first 1297:

became dominant in Italy and expanded into north-central Italy. Roman tradition claimed that Rome had been under the control of

11306: 9994: 9728: 8603:

Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752

7596: 6598: 4934: 4567:, whose first curator was Platina. The Library was officially founded on 15 June 1475. He restored several churches, including 3500:, Rome's people began to consider adopting a communal status and gaining a substantial amount of freedom from papal authority. 3149: 2817: 8385: 6152: 3198:, i.e. protector of Rome. In the August of that year the King and Pope together crossed back the Alps and defeated Aistulf at 2641:

Justinian I provided grants for the maintenance of public buildings, aqueducts and bridges—though, being mostly drawn from an

1605:

were closed only twice—when they were open it meant that Rome was at war), Rome had to face a severe major social crisis, the

1509:, a loose collective of peoples who controlled much of Northern Europe including what is modern North and Central-East Italy. 11392: 11276: 10101: 9628: 9411: 9272: 9237: 9198: 9163: 9134: 9076: 9029: 8970: 8943: 8919: 8878: 8847: 8673: 8630: 8579: 8475: 6810: 6266: 3480:

replacing the old aristocracy with a new class formed by entrepreneurs, traders and merchants. After the sack of Rome by the

9181:

Ancient history: classification schedule, classified listing by call number, chronological listing, author and title listing

5092:

became the world's first public museum in 1734 and some of the most famous views of Rome in the 18th century were etched by

2459:. Many inhabitants now fled as the city no longer could be supplied with grain from Africa from the mid-5th century onward. 11366: 11241: 10394: 8001: 5922: 3246: 2598:, recapturing the city next year, on 9 December AD 536. In 537–538, the Eastern Romans successfully defended the city in a 399: 8210: 6548: 4414:

for the following year, which saw a great influx of pilgrims from all Europe. The crowd was so large that in December, on

9947: 8276: 7790: 5936: 2290: 1621:, in which the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians. It played a major role in the development of the 8179: 8062: 7826: 7673: 7506: 5463:. Garibaldi first attacked Sicily, luckily under the guise of passing British ships and landing with little resistance. 5444:

in Rome, with help of French troops, marked the exclusion of Rome from the unification process that was embodied in the

3944: 9618: 8092: 7337: 7119: 6535: 5445: 3884:

In spite of its decline and the absence of the Pope, Rome had not lost its spiritual prestige: in 1341 the famous poet

1622: 1487: 5514:

held on 2 October. 133,681 voted for annexation, 1,507 opposed (in Rome itself, there were 40,785 "Yes" and 57 "No").

4847:. His two immediate successors were feeble figures who did nothing to escape the actual Spanish suzerainty over Rome. 3528:, in 1167, during one of these shifts, in the war with Tusculum, Roman troops were defeated by the imperial forces of 11286: 10046: 9613: 9608: 9584: 9435: 8695: 8651: 8537: 8498: 8125: 7910: 7446: 7362: 6843: 6188: 5918: 5852: 4814: 4630:, who invaded Italy in 1494 and entered Rome on 31 December of that year. The Pope could only barricade himself into 4563:. He reopened the academy and reorganised the Collegio degli Abbreviatori, and in 1471 began the construction of the 4438: 4018:, but in vain. However, Urban did not like the unhealthy air of the city, and on 5 September 1370 he sailed again to 3612: 3444: 2250: 1438: 1274: 457: 7147: 6727: 3594: 3426: 3152:. Despite the tensions Gregory III never discontinued his support to the imperial efforts against external threats. 11301: 9974: 9623: 9550: 9229: 9120: 8358: 5750: 5566: 5177: 4147:

on 26 October 1434. After the death in mysterious circumstances of Vitelleschi, the city came under the control of

3656: 3586: 3418: 2258: 1770: 20: 8950: 6908: 1601:

Amidst the never-ending wars (from the beginning of the Republic up to the Principate, the doors of the temple of

9567: 9500: 8428: 7309: 5848: 5720: 4635: 3529: 3156: 1425: 895: 507: 499: 384: 6756:

The Roman Republic was never restored; but nor was it abolished, so the event which signalled its transition to

6697: 6369: 2213:'s political reforms, Rome was deprived of its traditional role of administrative capital of the Empire. Later, 10321: 10246: 10004: 9402:. In Andretta, Stefano; Baiocchi, Giulia; Indrio, Serena; Rossi Pinelli, Orietta; Tantillo, Alma Maria (eds.). 8911: 5398:, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, 5384: 4899: 4004: 3956: 3590: 3422: 1107: 533:

Attempts have been made to find a linguistic root for the name Rome. Possibilities include derivation from the

312: 59: 7643:

In many manuscripts, including the oldest one, which dates from the 9th century, the document bears the title

6142:

There are writers who say that the name 'Rome' is derived from 'Romulus'. It is in fact Greek and means force.

4481:, who took the reins after his death in 1458, was a great Humanist, but did little for Rome. During his reign 3507:, the Romans rebelled against the aristocracy and Church rule in 1143. The Senate and the Roman Republic, the 2371:(later called the Pope) the senior religious figure in the Western Empire, as officially stated in 380 by the 2161:

Rome's population declined after its apex in the 2nd century. At the end of that century, during the reign of

1713:

gave his kingdom to the Roman people. The end of the 2nd century brought another threat, when a great host of

10817: 9317:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire: A complete history of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire

8820: 5364: 5333: 5141: 4771: 4490: 3492:, whose wealth came from commerce and banking rather than landholdings. Inspired by neighbouring cities like 2464: 2071: 151: 5847:

notable international cultural, scientific and humanitarian institutions are located in Rome, including the

5428: 4866:

troops of the viceroy again besieging Rome in 1556. Paul sued for peace, but had to accept the supremacy of

2528: 2205:

which had a perimeter that measured close to 20 km (12 mi). Rome formally remained capital of the

10657: 10261: 9713: 9428: 8452: 7405: 7215: 6354: 6336: 6318: 6094: 5617: 5173: 4739: 4474:

neglected Nicholas's cultural policies, instead devoting himself to his greatest passion, his nephews. The

3760: 2976: 1905: 1433: 4441:

on 16 March 1452, was more a civil ceremony. The Papacy now controlled Rome with a strong hand. A plot by

2805:. This was completed in the autumn of 598—later recognised by Maurice—lasting until the end of his reign. 2395:

of all. Constantine was also the first patron of official Christian buildings in the city. He donated the

11356: 11281: 11040: 10096: 9979: 9525: 6928: 6029: 5666: 5407: 4977: 3826: 3462: 3272: 3032: 2599: 2476: 2444: 2400: 2194: 1879: 1683: 1545: 883: 7379: 4727:, a friend of Raphael and a patron of the arts. Despite his premature death, and to his eternal credit, 4649:

The most nepotist Pope of all, Alexander, favoured his ruthless son Cesare, creating for him a personal

494:

Modern history, the period from the 19th century to the present. Rome came under siege again after the

471:

as the centre of artistic and cultural influence. The Roman Renaissance was cut short abruptly with the

285: 11316: 10980: 10872: 10642: 10414: 10236: 10144: 10009: 9952: 9186: 8995: 8594: 8588:

Döge, F.U. (2004) "Die militärische und innenpolitische Entwicklung in Italien 1943–1944", Chapter 11,

8442: 8305: 7970: 6399: 5449: 5093: 5007:(from Sixtus' name, Felice Peretti) was constructed. New houses were built in the desolate district of 4942: 4859: 3947:

entrusted him with the role of "senator of Rome" in his programme of reassuring the Pope's rule in the

2587: 1344: 1326: 1165:, and others. In the 8th century BC, they shared the peninsula with two other major ethnic groups: the 1064: 1056: 855: 794: 6235: 5565:

Rome became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification when the rest of Italy was reunited under the

5541:. Italian nobility who owed their titles to the pope rather than the royal family became known as the 3371:

Rome was indeed prey of anarchy in this age. The lowest point was touched in 897, when a raging crowd

2613:. Belisarius soon recovered the city, but the Ostrogoths retook it in 549. Belisarius was replaced by 550:, former name of the Tiber River. Its further etymology remains unknown, as with most Etruscan words. 11336: 10429: 10384: 10311: 10231: 10179: 10169: 10121: 9468: 8977: 6099: 5974: 5696: 5321:". The successive Popes were undisturbed in their palace, and certain prerogatives recognised by the 5313:

In 1870, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the

5300: 3736:

In an attempt to imitate more successful communes, in 1252 the people elected a foreign Senator, the

3540: 2801:

unable to secure Rome from invasion, Gregory took personal initiative in starting negotiations for a

1734: 1697: 1318: 3129:

sent west by the Emperor successfully captured Rome and restored it as a part of the empire in 728.

11387: 10937: 10847: 10356: 10336: 10331: 10316: 10269: 10209: 10164: 9966: 9252: 9206: 9190: 5804: 5699:) and relatively little damage because none of the nations involved wanted to endanger the life of 4575:

and the Hospital of the Holy Spirit; paved several streets and also built a famous bridge over the

3575: 3407: 3160: 2618: 2517: 2315: 1982: 1614: 1559: 1517: 1091: 1045: 958: 934: 495: 8411: 7856: 7651: 3751:, was elected Senator. He entered the city only in 1265, but soon his presence was needed to face 1472:. The Etruscan power was now limited to Etruria itself, and Rome was the dominant city in Latium. 11346: 11326: 11266: 11256: 11246: 10652: 10341: 10241: 10221: 10136: 10126: 9831: 9771: 9751: 9463: 8463: 7286:

Boorsch, Suzanne (Winter 1982–1983). "The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture".

6033: 6017: 5885:

brings an average of 7–10 million visitors a year. Rome is the 2nd most visited city in the

5743: 5625: 5598: 5534: 5433: 5402:, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading 5326: 5306: 4870:. He was one of the most hated Popes of all, and, after his death the raging populace burned the 4828: 4687: 4509: 4486: 4453: 4335: 4272: 4195: 4091: 3668: 3626: 3579: 3411: 3348: 3320: 3256: 3133: 2934: 2918: 2741: 2032: 1675: 1456: 1049: 930: 859: 798: 511: 441: 247: 125: 7718:

The Lives of the Popes From The Time of Our Saviour Jesus Christ to the Accession of Gregory VII

4638:. In the end, the skilful Alexander was able to gain the support of the king, assigning his son 4110: 3229:

Numerous remains from this period, along with a museum devoted to Medieval Rome, can be seen at

2138:

left much of the city destroyed, but in many ways it was used as an excuse for new development.

1479:

in 509 BC which defined the spheres of influence of each city and regulated trade between them.

1126: 11351: 11341: 11291: 11271: 11085: 11060: 11025: 10907: 10632: 10279: 10041: 9572: 9285: 8956: 6882: 6789: 6300: 6013: 5863: 5840: 5716: 5487: 5270: 4695: 4627: 4568: 4524: 4411: 4404: 4095: 3525: 3260: 3140:

to excommunicate the iconoclasts. The Emperor responded by confiscating large Papal estates in

2767: 2411: 2318:, lasting from 303 to 311. Christianity had become too widespread to suppress, and in 313, the 2124:. He is said to have remarked that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble ( 1774: 1606: 1529: 1352: 1348: 1068: 688: 534: 9223: 3705:

Rome was never to evolve into an autonomous, stable reign, as happened to other communes like

1674:

crushed the Macedonian phalanx twice, in 197 and 168 BC; in 146 BC the Roman consul

783: 11321: 11251: 11075: 10827: 10627: 10622: 10419: 10326: 10251: 10214: 10199: 10174: 10154: 10056: 9399: 9290:

The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 B.C.–A.D. 476

9264: 9003: 8608: 8115: 7657: 6835: 6133: 6021: 5815: 5742:(1846–78), the last ruler of the Papal States, claimed that after Rome was annexed he was a " 5642: 4779: 4631: 4449: 4395:

can be said to have begun in Rome, heralding a period in which the city became the centre of

3764: 3756: 3300: 3125:

Paulus, but they were pushed back by the Lombards of Tuscia and Benevento. Byzantine general

2852:

was deported to Constantinople and, after a show trial, exiled to the Crimea, where he died.

2784: 2762:(reigned 582–602) added a new factor in the continuing conflict by creating an alliance with 2440: 2372: 1766: 1294: 1177: 1166: 1142: 1083: 578:"height, point," Old Slavonic врьхъ "top, summit", Russ. верх "top; upward direction", Lith. 338: 205: 9149: 8725: 6613: 6501: 6020:

in front of the Vatican. These projects involved the destruction of a large part of the old

5657:

was finally resolved on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. The

4950: 3117:. Leo reacted first by trying in vain to abduct the Pontiff, and then by sending a force of 925:. Romulus then declared the town an asylum, permitted men of all classes to come to Rome as 11331: 11296: 10985: 10852: 10752: 10677: 10542: 10505: 9881: 9545: 6178: 5859: 5341: 5231: 5062: 5020: 4832: 4719: 4714:, and many other famous paintings. Michelangelo began the decoration of the ceiling of the 4596: 4415: 4369: 4287: 4144: 3936: 3680: 3118: 3114: 3110: 2745: 2452: 2337: 2289:"punishment was inflicted on the Christians, a class of men given to a new and mischievous 2214: 2054: 1968: 1925: 1921: 1762: 1746: 817: 762: 746: 551: 437: 403: 53: 10975: 7159: 7094: 5295: 4399:. He was the first Pope to embellish the Roman court with scholars and artists, including 2665:. After the wars, the Senate was theoretically restored, but under the supervision of the 2594:(reigned 527–565), used this as a pretext to send forces to Italy under his famed general 8: 11261: 11110: 10912: 10782: 10732: 10051: 9648: 9322: 9126: 9011: 8870: 7716: 7434: 7410:

Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada

6137: 6001: 5809: 5662: 5582: 5483: 5418: 5388: 5372: 5259: 5130: 4969: 4930: 4910: 4878: 4763: 4747: 4528: 4327: 4291: 4214: 3822: 3744: 3016: 2492: 2432: 2392: 2384: 2254: 2169:

killed 2,000 people a day. Marcus Aurelius died in 180, his reign being the last of the "

1521: 1494: 1397: 1360: 990: 488: 480: 476: 472: 178: 105: 85: 65: 8641: 7618: 5069:

architecture flourished in Rome, with several famous works being completed. Work on the

11311: 11035: 10842: 10697: 10637: 10557: 10500: 10364: 9600: 9579: 9346: 9257: 9245: 9179: 8661: 7936: 7712: 7468: 7073: 6823: 5986: 5867: 5735: 5380: 5349: 5149: 4867: 4619: 4471: 4114: 4103: 4011: 3810: 3504: 3316: 3126: 3020: 2961: 2753: 2669:

and other officials appointed by, and responsible to, the Eastern Roman authorities in

2610: 2574:

continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy as a virtually independent realm from

2500: 2304: 2246: 2170: 2135: 1972: 1883: 1850: 1738: 1401: 1075: 1022: 922: 10950: 8447: 7047:

58 (1968) 32–50; G. E. M de Sainte-Croix, "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?"

6958: 6517:

Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Chronology of the World. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. p. 69.

4674:, all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under 4515: 3159:. In 730, he razed the countryside of Rome to punish the Pope, who had supported Duke 2793:, however, the new Lombard King (reigned 591 to c. 616), managed to secure peace with 1017:-speaking people. At this location, the Tiber forms a Z-shaped curve that contains an 10945: 10797: 10552: 10512: 10490: 9698: 9407: 9268: 9233: 9219: 9194: 9159: 9130: 9072: 9025: 8966: 8939: 8915: 8874: 8843: 8814: 8799: 8784: 8769: 8754: 8691: 8669: 8647: 8626: 8575: 8533: 8494: 8487: 8471: 8121: 8025:"Rome (Italy) :: Evolution of the modern city – Britannica Online Encyclopaedia" 7906: 7763: 7442: 7358: 7333: 7192: 6839: 6828: 6806: 6760:

is a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed the appointment of

6677: 6531: 6487: 6184: 5994: 5954: 5490:

could no longer protect the Papal States. Soon after, the Italian army under general

5395: 5337: 5322: 5289: 5247: 5078: 4973: 4965: 4883: 4863: 4797:, although being, at the same time, the most nepotist Pope of all. He even separated 4767: 4643: 4623: 4592: 4464: 4377: 4321: 4191: 4148: 4076: 3996: 3770: 3748: 3632: 3521: 3512: 3485: 2980: 2914: 2821: 2759: 2341: 2271: 2117: 2109: 1706: 1314: 1306: 926: 909:, Remus was murdered by Romulus or one of his supporters. Romulus then established a 791: 778: 731: 617: 464: 431: 425: 365: 332: 7592: 6785: 3352:, prepared by the Papal notaries, guaranteed to the Pope a dominion stretching from 11010: 10970: 10902: 10837: 10762: 10757: 10529: 10452: 10399: 10194: 10189: 10078: 9937: 9886: 9846: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9796: 9718: 9665: 9658: 9643: 9638: 9562: 9490: 9068: 8381: 7703: 6773: 6149: 6089: 5926: 5647: 5639:

saw a rapid growth in the city's population, that surpassed 1,000,000 inhabitants.

5613: 5538: 5527: 5491: 5456: 5376: 5357: 5145: 5096:. His grand vision of classic Rome inspired many to visit the city and examine the 5051: 4922: 4794: 4759: 4703: 4683: 4671: 4618:

Chaos, corruption and nepotism appeared in Rome under the reign of his successors,

4587:. Its decoration called on some of the most renowned artists of the age, including 4584: 4448:

Nicholas was also actively involved in Rome's urban renewal, in collaboration with

4423: 4008: 3919: 3806: 3794: 3790: 3730: 3699: 3690:

In that year, during another revolt against the Pope, the Romans headed by senator

3548: 3535: 3532:. Luckily, the winning enemies were soon dispersed by a plague and Rome was saved. 3520:

survive, choosing an ambiguous policy of shifting its support from the Pope to the

3489: 3484:

in 1084, the rebuilding of the city was supported by powerful families such as the

3361: 3283:

From the Forum, the medieval and Renaissance Senate House stands directly upon the

3214: 3137: 3004: 2833: 2825: 2646: 2544: 2361: 2006: 2002: 1714: 1687: 1630: 1579: 1476: 1389: 1310: 1154: 1014: 974: 738: 719: 620: 445: 261: 233: 119: 99: 79: 9046: 8509: 6959:"Five Good Emperors | Summary, Accomplishments, History, & Facts | Britannica" 5059:

southern Italy and the larger Comtat Venaissin around Avignon in southern France.

5042: 1134: 11105: 10917: 10897: 10857: 10792: 10742: 10737: 10612: 10562: 10470: 10304: 10284: 10204: 9653: 9404:

I Prìncipi della Chiesa. L'arte nel territorio di Roma tra Rinascimento e Barocco

9382: 9213: 9142: 9103: 9090: 9062: 9040: 9015: 8960: 8933: 8905: 8864: 8837: 8704: 8620: 8569: 7749: 7327: 7172: 7126: 6915: 6684: 6156: 5990: 5932: 5882: 5731: 5669: 5636: 5609: 5586: 5558: 5499: 5016: 4824: 4755: 4707: 4691: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4564: 4560: 4548: 4540: 4505: 4442: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4361: 4023: 3893: 3877: 3684: 3647: 3516: 3508: 3472: 3458: 3342: 3187: 3183: 3106: 3077: 2840:, at the time closed for centuries, and thus probably saved it from destruction. 2678: 2666: 2509: 2166: 2162: 2066: 1865: 1651: 1575: 1405: 1322: 1237: 1103: 847: 787: 7993: 7132:

afflicti suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae.

5803:

Rome grew substantially after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "

2605:

Gothic resistance revived however, and on 17 December 546, the Ostrogoths under

2471:. This architectural cannibalism was a constant feature of Roman life until the 1810: 1646:

their ancestral farmlands by the advent of massive, slave-operated farms called

1359:

destroyed much of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city after the

11160: 10802: 10537: 10485: 10457: 10404: 10389: 10369: 10184: 10159: 10116: 10106: 9932: 9906: 9836: 9821: 9786: 9746: 9507: 9295: 9116: 9058: 9052: 8889: 6989:"Pax Romana | Imperial Age, Mediterranean World & Roman Peace | Britannica" 6765: 6556: 6081: 5898: 5886: 5779: 5658: 5654: 5542: 5460: 5318: 5199: 5070: 5008: 4844: 4810: 4724: 4715: 4702:, who in Rome became the most famous painter in Italy, creating frescos in the 4675: 4580: 4552: 4536: 4339: 4311: 4260: 4199: 4129: 4122: 4084: 4066: 4054: 4050: 4015: 3952: 3913: 3901: 3851: 3847: 3814: 3782: 3726: 3718: 3543:, one of the most beautiful Roman churches built or re-built in the Middle Ages 3334:. It created instead a rival empire which, after a long series of conquests by 3331: 3164: 3062: 3043: 2837: 2780: 2635: 2627: 2567: 2563: 2533: 2513: 2480: 2468: 2396: 2349: 2319: 2234: 2202: 2185:

was completed in AD 273 (in that year its population was only around 500,000).

2182: 1998: 1909: 1887: 1637: 1618: 1594: 1586: 1498: 1429: 1365: 1302: 1281: 1072: 1060: 998: 950: 649: 643: 629: 453: 449: 349: 41: 8268: 7782: 7650: 7377: 6988: 5553: 3813:. Entangled in a local feud against the traditional rivals of his family, the 3251: 3090: 2617:, who captured Rome from the Ostrogoths for good in 552, ending the so-called 11381: 10692: 10662: 10577: 10111: 10088: 9901: 9756: 9741: 9688: 9495: 9387: 9334: 9021: 8741:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 615–684. 8720: 8683: 8297: 8171: 8054: 7818: 7707: 7498: 6761: 6067: 5906: 5827: 5821: 5784: 5760: 5700: 5621: 5581:. And it was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the 5348:. After the fall of Napoleon's Empire, the Papal States were restored by the 5188: 5089: 5074: 5035: 4983: 4958: 4896: 4819: 4790: 4786: 4711: 4664:

The Renaissance had a great impact on Rome's appearance, with works like the

4639: 4556: 4482: 4459: 4400: 4353: 4238: 4046: 3968: 3889: 3778: 3774: 3722: 3636: 3493: 3380: 3376: 3308: 3219: 3096: 2965: 2849: 2845: 2794: 2763: 2496: 2323: 2267: 2230: 1901: 1758: 1443: 1373: 1298: 1265: 1225: 1006: 986: 914: 887: 867: 755: 696: 635: 436:, the population of Rome fell to as low as 30,000 inhabitants. Following the 413: 407: 380: 342: 320: 35: 8379: 8084: 5727:" and withdrew, meaning that the Allies did not have to fight their way in. 3979:

band called "Del Cappello" ("Hat"), while the Romans bought the services of

3866: 3279: 2539: 1317:. The last three kings were said to be Etruscan (at least partially)—namely 1289:

takes its name from king Servius Tullius and is the first true wall of Rome.

311:. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the 11170: 11030: 10475: 10424: 10379: 10374: 10226: 10036: 9922: 9866: 9861: 9633: 9517: 9451: 8929: 8202: 7323: 6777: 6757: 6506: 6053: 5902: 5756: 5739: 5704: 5692: 5673: 5629: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5522: 5503: 5441: 5411: 5012: 4954: 4946: 4914: 4888: 4855: 4836: 4806: 4782:. The sack marked the end of one of the most splendid eras of modern Rome. 4654: 4612: 4608: 4497: 4493: 4478: 4357: 4118: 4080: 4026:, officially set the date of his return to Rome at May 1372, but again the 3989: 3948: 3786: 3691: 3631:

In 1204 the streets of Rome were again in flames when the struggle between

3481: 3312: 3304: 3292: 3242: 3203: 3100: 2946: 2802: 2555: 2327: 2266:

reached Rome during the 1st century AD. For the first two centuries of the

2263: 2206: 2077: 2028: 1840: 1805: 1726: 1567: 1382: 1286: 1099: 1079: 1018: 946: 942: 910: 840: 832: 806: 766: 684: 591: 417: 376: 361: 308: 219: 192: 164: 138: 47: 5832: 5211: 4881:

views are well shown by his order that a central area of Rome, around the

4539:, considered the first Pope-King of Rome. In order to favour his relative 3975:. This move, however, provoked a civil war. The countryside party hired a 1555: 949:, initially serving as his advisory council. These men he called fathers ( 10965: 10587: 10409: 10299: 9693: 8860: 6769: 5982: 5970: 5962: 5950: 5712: 5605: 5422: 5031: 4918: 4871: 4775: 4419: 4392: 4349: 4344: 4211: 4107: 3976: 3932: 3817:, at the same time he struggled to assure the universal supremacy of the 3335: 3223: 3148:

and transferring areas previously ecclesiastically under the Pope to the

2902: 2856: 2829: 2631: 2591: 2583: 2548: 2472: 2380: 2345: 2209:, but emperors spent less and less time there. At the end of 3rd century 2116:, who completed Caesar's projects and added many of his own, such as the 2042: 2024: 1778: 1754: 1650:, flocked to the city in great numbers. The victory over Carthage in the 1647: 1571: 1468:. In 394 BC, they also conquered the menacing Etruscan neighbour of 1369: 1270: 1150: 1028: 1002: 851: 821: 765:

is crucial for understanding the related processes of monumentalisation,

519: 416:

is characterised by a break with Constantinople and the formation of the

392: 331:, covering Rome's earliest inhabitants and the legend of its founding by 8907:

A critical history of early Rome: from prehistory to the first Punic War

8354: 6883:"Ancient History Sourcebook: Dio Cassius: Nero and the Great Fire 64 AD" 5494:

entered Rome on 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours, through

4778:

on duty only 42 survived. The Pope himself was imprisoned for months in

4731:

also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins.

3702:, but in that age family ties often did not determine one's allegiance. 3182:, ending the Exarchate of Ravenna. Rome seemed his next victim. In 754, 3155:

In this period the Lombard kingdom revived under the leadership of King

2828:". Phocas's reign saw the erection of the last imperial monument in the 2406: 2201:, who at year 273 finished encircling the capital itself with a massive 1629:). The result of this first secession was the creation of the office of 345:, in which, according to tradition, Romulus was the first of seven kings 11190: 11130: 11095: 10887: 10822: 10812: 10707: 10592: 10480: 10063: 10031: 9776: 9703: 9535: 9530: 9280: 8981: 6000:

Parts of the historical centre were reorganised after the 19th-century

5942: 5511: 5344:'s reign, Rome was annexed into his empire and was technically part of 4679: 4572: 4249: 4061: 3284: 3210: 2595: 2571: 2505: 2463:

increasing number of churches were built in this way. For example, the

2448: 2388: 2357: 2311: 2210: 2174: 2143: 1897: 1793: 1642: 1582: 1087: 886:, they were ordered or decided to settle the hills around Rome's later 879: 828: 672: 460:

in the centre of the city, some abandoned and others continuing in use.

357: 9420: 9300:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

7770:. Vol. III (4th ed.). London: John Murray. pp. 287–290. 6444:

The Religion of the Etruscans – University of Texas Press 2006, page 9

6206:"Archaeologists' findings may prove Rome a century older than thought" 5719:, but was relatively undamaged because on 14 August 1943, a day after 4831:. After the shock of the sack, he also called the brilliant architect 3763:

as senator. But Conradin and the Ghibelline party were crushed in the

2855:

Then, in 663, Rome had its first imperial visit for two centuries, by

2443:

in 387 BC. The sacking of 410 is seen as a major landmark in the

11220: 11215: 11175: 11100: 11070: 11050: 10927: 10867: 10777: 10727: 10722: 10647: 10607: 10495: 10465: 10274: 10149: 9942: 9826: 9801: 9680: 9155: 8809: 8794: 8779: 8764: 8749: 6687:; details the legal and military means by which people were enslaved. 6377: 6025: 5978: 5946: 5894: 5796: 5791: 5768: 5724: 5590: 5495: 5403: 5243: 4938: 4926: 4579:

river, which still bears his name. His main building project was the

4136:. Eugene left the city a few days later, during the night of 4 June. 3872: 3672: 2701: 2685: 2662: 2654: 2622:

disrepair in the course of the latter half of the 6th century. Here,

2579: 2376: 2282: 2154: 2121: 1869: 1563: 1482: 1330: 1205: 1131: 863: 843: 503: 316: 293: 9406:(in Italian). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). 9092:

From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68

6502:

The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire

5601:, and in 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome. 5471:

subsequently resigned. Only Lombardy had been captured at the time.

3642: 3564: 3396: 2326:(sole ruler 324–337) became the first Christian emperor, and in 380 1633:, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the Plebeians. 1052:

migrated from the east in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC.

11180: 11165: 11155: 11140: 11055: 11045: 11015: 11005: 11000: 10990: 10892: 10807: 10687: 10672: 10602: 10582: 10572: 10567: 10547: 10346: 9927: 9891: 9781: 9708: 9540: 8724: 6781: 6594: 5958: 5570: 5314: 4802: 4501: 4396: 4356:. The Popes were also patrons of the arts engaging such artists as 4331: 4099: 4070: 4034: 4000: 3972: 3885: 3818: 3752: 3706: 3676: 3145: 3081: 3047: 2898: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2661:

in the stated hope that eventually more youths would seek a better

2424: 2420: 2353: 2198: 2178: 2149: 2113: 1956: 1940: 1836: 1782: 1710: 1705:

In the following years, Rome continued its conquests in Spain with

1691: 1667: 1659: 1626: 1533: 1340: 1213: 1078:. The Romans then considered themselves a mix of these people, the 1048:

lie in prehistory and are therefore not precisely known, but their

962: 918: 906: 891: 468: 388: 369: 7161:

The First Missionary War. The Church take over of the Roman Empire

4817:. He continued the patronage of art supporting the Michelangelo's 4666: 2816:(reigned 602–610). Phocas recognised his primacy over that of the 11200: 11195: 11185: 11150: 11145: 11135: 11080: 11065: 10882: 10877: 10862: 10832: 10787: 10767: 10747: 10702: 10434: 10289: 10068: 9876: 9871: 9761: 8571:

History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I

6009: 5966: 5353: 4858:, elected in 1555, was a member of the anti-Spanish party in the 4728: 4699: 4690:

was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like

4475: 4365: 4283: 4019: 3984: 3980: 3960: 3909: 3897: 3855: 3737: 3695: 3497: 3476: 3365: 3353: 3296: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3066: 3051: 2992: 2930: 2860: 2790: 2737: 2736:. The one inland city continuing under Eastern Roman control was 2721: 2717: 2713: 2670: 2623: 2586:, a pro-imperial Gothic queen, and usurped the power in 535. The 2575: 2559: 2521: 2456: 2428: 2300: 2222: 1952: 1722: 1679: 1541: 1525: 1513: 1393: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1197: 1193: 1158: 966: 938: 875: 871: 825: 809: 742: 9372:

Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome

4033:

Only on 17 January 1377, Gregory XI could finally reinstate the

3255:

A 13th-century fresco of Sylvester and Constantine, showing the

2602:

against the Ostrogothic army, and eventually took Ravenna, too.

1110:

were admitted as citizens as well. The Sabines—considered to be

11210: 11090: 11020: 10960: 10955: 10922: 10682: 10667: 10617: 10597: 10019: 9896: 9791: 8382:"rome 1960 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News" 5507: 5345: 5082: 5066: 4945:, for civil and religious buildings in Rome and throughout the 4903: 4226: 4027: 4007:

was again crowned in the city (October 1368). In addition, the

3861: 3854:", the absence of the Popes from their Roman seat in favour of 3836: 3831: 3767:(1268), and therefore Rome fell again in the hands of Charles. 3664: 3660: 3372: 3191: 3141: 3122: 2957: 2864: 2813: 2798: 2772: 2733: 2725: 2697: 2658: 2650: 2614: 2606: 2275: 1994: 1789: 1750: 1718: 1655: 1654:

brought the first two provinces outside the Italian peninsula,

1544:, who outsmarted and trapped the legions in 321 BC at the 1461: 1452: 1409: 1381:

abandoned monarchy in favour of a republican system based on a

1253: 1233: 1201: 1170: 1146: 1095: 1033: 1010: 899: 836: 692: 421: 353: 5755:

Vatican City officially pursued a policy of neutrality during

4874:'s palace and destroyed his marble statue on the Campidoglio. 4661:; as well as, presumably, the Pope's son, Giovanni of Gandia. 3547:

In 1188 the new communal government was finally recognised by

3511:, were born again. Through the inflammatory words of preacher 2057:; the Duchy of Rome is now completely cut off from the empire 10995: 10717: 10444: 9736: 9225:

Barbarian tides: the migration age and the later Roman Empire

5890: 5518: 5414:

who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.

5161: 5097: 4798: 4650: 4576: 4544: 3905: 3714: 3710: 3357: 3338:, now encompassed most of the Christian Western territories. 3199: 2776: 2749: 2689: 2642: 2218: 1936: 1701:

Map of the centre of Rome during the time of the Roman Empire

1663: 1610: 1602: 1549: 1506: 1465: 1413: 1356: 1229: 1221: 1189: 1115: 1111: 1041: 1037: 970: 813: 750: 661: 541: 275: 7721:. Vol. I. London: Griffith Farran & Co. p. 243 4895:

were forced to live in seclusion. They had to remain in the

4793:(1534–1549) tried to recover the situation by summoning the 4418:, some 200 people died, crushed underfoot or drowned in the 4073:. He restored order, laying the foundations of its rebirth. 3943:

In August 1354, Cola was again a protagonist, when Cardinal

3835:("Slap of Anagni"), which signalled instead the rule of the 754:

century BC, and there is evidence of people arriving on the

11205: 10772: 10712: 10294: 9670: 9176: 8839:

The immense majesty: a history of Rome and the Roman Empire

8521:

Etruscan Life and Afterlife: a Handbook of Etruscan Studies

8507: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7780: 6349: 6331: 6313: 6295: 5871: 5107: 4500:(1464–1471) was notable only for the reintroduction of the 4429: 4162: 4003:, Urban finally visited for the city. During his presence, 3840: 3327: 3091:

Break with Constantinople and formation of the Papal States

2874: 2809: 2729: 2436: 2368: 2364:

in the Senate House, as asked by remaining pagan Senators.

2286: 2226: 2131: 1854: 1817: 1590: 1469: 1336: 1224:

between 750 and 550 BC (which the Romans later called

1209: 1162: 994: 595: 328: 323:. Roman history can be divided into the following periods: 304: 7553: 7530: 5711:. On 4 June 1944 Rome became the first capital city of an 4642:

as military counsellor for the subsequent invasion of the

3800: 3671:. To repay his loyalty, Frederick sent to the commune the 1749:

and his later dictatorship, the extraordinary commands of

9766: 9392:

The Urban Development of Rome in the Age of Alexander VII

8643:

A history and description of Roman political institutions

7890:

The papal monarchy: the Western church from 1050 to 1250

7043:

Timothy D. Barnes, "Legislation Against the Christians",

7032:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine

6563: 6464: 5961:

times. There are palaces and artistic treasures from the

5455:, after which all the Italian peninsula, except Rome and 5332:

The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived

4892: 4040: 2193:

Starting in the early 3rd century, matters changed. The "

945:. Romulus selected 100 of the most noble men to form the 9251: 7805: 7559: 7536: 7491: 6857:

rome first city with one million inhabitants -.com .edu.

6267:"A Brief Glimpse into Early Rome – Archaeology Magazine" 5545:

during this period because of their purported mourning.

4326:

The latter half of the 15th century saw the seat of the

2558:, was murdered and a Roman general of barbarian origin, 2486: 2483:, Temple of All Gods, became the church of All Martyrs. 1044:

peninsula, by the 1st millennium BC. The origins of the

8047: 8022: 7854: 7593:"Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne" 7378:

Journal of the Canadian Historical Association (2024).

6448: 4045:

The incoherent behaviour of his successor, the Italian

3524:

and vice versa as the political situation required. At

2104:

Life in Rome; animation in Latin with English subtitles

890:, an important river port connected in Roman myth with 831:

and, via their mother, were further descended from the

9357: 8164: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7816: 6788:

in 27 BC, as candidates for the defining pivotal

6420: 6398: 5683:

Propaganda inscription, "the work of the liberators" (

5533:

The pope referred to himself during this time as the "

1520:, who had successfully defeated the Roman army at the 941:, Romulus shared Rome's kingship with the Sabine king 8859: 8380:

Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee (2011).

7275:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 25. 6862: 6830:

Daily life in the Roman city: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia

6433: 4980:. The courtesans repressed by Pius had now returned. 4698:

and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican;

3927:

still in its urban context before the opening of the

3236: 2407:

Germanic invasions and collapse of the Western Empire

2399:

to the Pope, and built the first great basilica, the

290:

Rome: Ruins of the Forum, Looking towards the Capitol

8134: 7030:

W. H. C. Frend, "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy",

7021:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), vol. 12, p. 616. 6180:

Rome in the Ancient World: From Romulus to Justinian

6043: 4754:

In 1527 the ambiguous policy followed by the second

4512:. The conspirators were sent to Castel Sant'Angelo. 2316:

most severe and last major persecution of Christians

905:

Disputing some point of the founding or its related

558:(1931) suggests that the name is most probably from 444:, the Papacy did gain considerable influence in the 379:

followed the Republic, which waned with the rise of

9338:

The Emergence of Rome as Ruler of the Western World

9326:

The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire

9010: 8639: 8302:

Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War

7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7841: 7774: 7034:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), vol. 1, p. 510. 5843:has about 4.4 million inhabitants as of 2015. 4551:of Florence (26 April 1478) and in Rome fought the 3275:

as it is thought to have looked around AD 1450

2330:established Christianity as the official religion. 805:The city's name was long credited to the legendary 9256: 9178: 8486: 8269:"An Excerpt from The Battle for Rome: 'Open City'" 7819:"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Holy Year of Jubilee" 7619:"Medieval Sourcebook: The Donation of Constantine" 6834:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 6827: 5774: 4496:produced a great number of pilgrims. The reign of 3850:, never entered the city, starting the so-called " 2336:, visits to the pagan temples were forbidden, the 1512:In 387 BC, Rome was sacked and burned by the 1475:A formal treaty was agreed with the city-state of 506:on 14 August 1943. Rome became the capital of the 9218: 7994:"Europe | Pope's guards celebrate 500 years" 7937:"Seattle Catholic – The Sack of Rome: 1527, 1776" 5661:was signed by Benito Mussolini on behalf of King 5417:In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the 5088:The arts also flourished throughout this period. 2744:(reigned 578–582) against the approaching Dukes, 2367:The Empire's conversion to Christianity made the 1765:with his legions, occupying Rome and beginning a 1709:, and it set foot in Asia, when the last king of 1220:The Greeks had founded many colonies in Southern 475:in 1527, but the Papacy reasserted itself in the 467:occurred in the 15th century, when Rome replaced 11379: 8835: 7934: 7915: 7076:, "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again", 7064:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. lviii–lxii. 7017:Graeme Clarke, "Third-Century Christianity", in 6803:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 6728:"BBC – History – The Fall of the Roman Republic" 6477: 6150:http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/francois.html 5624:on the city in 1922, eventually declaring a new 4891:, the very constricted area in which the city's 4634:, which had been turned into a true fortress by 4155:. Eugene returned to Rome on 28 September 1443. 3777:, was elected in 1277 and moved the seat of the 3717:. The endless struggles between noble families ( 1773:(descendant of the founder of the republic) and 1682:, marking the end of free Greece. The same year 812:. It was said that Romulus and his twin brother 546:), meaning "bravery" or "courage"; Compare also 479:, and the city continued to flourish during the 8666:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 8470:. New York & London: Liveright Publishing. 8260: 8238:"The Population of Rome — CP 29:101‑116 (1934)" 8229: 7674:"The Cadaver Synod: Strangest Trial in History" 7466: 7460: 7312:. University of Chicago. §4, Vol. I, Chap. XII. 7019:Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire 6549:"Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires" 5709:armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces 5288:Proclamation of the Roman Republic in 1849, in 4906:existed in Europe for the next 315 years. 3995:On 16 October 1367, in reply to the prayers of 3843:and marked another period of decline for Rome. 3655:The struggle between the Popes and the emperor 2562:, declared allegiance to Eastern Roman emperor 9151:War and society in imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 284 9147: 9115: 9057: 8613:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 8598:. PhD Thesis, Free University, Berlin. 960 p. 8550:Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion in 7207: 7152: 6471: 6442:Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion in 5969:times. There is art and architecture from the 5400:Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians 4937:, where Pius IV was buried. The expression of 4014:came in Rome to beg for a crusade against the 2684:The reign of Justinian's nephew and successor 2516:, built between AD 271 and AD 275. During the 2188: 1725:, crossed the river Rhone and moved to Italy. 424:struggled to retain influence in the emerging 9436: 8955: 8903: 8708:The History of Rome, Books I, II, III, IV, V. 7562:"The Situation in the Time of King Liutprand" 7177: 5510:were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a 5371:. Two of the most influential figures of the 5336:(1798), which was under the influence of the 5073:began in 1732 and was completed in 1762. The 4913:gained pace under his successors, the milder 4535:More important by far was the Pontificate of 3992:, provided Albornoz did not enter the walls. 3900:, emerged the bizarre but eloquent figure of 2387:to celebrate his victory over Maxentius, and 2285:mentions in passing that during the reign of 1904:; building of the first Christian basilicas; 1486:Chart showing the checks and balances of the 9351:The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization 8928: 8408:"The Fifty Most Visited Places in the World" 8200: 8194: 7285: 7137: 6367: 6361: 6148:, interpreted as Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome. 3862:Cola di Rienzo and the Pope's return to Rome 2836:bearing his name. He also gave the Pope the 2783:(term 590–604) was passing in procession by 2467:was erected using spoils from the abandoned 2445:decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire 2379:built buildings such as its basilica in the 2360:punished. Theodosius refused to restore the 2127:Urbem latericium invenit, marmoream reliquit 9244:Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages 855–883 Online at 9064:A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC 8660: 8622:The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC 8400: 7665: 7469:"Pope Saint Martin I – Saints & Angels" 7270: 7130: 6698:"Mar 15, 44 BC: Julius Caesar Assassinated" 6674:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6569: 6183:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 10. 5687:), on wall of a bombed building, Rome, 1944 5406:wanted a republic, but eventually it was a 4785:The 1525's Jubilee resulted in a farce, as 4426:reappeared in the city, and Nicholas fled. 4391:, who became Pontiff on 19 March 1447, the 3593:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3213:, devised a plot to conquer Rome and seize 3132:On 1 November 731, a council was called in 2812:was further strengthened under the usurper 2294: 2125: 2010: 985:Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the 429: 9443: 9429: 8172:"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Pius IX" 8055:"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Paul IV" 8016: 7648: 7645:Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris 6636: 5258:Rome is one of the locations for the 1990 4410:On 4 September 1449 Nicholas proclaimed a 3554: 3295:, led the traditional procession from the 2299:). He gives no reason for the punishment. 1252:, as well as in the eastern two-thirds of 8567: 8489:The ancient civilization of the Etruscans 8203:"Benito Mussolini | Comando Supremo" 7884: 7882: 7352: 7236: 6645: 6585:. pp. 61–64. Running Press, London, 2004. 6421:Dionysius of Halicarnassus. "Book I.14". 6012:period, for example, the creation of the 5912: 5695:, Rome suffered few bombings (notably at 4348:(the first bridge to be built across the 4065:papacy, and internationally by the great 3613:Learn how and when to remove this message 3445:Learn how and when to remove this message 3109:refused to accept the decrees of Emperor 2005:, converting it into a Christian church; 1141:The Italic speakers in the area included 749:, and the city and surrounding region of 516:largest urban areas of the European Union 387:and the victory of Caesar's adopted son, 9397: 8719: 8595:Pro- und antifaschistischer Neorealismus 8527: 8518: 8373: 8140: 7706:content with thus dishonouring the dead 7403: 7397: 7093:. Mesa Community College. Archived from 5985:periods. There are museums, such as the 5790: 5778: 5678: 5641: 5589:entering the city through a breach near 5552: 5427: 5294: 5283: 5041: 5030: 4738: 4670:by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the 4514: 4458: 4428: 4125:'s support to the two former republics. 4075: 4069:, at the end of which was elected Pope, 3918: 3865: 3641: 3534: 3326:This act forever severed the loyalty of 3287:, ancient Rome's repository of archives. 3278: 3266: 3250: 2554:In 480, the last Western Roman emperor, 2538: 2527: 2504: 2410: 2148: 2089: 1809: 1757:made that clear. In January 49 BC, 1696: 1593:valleys (16–7 BC) were later added. The 1554: 1552:in the south under its control as well. 1481: 1437: 1280: 1269: 1125: 782: 585: 570:) and otherwise, "but less likely" from 556:Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin 383:, and by all measures concluded after a 284: 9450: 8682: 8117:The papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust 7892:, (Oxford University Press, 2001), 271. 7739: 7303: 7301: 7288:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 6875: 6822: 6454: 6197: 5965:; fountains, churches and palaces from 5862:, using many ancient sites such as the 5367:arose in 1849, within the framework of 3801:Boniface VIII and the Avignon captivity 3174:was even more aggressive. He conquered 2274:, governor of Bythinia, to the emperor 2027:(vacant since the disappearance of the 1737:, between Rome and its allies, and the 11380: 8618: 8561:The Etruscan Language. An Introduction 8279:from the original on 28 September 2011 8095:from the original on 19 September 2011 7991: 7879: 7762: 7671: 7322: 7271:Brown, Thomas; Holmes, George (1988). 6651: 6614:"Roman Timeline of the 4th Century BC" 6546: 6540: 6203: 6176: 5608:, Rome witnessed the rise to power of 5279: 4935:Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri 4850: 4734: 4452:, including the construction of a new 4041:Western schism and conflict with Milan 3683:in 1234, and which was exposed in the 2688:(reigned 565–578) was marked from the 2566:. Despite owing nominal allegiance to 2076:, invades Italy; establishment of the 2031:) is transformed into the basilica of 1636:According to tradition, Rome became a 9424: 9394:(2002) 424 pp. + 223 plates; on 1660s 8484: 8462: 8235: 8113: 7992:Fraser, Christian (22 January 2006). 7273:The Oxford History of Medieval Europe 6708:from the original on 19 December 2023 6588: 6170: 5327:refused to leave the Vatican compound 3209:In 771 the new King of the Lombards, 2766:(reigned 575–595). The armies of the 2692:point of view by the invasion of the 2487:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) restoration 1777:were defeated by Caesar's lieutenant 1516:coming from eastern Italy and led by 1259: 9259:How Rome fell: death of a superpower 9177:Harvard University. Library (1975). 8690:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 8554:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 8508:Boak, Arthur Edward Romilly (1921). 8388:from the original on 21 January 2014 8266: 8077: 7947:from the original on 23 October 2018 7905:, Rome, Newton & Compton, 1999. 7781:Sapienza University of Rome (2011). 7661:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7509:from the original on 19 October 2012 7307: 7298: 6780:'s grant of extraordinary powers to 6738:from the original on 9 December 2019 6606: 6277:from the original on 14 October 2023 5957:. There are areas with remains from 5923:List of monuments of the Roman Forum 5577:were under the French protection of 4949:, his masterpieces, even before the 4887:, be delimited, creating the famous 4030:cardinals and the King stopped him. 3635:family and its rivals, the powerful 3591:adding citations to reliable sources 3558: 3423:adding citations to reliable sources 3390: 3247:Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire) 2322:made tolerance the official policy. 1971:and deposition of the final emperor 957:), and their descendants became the 683:Social and Civil Wars. Emergence of 9358:Medieval, Renaissance, early modern 9307:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 9095:(1968), standard scholarly history 9083:(1961), standard scholarly history 9042:The Legacy of Rome: A New Appraisal 8384:. International Olympic Committee. 8035:from the original on 10 August 2014 7711: 7479:from the original on 30 August 2011 7310:"History of the Later Roman Empire" 7279: 6720: 6264: 5937:List of tourist attractions in Rome 5879:Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport 5585:, that Italian troops were able to 5548: 4158: 3809:was a Roman of the Caetani family, 2700:(568). In capturing the regions of 2427:on 2 June 455, and even by general 2240: 1609:, a political struggle between the 1497:stated that 4th-century Rome was a 980: 772: 713: 13: 9279:(2009), 560pp; by leading scholar 8887: 8829: 8559:Bonfante, G.; L. Bonfante (2002). 8532:. University of California Press. 8004:from the original on 9 August 2018 7903:History of Rome in the Middle Ages 7867:from the original on 15 April 2018 7625:from the original on 23 March 2009 7264: 6999:from the original on 29 April 2015 6939:from the original on 3 August 2018 6929:"'Plague' killed Roman grave dead" 5897:(4 million tourists) and the 5831:being filmed in the city's iconic 4964:The pontificate of his successor, 4718:and executed the famous statue of 3888:came to the city to be crowned as 3475:was again attracting pilgrims and 3237:Formation of the Holy Roman Empire 2383:, Constantine himself erected the 1623:Constitution of the Roman Republic 1597:in 500 BC is marked with dark red. 1562:from 500 BC to 218 BC through the 1059:, many Roman historians—including 993:approximately 30 km (19 935:abducted many of their young women 502:several times. It was declared an 364:gained dominance over the Western 14: 11404: 9036:(1985). 386 pp. good introduction 8993: 8558: 8546: 8182:from the original on 8 March 2017 8065:from the original on 14 June 2012 7829:from the original on 16 July 2016 7649:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 7560:Third Millennium Library (2010). 7537:Third Millennium Library (2010). 7357:. London: Constable. p. 97. 7224:from the original on 30 July 2012 7214:"Alaric, King of the Visigoths". 7062:The Acts of the Christian Martyrs 6889:from the original on 3 March 2014 6624:from the original on 11 June 2011 6439: 6246:from the original on 5 March 2016 6216:from the original on 31 July 2018 5919:List of ancient monuments in Rome 5360:, which remained part of France. 5103: 5026: 4941:was meticulously widespread with 4933:into the spectacular basilica of 4862:, but his policy resulted in the 4439:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 4302:Building of the Port of Ripetta. 4176:Renaissance and early modern Rome 2905:liberates the city a year later. 2824:(607) to be "the head of all the 2296:superstitionis novae ac maleficae 2251:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism 1419: 1275:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1121: 937:. After the ensuing war with the 758:as early as the 10th century BC. 9230:University of Pennsylvania Press 9122:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 9109: 8523:. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. 8361:from the original on 14 May 2019 8347: 8338: 8213:from the original on 9 July 2011 8023:Encyclopædia Britannica (2011). 7855:ChristianChronicler.com (2006). 7793:from the original on 3 July 2017 7684:from the original on 28 May 2016 7599:from the original on 14 May 2008 7439:Rome, Profile of a City 312–1308 7261:. London: Lonmans, Green and Co. 7259:The Decline of the Ancient World 6236:"Science: Rome: Older Than Ever" 6074: 6060: 6046: 5751:Vatican City during World War II 4833:Giuliano da Sangallo the Younger 4827:and the ongoing construction of 4294:. Rome has 120,000 inhabitants. 3821:. In 1300 he launched the first 3563: 3395: 3386: 3121:troops under the command of the 2870: 2547:, last imperial monument in the 2259:State church of the Roman Empire 2233:established a second capital at 1192:) are attested north of Rome in 1009:was probably an outpost for the 921:and gates were established by a 874:and restoring their grandfather 268: 254: 240: 226: 212: 199: 185: 171: 158: 145: 132: 112: 92: 72: 21:History of Rome (disambiguation) 8519:Bonfante, Larissa, ed. (1986). 8468:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 8422: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8291: 8251: 8155: 8146: 8107: 7985: 7959: 7895: 7817:Catholic Encyclopaedia (2009). 7756: 7733: 7696: 7652:"Donation of Constantine" 7637: 7611: 7585: 7576: 7521: 7451: 7428: 7371: 7346: 7316: 7251: 7109: 7083: 7067: 7054: 7037: 7024: 7011: 6981: 6969:from the original on 2 May 2021 6951: 6921: 6901: 6816: 6795: 6750: 6690: 6666: 6657: 6575: 6520: 6511: 6494: 6457:"Heritage History eBook Reader" 6414: 6392: 6343: 6325: 5849:German Archaeological Institute 5775:Capital of the Italian Republic 5446:Second Italian Independence War 4835:to strengthen the walls of the 4678:(1503–1513) and his successors 4636:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger 4543:, he promoted the unsuccessful 4128:Fortebraccio, supported by the 3113:, which promoted the Emperor's 2085: 2069:, King of the Franks, declared 2009:(the last addition made to the 1814:Development of the Roman empire 1799: 1426:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy 1204:). They founded cities such as 929:, including criminals, runaway 440:and the limited success in the 372:as the dominant regional power. 8912:University of California Press 8713: 8563:. Manchester University Press. 8511:A history of Rome to 565 A. D. 7672:Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (2011). 7078:Journal of Theological Studies 6307: 6289: 6258: 6228: 6204:Hooper, John (13 April 2014). 6161: 6126: 6117: 5723:, the Germans declared it an " 4953:(1568), became villas such as 3330:from its imperial progenitor, 3291:On 25 April 799 the new Pope, 2779:seen, while the newly elected 1694:, making it a Roman province. 458:ancient Roman material remains 400:Western Roman Empire collapsed 313:history of the Catholic Church 1: 9398:Tantillo, Alma Maria (2017). 9367:(1982) architecture 1621–1750 9328:(2 vol 1957); famous classic 9017:Rome: the biography of a city 8780:The History of Rome, Book III 8552:The Religion of the Etruscans 7768:History of Latin Christianity 7091:"Pliny the Younger on Christ" 6907:Oates, W. J. (30 June 2009). 6768:in 44 BC, the defeat of 6105: 5459:, would be unified under the 5242:Years of terrorism. Death of 4823:, asking him to renovate the 4772:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4190:Rome becomes a centre of the 4182: 3471:In this period the renovated 2435:had been accomplished by the 2314:undertook what was to be the 1912:as the capital of the Empire 1617:(aristocrats) of the ancient 737:The traditional date for the 724: 11393:Histories of cities in Italy 10015:Frontiers and fortifications 8795:The History of Rome, Book IV 8765:The History of Rome, Book II 8640:Frost Abbott, Frank (1911). 8453:Resources in other libraries 7566:third-millennium-library.com 7543:third-millennium-library.com 6885:. Fordham University. 2009. 6095:Timeline of the city of Rome 5569:with a temporary capital at 5486:started, and French Emperor 5419:Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia 3698:. Savelli was the father of 3539:Interior of the basilica of 2465:first Saint Peter's Basilica 1434:Crisis of the Roman Republic 1305:beginning with the mythical 1149:(in the upper valley of the 839:, supposed son of the Greek 747:following M. Terentius Varro 707:Julius Caesar assassinated. 339:period of Etruscan dominance 309:civilisation of ancient Rome 303:includes the history of the 7: 10074:Decorations and punishments 8935:An Economic History of Rome 8810:The History of Rome, Book V 8750:The History of Rome, Book I 8344:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 244–45. 8335:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 236–44. 8326:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 232–36. 8317:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 222–32. 7967:"History department – UMBC" 7748:. Neff-Kane. Archived from 7257:Arnold H. M. Jones (1966). 6663:Plutarch Life of Crassus 8. 6039: 6030:Esposizione Universale Roma 6028:were founded, such as EUR ( 5667:Cardinal Secretary of State 4978:San Giovanni a Porta Latina 4762:, resulted in the dramatic 4527:), an excellent example of 4098:signed a peace treaty with 3463:14 regions of Medieval Rome 3375:the corpse of a dead pope, 3150:Patriarch of Constantinople 2818:Patriarch of Constantinople 2732:and the area of the future 2195:Crisis of the Third Century 2189:Crisis of the third century 1880:Crisis of the Third Century 1684:Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus 608:Roman Kingdom and Republic 319:has influenced many modern 10: 11409: 10981:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 9556:historiography of the fall 9187:Harvard University Library 9053:The Jewish History of Rome 8601:Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. 8547:Bonfante, Larissa (2006). 8528:Bonfante, Larissa (1990). 8410:. ITV News. Archived from 8306:Cambridge University Press 8236:Oates, Whitney J. (2011). 7969:. Umbc.edu. Archived from 7678:digitalcommons.law.uga.edu 7503:The Catholic Encyclopaedia 7242:St Jerome, Letter CXXVII. 7165:The Serapeum of Alexandria 6400:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 5930: 5916: 5759:, under the leadership of 5748: 5094:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 4766:of the city by the unruly 4694:, who built the Temple of 4653:out of territories of the 4611:, and in the 16th century 4319: 3876:leading to Michelangelo's 3624: 3456: 3240: 3094: 2764:Childebert II of Austrasia 2490: 2244: 2065:Alliance with the Franks; 1803: 1423: 1345:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1263: 1057:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 898:, capturing the cattle of 872:their usurping grand-uncle 816:were the offspring of the 776: 717: 664:invade Rome. Rome sacked. 589: 542: 18: 11362:External wars and battles 11229: 11123: 10936: 10528: 10521: 10443: 10355: 10260: 10135: 10087: 9965: 9915: 9854: 9845: 9727: 9679: 9599: 9516: 9486: 9477: 9459: 8836:Thomas W. Africa (1991). 8493:. New York: Cowles Book. 8448:Resources in your library 8120:. CUA Press. p. 29. 7935:Seattle Catholic (2006). 7404:Demarchi, Nicole (2022). 7380:"Nicole Demarchi Q&A" 6478:Roman-Empire.net (2009). 6370:"History of Rome (Italy)" 6100:Timeline of Roman history 5941:Today's Rome is a modern 5616:, who, at the request of 5119: 5110: 4991:("punisher of the mad"), 4809:to create an independent 4174: 4165: 3541:Santa Maria in Trastevere 2901:briefly conquer Rome but 2886: 2877: 1920:Definitive separation of 1825: 1820: 1071:to have been prehistoric 1001:on the south side of the 915:roughly square settlement 870:. Avenging themselves on 607: 598: 327:Pre-historical and early 9253:Adrian Keith Goldsworthy 9212:26 November 2010 at the 9191:Harvard University Press 9102:26 November 2010 at the 9051:Levine, Rabbi Menachem. 8114:Coppa, Frank J. (2006). 7783:"Sapienza > About us" 7740:Brusher, Joseph (1959). 7467:Catholic Online (2011). 7158:Routery, Michael (1997) 7045:Journal of Roman Studies 6914:20 February 2023 at the 6683:10 February 2013 at the 6547:Hooker, Richard (1999). 6110: 5805:Italian economic miracle 5618:King Victor Emmanuel III 5352:, with the exception of 5127:1798–1799 and 1800–1814 3827:first University of Rome 3825:and in 1303 founded the 3741:Brancaleone degli Andalò 3273:Old St. Peter's Basilica 3271:19th-century drawing of 3161:Transamund II of Spoleto 2570:, Odoacer and later the 2401:old St. Peter's Basilica 2053:Lombard conquest of the 1906:Battle of Milvian Bridge 1690:, destroyed the city of 1560:Roman expansion in Italy 1311:founded the city of Rome 1196:(modern northern Lazio, 1086:, considered a blend of 496:Allied invasion of Italy 11357:Roman–Iranian relations 9832:Optimates and populares 9281:excerpt and text search 9189: : distributed by 9148:J. B. Campbell (2002). 8982:excerpt and text search 8738:Encyclopædia Britannica 8688:Prisoner of the Vatican 8646:. Harvard Univ. Press. 8485:Bloch, Raymond (1969). 7861:christianchronicler.com 7539:"The Laws of Liutprand" 6993:Encyclopedia Britannica 6963:Encyclopedia Britannica 6776:in 31 BC, and the 6455:Guerber, H. A. (2011). 6146:Cneve Tarchunies Rumach 6018:Via della Conciliazione 5744:Prisoner in the Vatican 5721:the last allied bombing 5628:and allying Italy with 5599:prisoner in the Vatican 5535:prisoner of the Vatican 5385:Camillo Benso di Cavour 5085:was completed in 1792. 5077:were designed in 1735. 4487:Donation of Constantine 4049:, provoked in 1378 the 3945:Gil Alvarez De Albornoz 3785:to the more defensible 3667:, saw Rome support the 3627:Guelphs and Ghibellines 3555:Guelphs and Ghibellines 3349:Donation of Constantine 3257:Donation of Constantine 3186:went to France to name 2913:Charlemagne is crowned 2742:Tiberius II Constantine 2308:of this 'Jewish' sect. 2303:reports that after the 1761:the conqueror of Gaul, 1546:Battle of Caudine Forks 1457:Battle of Lake Regillus 1313:along with his brother 1293:After 650 BC, the 1050:Indo-European languages 528: 473:devastation of the city 442:Investiture Controversy 248:Italian Social Republic 126:Kingdom of the Lombards 11367:Civil wars and revolts 10633:Sextus Pompeius Festus 10280:Conflict of the Orders 9639:Legislative assemblies 9388:Habel, Dorothy Metzger 9381:4 October 2008 at the 8996:"Encyclopaedia Romana" 8904:Gary Forsythe (2005). 8609:Gregorovius, Ferdinand 8355:"La Dolce Vita (1960)" 7746:Popes Through the Ages 7353:Llewellyn, P. (1993). 7191:. 2011. Archived from 7131: 6528:The beginnings of Rome 6014:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5913:Historical city centre 5841:Rome metropolitan area 5800: 5788: 5734:, formerly the pope's 5715:nation to fall to the 5688: 5650: 5562: 5437: 5434:Saint Peter's Basilica 5310: 5301:Saint Peter's Basilica 5292: 5055: 5039: 4999:and even, ironically, 4860:Italian War of 1551–59 4751: 4696:San Pietro in Montorio 4628:Charles VIII of France 4569:Santa Maria del Popolo 4532: 4525:San Pietro in Montorio 4485:demonstrated that the 4467: 4434: 4422:. Later that year the 4405:Vespasiano da Bisticci 4352:since antiquity), and 4336:Saint Peter's Basilica 4194:. Founding of the new 4096:Filippo Maria Visconti 4087: 3940: 3881: 3878:Piazza del Campidoglio 3846:Boniface's successor, 3652: 3544: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3261:Santi Quattro Coronati 3170:Liutprand's successor 2551: 2536: 2532:Southeast view of the 2525: 2416: 2295: 2158: 2126: 2105: 2011: 1908:; Rome is replaced by 1815: 1775:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1702: 1607:Conflict of the Orders 1598: 1501:city (Plut. Cam. 22). 1490: 1447: 1353:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 1290: 1278: 1138: 1108:ancient Italic peoples 954: 802: 430: 296: 282: 16:History of Rome, Italy 11076:Simplicius of Cilicia 10828:Quintus Curtius Rufus 10057:Siege in Ancient Rome 9666:Executive magistrates 9365:Guide to Baroque Rome 9265:Yale University Press 9004:University of Chicago 8890:"The History of Rome" 8863:; Peter Gunn (1981). 8625:. Osprey Publishing. 8267:Katz, Robert (2007). 8242:penelope.uchicago.edu 8201:Italy at War (2011). 7658:Catholic Encyclopedia 7499:"Pope Saint Martin I" 7355:Rome in the Dark Ages 6368:Ismarmed.com (2011). 6177:Potter, D.S. (2009). 6155:22 April 2009 at the 6134:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5931:Further information: 5917:Further information: 5794: 5782: 5749:Further information: 5682: 5645: 5556: 5431: 5298: 5287: 5045: 5034: 4742: 4518: 4462: 4450:Leon Battista Alberti 4432: 4153:Patriarch of Aquileia 4079: 3922: 3869: 3765:Battle of Tagliacozzo 3645: 3625:Further information: 3538: 3301:San Lorenzo in Lucina 3282: 3270: 3254: 3241:Further information: 3095:Further information: 2588:Eastern Roman emperor 2542: 2531: 2508: 2491:Further information: 2423:on 24 August 410, by 2414: 2373:Edict of Thessalonica 2245:Further information: 2152: 2103: 1813: 1804:Further information: 1781:and Caesar's nephew, 1700: 1558: 1485: 1441: 1424:Further information: 1309:who was said to have 1284: 1273: 1264:Further information: 1169:in the North and the 1157:(in the north-east), 1129: 1114:along with the other 786: 616:According to legend, 586:Ancient Rome timeline 288: 31: 11086:Stephanus Byzantinus 10991:Eusebius of Caesaria 10853:Sidonius Apollinaris 10543:Ammianus Marcellinus 9882:Tribune of the plebs 8871:Simon & Schuster 8866:The churches of Rome 8619:Fields, Nic (2007). 8514:New York: Macmillan. 7857:"THE AVIGNON PAPACY" 7308:Bury, J. B. (2011). 7125:13 July 2021 at the 6995:. 21 December 2023. 6965:. 14 December 2023. 6909:"Population of Rome" 6792:ending the Republic. 6583:The Celts: A History 6461:heritage-history.com 6242:. 21 November 1960. 5868:Thermae of Caracalla 5860:1960 Summer Olympics 5685:opera dei liberatori 5597:declared himself as 5387:, Prime Minister of 5299:View of the dome of 5230:Rome is site of the 5176:and founding of the 4688:St. Peter's Basilica 4659:Alfonso of Bisceglie 4597:Domenico Ghirlandaio 4470:Nicholas' successor 4463:A painting from the 4433:View of Rome in 1493 4273:St. Peter's Basilica 4237:Urban reforms under 4196:St. Peter's Basilica 4145:Giovanni Vitelleschi 4111:Niccolò Fortebraccio 3937:Ettore Roesler Franz 3681:battle of Cortenuova 3675:he had won from the 3587:improve this section 3530:Frederick Barbarossa 3419:improve this section 3321:St. Peter's Basilica 3315:crowned Charlemagne 2919:St. Peter's Basilica 2808:The position of the 2746:Faroald I of Spoleto 2453:Africa Proconsularis 2055:Exarchate of Ravenna 2033:Sant'Adriano al Foro 1983:Gothic War (535–554) 1926:Eastern Roman Empire 1771:Marcus Junius Brutus 1585:(yellow and green). 790:, showing the twins 518:and classified as a 487:and was part of the 404:Eastern Roman Empire 360:from 264 to 146 BC, 120:Eastern Roman Empire 100:Eastern Roman Empire 80:Eastern Roman Empire 54:Western Roman Empire 19:For other uses, see 11262:Distinguished women 10913:Velleius Paterculus 10753:Nicolaus Damascenus 10733:Marcellus Empiricus 10122:Republican currency 9347:Ward-Perkins, Bryan 9127:Infobase Publishing 9012:Christopher Hibbert 8990:(1997), good survey 8842:. Harlan Davidson. 8822:Römische Geschichte 8729:ANCIENT HISTORY ... 8668:. London: Phoenix. 8662:Goldsworthy, Adrian 7941:seattlecatholic.com 7752:on 12 January 2008. 7713:Platina, Bartolomeo 7457:Krautheimer, p. 90. 7435:Richard Krautheimer 7329:A Traveller in Rome 7217:The Free Dictionary 7195:on 13 December 2016 7171:31 May 2010 at the 7080:3.2 (1952) 199–213. 7060:Herbert Musurillo, 6824:Aldrete, Gregory S. 6782:Octavian (Augustus) 6702:National Geographic 6530:, 1990, Routledge, 6138:The Social Contract 6024:neighbourhood. New 6002:Italian Unification 5663:Victor Emmanuel III 5583:Franco-Prussian War 5484:Franco-Prussian War 5373:Italian unification 5369:revolutions of 1848 5280:Italian unification 5048:Topographia Italiae 4931:Baths of Diocletian 4911:Counter-Reformation 4879:Counter-Reformation 4851:Counter-Reformation 4748:Johannes Lingelbach 4735:Sack of Rome (1527) 4529:Italian Renaissance 4454:St Peter's Basilica 4328:Italian Renaissance 4121:, in vengeance for 4106:. He then sent the 3633:Pope Innocent III's 3196:patricius Romanorum 2493:Ostrogothic Kingdom 2439:under their leader 2391:built the greatest 2385:Arch of Constantine 2255:Constantinian shift 1833:44 BC – AD 14 1763:crossed the Rubicon 1522:Battle of the Allia 1361:Battle of the Allia 1327:Tarquinius Superbus 961:. He created three 489:First French Empire 485:annexed by Napoleon 481:early modern period 477:Counter-Reformation 385:period of civil war 179:First French Empire 106:Ostrogothic Kingdom 86:Ostrogothic Kingdom 66:Ostrogothic Kingdom 11036:Phlegon of Tralles 10843:Seneca the Younger 10317:Naming conventions 10047:Personal equipment 9580:Later Roman Empire 9370:Brentano, Robert; 9246:Wiley-Interscience 9039:Jenkyns, Richard; 8605:. Lexington Books. 8568:Bury, J B (2009). 8414:on 2 October 2009. 8207:comandosupremo.com 7973:on 15 January 2009 7764:Milman, Henry Hart 7572:on 5 October 2011. 7549:on 5 October 2011. 7332:. Hachette Books. 7185:"455 Sack of Rome" 7074:A.N. Sherwin-White 7049:Past & Present 6467:on 3 October 2011. 6265:Urbanus, Jason M. 5801: 5789: 5736:official residence 5689: 5651: 5563: 5482:In July 1870, the 5438: 5381:Giuseppe Garibaldi 5350:Congress of Vienna 5311: 5293: 5160:Rome conquered by 5056: 5040: 4951:Church of the Gesù 4868:Philip II of Spain 4780:Castel Sant'Angelo 4752: 4704:Cappella Niccolina 4632:Castel Sant'Angelo 4545:Congiura dei Pazzi 4533: 4468: 4435: 4330:move to Rome from 4088: 4083:'s ceiling in the 4012:John V Palaeologus 3941: 3882: 3832:Schiaffo di Anagni 3745:Charles I of Anjou 3653: 3545: 3513:Arnaldo da Brescia 3505:Giordano Pierleoni 3317:Holy Roman Emperor 3289: 3277: 3265: 3188:Pippin the Younger 3065:proclaims himself 3031:Foundation of the 3021:Pope Boniface VIII 2915:Holy Roman Emperor 2552: 2537: 2526: 2501:Sack of Rome (546) 2417: 2348:extinguished, the 2324:Constantine I 2305:Great Fire of Rome 2247:Early Christianity 2171:Five Good Emperors 2159: 2136:Great Fire of Rome 2106: 1884:Baths of Caracalla 1882:; building of the 1868:; building of the 1851:Great Fire of Rome 1816: 1703: 1627:Plebeian Secession 1599: 1493:At the same time, 1491: 1488:Roman Constitution 1448: 1319:Tarquinius Priscus 1291: 1279: 1260:Etruscan dominance 1139: 1069:Italian aborigines 803: 634:Rule of the seven 514:. It is among the 491:from 1798 to 1814. 297: 11375: 11374: 11337:Pontifices maximi 11119: 11118: 10976:Diogenes Laërtius 10798:Pliny the Younger 10553:Asconius Pedianus 10513:Romance languages 10385:Civil engineering 10127:Imperial currency 10000:Political control 9961: 9960: 9595: 9594: 9413:978-3-902966-04-9 9335:Starr; Chester G. 9274:978-0-300-13719-4 9239:978-0-8122-3939-3 9220:Walter A. Goffart 9200:978-0-674-03312-2 9165:978-0-415-27881-2 9141:(2002) 636pp, at 9136:978-0-8160-4562-4 9078:978-0-415-30504-4 9031:978-0-14-007078-1 8972:978-0-452-00849-6 8962:The world of Rome 8945:978-1-59605-647-3 8921:978-0-520-22651-7 8880:978-0-671-43447-2 8849:978-0-88295-874-3 8815:Project Gutenberg 8800:Project Gutenberg 8785:Project Gutenberg 8770:Project Gutenberg 8755:Project Gutenberg 8675:978-0-304-36642-2 8632:978-1-84603-145-8 8581:978-1-113-20104-1 8477:978-0-87140-423-7 8429:Library resources 8257:Döge, p. 651–678. 7384:historyjournal.ca 7097:on 11 August 2011 6935:. 30 April 2008. 6811:978-0-7548-1911-0 6678:"Servus", p. 1038 6440:Larissa Bonfante: 6423:Roman Antiquities 6404:Roman Antiquities 5995:Galleria Borghese 5557:Italian soldiers 5396:Vincenzo Gioberti 5389:Piedmont-Sardinia 5338:French Revolution 5323:Law of Guarantees 5290:Piazza del Popolo 5277: 5276: 5248:Pope John Paul II 5222:Bombing of Rome. 5079:Pope Clement XIII 5046:Map of Rome from 5005:Acquedotto Felice 4976:in the church of 4974:same-sex marriage 4884:Porticus Octaviae 4644:Kingdom of Naples 4624:Pope Alexander VI 4593:Sandro Botticelli 4465:Roman Renaissance 4416:Ponte Sant'Angelo 4322:Roman Renaissance 4318: 4317: 4252:working in Rome. 4186: 1420s–1519 4149:Ludovico Scarampo 4022:. His successor, 4009:Byzantine emperor 3955:. In April 1355, 3852:Avignon captivity 3805:The successor to 3623: 3622: 3615: 3522:Holy Roman Empire 3486:Frangipane family 3455: 3454: 3447: 3299:to the Church of 3088: 3087: 2981:Pope Sylvester II 2822:Pope Boniface III 2820:and even decreed 2477:Cosmas and Damian 2340:in the Temple of 2328:Theodosius I 2272:Pliny the Younger 2118:Forum of Augustus 2101: 2083: 2082: 2067:Pepin the Younger 1747:Sulla's civil war 1707:Tiberius Gracchus 1589:(238–146 BC) and 1536:soon afterwards. 1102:. Over time, the 991:surrounding hills 792:Romulus and Remus 779:Romulus and Remus 763:Sant'Omobono Area 732:Romulus and Remus 711: 710: 574:"hill" (cf. Skt. 465:Roman Renaissance 432:saeculum obscurum 428:, and during the 426:Holy Roman Empire 29:Historical states 11400: 11327:Magistri equitum 11242:Cities and towns 11235: 11161:Constantinopolis 10971:Diodorus Siculus 10903:Valerius Maximus 10838:Seneca the Elder 10758:Nonius Marcellus 10526: 10525: 10079:Hippika gymnasia 10042:Infantry tactics 9948:Consular tribune 9938:Magister equitum 9887:Military tribune 9852: 9851: 9812:Pontifex maximus 9807:Princeps senatus 9797:Magister militum 9563:Byzantine Empire 9484: 9483: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9363:Blunt, Anthony. 9315:Rodgers, Nigel. 9278: 9262: 9248:; historiography 9243: 9204: 9184: 9169: 9140: 9089:Scullard, H. H. 9082: 9069:Psychology Press 9035: 9007: 8986:Grant, Michael. 8976: 8949: 8925: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8884: 8853: 8817: 8802: 8787: 8772: 8757: 8742: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8701: 8679: 8657: 8636: 8585: 8564: 8555: 8543: 8524: 8515: 8504: 8492: 8481: 8416: 8415: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8336: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8309: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7932: 7913: 7901:Ludovico Gatto, 7899: 7893: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7852: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7814: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7787:www2.uniroma1.it 7778: 7772: 7771: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7654: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7568:. Archived from 7557: 7551: 7550: 7545:. Archived from 7534: 7528: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7326:(1 April 2009). 7320: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7268: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7181: 7175: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7071: 7065: 7058: 7052: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6925: 6919: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6833: 6820: 6814: 6805:, Lorenz Books, 6801:Rodgers, Nigel. 6799: 6793: 6786:first settlement 6774:Battle of Actium 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6694: 6688: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6610: 6604: 6592: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6570:Goldsworthy 2006 6567: 6561: 6560: 6559:on 26 June 2011. 6555:. 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Archived from 6365: 6359: 6347: 6341: 6329: 6323: 6311: 6305: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6090:Roman technology 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 5987:Musei Capitolini 5927:Churches of Rome 5881:opened in 1961. 5858:Rome hosted the 5648:Apostolic Palace 5614:Benito Mussolini 5567:Kingdom of Italy 5549:Kingdom of Italy 5539:Vatican Pharmacy 5528:Apostolic Palace 5492:Raffaele Cadorna 5377:Giuseppe Mazzini 5358:Comtat Venaissin 5172:Building of the 5108: 5054:'s heirs in 1688 5052:Matthaeus Merian 4923:Charles Borromeo 4872:Holy Inquisition 4795:Council of Trent 4760:Pope Clement VII 4744:The sack of Rome 4672:Borgia Apartment 4312:Fontana di Trevi 4310:Building of the 4275:is consecrated. 4225:Creation of the 4187: 4184: 4163: 4159:Renaissance Rome 4115:Francesco Sforza 3797:of the Savelli. 3791:Sicilian Vespers 3761:Henry of Castile 3618: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3567: 3559: 3549:Pope Clement III 3490:Pierleoni family 3450: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3399: 3391: 3362:Duchy of Spoleto 3215:Pope Stephen III 3033:Roman University 3003:Creation of the 2945:Building of the 2875: 2545:Column of Phocas 2512:, a gate in the 2362:Altar of Victory 2334:Under Theodosius 2298: 2241:Christianisation 2215:western emperors 2129: 2102: 2014: 2007:Column of Phocas 2003:Pope Boniface IV 1973:Romulus Augustus 1839:establishes the 1818: 1753:, and the first 1715:Germanic peoples 1688:Scipio Africanus 1631:Plebeian Tribune 1613:(commoners) and 1161:(in the South), 1082:, and the other 1067:—considered the 981:City's formation 923:ploughing ritual 862:and raised by a 773:Legendary origin 739:founding of Rome 720:Founding of Rome 714:Earliest history 669:264–146 BC 648:Creation of the 596: 552:Thomas G. Tucker 545: 544: 508:Italian Republic 446:High Middle Ages 438:East–West Schism 435: 391:, in 27 BC over 276:Italian Republic 274: 272: 271: 262:Kingdom of Italy 260: 258: 257: 246: 244: 243: 234:Kingdom of Italy 232: 230: 229: 218: 216: 215: 204: 203: 202: 191: 189: 188: 177: 175: 174: 163: 162: 161: 150: 149: 148: 137: 136: 135: 118: 116: 115: 98: 96: 95: 78: 76: 75: 60:Kingdom of Italy 11408: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11388:History of Rome 11378: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11233: 11231: 11225: 11115: 10951:Aëtius of Amida 10932: 10918:Verrius Flaccus 10898:Valerius Antias 10858:Silius Italicus 10793:Pliny the Elder 10738:Marcus Aurelius 10613:Cornelius Nepos 10563:Aurelius Victor 10517: 10439: 10351: 10285:Secessio plebis 10256: 10131: 10083: 9957: 9911: 9841: 9723: 9675: 9591: 9512: 9473: 9455: 9449: 9414: 9383:Wayback Machine 9360: 9323:Rostovtzeff, M. 9305:Potter, David. 9275: 9240: 9214:Wayback Machine 9201: 9166: 9137: 9112: 9104:Wayback Machine 9079: 9032: 8988:History of Rome 8973: 8946: 8938:. Cosimo, Inc. 8922: 8894: 8892: 8881: 8850: 8832: 8830:Further reading 8807: 8792: 8777: 8762: 8747: 8728: 8727: 8716: 8705:Theodor Mommsen 8698: 8676: 8654: 8633: 8582: 8540: 8501: 8478: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8437: 8436: 8434:History of Rome 8432: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8234: 8230: 8216: 8214: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8161:Kertzer, p. 63. 8160: 8156: 8152:Kertzer, p. 45. 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8021: 8017: 8007: 8005: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7933: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7888:Morris, Colin, 7887: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7853: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7779: 7775: 7761: 7757: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7670: 7666: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7621:. Fordham.edu. 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7595:. Fordham.edu. 7591: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7558: 7554: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7299: 7284: 7280: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7248:, paragraph 12. 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7173:Wayback Machine 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7127:Wayback Machine 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7072: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7051:26 (1963) 6–38. 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6916:Wayback Machine 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6863: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6821: 6817: 6800: 6796: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6685:Wayback Machine 6671: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6593: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6545: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6499: 6495: 6490:on 12 May 2016. 6476: 6472: 6453: 6449: 6438: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6402:. "Book 1.11". 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6366: 6362: 6355:Ab urbe condita 6348: 6344: 6337:Ab urbe condita 6330: 6326: 6319:Ab urbe condita 6312: 6308: 6301:Ab Urbe Condita 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6271:archaeology.org 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157:Wayback Machine 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6042: 5991:Vatican Museums 5939: 5933:Tourism in Rome 5929: 5915: 5899:Vatican Museums 5777: 5753: 5732:Quirinal Palace 5670:Pietro Gasparri 5637:interwar period 5610:Italian Fascism 5551: 5521:, known as the 5500:capture of Rome 5404:revolutionaries 5282: 5269:Rome hosts the 5232:Summer Olympics 5174:Termini Station 5115: 5114: 5106: 5050:, published by 5029: 4995:("Iron Pope"), 4929:and turned the 4917:and the severe 4853: 4737: 4712:Raphael's Rooms 4708:Villa Farnesina 4605:Luca Signorelli 4601:Pietro Perugino 4589:Mino da Fiesole 4565:Vatican Library 4541:Girolamo Riario 4443:Stefano Porcari 4389:Pope Nicholas V 4382:Cosimo Rosselli 4374:Luca Signorelli 4324: 4185: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4043: 3894:Capitoline Hill 3864: 3803: 3747:, then king of 3659:, also king of 3648:Torre dei Conti 3629: 3619: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3584: 3568: 3557: 3517:Commune of Rome 3509:Commune of Rome 3465: 3459:Commune of Rome 3451: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3416: 3400: 3389: 3381:put it on trial 3249: 3239: 3184:Pope Stephen II 3107:Pope Gregory II 3103: 3093: 3078:Pope Gregory XI 2882: 2881: 2873: 2634:and around the 2626:developed. The 2609:recaptured and 2600:year-long siege 2510:Porta San Paolo 2503: 2489: 2409: 2261: 2243: 2225:, or cities in 2191: 2167:Antonine Plague 2163:Marcus Aurelius 2090: 2088: 1866:Flavian dynasty 1808: 1802: 1779:Marcus Antonius 1652:First Punic War 1570:(pink/orange), 1530:Furius Camillus 1436: 1422: 1368:to replace the 1323:Servius Tullius 1268: 1262: 1238:Reggio Calabria 1145:(in the west), 1137:, IV century BC 1124: 983: 975:Comitia Curiata 919:sacred boundary 788:Capitoline Wolf 781: 775: 727: 722: 716: 680:146–44 BC 603: 602: 594: 588: 531: 448:, but with the 307:as well as the 301:history of Rome 283: 281: 269: 267: 255: 253: 241: 239: 227: 225: 213: 211: 200: 198: 186: 184: 172: 170: 159: 157: 146: 144: 133: 131: 113: 111: 93: 91: 73: 71: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11406: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10942: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10803:Pomponius Mela 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10538:Aelius Donatus 10534: 10532: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10506:Ecclesiastical 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10460: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10361: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10247:Toys and games 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10141: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10093: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10029: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9787:Vigintisexviri 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9747:Cursus honorum 9744: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9685: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9546:Western Empire 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9412: 9395: 9385: 9376:online edition 9368: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9353:(2005) 239 pp. 9344: 9342:online edition 9332: 9320: 9313: 9311:online edition 9303: 9296:Heather, Peter 9293: 9286:Grant, Michael 9283: 9273: 9249: 9238: 9216: 9207:online edition 9199: 9174: 9172:online edition 9164: 9145: 9135: 9117:Matthew Bunson 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9097:online edition 9087: 9085:online edition 9077: 9059:H. H. Scullard 9055: 9049: 9047:online edition 9037: 9030: 9008: 8994:Grout, James. 8991: 8984: 8978:online edition 8971: 8953: 8951:online edition 8944: 8926: 8920: 8901: 8888:Duncan, Mike. 8885: 8879: 8857: 8855:online edition 8848: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8804: 8803: 8789: 8788: 8774: 8773: 8759: 8758: 8744: 8743: 8723:, ed. (1911). 8721:Chisholm, Hugh 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8702: 8696: 8684:Kertzer, David 8680: 8674: 8658: 8652: 8637: 8631: 8616: 8606: 8599: 8586: 8580: 8574:. BiblioLife. 8565: 8556: 8544: 8538: 8525: 8516: 8505: 8499: 8482: 8476: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8399: 8372: 8346: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8310: 8298:Chadwick, Owen 8290: 8259: 8250: 8228: 8193: 8163: 8154: 8145: 8133: 8126: 8106: 8085:"Pope Paul IV" 8076: 8046: 8029:britannica.com 8015: 7984: 7958: 7914: 7894: 7878: 7840: 7804: 7773: 7755: 7732: 7695: 7664: 7636: 7610: 7584: 7575: 7552: 7529: 7520: 7490: 7459: 7450: 7427: 7396: 7370: 7363: 7345: 7339:978-0786730704 7338: 7315: 7297: 7278: 7263: 7250: 7235: 7206: 7176: 7151: 7136: 7108: 7082: 7066: 7053: 7036: 7023: 7010: 6980: 6950: 6920: 6900: 6874: 6861: 6844: 6815: 6794: 6749: 6719: 6689: 6665: 6656: 6644: 6635: 6605: 6587: 6574: 6562: 6553:public.wsu.edu 6539: 6536:978-0415015967 6526:T.J. Cornell, 6519: 6510: 6493: 6470: 6447: 6432: 6413: 6391: 6380:on 9 July 2011 6360: 6342: 6324: 6306: 6288: 6257: 6227: 6196: 6189: 6169: 6160: 6125: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6082:History portal 6071: 6057: 6041: 6038: 6006:Roma Umbertina 5914: 5911: 5887:European Union 5864:Villa Borghese 5776: 5773: 5659:Lateran Treaty 5655:Roman Question 5593:. Afterwards, 5550: 5547: 5543:Black Nobility 5461:House of Savoy 5440:The return of 5432:Rome from the 5412:chief minister 5365:Roman Republic 5334:Roman Republic 5319:Roman Question 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260:FIFA World Cup 5256: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5142:Roman Republic 5139: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5104:Modern history 5102: 5071:Trevi Fountain 5038:(17th century) 5028: 5027:Baroque period 5025: 4852: 4849: 4750:, 17th century 4736: 4733: 4725:Agostino Chigi 4716:Sistine Chapel 4676:Pope Julius II 4585:Vatican Palace 4581:Sistine Chapel 4340:Sistine Chapel 4320:Main article: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4261:Giordano Bruno 4258: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4200:Sistine Chapel 4188: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4117:to harass the 4085:Sistine Chapel 4067:Western Schism 4055:Avignon Papacy 4051:Western Schism 4042: 4039: 4016:Ottoman Empire 3988:the new Pope, 3925:Casa di Rienzi 3923:The so-called 3914:Roman Republic 3902:Cola di Rienzo 3863: 3860: 3837:King of France 3802: 3799: 3773:, a member of 3621: 3620: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3453: 3452: 3403: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3332:Constantinople 3238: 3235: 3220:Pope Hadrian I 3190:, king of the 3165:Charles Martel 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084:back to Rome. 3075: 3071: 3070: 3063:Cola di Rienzo 3060: 3056: 3055: 3044:Pope Clement V 3041: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019:proclaimed by 3013: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2810:Bishop of Rome 2785:Hadrian's Tomb 2781:Pope Gregory I 2636:Campus Martius 2568:Constantinople 2514:Aurelian Walls 2488: 2485: 2469:Circus of Nero 2408: 2405: 2397:Lateran Palace 2369:Bishop of Rome 2350:Vestal Virgins 2320:Edict of Milan 2242: 2239: 2235:Constantinople 2190: 2187: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2021: 2017: 2016: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1910:Constantinople 1895: 1891: 1890: 1888:Aurelian Walls 1877: 1873: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1821:Rome timeline 1801: 1798: 1676:Lucius Mummius 1619:Roman Republic 1595:Roman Republic 1587:Cisalpine Gaul 1455:. Winning the 1430:Roman Republic 1421: 1420:Roman Republic 1418: 1372:ford, and the 1366:Pons Sublicius 1261: 1258: 1173:in the south. 1123: 1122:Italic context 1120: 1098:, and refugee 1046:Italic peoples 1029:Archaeological 999:Tyrrhenian Sea 982: 979: 822:Alban princess 777:Main article: 774: 771: 726: 723: 718:Main article: 715: 712: 709: 708: 705: 701: 700: 681: 677: 676: 670: 666: 665: 658: 654: 653: 646: 640: 639: 632: 625: 624: 614: 610: 609: 605: 604: 600: 599: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 530: 527: 524: 523: 492: 461: 454:Western Schism 450:Avignon Papacy 411: 396: 373: 350:Roman Republic 346: 335: 280: 279: 265: 251: 237: 223: 209: 206:Roman Republic 196: 182: 168: 155: 152:Roman Republic 142: 129: 123: 109: 103: 89: 83: 69: 63: 57: 51: 50:27 BC – AD 395 45: 42:Roman Republic 39: 32: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11405: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 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10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10365:Amphitheatres 10363: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10102:Deforestation 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10052:Siege engines 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9985:Establishment 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916:Extraordinary 9914: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9902:Promagistrate 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9689:Twelve Tables 9687: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9175: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9110:Imperial Rome 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8957:Michael Grant 8954: 8952: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8902: 8891: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8697:0-618-22442-4 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8653:0-543-92749-0 8649: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8539:0-520-07118-2 8535: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8500:9780402101918 8496: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8254: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8176:newadvent.org 8173: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8142: 8141:Tantillo 2017 8137: 8129: 8127:9780813214498 8123: 8119: 8118: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8064: 8060: 8059:newadvent.org 8056: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7912: 7911:88-8289-273-5 7908: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7828: 7824: 7823:newadvent.org 7820: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7742:"Sergius III" 7736: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708:Pope Formosus 7705: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7524: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7454: 7448: 7447:0-691-04961-0 7444: 7441:, pp. 62–64. 7440: 7436: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7364:9780094721500 7360: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7324:Morton, H. V. 7319: 7311: 7304: 7302: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7189:History Stack 7186: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6847: 6845:0-313-33174-X 6841: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6764:as perpetual 6763: 6762:Julius Caesar 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6660: 6654:, p. 15. 6653: 6648: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6572:, p. 69. 6571: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6190:9780500251522 6186: 6182: 6181: 6173: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6072: 6069: 6068:Cities portal 6058: 6055: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6004:(1880–1910 – 6003: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5828:La Dolce Vita 5824: 5823: 5822:Roman Holiday 5818: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5785:Via del Corso 5781: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5761:Pope Pius XII 5758: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701:Pope Pius XII 5698: 5694: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5308: 5307:Santo Spirito 5302: 5297: 5291: 5286: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200:Lateran Pacts 5198: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5189:March on Rome 5187: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113:Rome Timeline 5109: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090:Palazzo Nuovo 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:Spanish Steps 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5036:Piazza Navona 5033: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993:papa di ferro 4990: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4959:Villa Farnese 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4820:Last Judgment 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791:Pope Paul III 4788: 4787:Martin Luther 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640:Cesare Borgia 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620:Innocent VIII 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4510:Pomponio Leto 4507: 4506:Roman Academy 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:Lorenzo Valla 4480: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401:Lorenzo Valla 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354:Piazza Navona 4351: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4239:Pope Sixtus V 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4168:Rome Timeline 4164: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139:However, the 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4092:Duke of Milan 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060:When in 1377 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:Montefiascone 3965: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3890:Poet laureate 3887: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811:Boniface VIII 3808: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775:Orsini family 3772: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3637:Orsini family 3634: 3628: 3617: 3614: 3606: 3603:February 2024 3596: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3572:This section 3570: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3449: 3446: 3438: 3435:February 2024 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3404:This section 3402: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3387:Roman Commune 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:Via del Corso 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3097:Duchy of Rome 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2966:Pope John XII 2963: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947:Leonine Walls 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888:Medieval Rome 2885: 2880:Rome Timeline 2876: 2871:Medieval Rome 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2850:Pope Martin I 2847: 2846:Monothelitism 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2768:Frankish King 2765: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667:urban prefect 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497:Duchy of Rome 2494: 2484: 2482: 2479:. Later, the 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Christian era 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231:Constantine I 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2183:Aurelian Wall 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Mediterranean 2079: 2075: 2074:of the Romans 2073: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015:) is erected 2013: 2012:Forum Romanum 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Julius Caesar 1756: 1752: 1751:Pompey Magnus 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1686:, the son of 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574:(beige), and 1573: 1569: 1566:(light red), 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1444:Forum Romanum 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Etruscan gods 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1374:Cloaca Maxima 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1266:Roman Kingdom 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Magna Graecia 1223: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1135:François Tomb 1133: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055:According to 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Quirinal Hill 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:Palatine Hill 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:Forum Boarium 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 808: 800: 796: 793: 789: 785: 780: 770: 768: 764: 759: 757: 756:Palatine hill 752: 748: 745:753 BC, 744: 740: 735: 733: 721: 706: 703: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 679: 678: 674: 671: 668: 667: 663: 659: 656: 655: 651: 647: 645: 642: 641: 637: 636:Kings of Rome 633: 631: 627: 626: 622: 619: 615: 612: 611: 606: 601:Rome timeline 597: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 539: 536: 526: 521: 517: 513: 512:city in Italy 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 433: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:Medieval Rome 412: 409: 408:Duchy of Rome 405: 401: 397: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381:Julius Caesar 378: 374: 371: 368:, displacing 367: 366:Mediterranean 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 325: 324: 322: 321:legal systems 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 295: 291: 287: 277: 266: 263: 252: 249: 238: 235: 224: 221: 210: 207: 197: 194: 183: 180: 169: 166: 156: 153: 143: 140: 130: 127: 124: 121: 110: 107: 104: 101: 90: 87: 84: 81: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 55: 52: 49: 46: 43: 40: 37: 36:Roman Kingdom 34: 33: 26: 22: 11307:Institutions 11171:Leptis Magna 11124:Major cities 11031:Philostratus 10818:Quadrigarius 10638:Rufus Festus 10501:Contemporary 10222:Romanization 10145:Architecture 9752:Collegiality 9601:Constitution 9478: 9452:Ancient Rome 9403: 9391: 9371: 9364: 9350: 9337: 9330:vol 2 online 9325: 9316: 9306: 9302:(2006) 572pp 9299: 9289: 9258: 9224: 9180: 9150: 9143:Google Books 9121: 9091: 9063: 9041: 9016: 8999: 8987: 8965:. Meridian. 8961: 8934: 8930:Tenney Frank 8906: 8893:. Retrieved 8865: 8838: 8821: 8808: 8793: 8778: 8763: 8748: 8736: 8707: 8687: 8665: 8642: 8621: 8612: 8602: 8593: 8589: 8570: 8560: 8551: 8548: 8529: 8520: 8510: 8488: 8467: 8443:Online books 8433: 8423:Bibliography 8412:the original 8402: 8390:. Retrieved 8375: 8363:. Retrieved 8349: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8313: 8301: 8293: 8281:. Retrieved 8272: 8262: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8222: 8215:. Retrieved 8206: 8196: 8184:. Retrieved 8175: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8136: 8116: 8109: 8097:. Retrieved 8088: 8079: 8067:. Retrieved 8058: 8049: 8037:. Retrieved 8028: 8018: 8006:. Retrieved 7997: 7987: 7975:. Retrieved 7971:the original 7961: 7949:. Retrieved 7940: 7902: 7897: 7889: 7869:. Retrieved 7860: 7831:. Retrieved 7822: 7795:. Retrieved 7786: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7750:the original 7745: 7735: 7723:. Retrieved 7717: 7702:"Nor was he 7698: 7686:. Retrieved 7677: 7667: 7656: 7644: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7613: 7601:. 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Retrieved 6617: 6608: 6599: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6565: 6557:the original 6552: 6542: 6527: 6522: 6513: 6507:Google Books 6500: 6496: 6488:the original 6483: 6473: 6465:the original 6460: 6450: 6441: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6378:the original 6374:ismarmed.com 6373: 6363: 6353: 6345: 6335: 6327: 6317: 6309: 6299: 6291: 6279:. Retrieved 6270: 6260: 6248:. Retrieved 6239: 6230: 6218:. Retrieved 6210:The Guardian 6209: 6199: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6145: 6144:"</recan 6141: 6128: 6119: 6054:Italy portal 6005: 5999: 5940: 5907:2000 Jubilee 5876: 5857: 5845: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5797:EUR district 5795:View of the 5765: 5757:World War II 5754: 5740:Pope Pius IX 5729: 5705:Vatican City 5693:World War II 5690: 5684: 5674:Pope Pius XI 5652: 5634: 5630:Nazi Germany 5603: 5595:Pope Pius IX 5587:capture Rome 5579:Napoleon III 5575:Papal States 5564: 5532: 5523:Leonine City 5516: 5504:Leonine City 5488:Napoleon III 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5450: 5442:Pope Pius IX 5439: 5416: 5399: 5393: 5362: 5331: 5312: 5304: 5210:Building of 5133:occupation. 5120: 5100:themselves. 5087: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989:castigamatti 4988: 4982: 4966:Gregory XIII 4963: 4955:Villa Giulia 4947:Papal States 4915:Pope Pius IV 4908: 4889:Roman Ghetto 4882: 4877:Pope Paul's 4876: 4856:Pope Paul IV 4854: 4841: 4837:Leonine City 4818: 4813:for his son 4807:Papal States 4784: 4776:Swiss Guards 4753: 4746:in 1527, by 4743: 4665: 4663: 4655:Papal States 4648: 4617: 4613:Michelangelo 4609:Pinturicchio 4547:against the 4534: 4531:architecture 4520: 4498:Pope Paul II 4472:Calixtus III 4469: 4447: 4436: 4409: 4386: 4358:Michelangelo 4343: 4325: 4212:Landsknechts 4175: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4119:Papal States 4090:In 1433 the 4089: 4081:Michelangelo 4059: 4044: 4032: 3994: 3966: 3949:Papal States 3942: 3939:(about 1880) 3929:Via del Mare 3928: 3924: 3883: 3871: 3845: 3830: 3804: 3771:Nicholas III 3769: 3757:Hohenstaufen 3735: 3704: 3692:Luca Savelli 3689: 3657:Frederick II 3654: 3630: 3609: 3600: 3585:Please help 3573: 3546: 3502: 3470: 3466: 3441: 3432: 3417:Please help 3405: 3370: 3347: 3340: 3325: 3313:Pope Leo III 3305:Via Flaminia 3290: 3243:Papal States 3231:Crypta Balbi 3228: 3208: 3204:Papal States 3195: 3169: 3154: 3131: 3104: 3101:Papal States 2887: 2854: 2842: 2807: 2803:peace treaty 2789: 2758: 2683: 2675: 2640: 2604: 2556:Julius Nepos 2553: 2461: 2433:sack of Rome 2418: 2366: 2338:eternal fire 2332: 2310: 2291:superstition 2281: 2264:Christianity 2262: 2192: 2160: 2153:The Arch of 2140: 2107: 2086:Early Empire 2078:Papal States 2070: 2029:Roman Senate 1997:donates the 1979:6th century 1967:Fall of the 1876:3rd century 1827:Roman Empire 1826: 1806:Roman Empire 1800:Roman Empire 1787: 1743: 1739:Servile Wars 1732: 1727:Gaius Marius 1704: 1672: 1635: 1600: 1568:Samnite Wars 1538: 1511: 1503: 1492: 1474: 1449: 1442: 1387: 1379: 1335: 1301:from 753 to 1292: 1287:Servian Wall 1219: 1200:and part of 1185: 1181: 1175: 1140: 1054: 1027: 984: 947:Roman Senate 943:Titus Tatius 904: 896:tenth labour 854:, they were 841:love goddess 807:culture hero 804: 767:urbanisation 761:The site of 760: 736: 728: 657:390 BC 613:753 BC 592:Ancient Rome 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 547: 537: 532: 525: 418:Papal States 377:Roman Empire 362:ancient Rome 343:regal period 305:city of Rome 300: 298: 289: 278:1946–present 220:Papal States 193:Papal States 165:Papal States 139:Papal States 48:Roman Empire 25: 11302:Geographers 10986:Dioscorides 10966:Cassius Dio 10588:Cassiodorus 10491:Renaissance 10097:Agriculture 10069:Auxiliaries 10010:Engineering 9847:Magistrates 9699:Citizenship 9694:Mos maiorum 9629:Late Empire 9000:James Eason 8895:13 February 8861:Roloff Beny 8824:, in German 8714:Attribution 8464:Beard, Mary 8008:29 November 7704:Sergius III 7629:22 December 7115:Suetonius, 6943:8 September 6770:Mark Antony 6742:21 December 6732:BBC History 6712:18 December 6652:Fields 2007 6642:Abbott, 28. 6505:, p. 6, at 5983:Rationalist 5971:Art Nouveau 5963:Renaissance 5951:Roman Forum 5697:San Lorenzo 5606:World War I 5604:Soon after 5423:Crimean War 5121:Modern Rome 5081:'s tomb by 5021:pilgrimages 4919:Pope Pius V 4900:Sant'Angelo 4829:St. Peter's 4825:Campidoglio 4684:Clement VII 4508:founded by 4420:River Tiber 4393:Renaissance 4370:Ghirlandaio 4345:Ponte Sisto 4263:is burned. 4192:Renaissance 4108:condottieri 3977:condottieri 3933:watercolour 3807:Celestine V 3795:Honorius IV 3700:Honorius IV 3694:sacked the 3685:Campidoglio 3669:Ghibellines 3526:Monteporzio 3336:Charlemagne 3224:Charlemagne 3206:were born. 3138:Gregory III 3134:St. Peter's 2995:sack Rome. 2903:Charlemagne 2857:Constans II 2830:Roman Forum 2619:Gothic Wars 2611:sacked Rome 2592:Justinian I 2584:Amalasuntha 2549:Roman Forum 2518:Gothic Wars 2473:Renaissance 2352:disbanded, 2346:Roman Forum 2217:ruled from 2043:Constans II 2025:Curia Julia 1969:west empire 1902:Constantine 1755:triumvirate 1662:. Parts of 1572:Pyrrhic War 1303:509 BC 1299:seven kings 1228:), such as 1032:existed in 997:) from the 704:44 BC 644:509 BC 630:509 BC 621:founds Rome 520:global city 483:. Rome was 393:Mark Antony 356:. With the 11382:Categories 11191:Mediolanum 11131:Alexandria 11096:Themistius 11061:Porphyrius 10888:Tertullian 10823:Quintilian 10813:Propertius 10708:Lactantius 10658:Fulgentius 10593:Censorinus 10415:Sanitation 10400:Metallurgy 10357:Technology 10322:Demography 10270:Patricians 10237:Spectacles 10195:Literature 10190:Hairstyles 10027:Technology 9777:Praefectus 9729:Government 9719:Litigation 9704:Auctoritas 9649:Centuriate 9536:Principate 9531:Pax Romana 9491:Foundation 8273:theboot.it 7003:18 January 6973:18 January 6784:under the 6480:"Religion" 6358:, 1:8, 13. 6281:6 February 6220:6 February 6106:References 6016:; and the 5975:Neoclassic 5953:, and the 5943:metropolis 5851:, and the 5612:guided by 5559:enter Rome 5512:plebiscite 5453:expedition 5239:1975–1985 5207:1932–1939 5178:Vittoriano 5169:1874–1885 5138:1848–1849 4864:Neapolitan 4815:Pier Luigi 4770:troops of 4573:Aqua Virgo 4561:Nicholas V 4494:St. Andrew 4378:Botticelli 4307:1732–1762 4280:1638–1667 4250:Caravaggio 4246:1592–1606 4234:1585–1590 4062:Gregory XI 4024:Gregory XI 4005:Charles IV 3957:Charles IV 3910:magistracy 3457:See also: 3303:along the 3285:Tabularium 3211:Desiderius 3115:iconoclasm 3080:moves the 3046:moves the 2795:Childebert 2655:physicians 2596:Belisarius 2572:Ostrogoths 2449:St. Jerome 2389:Diocletian 2358:witchcraft 2312:Diocletian 2229:. In 330, 2211:Diocletian 2177:. His son 2175:Pax Romana 2144:Alexandria 1959:sack Rome 1943:sack Rome 1898:Diocletian 1794:Principate 1735:Social War 1648:latifundia 1643:Punic Wars 1615:Patricians 1495:Heraclides 1400:—from the 1277:526–509 BC 1106:and other 1088:Pelasgians 1065:Sempronius 1013:, another 959:patricians 880:Alba Longa 730:involving 725:Prehistory 673:Punic Wars 582:"upper"). 358:Punic Wars 292:(1742) by 38:753–509 BC 11347:Quaestors 11277:Empresses 11267:Dynasties 11257:Dictators 11232:and other 11221:Volubilis 11216:Vindobona 11176:Londinium 11101:Theodoret 11071:Procopius 11051:Polyaenus 11026:Pausanias 10928:Vitruvius 10873:Symmachus 10868:Suetonius 10778:Petronius 10763:Obsequens 10728:Macrobius 10723:Lucretius 10648:Frontinus 10623:Eutropius 10608:Columella 10558:Augustine 10548:Appuleius 10496:Neo-Latin 10471:Classical 10462:Versions 10370:Aqueducts 10312:Patronage 10232:Sexuality 10205:Mythology 10180:Education 10170:Cosmetics 9995:Campaigns 9990:Structure 9943:Decemviri 9802:Imperator 9501:overthrow 9156:Routledge 8308:. p. 222. 7725:8 January 7294:(3): 4–8. 7163:, Ch. 4, 7143:Tacitus, 6868:Tacitus, 6340:, 1:9–13. 6136:and his " 6026:quartieri 5979:Modernist 5955:Catacombs 5947:Colosseum 5895:Colosseum 5835:Studios. 5833:Cinecittà 5816:Quo Vadis 5769:open city 5725:open city 5591:Porta Pia 5496:Porta Pia 5340:. 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