19:
215:, was published in 1848, also by J. F. L. Hempel, shortly before his death. Nevertheless, more and more variations and regional peculiarities of the game developed; the rules thus differed from one region to another until the first attempt to set them in order was made by a congress of Skat players on 7 August 1886 in Altenburg. These were the first official rules finally published in a book form in 1888 by Theodor Thomas of Leipzig. The current rules, followed by both the
240:
436:(ISPA) was founded, which interpreted some rules differently than the German Skat Association. The two competing associations could not reach a consensus. The conflict escalated when the German Skat Association banned its members from double membership in both associations in 1978. Since then, ISPA has mainly been responsible for the organisation of the annually alternating
1381:"By agreement or local use it may also be agreed that bidding from the Solo onwards (i.e. in the case of hand games) may be based, not the ranking of the contracts, but the number of points to be calculated each time for the individual contract (bidding based on Werth). Here, the regulations in §23, paragraphs 3 to 5 are to be applied analogously."
333:, seven further Skat congresses followed, at which further rules, such as Null contracts, were defined. However, two points of contention could not be resolved: the method of bidding remained an acute issue which even a prize awarded in 1907 could not change. The second problem was that there was no agreement on a uniform
1117:). The soloist's only privilege was that he could discard two less useful cards. Otherwise, the dealer was forced to play and had no influence on the type of game. Under these rules, the soloist had to play even if he did not have a single trump or Ace in his hand. Of course, most solo games were lost.
401:
At the following two congresses, the values of the Null and normal Grand contracts, which are still valid today, were determined. It was also decided that Hand games would not be penalised twice and that the basic value of the Grand Ouvert would be 36. Another innovation was the regulation introduced
259:
period, the game was able to spread throughout
Germany unhindered by the old borders, but this also encouraged uncontrolled growth. In the rapidly expanding towns and the huge factories many people from different parts of the German Empire met and came into social contact. In addition, supra-regional
1450:
In 1887, Stein gives the percentages of 32-card, German-suited packs sold to the various German states as follows: Saxe-Thuringia 90%, Prussian
Silesia 80%, Saxony 50%, Brandenburg and Posen 5%, Prussia 3%, Pomerania 2%, Hanover, Rhineland and Westphalia ½%, Schleswig-Holstein and Hesse-Nassau 0.5%.
345:
During the First World War, point bidding spread among the German soldiers. More and more variants developed. In the trenches men of different regional and social backgrounds met one another. If they wanted to play together, they had to find compromises between their domestic rules, which again led
61:
The early history of the game of Skat has been well researched, although some theories about its origins cannot be proven or have since been discredited. In particular, the once popular anecdote that
Friedrich Ferdinand Hempel, a well known Altenburg lawyer, simply invented Skat himself one evening
372:
In 1927 and 1928, after a break of 18 years, two Skat congresses were held in
Altenburg. Apart from the details, the rule changes decided upon are the basis of today's game. At the 11th Skat Congress, point bidding was agreed as the official and only playing method, settling a 40-year-old dispute.
1376:
Little is known about the early history and origins of point bidding. The first Skat
Congress failed in its attempt to found an all-German Skat Association because its participants could not agree on a compromise between suit bidding and point bidding. This suggests that point bidding was already
1148:) and the point bidding system used today was that the suit bidding offered only the basic values of the games. Except in special cases, a player could not be overbid by an unfavourable Unter/Jack in the Skat, since the position of the Unters was not taken into account when bidding. "Matadors" (
781:, is confirmed in office. For the time being, the executive committee remains in Altenburg in East Germany. In 1953, Fuchs leaves for the west. The seat of the association also moves to the West. Between 1953 and 2002 the headquarters of the German Skat Association is in Bielefeld.
127:
Von der
Gabelentz's scores in these games have survived and can be seen in the Thuringian State Archive in Altenburg. In a notebook he listed his gaming losses and winnings in detail from 1798 to 1829, so that, even today, his gaming results are clear. On 4 September 1813 the term
1120:
In the next stage of development, the pack was cut and the bottom card determined the trump suit. So the dealer/soloist had at least one trump. To determine the trump suit, the lowest card had to be revealed, so that the other players knew at least one card held by the soloist.
356:
Nevertheless, the codification of the basic rules for point bidding is thanks to a declared follower of the classic
Altenburg suit bidding system. In 1924, the author of numerous Skat books and bookkeeper of the German Skat Association, Artur Schubert, published fixed rules for
116:) Dr. Hans Carl Leopold Schuderoff, court advocate and notary Friedrich Ferdinand Hempel (1778-1836), Councillor Carl Christian Adam Neefe (1774-1821) and Chancellor Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz (1778–1831). Another participant in the rounds was well-known publisher,
960:
The German Skat
Association is restructured. The regional associations of the former East Germany join the German Skat Association. There are first proposals to solve the problem of playing cards, which had not been solved at the 4th Skat Congress, by a compromise with
1124:
Since this solution was not satisfactory either, and idea by Carl
Christian Adam Neefe was adopted whereby an auction was held to determine the soloist and trump suit. By bidding, however, further types of contract other than the basic suit contracts became possible.
136:
published in
Altenburg on 25 July 1818 under the heading "Das Skadspiel". In the years that followed the game spread more and more, especially among the students of Thuringian and Saxon universities and was soon popular in large parts of German-speaking Europe.
314:
was founded. Those present could still not agree on a final set of rules. Although suit bidding was declared an official form of the game, point bidding was still allowed. The Congress chose Altenburg as the headquarters of the new association.
247:
The first 70 years were a success story. The game spread and won more and more supporters from all social classes, but suffered from a confusion of local and regional rules. There was a danger that Skat would disintegrate into many new games.
1080:
The International Skat Rules are changed. An opponent may only put his hand down openly if the soloist cannot take a trick, regardless of the play of the soloist and the other defender. Otherwise the remaining tricks belong to the soloist.
834:
is adopted. As an extension to the "Seeger Points" introduced in 1936, the defenders also receive a bonus for lost games. The inventor of the new accounting system, Johannes Fabian, is elected president of the German Skat Association. The
448:, the world's first electronic Skat computer, on the German market. The device was strictly programmed according to the rules of the German Skat Association. However, Skat computers were not able to assert themselves permanently.
346:
to new variations. In view of the situation that one would perhaps no longer be able to experience the settlement of the next round, the game increasingly took on the features of a game of chance with ever higher stakes.
230:
Because of the poor economic conditions and lack of political freedom in many German states, Germany was a classic emigration region in the 19th century and many emigrants took the game with them to their new homeland.
62:
having become bored with a game of Solo has since been discredited by Oskar Stein (1887), although subsequent research has shown that Hempel (along with his namesake J.F.L. Hempel) had a hand in its development.
384:
Not only did the First World War change the bidding system, but it also helped to establish Skat as Germany's pre-eminent card game. As Grünberg noted in north Germany in 1938 "before the war we mostly played
997:
The currently valid International Skat Regulations will be jointly agreed with the International Skat Federation. Lost hand games will be punished. The basic value 36 for a Grandouvert will be reduced to 24.
428:
was formed in Altenburg in 1963 to replace the Skat Court. The Altenburgers then adopted the western rule changes, so that despite the division of Germany there was a common rule basis in East and West.
302:
In 1887, the Skat Congress tried unsuccessfully to mandate German-suited cards for the game. But as Stein pointed out, there were vast areas of Germany that had largely gone over to French-suited cards.
275:("Illustrated Textbook of the Scat Game") by county court councillor, Karl Buhle. In 1886, on the occasion of an industrial fair in Altenburg, a big Skat tournament was held. The event led to the first
299:). The participants of the first Skat Congress could not agree a compromise between the two varieties, which is why no association was founded. The second Skat Congress also failed due to this issue.
747:
is set at 24. Grand Ouvert is given a basic value of 36. Lost hand games are not penalized, i.e. they are simply calculated negatively. In open contracts, all ten cards must be shown immediately.
481:
In 2005, the office of the German Skat Association in Bielefeld was closed and moved to its historical headquarters in Altenburg in accordance with the resolutions of the 28th Skat Congress.
981:
It is decided to conduct negotiations with the International Skat Federation on the unification of the regulations. An association agreement with the Polish Skat Association is adopted.
695:
The originally planned 11th Congress is cancelled because there is no agreement over bidding. The outbreak of the First World War prevents further discussions for the time being.
132:
appeared for the first time in this account. A further verifiable written record of the new game can be found in an article about Osterland games in edition no. 30 of the weekly
455:
in 1990, the East German clubs joined the German Skat Association again. The Skat Association tried to resolve the old dispute over playing cards with a compromise using a new
809:
444:, but its subdivision ISPA Germany and the DSkV organise their own German individual and team championships and leagues. In 1980 the company Novag Industries launched
474:. Hand games have been penalised twice since then and the basic value of the Grand Ouvert has been set at 24. In addition, the players' associations formed the
184:
and either could be overcalled by the same contract in a higher-ranking suit, the suits ranking in the same order as in the modern game. The declarer needed 61
489:
Between 1886 and 2006 there were 29 Skat Congresses. The German Skat Association was founded at the third Skat Congress. Important congresses are marked in
1101:
comprised the Unters (Jacks) and the trump suit as in the modern Suit contract. However, the declarer was not free to choose trumps. The trump suit, as in
381:
were passed. After the 12th Skat Congress, the basic rules of the game were only changed in detailed questions such as certain base values and scoring.
1405:
In 1967, East Germany issued a special series of postage stamps on the theme of German Playing Cards with pictures of the Jack/Unter of the German and
569:
The German Skat Associations is founded. Head office in Altenburg. Suit bidding is officially recognised. Point bidding remains an alternative. The
283:), which was based on the aforementioned book by Buhle. At this time there were two fundamentally different playing methods. One variant was called
1736:
527:("General German Skat Regulations") are agreed. No association is founded because there is no agreement over the Altenburg suit bidding system (
1669:
140:
The earliest recorded rules for "Scat" were written down by one of its inventors, "Hp" (J.F.L. Hempel), for Pierer and von Binzer's 1833
611:
by Artur Schubert is accepted as 'provisionally valid'. Neither the bidding issue nor the question of the pack to be used are decided.
369:
can already be guessed while bidding. He described the rules of the unpopular game variant in order to prevent further diversification.
1816:
1782:
654:
A prize is announced. The aim is to find a compromise between suit and point bidding. Nevertheless, no acceptable compromise is found.
1827:
1644:
1833:
470:
The conflict between the German Skat Association and ISPA was also resolved amicably in 1998. Both players' associations adopted the
349:
Conservative skat players, who clung to the suit bidding, pejoratively referred to the point bidding game of the simple soldiers as
777:
Although the congress takes place in the western part of the divided Germany, Erich Fuchs, the former president of the congress in
1756:
417:
became the central seat of the German Skat Association. The following congresses brought further rule refinements like e.g. the
433:
393:. Only in the pub, when there is a lot of conversation is a social game of cards played, and that game is called 'Knüffelen'".
216:
914:
The conflict with the International Skat Federation escalates. The Congress prohibits double membership in both federations.
761:
According to a suggestion by Otto Seeger, each game won is rewarded with a bonus of 50 points in addition to the game value.
361:
based on point bidding. In 1922, Schubert still rejected point bidding because the distribution of cards and the position of
1853:
251:
In the 1870s important new movements began, which led to the rules being unified and later simplified. The founding of the
1451:
Note that this list excludes states like Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg that would have used 36-card German-suited packs.
1413:
issued a special stamp on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the first German Skat Congress. On 5 September 2013,
1377:
widespread in 1886. In the Skat Rules of the first Skat Congress under §26 point bidding is covered in two sentences:
1595:
1807:
1386:
This rule explains today's suit values (9, 10, 11 and 12), because these were the basic values of Suit Solo games.
1174:
The Frage (pronounced "frar-ger") contract corresponded to today's normal suit contract. The soloist picked up the
1585:
682:
The majority of the board insists on suit bidding. The members favour point bidding. No compromise can be found.
1761:
44:. The game spread rapidly within German-speaking Europe and also in the US and is now one of the most popular
831:
418:
1619:
260:
player associations could be formed in the new unitary state, which ultimately led to the foundation of the
1441:
Oskar Stein (1887) tracked down "Hp" who turned out to be the schoolmaster and Skat inventor J.F.L. Hempel.
711:
Point bidding prevails. A committee is formed for disputes, which is the nucleus of the German Skat Court.
962:
402:
in 1936 at the suggestion of Otto Seeger that every game won would be rewarded with a bonus of 50 points.
1821:
1752:
Altenburg and the Card Game - The gaming passion of Altenburger townsfolk and farmers in the 19th century
1718:
813:
156:
who received 10 each in packets of 3, 2, 3 and 2, the two remaining cards being dealt to the table as a
1128:
Early forms of Null and Grand were already being played in the 1840s. The Null was, from the outset, a
1097:
In the first game variants, the dealer always received the two surplus cards and became a soloist. The
441:
117:
97:, however, is not one of Skat's precursors but a 19th century development of the double-pack games in
1848:
104:
The first Skat players and 'inventors' of the game were Altenburg dignitaries and members of a local
1673:
475:
224:
1233:. If the card was a Seven, the soloist could sometimes choose between the suit of the Seven and a
1271:
corresponded to the present Suit Hand contract. The soloist announced trumps without viewing the
1217:
and showed it to the defenders. The suit of that card became the trump suit. If the card was an
1213:
Modern Skat have no equivalent of this contract. The soloist flipped one of the two cards of the
437:
311:
261:
1558:
1544:
1406:
220:
173:
65:
What is certain is that the game was developed between 1810 and 1813 in the Thuringian town of
1349:
was like a modern Null Ouvert Hand. There were no counterparts of the modern simple Null with
1014:
The most important decision is the relocation of the association's headquarters to Altenburg.
424:
Since there was also a desire in East Germany for a central authority to settle disputes, the
1528:
373:
Another important decision was the establishment of a committee for disputes, from which the
18:
1780:
Chronology of the History of the Game of Skat on the homepage of the German Skat Association
1779:
1727:
1132:
and basically resembled its modern successor. The predecessor of Grand was called Ace Game (
1710:
1648:
1218:
1114:
452:
366:
201:
8:
1410:
464:
362:
153:
105:
1607:
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149:
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1422:
1229:), the soloist could choose whether to accept the suit of the Unter or to announce a
1110:
1102:
374:
145:
1182:
were not valid for Frage. The base values of the contracts were: 1 for Bells Frage (
1129:
406:
390:
98:
32:
1799:
1771:
234:
1811:
1786:
1315:
330:
197:
70:
589:
A statute formulated by Artur Schubert is adopted. There is no agreement on the
409:, Altenburg-based President, Erich Fuchs, was confirmed in office. When he left
1791:
1397:
contract no longer made any sense, because its game value was not predictable.
976:
880:
460:
256:
1842:
1414:
1389:
The next step was to extend point bidding to the other contracts. This meant
564:
456:
319:
307:
252:
157:
1179:
778:
744:
743:
Null games are given the game values still valid today. The basic value of
590:
410:
551:
The point of dispute over the method of bidding is unable to be resolved.
279:. About a thousand participants decided the General German Rules of Skat (
1751:
1471:
386:
90:
78:
74:
1804:
1762:"Blick in die Geschichte des Skatspiels und des Deutschen Skatverbands"
1106:
185:
94:
86:
112:) Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hempel (1773-1849), medical health officer (
1009:
772:
584:
414:
334:
66:
48:
in Germany as well as being considered Germany's national card game.
45:
41:
239:
843:. Both German states continue to play according to the same rules.
271:(Illustrated Scat Book). One year later followed the set of rules,
208:
152:
and the surrounding area. These describe a game for 3 players with
1757:
The History of Skat on the homepage of the German Skat Association
1720:
Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der Wissenschaften, Künste und Gewerbe
955:
894:
839:
formed in 1963 in Altenburg takes over the rule changes from the
636:
546:
1729:
Universal-Lexikon oder vollständiges encyclopädisches Wörterbuch
1178:, discarded 2 cards and then announced the trump suit. Null and
318:
A year earlier a comparable association had been founded in the
925:
235:
First Skat congresses and foundation of German Skat Association
1313:
was a hand contract just like today and included an announced
255:
accelerated this process in many ways. During the boom of the
1717:
Pierer, Heinrich August and August Daniel von Binzer (1833).
1714:, Vol. 48, No. 1. Heimat und Erbe, Flensburg, pp. 27/28.
1421:("200 years of Skat"). The design was by graphical artist,
573:("German Skat Paper") is founded as the official magazine.
377:
emerged. At the 12th Skat Congress the following year, the
1136:); it was the counterpart to Null and also had no trumps.
1830:
www.welt.de, 8 June 2013 (retrieved 19 October 2015)
1723:, Vol. 19 (S–Schlüpfrig). Altenburg: Literatur-Comptoir.
1768:, May 1985, 30th annual edition. Deutscher Skatverband.
1309:
which was the equivalent of the modern Grand Hand. The
340:
326:. Skat had been played in the USA since at least 1876.
1696:
published by Novag Industries, Hong Kong (1980), p. 1.
120:. The game was first known as Ore Mountain Schafkopf (
1800:
Two Theories on the Early History of the Game of Skat
1152:) were not taken into account until after the game.
1144:
The main difference between Altenburg suit bidding (
204:
were permanent trumps ranking above the trump suit.
1155:In addition, the game types differed from today's:
1645:"Deutsche Mannschafts- und Einzelmeister der ISPA"
1417:issued a special 90-cent stamp under the motto of
1345:and thus the same as a present-day Null Hand. The
1087:
276:
1840:
1828:In the world wars Skat was important to the war.
1732:, 18th volume (S-Schlüpfrig), Altenberg: Pierer.
1560:1818 - Erwähnung in den Osterländischen Blättern
1357:pick-up. The basic game values were: 20 for a
1237:. The basic values were: 5 for a Bell Tourné (
484:
267:In 1884, Freiherr von Hirschfeld published an
243:Men playing Skat in a Lübeck house around 1885
188:to win and there were bonuses for scoring 90 (
25:("The Skat Session") by Josef Wagner-Höhenberg
1400:
808:The German Skat Association registers in the
478:jointly in 2001, whose seat is in Altenburg.
1805:History of the Game of Skat at Skatfuchs.com
1563:at skat-spielen.de. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
1549:at skat-spielen.de. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
1275:. The basic values were: 9 for a Bell Solo (
200:in unbroken sequence from the top. The four
81:; the idea of setting aside two cards (the
196:) and, optionally, for holding or lacking
1834:Picture of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hempel
625:Values for Null contracts are laid down.
419:expanded Seeger and Fabian scoring system
1670:"Meisterschaften & Turniere im DSkV"
1628:
1580:
1578:
238:
144:, by when it was already popular in the
17:
1590:, pp. 7, 8, 162, Averill Press (2008),
1572:Pierer & von Binzer (1833), p. 371.
1841:
1708:Grünberg, Peter (1938). "Knüffeln" in
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
434:International Skat Players Association
217:International Skat Players Association
69:from older card games. The concept of
1575:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
467:and known as the Tournament pattern.
405:At the first Skat Congress after the
273:Illustriertes Lehrbuch des Scatspiels
1092:
341:Introduction of modern standard Skat
77:through its simpler German version,
1817:Extract from the Skat Rules of 1886
1353:pick-up or modern Null Ouvert with
40:began in the early 19th century in
13:
1546:1813 - Erste urkundliche Erwähnung
1491:
729:by Richard Burkhardt is accepted.
292:
164:. There were just two contracts –
14:
1865:
1745:
1319:. The basic values were 16 for a
832:Seeger and Fabian expanded system
396:
284:
213:Das Scatspiel: Nebst zwei Liedern
1371:
310:at the Third Skat Congress, the
180:bidder could be overcalled by a
176:opened the bidding or passed. A
1694:Betriebsanleitung Skat Champion
1687:
1662:
1637:
1612:
1444:
1139:
1088:Basic development of Skat rules
963:French symbols and German suits
609:Allgemeine Deutsche Skatordnung
525:Allgemeine Deutsche Skatordnung
507:Important decisions and events
281:Allgemeine Deutsche Skatordnung
1600:
1566:
1552:
1538:
1482:
1464:
1435:
472:International Skat Regulations
108:club: grammar school teacher (
1:
1773:Die Geschichte des Skatspiels
1702:
1458:
1253:) and 12 for a Grand Tourné (
1105:and most contracts of modern
531:) and Leipzig point bidding (
56:
1428:
1287:) and 12 for an Acorn Solo (
7:
1854:Cultural history of Germany
1634:Grünberg (1938), pp. 27/28.
1625:Berlin: Baensch. pp. 65–66.
814:Federal Republic of Germany
485:Overview of Skat congresses
442:European Skat Championships
142:Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch
73:appears to be derived from
10:
1870:
1741:. Berlin: Wilhelm Baensch.
1401:Skat honoured in philately
1249:), 8 for an Acorn Tourné (
329:Up to the outbreak of the
324:North American Skat League
227:, date from Jan. 1, 1999.
118:Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
51:
1738:Geschichte des Skatspiels
1621:Geschichte des Skatspiels
1341:The Null was basically a
1245:), 7 for a Green Tourné (
1160:
727:Neue Deutsche Skatordnung
122:Erzgebirgischer Schafkopf
1822:120 Years of Skat on WDR
1606:Encyclopædia Britannica
1472:"Skat - card game rules"
1283:), 11 for a Green Solo (
1190:), 3 for a Green Frage (
1146:Altenburger Farbenreizen
899:Extraordinary Congress.
810:Register of Associations
529:Altenburger Farbenreizen
476:International Skat Court
432:In the early 1970s, the
289:Altenburger Farbenreizen
225:British Skat Association
1796:at www.skat-spielen.de.
1241:), 6 for a Red Tourné (
312:German Skat Association
262:German Skat Association
31:history of the game of
1407:Altenburg pattern pack
1279:), 10 for a Red Solo (
1194:) and 4 for an Acorn (
1186:), 2 for a Red Frage (
533:Leipziger Zahlenreizen
297:Leipziger Zahlenreizen
285:Altenburg Suit Bidding
269:Illustriertes Scatbuch
244:
221:German Skat Federation
211:on the rules of Skat,
192:), taking all tricks (
134:Osterländische Blätter
26:
1735:Stein, Oskar (1887).
1618:Stein, Oskar (1887).
1535:Retrieved 13 Sep 2018
389:. Now everyone plays
379:New German Skat Rules
306:On 12 March 1899, in
293:Leipzig Point Bidding
242:
85:) was taken from the
21:
1587:Foster's Skat Manual
1531:Deutsche Skatverband
571:Deutsche Skatzeitung
453:German reunification
148:, especially in the
1726:Pierer, HA (1835).
1411:Deutsche Bundespost
465:German suit colours
154:German-suited cards
1810:2007-06-10 at the
1793:Infos/Historisches
1785:2007-07-04 at the
1109:, was permanently
245:
150:Duchy of Altenburg
110:Gymnasialprofessor
27:
1423:Christoph Niemann
1369:
1368:
1305:There was also a
1184:Frage in Schellen
1103:Wendish Schafkopf
1093:Early development
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1084:
375:German Skat Court
146:Kingdom of Saxony
1861:
1849:Skat (card game)
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1672:. Archived from
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1130:plain-trick game
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407:Second World War
291:) and the other
99:German Schafkopf
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1839:
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1812:Wayback Machine
1787:Wayback Machine
1776:at www.mlac.ca.
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1164:Description
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1140:Suit bidding
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779:East Germany
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1363:Null Ouvert
1347:Null Ouvert
1337:Null Ouvert
1289:Eichel solo
1277:Schell solo
1247:Grün tourné
1235:Null Tourné
351:Trench Skat
257:Gründerzeit
186:card points
91:Grosstarock
1843:Categories
1711:Die Heimat
1703:Literature
1680:2018-09-10
1655:2018-09-10
1459:References
1391:inter alia
1321:Grand Solo
1307:Grand Solo
1297:Grand Solo
1243:Rot tourné
1208:Wendespiel
1107:Doppelkopf
1025:Altenburg
867:Bielefeld
854:Bielefeld
827:Bielefeld
805:Bielefeld
792:Bielefeld
758:Altenburg
740:Altenburg
722:Altenburg
708:Altenburg
622:Altenburg
520:Altenburg
463:pack with
359:Gucki-Skat
207:The first
95:Doppelkopf
87:Tarot game
57:Beginnings
46:card games
1429:Footnotes
1393:that the
1359:Null Solo
1343:Null Solo
1285:Grün solo
1161:Contract
1010:Papenburg
837:Skataktiv
773:Bielefeld
585:Magdeburg
426:Skataktiv
415:Bielefeld
413:in 1953,
335:Skat pack
190:Schneider
67:Altenburg
42:Thuringia
1808:Archived
1783:Archived
1281:Rot solo
1134:As-Spiel
1115:Diamonds
1038:Hanover
940:Cologne
692:Dresden
679:Leipzig
604:Leipzig
209:treatise
198:matadors
174:forehand
75:L'Hombre
1316:schwarz
1150:Spitzen
1071:XXXIII
1051:Berlin
1003:XXVIII
956:Hamburg
895:Cologne
812:of the
637:Dresden
547:Leipzig
194:Schwarz
71:bidding
52:History
1594:
1395:Tourné
1204:Tourné
1099:trumps
1058:XXXII
994:Halle
926:Munich
919:XXIII
821:XVIII
651:Halle
504:Venue
451:After
367:Unters
322:: the
253:Empire
202:Unters
172:– and
106:Tarock
1219:Unter
1180:Grand
1170:Frage
1111:Bells
1064:Bonn
1048:2014
1045:XXXI
1035:2010
1022:2006
1019:XXIX
1006:2002
991:1998
987:XXVII
973:1994
970:XXVI
952:1990
937:1986
934:XXIV
922:1982
909:1978
891:1975
877:1974
864:1970
851:1966
824:1962
802:1958
799:XVII
789:1954
769:1950
755:1936
745:Grand
737:1932
734:XIII
719:1928
705:1927
676:1909
648:1907
645:VIII
633:1906
619:1903
601:1902
581:1901
561:1899
543:1887
517:1886
501:Year
438:World
363:Jacks
178:Frage
166:Frage
158:talon
1609:Skat
1592:ISBN
1355:skat
1351:skat
1335:and
1333:Null
1299:and
1273:skat
1269:Solo
1267:The
1263:Solo
1227:Bube
1215:skat
1176:skat
1032:XXX
905:XXII
874:XXI
848:XIX
841:West
830:The
786:XVI
752:XIV
725:The
716:XII
630:VII
607:The
591:pack
523:The
491:bold
440:and
391:Skat
387:Solo
223:and
182:Solo
170:Solo
168:and
162:Scat
130:Scat
83:skat
79:Solo
38:Scat
33:Skat
29:The
1764:in
1291:).
1257:).
1225:or
1198:).
948:XXV
861:XX
766:XV
659:IX
616:VI
578:IV
557:III
540:II
535:).
365:or
124:).
89:of
36:or
1845::
1577:^
1493:^
1474:.
1383:.
1365:.
1327:.
1210:)
965:.
816:.
701:XI
689:-
673:X
668:?
665:?
662:?
598:V
493::
459:,
421:.
353:.
337:.
264:.
219:,
101:.
93:.
1683:.
1658:.
1623:.
1533:.
1478:.
1221:(
1206:(
1113:(
513:I
295:(
287:(
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