History of South Africa

1960:

had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. Owners who had purchased enslaved people on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. Britain had allocated the sum of 1,200,000 British Pounds (equivalent to £5,53 billion in 2023) as compensation to the Dutch settlers, on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the enslaved people was many times the allocated amount. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent. The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing.

3940: 1217: 3654:. The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. 2349: 1387: 4568: 2591: 3530: 2531: 1104: 1485: 1410: 3026: 3224:) generally supported the war effort. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. The trade union movement was divided. Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war. 3663:

states. The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities.

2543:. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loath to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans. 2746:

Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef.

4150: 3173: 2371:, meaning "bastard"—started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century." They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginal people, local African tribesmen, and also some white renegades. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. 3058:, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General. This status was affirmed and further defined at the 1926 Imperial Conference, where the Balfour Declaration officially recognized the Dominions, including South Africa, as "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs." Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. The 3831: 1465: 3902:(APLA). Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies. In 1993, attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased. APLA denied the attacks were racist in character, claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites, according to the PAC, were complicit in the policy of apartheid. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. 4281:

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) found that competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and host communities, identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence. South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009, representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from

2271: 2029: 4529: 3563: 3621: 1949: 3262: 2831: 2610:

an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved.

1254: 1156: 493: 4482: 14173: 1739: 1583: 14125: 4141:(ARV) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic sweeping the country. South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS compared to any other country in the world, with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV-related deaths were recorded in 2011. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005. 2645:(also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory. 2192: 1975: 3387: 3714: 2778: 2129: 3670:(TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings. Between 1960–1994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the 3383:(radar) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa. By August 1945, South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships, assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships, attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast, and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties. 3535: 3531: 1399: 2467: 3532: 4615: 107: 3094: 2574:

1865. After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire, Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu, with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho. The country was subsequently named

8161:"Evidence placed before the Commission indicates, however, that from the late-1970s, senior politicians – as well as police, national intelligence and defence force leaders – developed a strategy to deal with opposition to the government. This entailed, among other actions, the unlawful killing, within and beyond South Africa, of people whom they perceived as posing a significant challenge to the state's authority." 4439: 2679:. Cape Colony Governor Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate. Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. Waterboer, fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State, subsequently asked for and received British protection. Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed 2654: 3763:

Colonel Jan Breytenbach, the South African parachute battalion commander, claimed it was "recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II." The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. On 23 August 1981 South African troops again

3534: 2892:, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. 24: 2606:(pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 947: 1873: 1836:, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after 1945:. Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. 3959:, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the 1923:. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million. 1025:, was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to 3515:

various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country's transition to democracy. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. On 11 March 1994, several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right-wing force that invaded the nominally independent "homeland" territory of

2758:

half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899. The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.

1461:

increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi. The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.

2738: 2937: 3782:, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the 3921:(ANC) and the UDF, based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter. Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. 3687:(Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible. 3597:, which lasted until 1991. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now 2638:. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British. 4193:

post-apartheid era, precipitated many violent protest demonstrations. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the

3874:. From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians." 4109:

estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995, out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North

3905:

Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing

3649:

Resolution 2202 A (XXI) identified apartheid as a "crime against humanity". The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States)

3628:

Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of

3394:

About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field

3277:

were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). 21,000 of these people were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. A total of 616 men from the

2609:

Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers, notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal. In September 1854, 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by

2517:

Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in

598:

in the interior of South Africa. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development

4365:

Police and military authorities were mobilised to quell the unrest. By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.

4280:

The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world.

3954:

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s meant the African National Congress (ANC) in alliance with the South African Communist Party, could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support. It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and

3636:

and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in

3305:

The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. Manpower, from all races, helped Allied operations not just on the Western Front and Africa, but also in the

3089:

Among other harsh segregationist laws, including denial of voting rights to black people, the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives' Land Act, which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa's available land for black occupancy. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held

2489:

Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers fought against the Zulus, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the

2449:

Wars or the Cape Frontier Wars). In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. For nearly 100 years subsequently, the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically, first the Boers or Afrikaners and later

2440:

As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. The consequent frontier wars

1649:

Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture.

4261:

Since 2007 South Africa has experienced an ongoing energy crisis that has negatively impacted the country's economy, its ability to create jobs, and reduce poverty. A lack of investment in new power generating capacity and an aging fleet of existing power plants was the initial cause of the crisis.

4161:

Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry, which employed half a million mostly black miners. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as

4068:

The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter, which was intended to form the basis of ANC social, economic and political policies. The Charter decreed that "the national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the

3662:

In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring

2553:

As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy

3746:

in support of the MPLA. Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention. The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed

2967:

lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of

2757:

The working environment of the mines, meanwhile, as one historian has described it, was "dangerous, brutal and onerous", and therefore unpopular among local black Africans. Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. In mid-1903 there remained barely

2749:

Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. Rhodes and Rudd

2573:

conducted raids in Free State territories. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. War broke out again in

2436:

In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. To Moshoeshoe the BaSotho chieftain from Lesotho, it was customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance of land use under his authority. To

2285:

By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851.

1959:

Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money. The farmers

3893:

The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an "Africanist" faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa. Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white. The Africanists broke away from the ANC to

3741:

movements. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000

3514:

or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. In the early to mid-1990s, the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through

2993:

The Anglo–Boer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. Black people were recruited or conscripted by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British. The official statistics of blacks killed in

2690:

By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings

1887:

The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. It accelerated the formation of several new nation-states, notably those of the Sotho

3762:

as well as provide support for UNITA. A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children.

1683:

British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. This aim was complicated by border

1460:

The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. The small initial group of free burghers, as these farmers were known, steadily

927:

at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. Competition between Dutch and Khoikhoi pastoralists over grazing land led to livestock theft and conflict. The Khoikhoi were ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of

919:

indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries

2753:

Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. The commercial opportunities opened by the

2686:

The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. The Griqua community

2390:

in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the

2050:

in Europe, then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854, when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic, which they named the Orange Free State. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and

1667:

in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds (equivalent to £31,2 billion in 2023) for the colony. This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000

4110:

America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. As of 2021, tens of thousands of white South Africans continue to emigrate each year. By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres.

3709:

South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. These states, forming a regional

2505:

In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. Frere, on his own initiative,

2453:

The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African

2206:

Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. Annexation also precipitated a war between British

707:

for all South Africa. On 27 April 1994, after decades of ANC led resistance to white minority rule, armed guerrilla struggle, and international opposition to apartheid - which ended in crippling sanctions against the minority white government, the ANC achieved a majority in the country's first

2457:

In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British

2745:

Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called

3885:

in Europe and North Africa during World War II. With 250,000 paid-up members at the height of its existence, it was the largest white protest movement in the country's history. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to

4192:

In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio-economic transformation, government incompetence and maladministration, and other public grievances in the

2538:

From the 1830s onwards, numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley, which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch

2550:, decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line, dividing the area between British and Basotho territories. This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British, who were defeated by Moshoeshoe's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851. 3690:

The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued.

3216:. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. 3138:

In 1924 the Afrikaner-dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.

3247:, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. The 2106:

and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600 km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the

4133:

86.7B (US$ 14B at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. The debt was finally settled in September 2001.

2907:, meaning aliens. The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government. 3747:

throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA's fight with UNITA. The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,000–1,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended.

2714:

at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. Abundant, cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining, as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the

3533: 920:

exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated.

2501:

was fought in 1879. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa.

2406:

The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley.

2422:

also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.

4084:

on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad. According to

2360:" who were the offspring of extensive interracial relations between male Dutch settlers, Khoikhoi women, and enslaved women imported from Dutch colonies in the East. Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. 1715:

and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of

2085:

emigrating from the Cape Colony. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after

1997:), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by 5898: 2868:

The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first

1863:, breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. His 2670:

where the diamond diggings were concentrated. The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. Claimants to the site included the South African (Transvaal) Republic, the Orange Free State Republic, and the mixed-race

2998:

died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.

1707:

Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779.

3295:. The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to "native troops" that served the Empire, the British War Medal in bronze, was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC. 2750:

had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold-mining shares. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come.

2506:

without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. Bartle Frere then sent

3650:

and 26 abstentions. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the

3314:. South Africa's ports and harbours on the Home Front were a crucial strategic asset when conducting a war on a global scale. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the 2402:

mountain range), settling ultimately in an area officially designated as "Nomansland", which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East. East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879.

1704:, from 1780 to 1795. The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964. 928:

wars. The first Khoikhoi–Dutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 1674–1677. By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts, the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a

2703:. The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north. 3917:(UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. At its peak in 1987, the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members. A strong relationship existed between the 4040:

and F. W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the

2661:

The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial, on the southern banks of the Orange River. By 1869, diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river, in hard rock called blue ground, later called

1452:

to the East, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could be serviced and restock on supplies. To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of

6361: 2922:, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo–Boer war. 4166:. The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. Multi-national mining corporations including 2754:

discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin. The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania.

2691:

enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872, since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self-governing in similar fashion to the federation of

2013:

and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.

1654:

of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto", and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of

4128:

in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. With the formal end of apartheid in 1994, the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to

4073:, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable." 2235:

Initially, a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued. However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the

2918:. It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of 911:

The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.

9909: 836:

in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by

3998:(CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature. 3002:

From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. In terms of the peace agreement known as the

3790:

and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966.

3924:

A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.

2046:, enforced by the presence of British troops, which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers, named Transorange. Britain, due to the military burden imposed on it by the 756:

Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of

6335: 10476:

Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010),

7939: 3219:

Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. Likewise the Indian element (led by

2989:

visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps.

10039: 3771:(CIA). The Angolan army, in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion, was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas, all armed with weapons supplied by the 1555:

have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves, the indigenous Khoi and San, and their mixed-ethnicity descendants.

958:

was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the

9940: 2450:

the British. In the Fourth Xhosa War, which lasted from 1811 to 1812, the British colonial authorities forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary.

2228:

The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and, unlike the Boer republics, elections were held according to the non-racial

11032: 7987: 8956: 4076:

Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted

3775:. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. 3609:

over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Pro-apartheid South Africans attempted to justify the Bantustan policy by citing the

8900:"Anti-Apartheid Group Disbanding in August : South Africa: The UDF alliance, which united some 700 organizations, says its goals have been met. Many key figures have become ANC leaders" 1115:

was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488, while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa, which he named

3484:

and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896.

3042:

During the years immediately following the Anglo–Boer wars, Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self-governed country called the

10230:

The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others

4350:, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. Protests against the incarceration triggered wider rioting and looting, further exacerbated by 4240: 10664:

History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain

2959:. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. This 10473:

Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). 'Explaining the Ship Traffic Fluctuations in the Early Cape Settlement: 1652–1793', South African Journal of Economic History, 23 (2008), pp. 1–27.

5534:

Illustrated official handbook of the Cape and South Africa; a résumé of the history, conditions, populations, productions and resources of the several colonies, states, and territories

9343: 8433: 6389: 2951:

Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. Until that point, President

2055:

kingdom, which it failed to defeat. A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years. The name Orange Free State was again changed to the

5009: 3710:

alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe.

2315:

Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India.

2214:, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the 1651: 4089:, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that haunt South Africa for generations to come". In the 13934: 8797: 9901: 9838: 9764: 2225:

with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice.

9618: 2914:

had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. The armed incursion became known as the

3910:. The uprising spread throughout the country. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police. 1941:-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the 12082: 5075: 2301:

to resolve a labour shortage, as men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to work on the plantations and farms established by the colonists. In that year, the

10480:

Fourie, J. (2014). 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. 142–168.

3465:

after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the

2386:, a mission station for the San, several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand. Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against 708:

democratic election. Since then, despite a continually decreasing electoral majority, the ANC has ruled South Africa. The ANC has notionally been in alliance with the

7130: 12712: 9558: 9323: 3838:

From the 1940s to the 1960s, anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance, influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of

3212:. Elements of the South African Army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the government; they rose in an open revolt known as the 2723:, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves. 1315: 1311: 1191: 551:

and the San. Starting in about 1,000 BCE, these groups were then joined by the Bantu tribes who migrated from Western and Central Africa during what is known as the

2437:

European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority.

562:

to China. In the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese explorers traveled down the west African Coast, detailing and mapping the coastline and in 1488 they rounded the

3227:

With a population of roughly 6 million, between 1914–1918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Thousands more served in the

1135:

to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. Da Gama's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards, eventually reaching

3426:

in May 1945. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the

8159:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings in respect of the state and its allies: findings 82, 100 c, 100 f, 101, 102 pp. 213, 219, 223, 224 – Quote:

1634:

to prevent it from falling into French hands. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. In 1805, the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the

1619: 4958: 9988: 8057:

Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips, "State power in the 1980s: from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare", in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan (eds)

4231:

that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of

9156: 6362:"Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? Portrayals of indenture in recent South African writing" 6302: 4266:

has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis.

1143:

between Europe and Asia. Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia.

1107:

Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London. He was the first European navigator to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa.

13501: 8007: 6222: 4975:, Johannesburg: Waterman 1996, p.34 – (citing report by Professor C van Riet Lowe and Dr D J H Visser, published in 1955 by government Department of Mines). 2063:. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904 ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the 11301: 9932: 3354: 1531:

Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the

331: 3128:(NP) in 1914. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. 3007:, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control. 1037:, and throughout southern Africa, making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads. 9879: 9592: 5566: 3167: 1559:, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. 326: 8310: 6852: 3050:

consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. Under the provisions of the act, the Union became an independent

773:. The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous 12959: 12663: 11738: 7981: 3667: 2478:

In the eastern part of what is today South Africa, in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers, the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King

1539:

out of the Khoikhoi and the San. The descendants of unions between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi-San and Malay slaves became known officially as the

1319: 1233: 1187: 7152: 4215:

corruption in South Africa had also become a growing problem. Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread

224: 14104: 14038: 11029: 9374: 8953: 1017:, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day 522: 5278: 14111: 9464: 8830: 439: 10158: 3434:, resolving the peace in Europe, thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War, and that which ended the Second. 3131:

Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and

15161: 14931: 14161: 13606: 12879: 12670: 12075: 11531: 8036:

Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in

7479: 7367: 7106: 4036:, consisting of the ANC, the National Party and Inkatha. On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's new President in Pretoria with 3422:, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. When the war ended, Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the 2394:

In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of

12377: 15276: 13920: 13899: 13760: 12677: 10796:

Trials of Slavery: Selected Documents Concerning Slaves from the Criminal Records of the Council of Justice at the Cape of Good Hope, 1705–1794

3501:(Boer Nation) and other similar groups soon joined them. When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the 1086: 11057: 14139: 13522: 12872: 11186: 9207: 8748: 7084: 5809: 2289:

By 1860, with slavery having been abolished in 1834, and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843, the British colonists in

2111:

retreated. The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844. Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the

689: 9524: 9340: 4069:

people; the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people". ANC icon

13438: 13354: 12809: 12788: 11871: 8078:

Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 1979–89", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.),

7967: 5338: 3605:" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. The same legislation applied also to 2398:, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. They moved about 500 miles eastward, over the Quathlamba (today known as the 10447:

Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 1652–1662', in

8246: 6739: 2978:(meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with 1796:

The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by

14853: 13892: 12758: 12719: 11647: 10736:

Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27

9182: 8541: 6403: 4724: 4393:

and serves a term that expires at the next general election. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy the

4065:

in 1996. The death penalty was abolished, land reform and redistribution policies were introduced, and equitable labour laws legislated.

3939: 3593:

administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of

3407:, including Group Captain Adolph "Sailor" Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft. 3243:

of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. 83,000 Black men and 2,500 Coloured and Asian men also served in either

1448:, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape in 1652. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the 9813: 9670: 8616:

Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122

7280: 2873:, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at 2203:, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of the original British and Dutch settlement. 14129: 13571: 12927: 12548: 12068: 11316: 3934: 543:

designated the region the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage site. South Africa's first known inhabitants have been referred to as the

454: 389: 7994:, (Seminar lecture presented at the Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, 30 September 2004), p.2. Accessed 3 May 2015. 6028:

Charters, R. A. (1839). "Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier".

5378: 5243: 4932: 13955: 13816: 13739: 13029: 11521: 9360: 8765: 8727: 5312: 4106: 3410:

General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister

2903:" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as 2510:

to invade Zululand. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the

8794: 8745:

Further submissions and response by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation

8710: 6032:. Vol. 1839, Part III, no. September, October, November. London: Henry Colburn. pp. 19–25, 171–179, 352–359, page 24. 3890:. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. 3877:

Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to Black and Coloured activists. A movement known as the

2482:

allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of

2334:, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country. 1626:, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the 14097: 13885: 13620: 12952: 11778: 11425: 9848: 3995: 3994:

held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy. After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the

2795: 2146: 48: 15076: 11069: 9786: 9756: 5125:

Schlebusch CM, Naidoo T, Soodyall H (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa".

3135:

launched a rebellion. The rebellion was suppressed, and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad.

2102:

camp at Congella. The attack failed, with British forces then retreating back to Durban, which the Boers besieged. A local trader

14916: 13878: 13725: 13683: 13431: 13312: 12895: 12430: 12368: 11617: 11410: 8587:

Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson,

8278: 5209: 4694: 3143: 3016: 2507: 1577: 1291: 1237: 376: 161: 10013: 8852: 2719:. It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the 892:, a modern European portmanteau of these two tribes' names. The settlement of southern Africa by the Khoisan corresponds to the 13976: 13941: 13459: 12656: 11876: 8648: 5899:"A Tempest In A Teapot? Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane" 4699: 4042: 3914: 3751: 3454:

escaped to Spain. He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich.

3302:

who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.

713: 655: 10094:

Blignaut, Charl. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History."

9104: 8993: 5108: 123: 13850: 13417: 12511: 10223: 9260: 7822: 7768: 7268: 7217: 6063: 5976: 3307: 1746:

under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa. Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone

1532: 1369: 515: 289: 3090:

90 percent of the land. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades.

2895:

The cause of the Anglo–Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the

128: 14936: 14066: 13857: 13767: 13389: 11538: 11511: 11415: 9695: 8940: 8576: 8087: 7197: 7127: 6727: 4980: 2252:. As Cape Prime Minister, Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise, and his expansionist policies set the stage for the 1203: 11075: 9566: 2565:. In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at 14154: 14003: 13948: 13864: 13711: 13375: 12938: 12605: 12575: 11385: 10988: 10492:

The Thousand Generation Covenant: Dutch Reformed Covenant Theology and Group Identity in Colonial South Africa, 1652–1814

8981: 6942:

Colin Newbury, "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 1880–1889",

6769: 4704: 4093:

the African National Congress (ANC) failed to secure more than 50% of the vote for the first time in the democratic era.

4090: 4005: 3899: 3718: 3379:. South Africa's top-secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of 2186: 1547:, respectively. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto- 1216: 1199: 11095: 5587:, Cape Town: D A Robertson, 2011 (translation by Delia A Robertson from Professor Heese's original 1985 Afrikaans study 5074:

Tishkoff, SA; Gonder, MK; Henn, BM; Mortensen, H; Knight, A; Gignoux, C; Fernandopulle, N; Lema, G; et al. (2007).

2910:

In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain

13962: 13927: 13871: 13396: 13361: 13050: 12499: 12488: 11579: 11125: 10551: 10467: 8673: 8553: 8505: 7001: 5755: 5669: 3887: 2348: 1978: 1631: 850:, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by 10622:

From Dutch South Africa to Republic of South Africa, 1652–1994. The Story of Three and a Half Centuries of Imperialism

3418:

in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the

3120:

or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of

2248:

led to a later return to instability, particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist

13746: 13613: 13592: 13550: 13092: 12765: 11652: 11599: 11574: 11486: 11390: 11179: 10957: 10837: 10815: 10781: 10759: 10671: 10391: 10376: 10358: 10343: 10318: 10300: 10286: 10259: 10237: 10147: 10132: 10117: 9310: 8327: 8222: 8193: 8135: 8066: 8045: 7915: 7876: 7843: 7621: 7544: 7521: 7388: 7313: 7021: 6978: 6922: 6834: 6792: 6516: 6495: 6247: 6109: 6012: 5872: 5702: 5519: 5193: 4866: 4390: 4355: 2994:

action are inaccurate. Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. It has, however, been verified that 17,182

2817: 2168: 558:

European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal sought an alternative route to the

66: 9075: 1622:

in 1794/1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the

15271: 13676: 13515: 12684: 12598: 12541: 11856: 11666: 11584: 11337: 11332: 11296: 10906: 10872: 9644: 9021: 6299: 4709: 4394: 4290: 3610: 1433: 1299: 1295: 1082: 508: 449: 434: 371: 86: 9042: 8004: 6219: 5027:"mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations" 3846:, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the 3750:

Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate

14846: 13906: 13669: 13585: 13466: 13452: 13424: 12691: 12635: 11861: 11758: 11718: 11604: 11506: 11420: 11400: 11395: 11043: 6681: 5250: 4818: 4567: 4017: 3972: 3855: 3646: 3228: 1386: 12844: 3729:

In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola,

3208:

generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the

900:

populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear

769:

settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at

14147: 13655: 13564: 13319: 13078: 11763: 11435: 11373: 10266:

Belongings: Property, Family, and Identity in Colonial South Africa: An Exploration of Frontiers, 1725-c. 1830.

10195: 10140:

Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853

9100: 8621: 8529: 8475: 8408:

The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair, a History of Fifty Years of Independence

8382: 7426: 7333: 7177: 6621: 6562: 6283: 6204: 6171: 5848: 5792: 5621: 5596: 5482: 4062: 3991: 2799: 2150: 14169: 9871: 7855: 4137:

A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide

1265: 1167: 15187: 14177: 13809: 13795: 13718: 13599: 13557: 13536: 13410: 12973: 12619: 12341: 11896: 11773: 11723: 11594: 11405: 11231: 11224: 8885: 6849: 6004:

Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities

5263: 4684: 4046: 4009: 3651: 3590: 3502: 3274: 3125: 2032: 979: 941: 893: 740: 709: 482: 411: 116: 12851: 3403:, Libya. A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the 3059: 406: 14951: 14073: 14017: 13843: 13732: 13704: 13641: 13333: 13191: 11888: 11836: 11806: 11637: 11496: 11466: 11363: 11172: 9619:"ENERGY EQUITY OP-ED: Universal access to electricity is a necessary prerequisite to ending poverty itself" 7707:

Russell Ally, "War and gold—the Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 1914–19,"

7147: 4777: 4679: 4386: 4370: 4058: 4033: 3907: 3510: 3342: 3284:, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. The 2356:

By the late 1700s, the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed-race so-called "

2200: 1700:

was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed

1361: 950:

Looking out over the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River (right) and the Limpopo River (far distance and left)

704: 599:

of urban infrastructure. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the

459: 444: 416: 396: 12858: 9439: 8684:

Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109

7984:

Coming to terms with the past and the present: Afrikaner experience and reaction to the "new" South Africa

7345: 5532: 982:), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the 932:

introduced by Dutch sailors against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines.

15234: 15230: 14010: 13913: 13788: 13697: 13543: 12902: 11733: 11713: 11564: 11117: 9724:, Southern African Migration Project, University of Cape Town & Queen's University, Canada, 2006, p.1 5721: 5364: 5290: 4773: 4256: 3768: 3380: 2944: 2711: 1615: 728: 587: 8827: 8357: 7068: 5076:"History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation" 4910: 4223:. These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as 3519:, in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular, conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope. The AWB leader 2590: 14839: 13480: 13001: 12909: 12865: 12642: 12520: 12419: 11975: 11788: 11708: 11688: 11516: 11491: 11476: 10329: 10310: 8899: 6404:"Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa - The O'Malley Archives" 6322: 5694: 4787: 4654: 4374: 4275: 4206: 4167: 4125: 4119: 4054: 4025: 3458: 2064: 1469: 1229: 1211: 806: 766: 731:, and poorly maintained infrastructure are some of the problems challenging contemporary South Africa. 724: 8204:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227–238

7476: 7101: 6477:, (Afrikaans, translated as "At the Campfire: True South African stories") New Africa Books, 2003, p84 4888: 3526:

A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB's extremism.

3520: 3469:, into Boer territory. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent 15243: 14024: 13662: 13494: 13487: 13445: 13159: 13106: 12994: 12945: 12726: 12384: 11728: 11693: 11642: 11526: 11481: 11430: 11380: 11351: 11109: 10580:

Belongings: Property and Identity in Colonial South Africa, an Exploration of Frontiers, 1725–c. 1830

10433: 10423: 10268: 10183: 9962: 7560: 4783: 4689: 4640: 4603: 4556: 4517: 4470: 4351: 4323: 4318: 3979: 3918: 3906:

African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition, with support from the wider

3847: 3779: 3299: 2561:

A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of

2379: 1759: 1345: 681: 39: 10904:(2010). "After Race and Class: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Early Colonial Cape Society". 10859: 7927: 7593: 5379:"Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages" 2530: 401: 14991: 13836: 13099: 12751: 11841: 11831: 11753: 11698: 11678: 11627: 11454: 11440: 11311: 11219: 8601: 6434: 5968: 5646: 4844: 4767: 4719: 4714: 4021: 3955:

its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the

3722: 3700: 3244: 3151: 2667: 2547: 2375: 2241: 2229: 2043: 1994: 1697: 1493: 1441: 1429: 1225: 1195: 924: 659: 567: 475: 356: 9278: 8742: 7081: 6101: 5804: 4101:

The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled, white South Africans amid

3097: 870:. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times. 860:, discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of 15226: 15091: 14896: 13473: 13368: 13235: 13085: 12966: 12698: 12481: 12391: 12035: 12028: 11798: 11768: 11743: 11632: 11569: 11552: 11368: 11199: 10640: 10566:

An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa

10081: 9062: 8607:

No.10, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden, pp.22–6 Accessed 27 April 2015

7954: 7113:, (originally published in Guide Book, Geological Society of South Africa). Accessed 27 May 2015. 6183: 4763: 4674: 4187: 3983: 3968: 3964: 3851: 3292: 3248: 3055: 2896: 2788: 2732: 2479: 2414:

claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. The Boer republics of

2139: 2059:, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the 1901: 1373: 1303: 856: 647: 464: 193: 10040:"Call to 'connect dots between insurrection modus operandi and crippling Transnet cyber attack'" 8695:

International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995

6870:

We Spend Our Years as a Tale that is Told: Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom

5342: 3390:

Simon's Town harbour and naval base in South Africa were used by the Allies during World War II.

3146:, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the 2546:

The British, who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the

15106: 14996: 14926: 13043: 13008: 12210: 11816: 11748: 11703: 11589: 11471: 9245: 8497: 8328:

Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission

8253: 4669: 3867: 3755: 3423: 2885: 2839: 2554:

losses. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the

2519: 2415: 2245: 2222: 1969: 1132: 266: 198: 10657:

History of South Africa under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company, 1652 to 1795

10615:

Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838

5393:"The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa" 1668:

middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. Many of the

1409: 15166: 15086: 15051: 15036: 15021: 14976: 14911: 14185: 13578: 13508: 13403: 13298: 13152: 12802: 12582: 12495: 12290: 12110: 12044: 12009: 12004: 11866: 11851: 11846: 11821: 11783: 11683: 11236: 11103: 10520:

Een Dienstig Inwoonder: Entrepreneurs, Social Capital and Identity in Cape Town, c. 1720–1750

9744: 9005: 7534: 6428: 5840: 5474: 4747: 4729: 4228: 4102: 4013: 3898:, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. During the early-1990s, Poqo was renamed 3671: 3617:, which they claimed was a similar situation that did not arouse international condemnation. 3583: 3478: 3047: 3043: 3020: 3004: 2911: 2874: 2558:. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State. 2555: 2491: 2327: 2002: 1513: 1484: 1357: 1131:

on the east coast of South Africa, where Dias had earlier turned back. Da Gama gave the name

816: 720: 666: 623: 615: 604: 351: 319: 188: 138: 15217: 10798:. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of South African Historical Documents. 10506:

Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: tweede deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1686–1806

10499:

Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: eerste deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1652–1686

8489: 7210:

Jewish Migration to South Africa: The Records of the Poor Jews' Temporary Shelter, 1885–1914

5960: 5832: 5466: 3184:

highlighted in purple.) South Africa, bottom centre, lies between both halves of the Empire.

3025: 1123:. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner 1103: 15041: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 13326: 13212: 12980: 12916: 12649: 12412: 12405: 12357: 12140: 11901: 11256: 11130: 10364: 5404: 5238: 4936: 4797: 4743: 4362:

called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid.

3943: 3807: 3675: 3415: 3266: 3240: 3209: 3147: 2995: 2511: 2446: 2312: 2094:

in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at

1639: 1552: 1509: 1497: 1325: 905: 208: 8114: 1524:, Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler, 8: 15141: 15116: 14966: 14961: 14941: 14906: 14891: 13781: 13753: 13627: 13145: 13138: 13071: 13036: 12987: 12467: 12274: 12049: 11965: 11501: 10698:. Translated from the Dutch by Roger B. Beck. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995) 10594:

Cape Good Hope, 1652–1702: The First Fifty Years of Dutch Colonisation as Seen by Callers

8707: 6095: 6079: 5961: 5589:

Groep Sonder Grense, Die Rol en Status van die Gemengde Bevolking aan die Kaap, 1652–1795

4793: 4664: 4194: 4149: 4086: 3341:, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the 3172: 3117: 2720: 2087: 2056: 1693: 1587: 1573: 1536: 1525: 1489: 1365: 770: 639: 497: 246: 9872:"South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing" 9350:, Cape Town: Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, 2015. Accessed 9 May 2015 8927: 5408: 2367:(meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutch—a word derived from 2207:

colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.

15213: 15204: 15195: 15126: 15096: 15081: 15066: 15056: 15046: 15011: 15006: 14956: 14901: 14876: 12474: 11825: 11609: 11281: 11005: 10933: 10889: 10847: 10684: 9420: 8841:, Pretoria: South African Democracy Education Trust, Vol 2, p.381, Accessed 4 May 2015 8814: 7640:

Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920

7581: 6666: 6633: 6381: 6273: 5926: 5687: 5427: 5392: 5150: 5051: 5026: 4757: 4154: 4130: 4002: 3614: 3571: 3431: 3291:

was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the

3232: 2676: 2471: 2411: 1664: 1643: 1556: 1425: 1421: 1381: 878:

The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal

846:

Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is

203: 10408:

De Kaap: Goede Hoop halverwege Indië. Bloemlezing van Kaapteksten uit de Compagnietijd

9593:"South Africa's economic growth affected by mismatch of electricity supply and demand" 8285: 5213: 3830: 2282:

had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654.

15136: 15131: 15071: 15026: 14986: 14881: 14862: 14059: 14045: 13382: 13198: 13022: 12612: 12202: 12132: 11811: 11276: 11251: 11241: 11009: 10953: 10937: 10893: 10833: 10811: 10777: 10755: 10667: 10547: 10541: 10463: 10387: 10372: 10354: 10339: 10314: 10296: 10282: 10255: 10233: 10219: 10191: 10143: 10128: 10113: 9532: 9472: 9424: 9412: 9096: 8977: 8861: 8669: 8617: 8572: 8525: 8501: 8490: 8471: 8463: 8378: 8218: 8189: 8131: 8083: 8062: 8041: 7911: 7872: 7839: 7818: 7764: 7617: 7540: 7517: 7422: 7384: 7329: 7309: 7281:"Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century | Britannica" 7264: 7213: 7193: 7173: 7017: 6997: 6918: 6899: 6830: 6788: 6723: 6653: 6617: 6558: 6512: 6491: 6385: 6279: 6243: 6200: 6167: 6105: 6059: 6008: 5972: 5930: 5918: 5868: 5844: 5833: 5788: 5751: 5698: 5665: 5592: 5515: 5478: 5467: 5432: 5189: 5142: 5100: 5056: 4976: 4659: 4535: 4343: 4197:

between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.

4163: 3743: 3730: 3704: 3606: 3575: 3447: 3427: 3411: 3404: 2964: 2919: 2847: 2707: 2700: 2562: 2419: 2395: 2039: 2023: 1712: 1701: 1623: 1600: 1551:

speaking white population. The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so-called

1285: 1098: 1065: 929: 762: 697: 611: 583: 563: 361: 271: 168: 143: 34: 12060: 8645: 7638: 5585:

Cape Melting Pot: The Role and Status of the Mixed Population at the Cape, 1652–1795

5154: 4389:

the president is head of both state and government. The president is elected by the

3986:

and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner

3681:

In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the

3497:

and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. The anti-semitic

3261: 2737: 1464: 15191: 15111: 15061: 15016: 15001: 14981: 14971: 14946: 14886: 13983: 13347: 13057: 12837: 12527: 12282: 12250: 12186: 10997: 10923: 10915: 10881: 10708: 10307:

Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners

9404: 8633: 8345:

Comrades against apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in exile.

7694:

Bill Nasson, "A Great Divide: Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa,"

6661: 6645: 6373: 5910: 5422: 5412: 5134: 5090: 5046: 5038: 4347: 3863: 3783: 3764: 3443: 3213: 2270: 2095: 2076: 1818: 1803:

The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the

1473: 1454: 1413: 1402: 1128: 983: 851: 751: 680:, then president of South Africa and leader of the Nationalist Party, unbanned the 635: 619: 575: 276: 241: 11001: 9408: 9257: 4992: 4528: 15121: 15031: 14921: 13305: 13219: 13113: 12781: 12705: 12626: 12350: 12234: 12226: 12218: 12194: 11291: 11099: 11047: 11036: 10919: 10073: 9497: 9347: 9264: 9121: 9046: 9025: 8960: 8834: 8801: 8752: 8714: 8652: 8011: 7991: 7784: 7758: 7611: 7483: 7156: 7134: 7110: 7088: 6856: 6377: 6306: 6226: 6130: 6053: 6002: 5813: 5417: 5247: 5183: 4621: 4244: 4232: 3633: 3470: 3372: 3330: 3205: 3180:

is red on the map, at its territorial zenith in the late 1910s and early 1920s. (

3029: 2960: 2931: 2862: 2680: 2622:, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the 2290: 2265: 2253: 2232:

system, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race.

2215: 2060: 1797: 1656: 1635: 1377: 1112: 1090: 1061: 1049: 955: 790: 758: 631: 552: 306: 236: 133: 10163:

Hetherington, Penelope. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English."

3562: 2514:, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region. 2028: 1869:(warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death. 14052: 13774: 13648: 13291: 13205: 12888: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12534: 12460: 12306: 12266: 11987: 11286: 11148:(Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations) 11084:): think-tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa 10713:

1652–1662, Daghregister gehouden by den oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck

10175: 6166:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1986, pp. 137, 138, 143, 147–9, 169. 6148: 5555:

Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Page 1 – 2.

4445: 4175: 4138: 4070: 4050: 4029: 3987: 3975: 3960: 3947: 3878: 3859: 3839: 3794:

South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to

3516: 3489: 3474: 3326: 3311: 3221: 3177: 2986: 2979: 2940: 2870: 2767: 2631: 2498: 2319: 2237: 2010: 1948: 1938: 1932: 1808: 1779: 1684:

conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority.

1677: 1608: 1604: 1562: 1540: 1120: 1053: 916: 696:

democratic South Africa, for which de Klerk and Mandela were later awarded the

685: 595: 296: 259: 10885: 10705:. (Leiden: Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1987, pp. viii + 166) 10209:

South Africa's Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid

8099: 5914: 5168: 3574:

policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the

15265: 13969: 13690: 12795: 12774: 12744: 12737: 12446: 11997: 11926: 11921: 11092: 10525:

Guelke, Leonard (1976). "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". (

10247:. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages. 10171: 9843: 9536: 9476: 9440:"The political economy of corruption: elite-formation, factions and violence" 9416: 7724: 7401: 6882: 6682:"Eastern Cape Wars of Dispossession 1779-1878 | South African History Online" 6657: 6649: 5922: 4359: 4331: 4216: 4077: 3620: 3494: 3481: 3334: 3329:, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. At the start of the war, 3193: 3121: 2830: 2716: 2672: 2343: 2294: 1998: 1852: 1822: 1669: 1353: 1337: 1221: 1207: 1124: 1094: 1057: 1007: 987: 901: 786: 693: 579: 11151: 11135: 9465:"'State capture': the corruption investigation that has shaken South Africa" 8717:. University of South Africa (Unisa) Press, Pretoria, Chapter 2, Vol 2, 2001 8188:, Chapter six: "The propaganda war", Johannesburg: Donker, 1983, pp.161–197 6336:"First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online" 6134: 6127:

Select_constitutional_documents_illustrating_South_African_history_1795-1910

5095: 4157:

in Cape Town, South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre

3493:(OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister 3278:

Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship

2972:, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. Yet resistance by Boer 2363:

Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or

1630:, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. The British then 14181: 13634: 13243: 13064: 13015: 12178: 12092: 11936: 11931: 11916: 11911: 11271: 11195: 11087: 10983: 10967: 10950:

Cape Town between East and West: Social Identities in a Dutch Colonial Town

10945: 10901: 10867: 10825: 10803: 10791: 10769: 10747: 10559:

Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature and the South African Nation

10452: 9157:"White South Africans are leaving the country in their thousands: Stats SA" 7667: 6807:, Vol IV, "War with the Basuto", London: Allen & Unwin, 1919, p. 225-79 5497:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco),

5436: 5279:"The archaeology of indigenous herders in the Western Cape of South Africa" 5146: 5138: 5104: 5060: 5025:

Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC (2000).

4327: 4220: 3772: 3637:

decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government.

3466: 3451: 3419: 3360: 3071: 2974: 2915: 2540: 2323: 2249: 2082: 1893: 1848: 1844: 1804: 1786: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1592: 1329: 1307: 1003: 995: 975: 971: 963: 839: 833: 829: 811: 797: 643: 590:

by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the

536: 301: 181: 8247:"Volume Five – Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report" 6448: 4481: 3624:

Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the end of apartheid in 1994

2741:

Johannesburg before gold mining transformed it into a bustling modern city

13227: 12170: 11992: 11941: 11906: 11622: 11266: 11246: 11024: 10155:

The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 1: From Early Times to 1885

9142: 8813:

South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive,

6759:, Journal of African Cultural Studies, Vol 13, No 2, December 2000, p.192 4889:"Dutch East India Company (DEIC)/VOC | South African History Online" 4488: 4178:, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. 4037: 3882: 3843: 3579: 3462: 3461:

had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader

3338: 3322: 3315: 3197: 3189: 3105: 2952: 2947:

in South Africa, thus influencing British public opinion against the war.

2889: 2855: 2696: 2657:

Cecil John Rhodes, co-founder of De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley

2623: 2566: 2483: 2399: 2383: 2279: 2211: 2182: 2112: 2047: 2006: 1900:(formerly Swaziland)). It caused the consolidation of groups such as the 1880: 1755: 1729: 1673: 1660: 1627: 1612: 1544: 1449: 1417: 1341: 1045: 1010:

made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa.

991: 967: 959: 866: 847: 801: 677: 627: 231: 148: 11164: 10534:

Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa

9018: 8666:

Witness from the Frontline: Aggression and resistance in southern Africa

4338:

provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President

3333:

officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to

1582: 1253: 1155: 1127:

rounded the Cape of Good Hope. By 16 December, the fleet had passed the

13802: 13340: 12453: 12398: 12258: 12242: 11970: 11958: 10928: 10808:

Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World

10627: 10449:

Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World

10272: 9722:

The Perfect Storm: Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa

9232: 9036: 8732:, Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, Johannesburg. Accessed 25 April 2015 8632:

UN General Assembly, res n° 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. Available at

8217:, Catholic Institute of International Relations, London: 1989, pp. 2–3 7712: 7032:

Newbury (1987), p.1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut (eds),

5234: 4753: 4734: 4574: 4339: 4212: 4081: 4001:

From 26–29 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first

3602: 3376: 3236: 3063: 2802: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2663: 2642: 2627: 2619: 2575: 2442: 2153: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1942: 1920: 1876: 1751: 1738: 1717: 1501: 1349: 1333: 1140: 1068:, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. 1014: 879: 782: 591: 11040: 9733: 9525:"South Africa's Scandal-Hit State Firms Put Economy on 'Cliff's Edge'" 8101:

Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

7438: 7406:

Military History Journal of the South African Military History Society

7208:

Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff,

6573:

George McCall Theal, "Discovery of diamonds and its consequences", in

5498: 4822: 3881:

was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought the

3578:

in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the

3046:. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the 2191: 2115:

mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics.

2098:. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the 1859:

kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. Shaka built large

578:

in 1652, European workers who settled at the Cape became known as the

13261: 13252: 13183: 12589: 12566: 12555: 11982: 11306: 10575:. (1939; reprint, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1968) 10245:

Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties

9617:

Africa, Tracy Ledger for Energy Governance South (16 February 2022).

9122:"South Africa parliament opening: Cyril Ramaphosa outlines his plans" 8213:

Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in

6531:. Vol IV: South and East Africa. Clarendon Press. London: 1900. p.186 6455:. Chicago, Illinois, U.S: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. topic/Baster/ 5313:"How Indigenous South Africans Resisted The First European Intruders" 4377:

leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected.

3815: 3552: 3386: 3364: 3201: 3163: 3109: 3079: 2635: 2357: 2302: 2103: 1548: 1521: 1517: 1477: 1391: 821: 670: 607:, fought for control over the nascent South African mining industry. 571: 559: 366: 344: 14831: 10717:

Daghregister Gehouden by den Oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck

10513:

Jan van Riebeeck en zijn tijd. Een stuk zeventiende-eeuws Oost-Indië

9989:"Flare-up in taxi war sparks looting alarm in Cape Town city centre" 9279:"Rabbi Goldstein, as part of NIFC-SA, reaches out to Lonmin victims" 8468:

Hidden Lives, Hidden Deaths: South Africa's crippling of a continent

8432:

Wilson Center Digital Archives, International History Declassified,

8375:

The Diplomacy of Liberation: Foreign relations of the ANC since 1960

7681:

BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916–1918",

7653:

BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916–1918".

6216:

The Voortrekkers: A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835–1845

3713: 2777: 2497:

In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain, an

2128: 2081:

Natalia was a short-lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer

1974: 14031: 13529: 13174: 12298: 12155: 11953: 11261: 10415:

De Kaap de Goede Hoop: Een Nederlandse Vestigingskolonie, 1680–1730

9501: 8522:

They Live by the Sword: 32 Battalion, South Africa's Foreign Legion

8104:, New York: UN Office of Legal Affairs, 2013. Accessed 26 July 2015 7744:, Vol. 11 No. 5, June 2000, South African Military History Society. 7613:

Springboks On The Somme – South Africa in the Great War 1914 – 1918

7381:

Fire in the Sky: The destruction of the Orange Free State 1899–1902

5042: 4302: 4282: 3871: 3870:

for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and

3819: 3683: 3285: 3280: 3252: 3083: 3075: 3051: 2969: 2956: 2900: 2387: 1953: 1909: 1897: 1813: 1733: 1398: 1040:

Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous

1022: 1018: 999: 962:

as early as the 4th century BC. Some groups, ancestral to today's

883: 651: 626:, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: 10384:

Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid

9814:"'Little to lose': Poverty and despair fuel South Africa's unrest" 8364:(1984/5), Vol XII, University of Zimbabwe. Accessed 11 April 2016. 6055:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

5772:

Robert Jacob Gordon 1743–1795: The Man and His Travels at the Cape

4614: 3963:, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the 3742:

soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed

2466: 12439: 11948: 10768: 10522:. South African Historical Journal, 59, 1(2007), pp. 126–152 6590:, Vol I, Human Sciences and Research (HSRC) Press, Pretoria: 1995 5647:"Batavian Republic 1803-1806 | South African History Online" 5381:(Abstract). Oxford Journals. 30 March 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015 4438: 4335: 4306: 4298: 4286: 4008:. The African National Congress won, well ahead of the governing 3811: 3803: 3759: 3598: 3093: 3067: 2899:. The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European " 2579: 2570: 2052: 1916: 1889: 1807:, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. 1232:(VOC). The Dutch East India Company was a major force behind the 1041: 888: 774: 669:. Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as 544: 106: 10724:

De Indische Zeeherberg, De stichting van Zuid-Afrika door de VOC

10014:"Cyber attacks expose the vulnerability of South Africa's ports" 8454:

SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

6872:. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg: 1993, pp.109–111 6740:"Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs" 5567:"The Untold Stories of Slavery at Cape Town's Iziko Slave Lodge" 4247:

to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption.

3842:. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at 2410:

Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader

1774:. Some clans were caught between the Zulu Empire and advancing 908:(Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa. 13166: 12322: 12101: 10696:

The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842

10689:

Description of the Cape of Good Hope with Matters Concerning It

10187: 9082:, Volume 54, Issue 08, January 2003. Accessed 18 September 2015 6603:, Morija (Lesotho): Morija Sesuto Books, 1967, pp. 144f, 252–53 6320:

The British Settlement of Natal: A Study in Imperial Migration,

5991:

Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). Genocide: A History. Pearson Longman.

5722:"Measuring Worth - Purchase Power of the Pound: economic share" 4294: 4236: 4171: 3799: 3400: 3396: 3368: 3192:, South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the 2692: 2445:(which were also referred to in contemporary discussion as the 1905: 1771: 1026: 540: 11052: 10679:

Writing the Company: From VOC Daghregister to Sleigh's Eilande

10632:

Die Buiteposte: VOC-buiteposte onder Kaapse Bestuur, 1652–1795

8854:

The Rise and Possible Demise of Afrikaans as a Public Language

7643:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London H.M. Stationery Off. 6994:

Bullion Johannesburg: Men, Mines and the Challenge of Conflict

5265:

Prehistoric Livestock Herders in the Upper Seacow River Valley

4124:

The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign

3767:

with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American

2653: 1847:

tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the

1618:. Though the revolt was crushed, it was resurrected after the 646:

within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the

622:

dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the

12314: 10608:

Portrait of a Slave Society: The Cape of Good Hope, 1717–1795

10351:

Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City

10142:. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. 10105:

First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964, revised 1969.

9105:"How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest" 7836:

Adrift on the Open Veld: The Anglo–Boer War and its Aftermath

7514:

Adrift on the Open Veld: The Anglo–Boer War and its Aftermath

4959:"New poll shows dramatic decline in electoral support of ANC" 4263: 4224: 3990:

on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. In a

3894:

form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named

3866:(abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral 3734: 3566:"For use by white persons" – sign from the apartheid era 3446:

during the South African World War I campaign against German

3265:

Generals Smuts (right) and Botha were members of the British

3181: 2834:

Regional geography during the period of the Anglo–Boer wars:

2298: 1865: 1856: 1837: 1516:, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be 1428:

industry (New World wine) is among the lasting legacy of the

1136: 1034: 1030: 600: 10587:

Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803

9787:"Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed" 8423:, New York City: Dodd, Mead & Company, pp. 281, 284–287. 8236:, Vol. 6, Section 4 Appendix: The "Third Force", 2003, p.584 5622:"South Africa - British occupation of the Cape | Britannica" 5240:

Invisible Herders: The Archaeology of Khoekhoe Pastoralists,

4049:. After considerable debate, and following submissions from 2683:

in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council.

2391:

affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange.

2322:

arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. The

1872: 1563:

British colonisation, Mfecane and Boer Republics (1815–1910)

946: 854:. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old 650:. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a 11080:– a public-release document of the Afrikanerbond (formerly 11070:

Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa

10772:; van Heyningen, Elizabeth; Bickford-Smith, Vivian (1998). 10582:. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. xv + 232) 9375:"BETRAYAL OF THE PROMISE: HOW SOUTH AFRICA IS BEING STOLEN" 9208:"More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa" 8445:

Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction

6634:"Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D" 6058:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 313. 5073: 3895: 3787: 3778:

Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive

3738: 3108:

headed the first government of the new Union, with General

2968:

the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000. By June 1900,

2936: 2490:

attacking Zulu army in the clash known historically as the

2005:

on 17 January 1852. The republic, under the premiership of

1860: 1520:. In 1688, the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French 778: 594:

occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several

548: 10326:

The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 2 since 1885

9183:"More black than white South Africans leaving the country" 8234:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report

7326:

The Outlanders: The story of the men who made Johannesburg

3694: 2374:

In 1825, a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr

2308:

arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board.

1832:

Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the

1394:

with ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), c. 1683.

10870:(2007). "New Approaches to VOC History in South Africa". 10731:

Jan Paerl: A Khoikhoi in Cape Colonial Society, 1761–1851

9924: 8080:

Towards Justice?: Crime and state control in South Africa

7636: 7230:

Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy 1890–1920

6616:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 48–9, 5024: 3822:, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. 2331: 2051:

counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the

10828:(2007). Ray, Himanshu Prabha; Alpers, Edward A. (eds.). 10703:

The Economy of the Cape Colony in the Eighteenth Century

10681:, South African Historical Journal 65(1) (2013): 125–52. 8395:

A Political History of the Civil War in Angola 1974–1990

8038:

Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity

7170:

British Imperialism, Innovation and Expansion, 1688–1914

5124: 1405:, first Commander of the Dutch East India Company colony 665:

From 1948–1994, South African politics was dominated by

10986:(2016). "Indian Ocean Slaves in Cape Town, 1695–1807". 10165:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

9902:"Live Updates: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN" 9671:"How the ANC government broke Eskom – 2008 versus 2018" 7091:, University of California, Davis. Accessed 24 May 2015 1687: 998:), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the 703:

These negotiations led to the creation of a democratic

610:

Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo–Boer or

535:

The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited

44:

Declining overall quality, especially the lead section.

10970:(2014). "Cape Slaves in the Paper Empire of the VOC". 10211:(Overlook Press; 2011) 702 pages; a history since 1994 7469: 7034:

Source Material on the South African Economy 1860–1970

6030:

United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine

5816:, Santa Barbara, California 1994. Accessed 7 July 2015 2221:

In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained

12090: 10652:. (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2002) 10216:

The Making of a Nation South Africa's Road to Freedom

6829:, Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut 1996, p.118 6000: 5013:, "New Human Ancestor Elicits Awe—and Many Questions" 4973:

The Rock Art of the Golden Gate and Clarens Districts

3862:

and underground activity. The armed wing of the ANC,

3258:

being the greatest single incidents of loss of life.

1535:. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make 915:

Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the

11063: 10324:

Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds.

10176:"Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards" 9745:

2011 UNHCR country operations profile – South Africa

8571:, London: Futura, 1979 pp. 193–96, 228–29, 214, 241 8082:, Cape Town: Oxford University Press 1990, pp.45–50 7408:, Vol 11 No 3/4 – October 1999. Accessed 6 June 2015 7402:"Black involvement in the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902" 6846:

A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 – 1845

6787:, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 2000, p.74 6051: 5660:

Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (2009).

5341:. sahistory.org.za. 21 November 2006. Archived from 4867:"Portuguese & Dutch Exploration of South Africa" 4032:

was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a

4020:

and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a

3437: 3355:

Military history of South Africa during World War II

3010: 9757:"S Africa violence spreads after Jacob Zuma jailed" 9696:"South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom" 8668:, London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1990 8059:

War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa

7752: 7750: 7731:, Vol 11 No 2, December 1998. Accessed 30 July 2015 7490:, publish date unknown (accessed 20 December 2007). 7212:Cape Town: Jewish Publications-South Africa, 2006. 6915:

Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story

6757:

Unconquered Territory: Narrating the Caledon Valley

6475:

Langs die Kampvuur: Waare Suider-Afrikaanse stories

3928: 3582:, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated 3473:. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two 3168:

Military history of South Africa during World War I

2955:'s government had excluded all foreigners from the 2943:campaigned against the appalling conditions of the 1723: 1044:ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although 10754:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xiii, 207. 10650:A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002 10617:. (Hanover, Conn.; Wesleya University Press, 1994) 9933:"Mapisa-Nqakula: We have deployed 25 000 soldiers" 9831: 8996:UN Dept of Public Information, Accessed 3 May 2015 6968:, Vol IV, London: Allen & Unwin 1919, pp.224–5 5745: 5686: 5659: 5167:Area Study – South Africa, US Library of Congress 3834:Painting of the Sharpeville massacre of March 1960 3802:) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the 3442:After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German 3321:Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of 2382:in Southern Africa, to relocate to a place called 1496:in Dutch), Cape Town. Founded officially in 1652, 1048:proof of assimilation exists, as several southern 814:discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 791:migrated from the western region of central Africa 11041:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 10601:Early Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1717 10527:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10444:. (Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers Limited, 1988) 8943:Nelson Mandela Foundation. Accessed 29 March 2016 8693:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, 6509:The British Presence in the Transorange 1845–1854 6240:The British Presence in the Transorange 1845–1854 3430:, the UN would have teeth. Smuts also signed the 3375:, were important strategic assets to the British 3142:The Union of South Africa came to an end after a 1244: 824:, and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of 15263: 10790: 10371:. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. 8634:http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm 8279:"Institute of Security Studies, Monograph No.81" 8128:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel arms and why 7747: 7419:Black People and the South African War 1899–1902 7126:, by Hermann Giliomee and Bernard Mbenga (eds.) 6810: 6577:, Vol.IV, London: Allen & Unwin 1919, pp.331 6242:, Human & Rosseau, Cape Town, 1992, p.22-25 4380: 3363:, South Africa's ports and harbours, such as at 3054:of the British Empire, governed under a form of 1316:Military history of the Dutch East India Company 1312:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company 1192:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company 800:discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old 12880:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 10741:Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa, 1641–1806 10589:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) 10561:. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012) 10460:The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840 10417:. (Amsterdam: Promotheus and Bert Bakker, 1999) 8974:The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa 8027:, Chapter Nine, "South Africa's Nuremberg Laws" 7421:, London: Cambridge University Press 2004, p.1 7071:, Wright State University. Accessed 24 May 2015 6889:, Vol 2 No 5 – June 1973. Accessed 28 June 2015 6768:Information department, Government of Lesotho, 6027: 5890: 5787:, SCB Distributors, Gardena, California, 2011. 5015:, 10 September 2015. Accessed 20 September 2015 3950:, two of the driving forces in ending apartheid 2352:Nicolaas Waterboer, Griqualand ruler, 1852–1896 2240:. Meanwhile, the discovery of diamonds around 1993:or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later 11060:Brand South Africa. Accessed 24 November 2017. 10153:Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. 9076:"Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa" 9065:, 26 January 1990. Accessed 21 September 2015. 8815:Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. 7605: 7603: 7532: 7047:A History of South Africa, Social and Economic 6529:A historical geography of the British colonies 6511:, Human & Rosseau, Cape Town, 1992, p.11, 6199:, 3rd ed. Cape Town: Struik 1973, pp 156–165. 5865:Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation 5689:Human rights and the South African legal order 3523:was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. 3231:directly, with over 3,000 joining the British 3032:, government administrative centre, Pretoria, 2880:The republic regained its independence as the 2274:Indian indentured labourers arriving in Durban 1915:In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers 1060:) are theorised in that they incorporate many 734: 14847: 14155: 12076: 11180: 11156: 10832:. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–162. 10639:A Military History of South Africa: From the 10515:. (Amsterdam: P. N. Van Kampen en Zoon, 1937) 10427:. (1919; reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1970) 9863: 9779: 9395:Coovadia, Imraan (4 May 2019). "Corruption". 9095:, Johannesburg: KMM Review Publishing, 2012, 8589:Focus: Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation 8496:. Philadelphia: UCL Press, Limited. pp. 8481: 7261:Goodbye Dolly Gray: The story of the Boer War 7049:, London: Oxford University Press, 1957, p.96 5390: 4935:. Geskiedenis.sariemarais.com. Archived from 3858:, the focus of national resistance turned to 2318:By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist 2033:Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State 923:The establishment of the staging post by the 688:from life imprisonment on Robben Island. The 658:, which legitimised the country becoming the 516: 10810:. University of Cape Town. p. vi, 612. 10733:. (Boston, MA: Brill, 2006, pp. xviii + 213) 10458:Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds.): 10455:(Cape Town: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 2007) 10406:Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: 10293:Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush 10252:Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People 9590: 9458: 9456: 9363:, 14 November 2004. Accessed 12 October 2015 9154: 8397:. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, p. 65. 7800:(3 vols.), Cape Town: Purnell 1971, Vol. II 6542:History of South Africa Since September 1795 6271: 5512:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration 3601:) to what became described colloquially as " 3546: 3337:, and force mine owners to sell only to the 3086:) continued under direct rule from Britain. 1926: 886:tribes. These are collectively known as the 10719:, 3 vols. . (Cape Town: Balkema, 1952–1957) 10170: 9805: 9749: 9361:"Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep" 8115:"Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid" 7969:Mandela: 'A lesson they will never forget' 7609: 7600: 6996:, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball 1986, pp.7–8 6827:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 5946:The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828 5896: 5835:Queen Victoria's Enemies 1: Southern Africa 5831:Knight, Ian (1989). Windrow, Martin (ed.). 5684: 5664:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 160–161. 5469:Queen Victoria's Enemies 1: Southern Africa 5465:Knight, Ian (1989). Windrow, Martin (ed.). 5289:. Pietermaritzburg: 205–220. Archived from 4725:Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa 14854: 14840: 14162: 14148: 12083: 12069: 11187: 11173: 10338:. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. 8954:Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. 8768:, 21 March 2003. Accessed 18 October 2015. 8492:Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa since 1950 7756: 7383:, Johannesburg: Covos Day, 2000, pp.82–88 6100:. Canada: George R Morang and Co. p. 6045: 5994: 5609:Nuusdagboek: Feite en Fratse oor 1000 Jaar 3825: 3810:, and it launched cross-border raids into 3657: 1646:which had replaced the Batavian Republic. 810:ever found. Following in Dart's footsteps 785:). Southern Africa was later populated by 523: 509: 11194: 10927: 10536:. (Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. xii + 273 pp) 10508:. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) 10501:. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) 10254:, Human & Rousseau, 1986, 143 pages, 9869: 9490: 9453: 9437: 9330:, March/April 2015. Accessed 27 July 2015 8555:Review of Stockwell, In Search of Enemies 7897:Del Boca & Giovana (1969), pp. 381–83 7817:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing 1997, p. 65. 7516:, Cape Town: Stormberg 1999, pp.215–228, 7016:, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball 1991, p.46 6665: 6588:New Dictionary of South African Biography 6575:History of South Africa from 1795 to 1872 5967:. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 5564: 5524: 5426: 5416: 5331: 5094: 5050: 4819:"History | South African Government" 4107:South African Institute of Race Relations 4053:, individuals and ordinary citizens, the 3450:in 1914, the South African rebel General 3100:, National Party leader from 1934 to 1953 2818:Learn how and when to remove this message 2431: 2169:Learn how and when to remove this message 1963: 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 12953:Reconstruction and Development Programme 10715:. In Bosman, D.B. & B. Thorn (eds). 10432:The Huguenot Heritage: The Story of the 10336:A History of South Africa, Third Edition 10281:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979, 9668: 9645:"Why South Africa Is in the Dark, Again" 9462: 9394: 9372: 9339:DM Powell, M O'Donovan and J De Visser, 9311:"South African mining stuck in the past" 9248:3 September 2001. Accessed 26 July 2015. 9145:25 September 2008. Accessed 18 July 2015 8930:, 7 January 2000. Accessed 28 March 2016 8850: 8828:"ANC Political Underground in the 1970s" 8764:South African Press Association (SAPA), 8061:, Cape Town: David Philip, pp. 5, 145–8 7723:South African Military History Society, 7553: 7192:, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball 1995, p.5 6917:, Reader's Digest:Cape Town 1992, p.166 6544:, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.99 5948:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 5943: 5883:Julian Cobbing, "The Mfecane as Alibi", 4369:The July 2021 unrest coincided with the 4219:often involving allegations against the 4148: 3996:Convention for a Democratic South Africa 3978:announced the lifting of the ban on the 3938: 3829: 3712: 3619: 3561: 3557: 3542:documentary about South Africa from 1956 3528: 3385: 3260: 3171: 3092: 3024: 2935: 2925: 2829: 2736: 2652: 2648: 2589: 2585: 2529: 2525: 2465: 2461: 2347: 2269: 2190: 2027: 1973: 1947: 1871: 1737: 1581: 1483: 1463: 1420:in South Africa, was founded in 1685 by 1408: 1397: 1385: 1215: 1102: 945: 12549:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 10544:: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708 10442:Die Hugenote van Suid Afrika, 1688–1988 9955: 9839:"Where does South Africa go from here?" 9734:UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 – South Africa 9556: 9111:24 June 2013. Accessed 26 October 2015. 9019:"ANC policy". Accessed 25 October 2015. 8729:Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) Operations Report 8487: 8334:, 6 March 2015. Accessed 25 April 2015. 8173:Death Squads: Apartheid's secret weapon 8130:, London: I B Tauris 1998, pp. 108–174 7308:, New York: Random House, 1979, p.xxi. 6473:Roger Webster, "Die Adam Kok-Trek", in 6359: 6087: 5958: 5565:Collinson, Lee-Shay (9 February 2017). 5181: 4695:List of prime ministers of South Africa 4243:was appointed during the Presidency of 4211:During the administration of President 3695:Military operations in frontline states 2761: 2613: 2598:depicted in an early artist's rendition 1603:, a faction within the politics of the 692:talks negotiated the creation of a new 642:. The country became a fully sovereign 582:and gradually established farms in the 15264: 13030:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 11030:Democratic Development in South Africa 10982: 10966: 10944: 10900: 10866: 10824: 10802: 10746: 10624:. (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2010) 9616: 9586: 9584: 9523:Wexler, Alexandra (31 December 2019). 9522: 9235:, 22 April 1999. Accessed 11 June 2015 9180: 8826:Gregory Houston and Bernard Magubane, 8317:23 March 2013. Accessed 23 April 2015. 7957:10 January 1997. Accessed 14 May 2015. 7742:South African Military History Journal 6887:South African Military History Journal 6825:James S Olson, Robert S Shadle (eds.) 6746:, 30 July 2015. Accessed 31 July 2015. 6260:Decline and Fall of the British Empire 6164:An Illustrated History of South Africa 6124: 6118: 6093: 5830: 5464: 5391:Lander, Faye; Russell, Thembi (2018). 5276: 5031:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4700:List of heads of state of South Africa 4346:, after he declined to testify at the 4043:Congress of South African Trade Unions 3935:History of South Africa (1994–present) 2630:, in the northeastern region known as 2426: 2090:, a governor of the Cape Colony. Boer 2017: 1567: 1320:Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery 1188:Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery 765:since at least 2.5 million years ago. 714:Congress of South African Trade Unions 539:more than 100,000 years ago. In 1999, 15277:History of Southern Africa by country 14861: 14835: 14143: 12064: 11168: 11155: 10830:VOC Cape Town as an Indian Ocean Port 10645:. (Santa Barbara, CA.: Praeger, 2010) 10603:. (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007) 10487:. (Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker, 1978) 10437:. (Diep River, Chameleon Press, 1987) 10232:. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. 9930: 9642: 9591:Inglesi-Lotz, Roula (12 April 2022). 9447:Society, Work, and Politics Institute 8897: 8741:South African Department of Justice, 7867:Angelo del Boca & Mario Giovana, 6966:History of South Africa: 1975 to 1872 6446: 6186:, 1906, p. 169. Retrieved 3 May 2015. 6042:Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition 5826: 5824: 5822: 5716: 5714: 5530: 5514:, New York: Norton 2006, pp. 177–178. 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5339:"Chronology of the 1600s at the Cape" 2982:tactics. The Boers kept on fighting. 2311:Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more 1611:attempted to overthrow the regime of 1370:Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa 727:, unemployment, low economic growth, 11897:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 11072:– an article written by Maré Mouton. 10462:. (Wesleyan University Press, 1989, 10125:The Politics of the New South Africa 10091:, Greenwood Press, Westport CT: 2000 10006: 9276: 8146:International Defence and Aid Fund, 8005:Segregationist legislation 1856–1913 7838:, Cape Town: Stormberg 1999, p.227, 7798:South African Forces in World War II 7536:Women and Resistance in South Africa 7368:Chapter XL – "Summary and Estimates" 7036:, Vol I, Cape Town: 1972, pp.290,346 6447:Pauls, Elizabeth (21 January 2016). 6197:History of the Boers in South Africa 5774:, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 1992 4993:"'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed" 4312: 4113: 2800:adding citations to reliable sources 2771: 2726: 2151:adding citations to reliable sources 2122: 1688:European exploration of the interior 1642:the Cape from the French controlled 1248: 1204:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia 1150: 17: 12960:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 12606:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 10989:Journal of Southern African Studies 10952:. Jacana Media. p. xxii, 264. 10610:. (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2012) 10573:The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937 9581: 8860:, Cape Town: PRAESA, archived from 7888:Del Boca & Giovana (1969) p.382 7783:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 7709:Journal of Southern African Studies 7172:, London: Longman 1993, pp.276–314 6722:, London: Cardinal, 1973, p.148-50 6709:. New York: Praeger, 1970. pp.40–41 5611:Cape Town: Human &Rousseau 2000 4739:History of cities in South Africa: 4705:List of South Africa-related topics 4262:The government owned power utility 4144: 3786:between the governments of Angola, 3668:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3348: 3060:British High Commission territories 3017:History of South Africa (1910–1948) 2618:The Bapedi wars, also known as the 2187:Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope 1989:The South African Republic (Dutch: 1578:History of South Africa (1815–1910) 1457:reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652. 1292:History of South Africa (1652–1815) 1200:First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia 1087:Discovery of the sea route to India 935: 873: 13: 10305:Ross, Robert, and David Anderson. 10180:Methodology and African Prehistory 10110:The Atlas of Changing South Africa 10061: 9870:Wroughton, Lesley (12 July 2021). 9341:Civic Protests Barometer 2007–2014 8524:, Johannesburg: Lemur 1990, p.180 8421:Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro 7637:Great Britain. War Office (1922). 7370:New York: Funk & Wagnalls 1902 7103:The Greatest Discovery of them all 6946:, Vol 61, Issue 1 Spring 1987, p.3 6300:History of Indians in South Africa 5937: 5839:. Great Britain: Osprey. pp. 5819: 5806:An African Biographical Dictionary 5785:A Hitchhiker's Guide to Armageddon 5711: 5473:. Great Britain: Osprey. pp. 5443: 4891:. Sahistory.org.za. 27 August 2019 4690:List of presidents of South Africa 4354:and economic woes worsened by the 4024:in the country's first non-racial 3888:Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 3674:was responsible for 4,500 deaths, 3239:. It is likely that around 50% of 3235:and over 100 volunteering for the 3157: 2687:became subsequently dissimulated. 1979:Flag of the South African Republic 1811:-speakers know this period as the 1663:of the area was recognised at the 1620:French invasion of the Netherlands 1076: 14: 15288: 14112:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 13747:South African Party (Cape Colony) 11018: 10546:. (Leicester, UK: Matador, 2005, 10369:South Africa: A Narrative History 9943:from the original on 14 July 2021 9912:from the original on 12 July 2021 9882:from the original on 14 July 2021 9811: 9767:from the original on 12 July 2021 9438:von Holdt, Karl (February 2019). 9181:Brophy, Selene (25 August 2019). 8434:Archive of the Cuban Armed Forces 7908:Broederbond: The super-Afrikaners 7906:Ivor Wilkins & Hans Strydom, 7082:South African Diamond Mines 1970s 5867:, London: Pimlico 1993, pp.496–7 5537:. J.C. Juta & Co. p. 141 5277:Arthur, Charles (December 2008). 3886:government legislation under the 3765:launched an incursion into Angola 3487:The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi 3438:Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes 3011:Union of South Africa (1910–1948) 2534:King Moshoeshoe with his advisors 2210:Starting from the mid-1800s, the 2038:The independent Boer republic of 2009:, defeated British forces in the 1446:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie 15162:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14932:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14171: 14124: 14123: 10907:South African Historical Journal 10873:South African Historical Journal 10701:Van Duin, Pieter; Ross, Robert: 10596:. (Cape Town: A.A.Balkema, 1971) 10430:Bryer, Lynne; Theron, Francois: 10096:South African Historical Journal 10032: 9981: 9963:"Unrest death toll rises to 337" 9894: 9738: 9727: 9714: 9688: 9662: 9636: 9610: 9550: 9516: 9431: 9388: 9366: 9353: 9333: 9316: 9300: 9270: 9251: 9238: 9233:South Africa's Debt Unforgivable 9222: 9200: 9174: 9148: 9143:"White flight from South Africa" 9132: 9114: 9085: 9068: 9052: 9030: 9011: 8999: 8986: 8966: 8946: 8933: 8917: 8891: 8878: 8844: 8820: 8807: 8787: 8771: 8758: 8735: 8720: 8700: 8687: 8678: 8658: 8638: 8626: 8610: 8594: 8581: 8561: 8546: 8534: 8514: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8426: 8413: 8400: 8387: 8377:, London: I B Taurus 1996, p.18 8367: 8350: 8347:James Currey Publishers. p. 106. 8337: 8320: 8303: 8271: 8239: 8227: 8207: 8198: 8178: 8165: 8153: 8140: 8120: 8107: 8092: 8072: 8051: 8030: 8017: 7997: 7975: 7960: 7944: 7933: 7920: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7861: 7848: 7828: 7807: 7790: 7777: 7734: 7717: 7701: 7688: 7675: 7660: 7647: 7630: 7539:. New Africa Books. p. 62. 7526: 7506: 7493: 7456: 7431: 7411: 7394: 7373: 7356: 7338: 7318: 7298: 7273: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7222: 7202: 7182: 7162: 7140: 7116: 7094: 7074: 7061: 7052: 7039: 7026: 7006: 6986: 6971: 6958: 6557:, Cape Town: David Philips 1976 6275:A New History of Southern Africa 6262:, New York: Knopf 2007, page 98. 4710:Military history of South Africa 4613: 4566: 4527: 4480: 4437: 4291:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4250: 3929:Democratic period (1994–present) 3900:Azanian People's Liberation Army 3796:Resistência Nacional Moçambicana 3678:2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. 3318:, and the Far East stayed open. 2776: 2706:In 1888, British mining magnate 2337: 2127: 2042:evolved from colonial Britain's 1724:Zulu militarism and expansionism 1434:economic history of South Africa 1300:Military history of South Africa 1296:Economic history of South Africa 1252: 1154: 1083:Portugal in the Age of Discovery 491: 105: 22: 13761:South African Party (1977–1980) 13754:South African Party (1911–1934) 13670:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 13467:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 10794:; Groenewald, G., eds. (2005). 10774:Cape Town: The Making of a City 10743:. (Cape Town: Juta Press, 1951) 10103:Rise of the South African Reich 9463:Gevisser, Mark (11 July 2019). 9382:State Capacity Research Project 9258:Aids Foundation of South Africa 9091:Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, 9063:"We will nationalise – Mandela" 8793:Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg 8025:Rise of the South African Reich 7910:, London: Corgi, 1980, pp.1–2, 7856:The 1893/95 "Boer Model" Mauser 7657:, No 19 Vol 1, 1978, pp. 61–86. 6949: 6936: 6927: 6907: 6892: 6875: 6862: 6839: 6819: 6797: 6777: 6762: 6749: 6732: 6712: 6699: 6674: 6626: 6606: 6593: 6580: 6567: 6547: 6534: 6527:Charles Prestwood Lucas et al. 6521: 6501: 6490:. Ohio University Press, 2005. 6480: 6467: 6440: 6421: 6396: 6353: 6328: 6312: 6292: 6265: 6252: 6232: 6209: 6189: 6176: 6156: 6141: 6072: 6036: 6021: 5985: 5952: 5877: 5857: 5797: 5777: 5764: 5739: 5678: 5662:The Handbook of World Englishes 5653: 5639: 5614: 5601: 5577: 5558: 5549: 5504: 5491: 5384: 5376:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5369: 5357: 5305: 5270: 5256: 5228: 5202: 5175: 5161: 5118: 5083:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5067: 5018: 5003: 3856:Communist Party of South Africa 3647:United Nations General Assembly 2787:needs additional citations for 2138:needs additional citations for 1234:Golden Age of Dutch exploration 1071: 793:during the early centuries AD. 13079:2019 service delivery protests 13065:#FeesMustFall student protests 12810:1983 constitutional referendum 11088:Full text of the UN convention 11064:South Africa Government Online 10529:66, no. 1 (March 1976): 25–42) 10078:Twentieth-Century South Africa 9557:Masondo, Sipho (1 July 2018). 9277:Saks, David (24 August 2012). 8928:"UDF unites Apartheid divides" 8311:Unfinished business of the TRC 7466:(Yale University Press, 2001). 7128:Chapter 8, "The story of gold" 7045:Cornelius William de Kiewiet, 6360:Stiebel, Lindy (1 July 2011). 6001:Walter, Eugene Victor (1969). 5903:The Journal of African History 5365:Smallpox epidemic strikes Cape 5188:. Oxford: Berg. pp. 4–7. 4985: 4965: 4951: 4933:"Sarie Marais.Com Geskiedenis" 4925: 4903: 4881: 4859: 4837: 4811: 2458:colonial town of Grahamstown. 2118: 1245:Dutch colonization (1652–1815) 1196:Dutch East India Company (VOC) 804:in 1924, the first example of 570:established a trading post in 1: 13537:Johannesburg Reform Committee 12766:Israel–South Africa Agreement 12159: 12144: 12121: 12114: 11025:South African History Archive 11002:10.1080/03057070.2016.1171554 10752:Slavery in Dutch South Africa 10410:. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2003) 10399: 10228:Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander. 9643:Rathi, Anusha (8 July 2022). 9409:10.1080/02533952.2019.1621027 9267:. Accessed 24 September 2015. 9155:Staff Writer (19 July 2021). 8992:United Nations Yearbook 1992 8898:Kraft, Scott (5 March 1991). 8766:"ANC killed mostly civilians" 8117:. Accessed 30 September 2015. 7955:"New bomb blasts link to AWB" 7869:Fascism Today: A World Survey 7815:Spitfire Mark V Aces, 1941–45 7725:"The Special Signals Service" 7328:, London: Mayflower, pp.73–8 7232:, cited in Jones (1995), p.53 7149:South African Gold Rush: 1885 6707:An African Explains Apartheid 6052:Hanson, Victor Davis (2001). 5499:Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape 4847:. Britannica. 11 October 2020 4805: 4685:History of South African wine 4381:Post-apartheid heads of state 4269: 4200: 4096: 4087:Solomon Johannes Terreblanche 4047:South African Communist Party 3652:Charter of the United Nations 3640: 3632:In the aftermath of the 1976 3033: 2626:under their reigning monarch 1855:, under the driving force of 1652:Cape Articles of Capitulation 1508:The majority of burghers had 1146: 942:Bantu peoples of South Africa 745: 741:Early history of South Africa 710:South African Communist Party 483:List of years in South Africa 13192:Black Consciousness Movement 12946:Government of National Unity 11134:. Rondebosch. Archived from 11093:South Africa, 10 years later 11066:. Accessed 20 February 2005. 11053:South African History Online 10920:10.1080/02582473.2010.519904 10694:Van der Merwe, P. J. : 10568:. (New York: Springer, 2006) 10494:. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991) 9559:"What happened at VBS Bank?" 9103:, quoted in Ronnie Kasrils, 9049:. Accessed 17 September 2015 8976:, London: Pluto Press 2008. 8708:The Turn to Armed Resistance 8470:, London: Faber 1990, p. 2, 8436:. Accessed 12 November 2015. 8393:W. Martin James III (2011). 8175:, London: Penguin 1990, p.30 7871:. New York: Pantheon Books. 7760:South Africa in World War II 7477:19 June 1913 Native Land Act 7263:, London: Pimlico 1996, p.7 7067:Christopher Oldstone-Moore, 6378:10.1080/02564718.2011.580649 6184:Census of the British empire 5944:Eldredge, Elizabeth (2014). 5897:Etherington, Norman (2004). 5418:10.1371/journal.pone.0198941 5210:"Who are the San? – San Map" 5185:Anthropology and the Bushman 4869:. Study.com. 22 January 2016 4680:History of the Northern Cape 4637:6 years, 227 days 4397:serves as Acting President. 4034:Government of National Unity 3908:Black Consciousness Movement 3733:broke out between the rival 3511:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 3144:referendum on 5 October 1960 3114:South African National Party 1742:The rise of the Zulu Empire 1599:In 1787, shortly before the 1362:Christianity in South Africa 7: 12903:Saint James Church massacre 12789:Weapons of mass destruction 11118:University of KwaZulu-Natal 11058:The History of South Africa 10592:Raven-Hart, Rowland (ed.): 10424:French Refugees at the Cape 10349:Tomlinson, Richard, et al. 9373:Swilling, Mark (May 2017). 9017:African National Congress, 7966:Nelson Mandela Foundation, 7124:New History of South Africa 6977:Diamond Museum, Cape Town, 6366:Journal of Literary Studies 6007:. Oxford University Press. 5746:Arthur Conan Doyle (2010). 5283:Southern African Humanities 5251:University of Witwatersrand 5170:The Earliest South Africans 4648: 4257:South African energy crisis 4241:Zondo Commission of Inquiry 3806:-run government during the 3769:Central Intelligence Agency 3457:In 1896, the German Kaiser 3414:. Smuts was invited to the 3381:radio detection and ranging 3150:and the establishment of a 2945:British concentration camps 2882:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 2712:De Beers Consolidated Mines 2666:, after the mining town of 2641:During the final campaign, 1991:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 1981:, often referred to as the 1533:Dutch colonies in Indonesia 735:Early history (before 1652) 588:Invasion of the Cape Colony 42:. The specific problem is: 10: 15293: 12643:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 12521:South West Africa campaign 12420:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 12385:French Huguenot settlement 10666:. (Greenwood Press, 1970, 10311:Cambridge University Press 10066: 9006:African Elections Database 8941:"Mass Democratic Movement" 8886:Soweto uprising casualties 8851:Giliomee, Hermann (2003), 8602:"Siege of Cuito Cuanavale" 8048:(Routledge UK, 1998) p.122 7683:Journal of African History 7655:Journal of African History 7364:The Boer Fight for Freedom 6323:Cambridge University Press 5885:Journal of African History 5697:. Princeton (New Jersey). 5695:Princeton University Press 5510:Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, 4655:Freedom Day (South Africa) 4375:Transnet ransomware attack 4316: 4276:Xenophobia in South Africa 4273: 4254: 4207:Corruption in South Africa 4204: 4185: 4181: 4168:Anglo-American Corporation 4120:South Africa national debt 4117: 3932: 3698: 3550: 3352: 3161: 3014: 2929: 2765: 2730: 2341: 2263: 2180: 2074: 2070: 2065:Orange Free State Province 2021: 1967: 1930: 1727: 1571: 1444:(in the Dutch of the day: 1436:began with the VOC period. 1323: 1289: 1283: 1230:United East Indies Company 1212:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten 1185: 1080: 939: 826:Australopithecus africanus 807:Australopithecus africanus 749: 738: 673:were implemented in 1948. 440:Inventions and discoveries 15175: 15150: 14869: 14701: 14193: 14121: 14098:African National Congress 14087: 13993: 13826: 13558:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 13281: 13272: 13130: 12926: 12896:1992 apartheid referendum 12565: 12510: 12429: 12367: 12340: 12333: 12099: 12022: 11887: 11797: 11674: 11665: 11560: 11551: 11462: 11453: 11359: 11350: 11325: 11215: 11206: 11162: 11157:Links to related articles 10886:10.1080/02582470709464770 10659:. Nabu Press, 2010, 474pp 10490:Gerstner, Jonathan Neil: 10485:Die Hugenote aan die Kaap 10269:Columbia University Press 10184:General History of Africa 9324:"Apartheid's Long Shadow" 9263:25 September 2015 at the 8800:23 September 2015 at the 8751:29 September 2018 at the 8713:12 September 2013 at the 8646:UN Resolution 435 of 1978 8488:Clayton, Anthony (1999). 8419:Bourne, Peter G. (1986), 8406:Meredith, Martin (2005). 8148:The Apartheid War Machine 7787:. Accessed 11 August 2015 7501:A history of South Africa 7464:A history of South Africa 7190:Through Fortress and Rock 6720:The Washing of the Spears 6555:Kimberley, Turbulent City 6430:Blacks in the Dutch World 6408:omalley.nelsonmandela.org 6305:12 September 2018 at the 5963:The Earth and Its Peoples 5915:10.1017/S0021853703008624 5783:David Hatcher Childress, 5770:Patrick Robert Cullinan, 4641:African National Congress 4604:African National Congress 4557:African National Congress 4518:African National Congress 4471:African National Congress 4408: 4405: 4402: 4385:Under the post-apartheid 4319:2021 South African unrest 3980:African National Congress 3919:African National Congress 3848:African National Congress 3780:battle of Cuito Cuanavale 3547:Apartheid era (1948–1994) 3399:'s forces in the fall of 3300:mixed-race South Africans 2380:London Missionary Society 1927:Boer people and republics 1500:/Cape Town is the oldest 1480:, in Heerengracht Street. 1346:Huguenots in South Africa 1238:Netherlandish cartography 682:African National Congress 213:1887 Annexation (British) 14917:Central African Republic 13551:Labour Party (1969–1994) 13544:Labour Party (1910–1958) 13100:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 13058:#RhodesMustFall protests 12657:1960 republic referendum 11098:30 November 2018 at the 10634:. (Pretoria: HAUM, 1993) 10511:Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: 10504:Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: 10497:Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: 10202:Republic of South Africa 10178:. In J. Ki-Zerbo (ed.). 8994:Apartheid laws rescinded 8833:27 February 2012 at the 8784:section. 1 November 1998 8591:, issue 70, October 2013 8126:Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, 8040:edited by David Bennett 8010:7 September 2018 at the 7930:, Accessed 25 April 2015 7926:Anti-defamation League, 7763:. Human & Rousseau. 7729:Military History Journal 7672:. Accessed 7 August 2015 7168:PJ Cain and AG Hopkins, 6650:10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b 6601:Chronicles of Basutoland 6435:Indiana University Press 6309:, Accessed 29 April 2015 6220:Voortrekkers leave Natal 5246:20 November 2015 at the 4845:"South Africa - History" 4720:Timeline of South Africa 4715:Politics of South Africa 4022:parliamentary opposition 3967:, and pressure from the 3723:South African Border War 3701:South African Border War 3245:German South-West Africa 3152:Republic of South Africa 2985:The British suffragette 2897:Witwatersrand gold mines 2548:Orange River Sovereignty 2378:, superintendent of the 2332:1994 advent of democracy 2259: 2230:Cape Qualified Franchise 2044:Orange River Sovereignty 2001:with the signing of the 1995:Republic of South Africa 1952:An account of the first 1937:After 1806, a number of 1698:Dutch East India Company 1595:spanning "Cape to Cairo" 1442:Dutch East India Company 1226:Dutch East India Company 925:Dutch East India Company 904:(mtDNA) and patrilinear 729:an ongoing energy crisis 660:Republic of South Africa 654:as the consequence of a 568:Dutch East India Company 357:South African Border War 15272:History of South Africa 13996:terrorist organisations 13086:2019 Johannesburg riots 12699:Constructive engagement 12664:International isolation 12482:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 11618:State-owned enterprises 11317:Democratic South Africa 11110:"History: Useful links" 11046:12 January 2012 at the 10677:Twidle, Hedley (2013). 10643:to the End of Apartheid 10637:Stapleton, Timothy J.: 10089:History of South Africa 10082:Oxford University Press 8963:Accessed 25 March 2016. 8795:Resistance to Apartheid 7685:No.19, Vol 1 1978, p.83 7666:Delville Wood Memorial 7533:Cherryl Walker (1991). 7482:14 October 2010 at the 7133:1 November 2013 at the 7069:The Imperialist Venture 7014:The Scramble for Africa 6944:Business History Review 6904:. Accessed 29 June 2015 6805:History of South Africa 6785:History of South Africa 6614:A South African Kingdom 6453:Encyclopædia Britannica 6081:Slavery in South Africa 5887:, 29 March 1988, p.487. 5748:The War in South Africa 5501:. Accessed 18 June 2015 5212:. WIMSA. Archived from 4675:History of Johannesburg 4371:Cape Town taxi conflict 4188:Poverty in South Africa 3984:Pan Africanist Congress 3969:anti-apartheid movement 3965:international community 3915:United Democratic Front 3852:Pan-Africanist Congress 3826:Resistance to apartheid 3758:across the border from 3756:forward operating bases 3658:Extra-judicial killings 3540:Encyclopedia Britannica 3345:and neutral countries. 3293:Battle of Delville Wood 3251:and the sinking of the 3249:Battle of Delville Wood 3056:constitutional monarchy 2733:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 2578:and is presently named 2480:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 2280:Dutch colonies in India 2278:Indian slaves from the 2199:Between 1847 and 1854, 1985:(meaning four-coloured) 1632:seized the Cape in 1795 1374:Cape Dutch architecture 1111:The Portuguese mariner 857:Australopithecus sediba 648:Status of the Union Act 498:South Africa portal 194:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 13009:Attack on Kennedy Road 12620:Congress of the People 12211:South African Republic 10662:Theal, George McCall: 10655:Theal, George McCall: 10648:Terreblanche, Sampie: 9931:Mkhwanazi, Siyabonga. 9246:Apartheid debt settled 9093:Lost in Transformation 9040:, adopted 26 June 1955 8817:Accessed 26 April 2015 8804:Accessed 26 April 2015 8605:Current African Issues 8558:accessed 27 April 2015 7972:. Accessed 29 May 2015 7858:. Accessed 21 May 2015 7711:(1991) 17#2 pp 221–38 7568:. Afrikaner Pers. 1948 7137:. Accessed 27 May 2015 6983:. Accessed 1 June 2015 6859:. Accessed 15 May 2015 6488:The Forgotten Frontier 6153:. Accessed 6 June 2015 6097:Memoirs of Paul Kruger 6084:Accessed 23 April 2015 5726:www.measuringworth.com 5182:Barnard, Alan (2007). 5139:10.1002/elps.200900197 4670:History of Cape Colony 4158: 4091:2024 national election 3951: 3835: 3726: 3625: 3589:From 1948, successive 3567: 3543: 3424:United Nations Charter 3391: 3270: 3196:. Both Prime Minister 3185: 3101: 3039: 2948: 2886:South African Republic 2865: 2840:South African Republic 2742: 2658: 2599: 2535: 2520:KwaZulu-Natal Province 2475: 2432:Wars against the Xhosa 2353: 2275: 2223:responsible government 2196: 2035: 1986: 1970:South African Republic 1964:South African Republic 1956: 1884: 1825:-speakers call it the 1793: 1711:The British explorers 1672:eventually settled in 1596: 1553:"white" South Africans 1505: 1481: 1437: 1406: 1395: 1241: 1108: 951: 761:. It was inhabited by 267:South African Republic 199:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 15077:São Tomé and Príncipe 14937:Republic of the Congo 13579:Natal Indian Congress 13299:Afrikaner Broederbond 13153:Afrikaner nationalism 12939:1994 general election 12910:Bophuthatswana crisis 12803:Church Street bombing 12583:Apartheid legislation 12576:1948 general election 12496:South Africa Act 1909 12291:Union of South Africa 12111:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 12091:Political history of 11237:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 11104:National Public Radio 11082:Afrikaner Broederbond 10691:. (Amsterdam, 1726). 10434:Huguenots at the Cape 10420:Botha, Colin Graham: 10218:, Zebra Press, 2004, 10167:26#2 (1993): 241–269. 10138:Elbourne, Elizabeth. 10098:65.4 (2013): 596–617. 9720:Jonathan Crush (ed), 9700:The Africa Report.com 9498:"Who are the Guptas?" 9313:. Accessed 9 May 2015 9008:. Accessed 9 May 2015 8959:23 March 2016 at the 8839:The Road to Democracy 8540:UN Security Council, 7940:AWB neo-Nazi insignia 7462:Leonard M. Thompson, 7159:Accessed 30 May 2015. 7155:21 April 2011 at the 6964:Gearge McCall Theal, 6803:George McCall Theal, 6774:. Accessed 1 May 2015 6540:George McCall Theal, 6278:. Macmillan, London. 6272:Neil Parsons (1993). 6238:Karel Schoeman (ed), 6229:Accessed 17 June 2015 6195:George McCall Theal, 6094:Kruger, Paul (1902). 5803:Norbert C. Brockman, 5096:10.1093/molbev/msm155 4730:Years in South Africa 4229:South African Airways 4152: 4014:Inkatha Freedom Party 3942: 3833: 3721:on patrol during the 3716: 3672:Inkatha Freedom Party 3645:On 16 December 1966, 3629:the national budget. 3623: 3584:Union of South Africa 3565: 3558:Apartheid legislation 3538: 3389: 3264: 3200:and Defence Minister 3175: 3122:General Barry Hertzog 3116:, later known as the 3112:as his deputy. Their 3098:Daniel François Malan 3096: 3048:South Africa Act 1909 3044:Union of South Africa 3028: 3021:Union of South Africa 3005:Treaty of Vereeniging 2961:Second Anglo–Boer War 2939: 2926:Second Anglo–Boer War 2912:Leander Starr Jameson 2875:Battle of Majuba Hill 2833: 2740: 2656: 2649:Discovery of diamonds 2593: 2586:Wars with the Ndebele 2556:Sand River Convention 2533: 2526:Wars with the Basotho 2518:the area today named 2492:Battle of Blood River 2469: 2462:Wars against the Zulu 2351: 2328:Natal Indian Congress 2326:struggle of Gandhi's 2273: 2194: 2031: 2003:Sand River Convention 1977: 1951: 1875: 1741: 1585: 1514:Dutch Reformed Church 1494:Kasteel de Goede Hoop 1487: 1467: 1412: 1401: 1389: 1358:Afrikaner nationalism 1236:(c. 1590s–1720s) and 1219: 1106: 949: 864:was announced, named 817:Paranthropus robustus 787:Bantu-speaking people 750:Further information: 667:Afrikaner nationalism 624:South Africa Act 1909 616:Union of South Africa 574:under the command of 320:Union of South Africa 189:Shaka kaSenzangakhona 139:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 13213:Greater South Africa 13051:2014 platinum strike 12917:Shell House massacre 12845:Transkei coup d'état 12650:Sharpeville massacre 12413:Battle of Blaauwberg 12406:Battle of Muizenberg 12358:Battle of Salt River 12141:Mthethwa Paramountcy 11872:World Heritage Sites 11648:Water and sanitation 11257:Mthethwa Paramountcy 11131:Archivalplatform.org 11035:3 March 2016 at the 10776:. New Africa Books. 10726:. (Zaltbommel, 2001) 10585:Newton-King, Susan: 10518:Groenewald, Gerald: 10295:, AD. Donker, 1970, 10190:. pp. 121–124. 9359:Independent Online, 9045:29 June 2011 at the 9024:14 July 2015 at the 8888:Accessed 1 May 2015. 8569:In Search of Enemies 8552:Cambridge Journals, 8358:The Frontline States 7990:4 March 2016 at the 7698:(1994) 12#1 pp 47–64 7669:Sinking of the Mendi 7610:Bill Nasson (2012). 7058:Newbury (1987), p. 3 6855:22 June 2015 at the 6686:www.sahistory.org.za 6612:Elizabeth Eldredge, 6392:on 13 November 2023. 6340:www.sahistory.org.za 6225:22 June 2015 at the 6129:. pp. 357–359. 5685:John Dugard (1978). 5531:Noble, John (1893). 4103:crime related safety 3944:Frederik W. de Klerk 3808:Mozambique Civil War 3719:44 Parachute Brigade 3676:South African Police 3580:British colonial era 3576:period of Dutch rule 3521:Eugène Terre'Blanche 3416:Imperial War Cabinet 3275:Black South Africans 3267:Imperial War Cabinet 3210:Imperial War Cabinet 3148:British Commonwealth 2963:, also known as the 2877:(27 February 1881). 2796:improve this article 2762:First Anglo–Boer War 2614:Wars with the Bapedi 2602:In 1836, when Boer V 2512:Battle of Isandlwana 2441:became known as the 2147:improve this article 1512:and belonged to the 1326:History of Cape Town 676:On 2 February 1990, 417:Ramaphosa presidency 407:Motlanthe presidency 377:Apartheid referendum 225:British colonisation 209:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 49:improve this article 38:to meet Knowledge's 15152:States with limited 14105:Democratic Alliance 13282:Civic and political 13146:Afrikaner Calvinism 13139:African nationalism 12988:African Renaissance 12678:UNSC Resolution 591 12599:Internal resistance 12500:National Convention 12468:Transvaal Civil War 12392:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 12275:Orange River Colony 10685:Valentijn, Francois 10532:Huigen, Siegfried: 10483:Franken, J. L. N.: 10386:. 2000. 194 pages. 10353:. 2003. 336 pages. 10334:Thompson, Leonard. 10313:. 1999. 220 pages. 10127:. 2000. 256 pages. 10112:. 2000. 216 pages. 10108:Christopher, A. J. 9569:on 8 September 2019 9529:Wall Street Journal 9346:18 May 2015 at the 9059:Mail & Guardian 8867:on 6 September 2015 8706:Sibiso Ndlovu (ed.) 8655:Accessed 1 May 2015 8651:18 May 2015 at the 8186:South Africa at War 8014:Accessed 4 May 2015 7951:Mail & Guardian 7757:John Keene (1995). 7562:Standaard Afrikaans 7488:This day in history 7109:27 May 2015 at the 7087:24 May 2015 at the 6980:History of Diamonds 6955:Newbury (1987), p.4 6933:Oakes (1992), p.168 6898:SA History Online, 6883:"The Sekukuni Wars" 6705:Ngubane, Jordan K. 6644:(2859): 589. 1915. 6318:Alan F Hattersley, 5812:8 July 2015 at the 5409:2018PLoSO..1398941L 5363:SA History Online, 5011:National Geographic 4665:Scramble for Africa 4195:tripartite alliance 3477:to purchase modern 3269:during World War I. 3188:At the outbreak of 3118:South African Party 2721:Scramble for Africa 2427:Factional conflicts 2057:Orange River Colony 2018:Free State Republic 1694:Robert Jacob Gordon 1588:The Rhodes Colossus 1574:British Cape Colony 1568:British at the Cape 1537:indentured servants 1490:Castle of Good Hope 1366:Afrikaner Calvinism 1304:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 894:earliest separation 771:Klasies River Caves 640:Orange River Colony 372:Internal resistance 247:Orange River Colony 12852:Ciskei coup d'état 12671:UN Resolution 1761 12636:Women's March 1956 12489:South African Wars 12475:Mineral Revolution 11282:Transvaal Republic 11077:Bearer of an Ideal 10542:Dutch South Africa 10440:Coertzen, Pieter: 10277:Pakenham, Thomas. 9812:Bauer, Nickolaus. 8939:Padraig O'malley, 8309:Ranjeni Munusamy, 8291:on 11 January 2012 8259:on 19 January 2017 8171:Patrick Laurence, 7285:www.britannica.com 7250:Jones (1995), p.53 7241:Jones (1995), p.47 6147:Boereafrikana.com 5626:www.britannica.com 5293:on 5 February 2017 5262:C. Garth Sampson, 5216:on 13 January 2014 4999:. 10 January 2002. 4545:25 September 2008 4159: 4155:Greenmarket Square 4003:universal suffrage 3971:around the world, 3952: 3836: 3727: 3626: 3615:partition of India 3611:British government 3568: 3544: 3508:The South African 3432:Paris Peace Treaty 3392: 3271: 3233:Royal Flying Corps 3186: 3102: 3040: 2949: 2866: 2743: 2677:Nicolaas Waterboer 2659: 2600: 2536: 2476: 2412:Nicolaas Waterboer 2354: 2330:failed; until the 2276: 2197: 2036: 1987: 1957: 1885: 1794: 1665:Congress of Vienna 1644:Kingdom of Holland 1597: 1557:Simon van der Stel 1506: 1482: 1438: 1426:South African wine 1422:Simon van der Stel 1407: 1396: 1382:South African wine 1264:. You can help by 1242: 1166:. You can help by 1117:Cabo das Tormentas 1109: 952: 763:Australopithecines 397:Mandela presidency 204:Cetshwayo kaMpande 162:Dutch colonisation 15259: 15258: 15253: 15252: 15179:other territories 14952:Equatorial Guinea 14863:History of Africa 14829: 14828: 14137: 14136: 14090:political parties 14083: 14082: 14060:Orde van die Dood 13677:Progressive Party 13383:Congress Alliance 13199:Cape Independence 13131:Political culture 13126: 13125: 13093:COVID-19 pandemic 13023:Marikana massacre 12859:Venda coup d'état 12613:Defiance Campaign 12203:Orange Free State 12133:Dutch Cape Colony 12058: 12057: 12018: 12017: 11661: 11660: 11653:Wealth inequality 11600:Income inequality 11547: 11546: 11522:Political parties 11487:Foreign relations 11449: 11448: 11346: 11345: 11277:Orange Free State 11252:Dutch Cape Colony 11242:Kingdom of Mutapa 11138:on 5 October 2017 10729:Viljoen, Russel: 10709:Van Riebeeck, Jan 10606:Schoeman, Karel: 10599:Schoeman, Karel: 10477:pp. 469–503. 10291:Rosenthal, Eric. 10264:Mitchell, Laura. 10250:Meiring, Hannes. 10224:978-1-77007-312-8 10123:Deegan, Heather. 9818:www.aljazeera.com 9761:www.aljazeera.com 9322:James L. Gibson, 8972:Vladimir Shubin, 8904:Los Angeles Times 8726:Padraig O'Malley, 8600:Horace Campbell, 8520:Jan Breytenbach, 8464:Victoria Brittain 8184:Richard Leonard, 7823:978-1-85532-635-4 7802:War in the Desert 7770:978-0-7981-3388-3 7696:War & Society 7304:Thomas Pakenham, 7269:978-0-7126-6285-7 7218:978-0-7992-2315-6 7012:Thomas Pakenham, 6718:Donald R Morris, 6162:Cameron, T. (ed) 6065:978-0-307-42518-8 5978:978-0-618-77148-6 5319:. 24 October 2023 5114:on 20 April 2011. 4913:. Artefacts.co.za 4772:Pietermaritzburg 4660:History of Africa 4646: 4645: 4631:15 February 2018 4628: 4591: 4581: 4542: 4536:Kgalema Motlanthe 4505: 4501:24 September 2008 4495: 4452: 4391:National Assembly 4356:COVID-19 pandemic 4344:contempt of court 4313:2021 civil unrest 4164:Marikana massacre 4114:Financial burdens 4045:(COSATU) and the 4006:general elections 3744:Operation Carlota 3705:Angolan Civil War 3607:South West Africa 3536: 3448:South West Africa 3428:League of Nations 3412:Winston Churchill 3405:Battle of Britain 2965:South African War 2920:Cecil John Rhodes 2848:Orange Free State 2828: 2827: 2820: 2727:Discovery of gold 2708:Cecil John Rhodes 2701:Australian states 2628:King Sekhukhune I 2563:Orange Free State 2420:Orange Free State 2396:Orange Free State 2212:Cape of Good Hope 2179: 2178: 2171: 2040:Orange Free State 2024:Orange Free State 1840:came into power. 1713:David Livingstone 1702:Cape of Good Hope 1624:Batavian Republic 1601:French Revolution 1476:, the founder of 1286:Dutch Cape Colony 1282: 1281: 1240:(c. 1570s–1670s). 1184: 1183: 1099:Portuguese Empire 1066:Khoisan languages 930:smallpox epidemic 698:Nobel Peace Prize 618:was created as a 614:(1899–1902), the 612:South African War 603:settlers and the 584:Dutch Cape Colony 564:Cape of Good Hope 533: 532: 460:Religious history 455:Political history 362:Angolan Civil War 272:Orange Free State 169:Dutch Cape Colony 144:Kingdom of Mutapa 77: 76: 69: 40:quality standards 31:This article may 15284: 15240: 15239:(United Kingdom) 15235:Tristan da Cunha 15231:Ascension Island 15223: 15210: 15201: 15177:Dependencies and 14870:Sovereign states 14856: 14849: 14842: 14833: 14832: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14141: 14140: 14127: 14126: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14076: 14069: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14034: 14027: 14020: 14013: 14006: 13994:Paramilitary and 13986: 13984:Umkosi Wezintaba 13979: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13909: 13902: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13874: 13867: 13860: 13853: 13846: 13839: 13829:social movements 13827:Trade unions and 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13441: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13350: 13348:Boerestaat Party 13343: 13336: 13329: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13279: 13278: 13265: 13256: 13247: 13238: 13231: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13178: 13169: 13162: 13155: 13148: 13141: 13119: 13109: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12919: 12912: 12905: 12898: 12891: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12838:Dakar Conference 12833: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12768: 12761: 12759:Israeli alliance 12754: 12747: 12740: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12713:Sporting boycott 12708: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12685:Academic boycott 12680: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12645: 12638: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12542:Great Depression 12537: 12530: 12528:Maritz rebellion 12523: 12503: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12422: 12415: 12408: 12401: 12394: 12387: 12380: 12378:Dutch settlement 12360: 12353: 12351:Bantu migrations 12338: 12337: 12326: 12318: 12310: 12302: 12294: 12286: 12283:Transvaal Colony 12278: 12270: 12262: 12254: 12251:Nieuwe Republiek 12246: 12238: 12230: 12222: 12214: 12206: 12198: 12190: 12187:Natalia Republic 12182: 12174: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12156:Ndwandwe Kingdom 12151: 12149: 12146: 12136: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12062: 12061: 12038: 12031: 11857:National symbols 11779:Social movements 11672: 11671: 11613: 11585:Economic history 11558: 11557: 11460: 11459: 11426:Populated places 11357: 11356: 11297:Great Depression 11213: 11212: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11166: 11165: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11121: 11013: 10979: 10963: 10941: 10931: 10897: 10863: 10857: 10853: 10851: 10843: 10821: 10799: 10787: 10765: 10578:Mitchell, L.J.: 10557:Johnson, David: 10382:Worden, Nigel. 10204: 10101:Bunting, Brian. 10074:Beinart, William 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9847:. Archived from 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9753: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9731: 9725: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9597:The Conversation 9588: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9565:. Archived from 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9460: 9451: 9450: 9444: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9379: 9370: 9364: 9357: 9351: 9337: 9331: 9320: 9314: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9286:SA Jewish Report 9283: 9274: 9268: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9210:. 26 August 2019 9204: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9152: 9146: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9118: 9112: 9089: 9083: 9072: 9066: 9056: 9050: 9034: 9028: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8990: 8984: 8970: 8964: 8950: 8944: 8937: 8931: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8866: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8824: 8818: 8811: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8780:(Johannesburg), 8775: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8739: 8733: 8724: 8718: 8704: 8698: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8676: 8662: 8656: 8644:United Nations, 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8614: 8608: 8598: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8567:John Stockwell, 8565: 8559: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8495: 8485: 8479: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8371: 8365: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8335: 8324: 8318: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8290: 8284:. Archived from 8283: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8252:. Archived from 8251: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8215:States of Terror 8211: 8205: 8202: 8196: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8144: 8138: 8124: 8118: 8113:United Nations, 8111: 8105: 8096: 8090: 8076: 8070: 8055: 8049: 8034: 8028: 8021: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7979: 7973: 7964: 7958: 7948: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7918: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7880: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7832: 7826: 7811: 7805: 7794: 7788: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7754: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7721: 7715: 7705: 7699: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7530: 7524: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7443:The Commonwealth 7435: 7429: 7415: 7409: 7398: 7392: 7377: 7371: 7362:Michael Davitt, 7360: 7354: 7353: 7346:"First Boer War" 7342: 7336: 7322: 7316: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7277: 7271: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7220: 7206: 7200: 7186: 7180: 7166: 7160: 7144: 7138: 7120: 7114: 7098: 7092: 7078: 7072: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7043: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7010: 7004: 6990: 6984: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6925: 6911: 6905: 6896: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6868:Isabel Hofmeyr, 6866: 6860: 6843: 6837: 6823: 6817: 6816:Beck 2000, p. 74 6814: 6808: 6801: 6795: 6781: 6775: 6766: 6760: 6755:David B Coplan, 6753: 6747: 6736: 6730: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6630: 6624: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6525: 6519: 6507:Karel Schoeman, 6505: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6444: 6438: 6427:Allison Blakely 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6388:. Archived from 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6332: 6326: 6316: 6310: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6236: 6230: 6213: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6182:Openlibrary.org, 6180: 6174: 6160: 6154: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6018: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5966: 5959:Bulliet (2008). 5956: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5838: 5828: 5817: 5801: 5795: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5692: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5528: 5522: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5472: 5462: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5420: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5179: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5107:. Archived from 5098: 5080: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5054: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4989: 4983: 4971:Bert Woodhouse, 4969: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4825:on 29 March 2019 4821:. Archived from 4815: 4626: 4617: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587:14 February 2018 4579: 4570: 4553: 4540: 4531: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4493: 4484: 4467: 4463: 4450: 4441: 4409:Political party 4400: 4399: 4395:Deputy President 4348:Zondo Commission 4145:Labour relations 4018:Democratic Party 3864:Umkhonto weSizwe 3784:New York Accords 3537: 3444:Maritz Rebellion 3349:Second World War 3339:British Treasury 3214:Maritz Rebellion 3038: 3035: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2780: 2772: 2699:and some of the 2244:and gold in the 2174: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2131: 2123: 2096:Pietermaritzburg 2088:Benjamin D'Urban 2077:Natalia Republic 1819:forced migration 1791: 1784: 1749: 1745: 1504:in South Africa. 1474:Jan van Riebeeck 1455:Jan van Riebeeck 1414:Groot Constantia 1403:Jan van Riebeeck 1277: 1274: 1256: 1249: 1179: 1176: 1158: 1151: 1139:and opening the 1129:Great Fish River 1062:click consonants 1002:, while today's 936:The Bantu people 874:San and Khoikhoi 852:Ronald J. Clarke 752:People of Africa 684:(ANC) and freed 636:Transvaal Colony 586:. Following the 576:Jan van Riebeeck 525: 518: 511: 496: 495: 494: 450:Military history 435:Economic history 402:Mbeki presidency 277:Natalia Republic 242:Transvaal Colony 124:Middle Stone Age 109: 99: 81: 80: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 26: 25: 18: 15292: 15291: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15248: 15238: 15221: 15208: 15199: 15180: 15178: 15171: 15155: 15153: 15146: 14865: 14860: 14830: 14825: 14697: 14189: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14138: 14133: 14117: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13856: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13828: 13822: 13815: 13808: 13801: 13794: 13787: 13780: 13773: 13766: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13640: 13633: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13605: 13598: 13591: 13584: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13495:HNP (Herstigte) 13493: 13488:HNP (Herenigde) 13486: 13479: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13430: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13367: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13311: 13306:Afrikaner Party 13304: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13274: 13268: 13259: 13250: 13241: 13234: 13225: 13220:Honorary whites 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13181: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13122: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12981:Soweto bombings 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12787: 12782:Soweto Uprising 12780: 12773: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12736: 12725: 12718: 12711: 12706:Tar Baby Option 12704: 12697: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12655: 12648: 12641: 12634: 12627:Freedom Charter 12625: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12597: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12506: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12473: 12466: 12459: 12452: 12445: 12438: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12397: 12390: 12383: 12376: 12363: 12356: 12349: 12329: 12321: 12313: 12305: 12297: 12289: 12281: 12273: 12265: 12257: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12227:Griqualand West 12225: 12219:Griqualand East 12217: 12209: 12201: 12193: 12185: 12177: 12169: 12162: 12154: 12147: 12139: 12131: 12124: 12117: 12109: 12095: 12089: 12059: 12054: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12014: 11883: 11862:Public holidays 11793: 11759:Sexual violence 11739:Life expectancy 11657: 11611: 11605:Mining industry 11543: 11507:Law enforcement 11445: 11411:Mountain ranges 11342: 11321: 11292:Second Boer War 11202: 11193: 11158: 11141: 11139: 11124: 11108: 11100:Wayback Machine 11048:Wayback Machine 11037:Wayback Machine 11021: 11016: 10960: 10855: 10854: 10845: 10844: 10840: 10818: 10784: 10762: 10739:Welch, Sidney: 10722:Verstegen, M.: 10641:Dutch-Khoi Wars 10620:Singh, Daleep: 10613:Shell, Robert: 10402: 10397: 10273:Gutenberg-e.org 10214:Joyce, Peter. 10207:Johnson, R.W. 10198: 10186:. Vol. 1. 10087:Beck, Roger S. 10069: 10064: 10062:Further reading 10059: 10049: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10012: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9970: 9961: 9960: 9956: 9946: 9944: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9885: 9883: 9876:Washington Post 9868: 9864: 9854: 9852: 9851:on 23 July 2021 9837: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9794: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9728: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9589: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9555: 9551: 9541: 9539: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9461: 9454: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9397:Social Dynamics 9393: 9389: 9377: 9371: 9367: 9358: 9354: 9348:Wayback Machine 9338: 9334: 9328:Foreign Affairs 9321: 9317: 9307:Financial Times 9305: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9265:Wayback Machine 9256: 9252: 9243: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9213: 9211: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9191: 9189: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9153: 9149: 9137: 9133: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9090: 9086: 9073: 9069: 9057: 9053: 9047:Wayback Machine 9038:Freedom Charter 9035: 9031: 9026:Wayback Machine 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8991: 8987: 8971: 8967: 8961:Wayback Machine 8951: 8947: 8938: 8934: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8896: 8892: 8884:SA History.org 8883: 8879: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8835:Wayback Machine 8825: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8802:Wayback Machine 8792: 8788: 8776: 8772: 8763: 8759: 8753:Wayback Machine 8740: 8736: 8725: 8721: 8715:Wayback Machine 8705: 8701: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8653:Wayback Machine 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8615: 8611: 8599: 8595: 8586: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8551: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8486: 8482: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8431: 8427: 8418: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8392: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8355: 8351: 8343:Stephen Ellis, 8342: 8338: 8332:Huffington Post 8325: 8321: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8183: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150:, London, 1980. 8145: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8097: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8056: 8052: 8035: 8031: 8023:Brian Bunting, 8022: 8018: 8012:Wayback Machine 8003:SA History.org 8002: 7998: 7992:Wayback Machine 7982:Wessel Visser, 7980: 7976: 7965: 7961: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7934: 7928:Hate on Display 7925: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7866: 7862: 7854:Paul Scarlata, 7853: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7812: 7808: 7795: 7791: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7755: 7748: 7740:Andre Wessels, 7739: 7735: 7722: 7718: 7706: 7702: 7693: 7689: 7680: 7676: 7665: 7661: 7652: 7648: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7601: 7589: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7498: 7494: 7484:Wayback Machine 7474: 7470: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7417:Peter Warwick, 7416: 7412: 7400:Nosipho Nkuna, 7399: 7395: 7378: 7374: 7361: 7357: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7228:Alan H Jeeves, 7227: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7157:Wayback Machine 7146:Goldavenue.com 7145: 7141: 7135:Wayback Machine 7121: 7117: 7111:Wayback Machine 7099: 7095: 7089:Wayback Machine 7079: 7075: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7044: 7040: 7031: 7027: 7011: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6976: 6972: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6912: 6908: 6901:King Sekhukhune 6897: 6893: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6863: 6857:Wayback Machine 6844: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6802: 6798: 6782: 6778: 6767: 6763: 6754: 6750: 6744:Rand Daily Mail 6738:Dacob Dlamini, 6737: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6568: 6553:Brian Roberts, 6552: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6445: 6441: 6437:2001, pp. 18–19 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6317: 6313: 6307:Wayback Machine 6298:SA History.org 6297: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6258:Piers Brendon, 6257: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6227:Wayback Machine 6214: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6146: 6142: 6125:Eybers (1917). 6123: 6119: 6112: 6092: 6088: 6078:SA History.org 6077: 6073: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6026: 6022: 6015: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5957: 5953: 5942: 5938: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5829: 5820: 5814:Wayback Machine 5802: 5798: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5602: 5582: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5463: 5444: 5403:(6): e0198941. 5389: 5385: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5257: 5248:Wayback Machine 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5162: 5133:(21): 3657–64. 5127:Electrophoresis 5123: 5119: 5111: 5089:(10): 2180–95. 5078: 5072: 5068: 5023: 5019: 5008: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4939:on 28 June 2019 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4911:"Free Burghers" 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4782:Port Elizabeth 4651: 4625: 4622:Cyril Ramaphosa 4598: 4594: 4588: 4578: 4551: 4539: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4492: 4465: 4461: 4449: 4406:Term of office 4383: 4321: 4315: 4278: 4272: 4259: 4253: 4245:Cyril Ramaphosa 4233:VBS Mutual Bank 4209: 4203: 4190: 4184: 4147: 4126:debt repayments 4122: 4116: 4099: 4051:advocacy groups 3973:State President 3937: 3931: 3854:(PAC), and the 3828: 3707: 3697: 3660: 3643: 3634:Soweto uprising 3560: 3555: 3549: 3529: 3490:Ossewa Brandwag 3440: 3357: 3351: 3331:Bank of England 3323:gold production 3206:Second Boer War 3170: 3162:Main articles: 3160: 3158:First World War 3036: 3030:Union Buildings 3023: 3015:Main articles: 3013: 2934: 2932:Second Boer War 2928: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2793: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2735: 2729: 2681:Griqualand West 2651: 2634:, bordering on 2620:Sekhukhune wars 2616: 2588: 2528: 2508:Lord Chelmsford 2464: 2434: 2429: 2346: 2340: 2268: 2266:Colony of Natal 2262: 2254:Second Boer War 2216:Cape Parliament 2189: 2181:Main articles: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2144: 2132: 2121: 2079: 2073: 2061:Second Boer War 2026: 2020: 1972: 1966: 1935: 1929: 1879:in traditional 1798:Zulu kaNtombela 1789: 1782: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1728:Main articles: 1726: 1720:in the desert. 1690: 1657:Roman-Dutch law 1636:Napoleonic Wars 1580: 1572:Main articles: 1570: 1565: 1432:. The recorded 1384: 1378:Roman-Dutch law 1322: 1288: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1262:needs expansion 1247: 1214: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1164:needs expansion 1149: 1113:Bartolomeu Dias 1101: 1091:Bartolomeu Dias 1079: 1077:Portuguese role 1074: 1050:Bantu languages 1013:The Kingdom of 956:Bantu expansion 944: 938: 876: 759:human evolution 754: 748: 743: 737: 656:1960 referendum 632:Colony of Natal 553:Bantu expansion 529: 492: 490: 470: 469: 430: 422: 421: 412:Zuma presidency 392: 382: 381: 347: 337: 336: 322: 312: 311: 307:Second Boer War 292: 282: 281: 262: 252: 251: 237:Colony of Natal 227: 217: 216: 184: 174: 173: 164: 154: 153: 134:Bantu expansion 119: 97: 90: 73: 62: 56: 53: 46: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 15290: 15280: 15279: 15274: 15257: 15256: 15251: 15250: 15247: 15246: 15244:Western Sahara 15241: 15224: 15211: 15202: 15188:Canary Islands 15184: 15183: 15181: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15158: 15156: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14866: 14859: 14858: 14851: 14844: 14836: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14167: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14144: 14135: 14134: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14108: 14101: 14093: 14091: 14085: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14070: 14063: 14056: 14053:Ossewabrandwag 14049: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14021: 14014: 14007: 13999: 13997: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13980: 13973: 13966: 13959: 13952: 13945: 13938: 13931: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13903: 13896: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13832: 13830: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13796:Unionist Party 13792: 13785: 13778: 13775:Torch Commando 13771: 13764: 13757: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13729: 13722: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13680: 13673: 13666: 13659: 13652: 13649:Orde Boerevolk 13645: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13561: 13554: 13547: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13463: 13456: 13449: 13442: 13435: 13428: 13425:DP (1989–2000) 13421: 13418:DP (1973–1977) 13414: 13411:Dominion Party 13407: 13400: 13393: 13386: 13379: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13344: 13337: 13330: 13323: 13316: 13309: 13302: 13295: 13292:Afrikaner Bond 13287: 13285: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13257: 13248: 13239: 13232: 13223: 13216: 13209: 13206:Day of the Vow 13202: 13195: 13188: 13179: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13142: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12984: 12977: 12974:Floor crossing 12970: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12934: 12932: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12889:Bisho massacre 12885: 12884: 12883: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12831:Operation Vula 12827: 12824:Rubicon speech 12820: 12817:Langa massacre 12813: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12755: 12748: 12741: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12723: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12674: 12660: 12653: 12646: 12639: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12616: 12609: 12602: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12535:Rand Rebellion 12531: 12524: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12461:Boer Republics 12457: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12416: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12388: 12381: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12354: 12346: 12344: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12319: 12311: 12307:Bophuthatswana 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12271: 12267:Klein Vrystaat 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12231: 12223: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12191: 12183: 12175: 12167: 12152: 12137: 12129: 12106: 12104: 12097: 12096: 12088: 12087: 12080: 12073: 12065: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12040: 12039: 12032: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11988:Cape Coloureds 11980: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11893: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11877:heritage sites 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11764:Slum clearance 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11623:Stock exchange 11620: 11615: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11580:Communications 11577: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11539:State security 11536: 11535: 11534: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11421:National parks 11418: 11416:Municipalities 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11374:Climate change 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11287:First Boer War 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11192: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11150: 11149: 11122: 11106: 11090: 11085: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11050: 11027: 11020: 11019:External links 11017: 11015: 11014: 10996:(3): 389–408. 10980: 10964: 10958: 10948:, ed. (2012). 10942: 10914:(3): 589–602. 10898: 10864: 10838: 10822: 10816: 10800: 10788: 10782: 10766: 10760: 10744: 10737: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10682: 10675: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10635: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10571:Marais, J.S.: 10569: 10564:Lucas, Gavin: 10562: 10555: 10552:978-1904744955 10537: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10468:978-0819562111 10456: 10445: 10438: 10428: 10418: 10413:Biewenga, A.: 10411: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10380: 10362: 10347: 10332: 10322: 10303: 10289: 10275: 10262: 10248: 10241: 10226: 10212: 10205: 10196: 10168: 10161: 10151: 10136: 10121: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10046:. 28 July 2021 10031: 10020:. 29 July 2021 10005: 9980: 9969:. 22 July 2021 9954: 9923: 9893: 9862: 9830: 9804: 9793:. 13 July 2021 9778: 9748: 9737: 9726: 9713: 9687: 9669:Staff Writer. 9661: 9649:Foreign Policy 9635: 9623:Daily Maverick 9609: 9580: 9549: 9515: 9489: 9452: 9430: 9403:(2): 213–217. 9387: 9365: 9352: 9332: 9315: 9299: 9269: 9250: 9237: 9221: 9199: 9173: 9147: 9131: 9113: 9084: 9080:Monthly Review 9074:Ashwin Desai, 9067: 9051: 9029: 9010: 8998: 8985: 8982:978 0745324722 8965: 8945: 8932: 8924:Daily Dispatch 8916: 8890: 8877: 8843: 8819: 8806: 8786: 8770: 8757: 8734: 8719: 8699: 8686: 8677: 8664:B Turok (ed), 8657: 8637: 8625: 8609: 8593: 8580: 8560: 8545: 8542:Resolution 435 8533: 8513: 8507:978-1857285253 8506: 8480: 8456: 8447: 8438: 8425: 8412: 8399: 8386: 8373:Scott Thomas, 8366: 8349: 8336: 8319: 8315:Daily Maverick 8302: 8270: 8238: 8226: 8206: 8197: 8177: 8164: 8152: 8139: 8119: 8106: 8091: 8071: 8050: 8029: 8016: 7996: 7974: 7959: 7943: 7932: 7919: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7860: 7847: 7827: 7813:Alfred Price, 7806: 7789: 7776: 7769: 7746: 7733: 7716: 7700: 7687: 7674: 7659: 7646: 7629: 7622: 7599: 7552: 7545: 7525: 7505: 7492: 7468: 7455: 7430: 7410: 7393: 7379:Owen Coetzer, 7372: 7355: 7337: 7324:Robert Crisp, 7317: 7297: 7272: 7259:Rayne Kruger, 7252: 7243: 7234: 7221: 7201: 7181: 7161: 7139: 7115: 7093: 7073: 7060: 7051: 7038: 7025: 7005: 6985: 6970: 6957: 6948: 6935: 6926: 6913:Dougie Oakes, 6906: 6891: 6874: 6861: 6838: 6818: 6809: 6796: 6783:Roger B Beck, 6776: 6761: 6748: 6731: 6711: 6698: 6673: 6625: 6605: 6599:Paul Germond, 6592: 6579: 6566: 6546: 6533: 6520: 6500: 6479: 6466: 6439: 6420: 6395: 6352: 6327: 6311: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6251: 6231: 6208: 6188: 6175: 6155: 6140: 6117: 6110: 6086: 6071: 6064: 6044: 6035: 6020: 6013: 5993: 5984: 5977: 5951: 5936: 5909:(2): 203–219. 5889: 5876: 5863:Noel Mostert, 5856: 5849: 5818: 5796: 5776: 5763: 5757:978-1141789283 5756: 5750:. Nabu Press. 5738: 5710: 5703: 5677: 5671:978-1405188319 5670: 5652: 5638: 5613: 5600: 5583:Hans F Heese, 5576: 5557: 5548: 5523: 5503: 5490: 5483: 5442: 5383: 5368: 5356: 5345:on 6 June 2011 5330: 5317:Africa Rebirth 5304: 5269: 5255: 5253:, South Africa 5227: 5201: 5194: 5174: 5160: 5117: 5066: 5043:10.1086/302848 5037:(4): 1362–83. 5017: 5002: 4984: 4964: 4950: 4924: 4902: 4880: 4858: 4836: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4780: 4770: 4760: 4750: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4446:Nelson Mandela 4442: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4382: 4379: 4317:Main article: 4314: 4311: 4271: 4268: 4255:Main article: 4252: 4249: 4205:Main article: 4202: 4199: 4186:Main article: 4183: 4180: 4176:Anglo Platinum 4146: 4143: 4139:antiretroviral 4118:Main article: 4115: 4112: 4105:concerns. The 4098: 4095: 4071:Nelson Mandela 4063:Bill of Rights 4057:enacted a new 4030:Nelson Mandela 4010:National Party 3988:Nelson Mandela 3976:F. W. de Klerk 3961:armed struggle 3948:Nelson Mandela 3933:Main article: 3930: 3927: 3879:Torch Commando 3860:armed struggle 3840:Mahatma Gandhi 3827: 3824: 3696: 3693: 3659: 3656: 3642: 3639: 3591:National Party 3572:segregationist 3559: 3556: 3551:Main article: 3548: 3545: 3517:Bophuthatswana 3503:National Party 3479:breech-loading 3475:Boer Republics 3471:Anglo–Boer war 3459:Kaiser Wilhelm 3439: 3436: 3353:Main article: 3350: 3347: 3327:British Empire 3312:Ottoman Empire 3222:Mahatma Gandhi 3178:British Empire 3159: 3156: 3126:National Party 3124:, forming the 3012: 3009: 2987:Emily Hobhouse 2980:scorched earth 2941:Emily Hobhouse 2930:Main article: 2927: 2924: 2871:Anglo–Boer War 2826: 2825: 2784: 2782: 2775: 2768:First Boer War 2766:Main article: 2763: 2760: 2731:Main article: 2728: 2725: 2650: 2647: 2632:Sekhukhuneland 2615: 2612: 2587: 2584: 2527: 2524: 2499:Anglo-Zulu War 2463: 2460: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2320:Mahatma Gandhi 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2238:First Boer War 2177: 2176: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2075:Main article: 2072: 2069: 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2011:First Boer War 1968:Main article: 1965: 1962: 1933:Boer Republics 1931:Main article: 1928: 1925: 1829:("crushing"). 1780:British Empire 1725: 1722: 1689: 1686: 1678:Port Elizabeth 1605:Dutch Republic 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1541:Cape Coloureds 1526:King Louis XIV 1510:Dutch ancestry 1284:Main article: 1280: 1279: 1259: 1257: 1246: 1243: 1220:Replica of an 1182: 1181: 1161: 1159: 1148: 1145: 1121:Cape of Storms 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1008:Tsonga peoples 940:Main article: 937: 934: 917:Cape Peninsula 896:of the extant 875: 872: 747: 744: 739:Main article: 736: 733: 719:High rates of 686:Nelson Mandela 620:self-governing 605:British Empire 596:Boer Republics 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 502: 501: 486: 485: 479: 478: 472: 471: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 390:Post-apartheid 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 348: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 323: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 297:First Boer War 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 269: 263: 260:Boer Republics 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 129:Late Stone Age 126: 120: 115: 114: 111: 110: 102: 101: 92: 91: 84: 75: 74: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15289: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15245: 15242: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15225: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15206: 15203: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15182: 15174: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15149: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14992:Guinea-Bissau 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14857: 14852: 14850: 14845: 14843: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14703: 14700: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14165: 14160: 14158: 14153: 14151: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14132: 14131: 14120: 14113: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14086: 14075: 14071: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14057: 14054: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14036: 14033: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14015: 14012: 14008: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13992: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13974: 13971: 13970:Die Spoorbund 13967: 13964: 13960: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13897: 13894: 13890: 13887: 13883: 13880: 13876: 13873: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13848: 13845: 13841: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13825: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13810:Workers Party 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13737: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13691:Radio Freedom 13688: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13671: 13667: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13643: 13642:Oranjewerkers 13639: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13618: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13590: 13587: 13583: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13510: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13457: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13380: 13377: 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13284:organisations 13280: 13277: 13275:organisations 13271: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13237: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13129: 13118: 13116: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072:Tshwane riots 13069: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12985: 12982: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12925: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12796:Project Coast 12793: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12775:Mafeje affair 12772: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12745:Durban Moment 12742: 12739: 12738:Rivonia Trial 12735: 12728: 12724: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12692:Disinvestment 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12617: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12447:1820 Settlers 12444: 12441: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12157: 12153: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12098: 12094: 12086: 12081: 12079: 12074: 12072: 12067: 12066: 12063: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12025: 12021: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11774:Social issues 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11724:Land invasion 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11595:Foreign trade 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11540: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11232:Early history 11230: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11183: 11178: 11176: 11171: 11170: 11167: 11161: 11154: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10984:Worden, Nigel 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10968:Worden, Nigel 10965: 10961: 10959:9781431402922 10955: 10951: 10947: 10946:Worden, Nigel 10943: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10902:Worden, Nigel 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10868:Worden, Nigel 10865: 10861: 10849: 10841: 10839:9780195677058 10835: 10831: 10827: 10826:Worden, Nigel 10823: 10819: 10817:9780620385091 10813: 10809: 10805: 10804:Worden, Nigel 10801: 10797: 10793: 10792:Worden, Nigel 10789: 10785: 10783:9780864866561 10779: 10775: 10771: 10770:Worden, Nigel 10767: 10763: 10761:9780521258753 10757: 10753: 10749: 10748:Worden, Nigel 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10672:0-8371-1661-9 10669: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10543: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10393: 10392:0-631-21661-8 10389: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10377:1-56836-258-7 10374: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10359:0-415-93559-8 10356: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10344:0-300-08776-4 10341: 10337: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10319:0-521-62122-4 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10301:0-949937-64-9 10298: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10287:9780349104669 10284: 10280: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10261: 10260:0-7981-1456-8 10257: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10243:Mabin, Alan. 10242: 10239: 10238:0-909079-14-5 10235: 10231: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148:0-7735-2229-8 10145: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10133:0-582-38227-0 10130: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10118:0-415-21178-6 10115: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10045: 10044:www.iol.co.za 10041: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10009: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9927: 9911: 9907: 9906:www.iol.co.za 9903: 9897: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9844:The Economist 9840: 9834: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9730: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9585: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9504:. 14 May 2013 9503: 9499: 9493: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9457: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9391: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9336: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9230: 9229:The Economist 9225: 9209: 9203: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9140: 9139:The Economist 9135: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8949: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8881: 8863: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8823: 8816: 8810: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8767: 8761: 8755:, 12 May 1997 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8738: 8731: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8703: 8696: 8690: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8606: 8603: 8597: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8577:0 7088 1647 9 8574: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8556: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8509: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8493: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8451: 8442: 8435: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8409: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8287: 8280: 8274: 8255: 8248: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8223:1-85287-019-2 8220: 8216: 8210: 8201: 8195: 8194:0-86852-093-4 8191: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8136:1-85043-069-1 8133: 8129: 8123: 8116: 8110: 8103: 8102: 8098:John Dugard, 8095: 8089: 8088:0 19 570579 3 8085: 8081: 8075: 8068: 8067:0-86486-115-X 8064: 8060: 8054: 8047: 8046:0-415-12159-0 8043: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7916:0-552-11512-6 7913: 7909: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7878: 7877:0-434-18040-8 7874: 7870: 7864: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7844:0-620-24380-5 7841: 7837: 7834:Denys Reitz, 7831: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7786: 7780: 7772: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7697: 7691: 7684: 7678: 7671: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7650: 7642: 7641: 7633: 7625: 7623:9780143027164 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7583: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7546:9780864861702 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7523: 7522:0-620-24380-5 7519: 7515: 7512:Denys Reitz, 7509: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7444: 7440: 7439:"Our history" 7434: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7390: 7389:0-620-24114-4 7386: 7382: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7314:0-394-42742-4 7311: 7307: 7301: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7198:1 86842 029 9 7195: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122:Extract from 7119: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7080:Stacey Greer, 7077: 7070: 7064: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7022:0-947464-47-6 7019: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6930: 6924: 6923:9781874912279 6920: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6835:0-313-27917-9 6832: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6793:0-313-30730-X 6790: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6772: 6771:About Lesotho 6765: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6728:0 351 17400 1 6725: 6721: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6517:0-7981-2965-4 6514: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6496:0-8214-1682-0 6493: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6248:0-7981-2965-4 6245: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6111:9780804610773 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6048: 6039: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6014:9780195015621 6010: 6006: 6005: 5997: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5955: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5873:0-7126-5584-0 5870: 5866: 5860: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5704:0-691-09236-2 5700: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5552: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5520:0-393-06259-7 5517: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5195:9781847883308 5191: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4981:1 874959 31 5 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4762:Johannesburg 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4498:16 June 1999 4497: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4460: 4458:16 June 1999 4457: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4361: 4360:The Economist 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332:KwaZulu-Natal 4329: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4258: 4251:Energy crisis 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4217:state capture 4214: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4078:neoliberalism 4074: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3913:A non-racial 3911: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3564: 3554: 3541: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3482:Mauser rifles 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3343:United States 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:German Empire 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3133:bitter-enders 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2975:bittereinders 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2841: 2832: 2822: 2819: 2811: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2785:This section 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2717:Witwatersrand 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675:nation under 2674: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2486:were killed. 2485: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2345: 2344:Griqua people 2338:Griqua people 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:kwaZulu-Natal 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2173: 2170: 2162: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2136:This section 2134: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Great Britain 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888:(present-day 1883:military garb 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Pongola River 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750:included the 1740: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:1820 Settlers 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640:again seizing 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609:Patriot Party 1607:known as the 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416:, the oldest 1415: 1411: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Dorsland Trek 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Graaff-Reinet 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1276: 1267: 1263: 1260:This section 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:East Indiaman 1218: 1213: 1209: 1208:Brouwer Route 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1162:This section 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Vasco da Gama 1122: 1118: 1114: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1095:Vasco da Gama 1092: 1088: 1084: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Nguni peoples 961: 957: 948: 943: 933: 931: 926: 921: 918: 913: 909: 907: 903: 902:haplogroup L0 899: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 871: 869: 868: 863: 859: 858: 853: 849: 844: 842: 841: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818: 813: 809: 808: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 753: 742: 732: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580:Free Burghers 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 500: 499: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 426: 425: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 391: 386: 385: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 346: 341: 340: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 291: 286: 285: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 261: 256: 255: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 226: 221: 220: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 178: 177: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 118: 113: 112: 108: 104: 103: 100: 94: 93: 88: 83: 82: 79: 71: 68: 60: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 29: 20: 19: 16: 15227:Saint Helena 15198: 15102:South Africa 15101: 15092:Sierra Leone 14897:Burkina Faso 14182:South Africa 14128: 14088:Histories of 13789:United Party 13698:Reform Party 13635:Orangia Unie 13260: 13251: 13244:Swart gevaar 13242: 13226: 13182: 13173: 13114: 13016:Blikkiesdorp 12342:Pre-colonial 12195:Natal Colony 12179:Zulu Kingdom 12093:South Africa 11889:Demographics 11837:Homelessness 11807:Architecture 11638:Trade unions 11497:Human rights 11467:Constitution 11364:Biodiversity 11302:World War II 11272:Zulu Kingdom 11207: 11196:South Africa 11140:. Retrieved 11136:the original 11129: 11113: 11081: 11076: 10993: 10987: 10975: 10971: 10949: 10911: 10905: 10877: 10871: 10829: 10807: 10795: 10773: 10751: 10740: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10712: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10678: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10638: 10631: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10540: 10539:Hunt, John: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10459: 10453:Nigel Worden 10448: 10441: 10431: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10383: 10368: 10365:Welsh, Frank 10350: 10335: 10325: 10306: 10292: 10279:The Boer War 10278: 10265: 10251: 10244: 10229: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10179: 10164: 10154: 10139: 10124: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10077: 10048:. Retrieved 10043: 10034: 10022:. Retrieved 10017: 10008: 9996:. Retrieved 9992: 9983: 9971:. Retrieved 9966: 9957: 9945:. Retrieved 9936: 9926: 9914:. Retrieved 9905: 9896: 9884:. Retrieved 9875: 9865: 9853:. Retrieved 9849:the original 9842: 9833: 9821:. Retrieved 9817: 9807: 9795:. Retrieved 9790: 9781: 9769:. Retrieved 9760: 9751: 9740: 9729: 9721: 9716: 9706:20 September 9704:. Retrieved 9702:. 9 May 2022 9699: 9690: 9680:20 September 9678:. Retrieved 9674: 9664: 9654:20 September 9652:. Retrieved 9648: 9638: 9628:20 September 9626:. Retrieved 9622: 9612: 9602:20 September 9600:. Retrieved 9596: 9571:. Retrieved 9567:the original 9562: 9552: 9540:. Retrieved 9528: 9518: 9506:. Retrieved 9492: 9480:. Retrieved 9469:The Guardian 9468: 9446: 9433: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9381: 9368: 9355: 9335: 9327: 9318: 9306: 9302: 9290:. Retrieved 9285: 9272: 9253: 9240: 9228: 9224: 9214:20 September 9212:. Retrieved 9202: 9192:20 September 9190:. Retrieved 9186: 9176: 9164:. Retrieved 9161:BusinessTech 9160: 9150: 9138: 9134: 9125: 9116: 9109:The Guardian 9108: 9092: 9087: 9079: 9070: 9058: 9054: 9037: 9032: 9013: 9001: 8988: 8973: 8968: 8948: 8935: 8923: 8919: 8907:. Retrieved 8903: 8893: 8880: 8869:, retrieved 8862:the original 8853: 8846: 8838: 8822: 8809: 8789: 8781: 8778:Sunday Times 8777: 8773: 8760: 8744: 8737: 8728: 8722: 8702: 8694: 8689: 8680: 8674:1 870425 12X 8665: 8660: 8640: 8628: 8612: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8583: 8568: 8563: 8554: 8548: 8536: 8521: 8516: 8491: 8483: 8467: 8459: 8450: 8441: 8428: 8420: 8415: 8407: 8402: 8394: 8389: 8374: 8369: 8361: 8352: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8326:Paul Seils, 8322: 8314: 8305: 8293:. Retrieved 8286:the original 8273: 8261:. Retrieved 8254:the original 8241: 8233: 8229: 8214: 8209: 8200: 8185: 8180: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8147: 8142: 8127: 8122: 8109: 8100: 8094: 8079: 8074: 8058: 8053: 8037: 8032: 8024: 8019: 7999: 7983: 7977: 7968: 7962: 7950: 7946: 7935: 7922: 7907: 7902: 7893: 7884: 7868: 7863: 7850: 7835: 7830: 7814: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7796:Neil Orpen, 7792: 7779: 7759: 7741: 7736: 7728: 7719: 7708: 7703: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7632: 7612: 7572:17 September 7570:. Retrieved 7561: 7555: 7535: 7528: 7513: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7487: 7471: 7463: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7442: 7433: 7418: 7413: 7405: 7396: 7380: 7375: 7363: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7325: 7320: 7306:The Boer War 7305: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7284: 7275: 7260: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7209: 7204: 7189: 7184: 7169: 7164: 7148: 7142: 7123: 7118: 7102: 7096: 7076: 7063: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7033: 7028: 7013: 7008: 7002:086850 130 1 6993: 6988: 6979: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6929: 6914: 6909: 6900: 6894: 6886: 6877: 6869: 6864: 6845: 6841: 6826: 6821: 6812: 6804: 6799: 6784: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6743: 6734: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6685: 6676: 6641: 6637: 6628: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6574: 6569: 6554: 6549: 6541: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6508: 6503: 6487: 6486:Nigel Penn. 6482: 6474: 6469: 6457:. Retrieved 6452: 6442: 6429: 6423: 6411:. Retrieved 6407: 6398: 6390:the original 6372:(2): 77–91. 6369: 6365: 6355: 6343:. Retrieved 6339: 6330: 6319: 6314: 6294: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6239: 6234: 6215: 6211: 6196: 6191: 6178: 6163: 6158: 6149: 6143: 6126: 6120: 6096: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6054: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6003: 5996: 5987: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5884: 5879: 5864: 5859: 5834: 5805: 5799: 5784: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5729:. Retrieved 5725: 5688: 5680: 5661: 5655: 5641: 5629:. Retrieved 5625: 5616: 5608: 5603: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5571:Culture Trip 5570: 5560: 5551: 5539:. Retrieved 5533: 5526: 5511: 5506: 5493: 5468: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5375: 5371: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5343:the original 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5316: 5307: 5295:. Retrieved 5291:the original 5286: 5282: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5239: 5230: 5218:. Retrieved 5214:the original 5204: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5109:the original 5086: 5082: 5069: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5010: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4972: 4967: 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4937:the original 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4883: 4871:. Retrieved 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4839: 4827:. Retrieved 4823:the original 4813: 4620: 4573: 4534: 4487: 4455:10 May 1994 4444: 4426:Left office 4423:Took office 4387:Constitution 4384: 4368: 4364: 4328:South Africa 4326:occurred in 4324:Civil unrest 4322: 4279: 4260: 4221:Gupta family 4210: 4191: 4160: 4136: 4123: 4100: 4075: 4067: 4059:Constitution 4000: 3956: 3953: 3923: 3912: 3904: 3892: 3876: 3837: 3795: 3793: 3777: 3773:Soviet Union 3749: 3728: 3708: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3644: 3631: 3627: 3594: 3588: 3569: 3539: 3525: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3495:John Vorster 3488: 3486: 3467:Jameson Raid 3456: 3452:Manie Maritz 3441: 3420:British Army 3409: 3393: 3373:Simon's Town 3361:World War II 3358: 3320: 3310:against the 3304: 3297: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3254: 3229:British Army 3226: 3218: 3204:were former 3187: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3113: 3103: 3088: 3072:Bechuanaland 3041: 3001: 2996:black people 2992: 2984: 2973: 2950: 2916:Jameson Raid 2909: 2904: 2894: 2888:"), or ZAR. 2881: 2879: 2867: 2863:Natal Colony 2814: 2805: 2794:Please help 2789:verification 2786: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2660: 2640: 2617: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2596:Voortrekkers 2595: 2569:, while the 2560: 2552: 2545: 2541:Moshoeshoe I 2537: 2516: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2477: 2456: 2452: 2439: 2435: 2409: 2405: 2393: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2324:civil rights 2317: 2310: 2305: 2297:) turned to 2288: 2284: 2277: 2250:Cecil Rhodes 2234: 2227: 2220: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2165: 2156: 2145:Please help 2140:verification 2137: 2109:Voortrekkers 2108: 2099: 2092:Voortrekkers 2091: 2083:Voortrekkers 2080: 2037: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1958: 1936: 1914: 1886: 1864: 1849:Tugela River 1842: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1812: 1805:Zulu Kingdom 1802: 1795: 1785:such as the 1776:Voortrekkers 1710: 1706: 1691: 1682: 1648: 1598: 1593:Cecil Rhodes 1586: 1530: 1507: 1459: 1445: 1439: 1330:Stellenbosch 1308:Dutch Empire 1270: 1266:adding to it 1261: 1172: 1168:adding to it 1163: 1116: 1110: 1072:Colonization 1039: 1012: 984:Sotho–Tswana 953: 922: 914: 910: 906:haplogroup A 898:Homo sapiens 897: 887: 877: 865: 861: 855: 845: 840:Homo sapiens 838: 834:Blombos cave 830:Sterkfontein 825: 815: 812:Robert Broom 805: 798:Raymond Dart 795: 767:Modern human 755: 718: 716:since 1994. 705:constitution 702: 675: 664: 644:nation state 609: 557: 537:South Africa 534: 489: 445:LGBT history 332:World War II 302:Jameson Raid 182:Zulu Kingdom 117:Pre-colonial 98:South Africa 95: 78: 63: 54: 47:Please help 43: 32: 15: 15154:recognition 15107:South Sudan 14997:Ivory Coast 13228:Rooi gevaar 13107:2021 unrest 13037:Nkandlagate 12866:Third Force 12727:Rugby union 12325:(1981–1994) 12317:(1979–1994) 12309:(1977–1994) 12301:(1976–1994) 12293:(1910–1961) 12285:(1902–1910) 12277:(1902–1910) 12269:(1886–1891) 12261:(1885–1887) 12253:(1884–1888) 12245:(1882–1885) 12237:(1882–1883) 12229:(1870–1873) 12221:(1861–1879) 12213:(1856–1902) 12205:(1854–1902) 12197:(1843–1910) 12189:(1839–1843) 12181:(1816–1897) 12173:(1795–1910) 12171:Cape Colony 12163: 1780 12148: 1780 12135:(1652–1806) 12125: 1220 12118: 1075 11993:Cape Malays 11714:Immigration 11565:Agriculture 11386:Earthquakes 11267:Cape Colony 11247:Kaditshwene 10978:(1): 23–44. 10929:11427/28195 10880:(1): 3–18. 10856:|work= 10628:Sleigh, Dan 10172:Hrbek, Ivan 9675:myBoardband 9573:30 November 9542:14 February 9482:14 February 9288:. p. 3 9244:Fin24.com, 9166:12 November 9126:www.bbc.com 8952:News24.com 8909:28 December 7616:. Penguin. 7590:|work= 6992:John Lang, 6881:H W Kinsey, 6586:EJ Verwey: 6150:Geskiedenis 5541:25 November 4584:9 May 2009 4548:9 May 2009 4489:Thabo Mbeki 4451:(1918–2013) 4352:job layoffs 4080:instead. A 4038:Thabo Mbeki 3957:rooi gevaar 3883:Axis Powers 3850:(ANC), the 3844:Sharpeville 3717:Members of 3463:Paul Kruger 3316:British Raj 3308:Middle East 3198:Louis Botha 3190:World War I 3106:Louis Botha 3037: 1925 2953:Paul Kruger 2890:Paul Kruger 2856:Cape Colony 2710:co-founded 2697:New Zealand 2604:oortrekkers 2567:Thaba Bosiu 2484:Piet Retief 2400:Drakensberg 2384:Philippolis 2376:John Philip 2201:Harry Smith 2195:Harry Smith 2183:Cape Colony 2119:Cape Colony 2113:Drakensberg 2100:Voortrekker 2048:Crimean War 2007:Paul Kruger 1756:Zwangendaba 1730:Zulu people 1674:Grahamstown 1661:sovereignty 1628:Kew Letters 1613:stadtholder 1545:Cape Malays 1450:spice route 1418:wine estate 1342:Franschhoek 960:Congo basin 867:Homo naledi 848:Little Foot 802:Taung Child 678:FW de Klerk 628:Cape Colony 352:Legislation 327:World War I 232:Cape Colony 149:Kaditshwene 96:History of 51:if you can. 15266:Categories 15209:(Portugal) 15167:Somaliland 15087:Seychelles 15052:Mozambique 15037:Mauritania 15022:Madagascar 14977:The Gambia 14912:Cape Verde 14039:Greyshirts 13803:Volksparty 13341:Black Sash 13002:Xenophobia 12995:Travelgate 12752:Border War 12556:Bantustans 12454:Great Trek 12399:Xhosa Wars 12259:Upingtonia 12243:Stellaland 11971:Afrikaners 11959:San people 11842:Literature 11789:Xenophobia 11709:Healthcare 11689:Disability 11612:(currency) 11517:Parliament 11492:Government 11477:Corruption 11312:Border War 11126:"Registry" 11120:Libraries. 10400:VOC period 10197:0435948075 10018:ISS Africa 9508:7 February 9101:0620537256 8622:0253331331 8530:0620148705 8476:0571142168 8383:1850439931 8295:18 October 7499:Thompson, 7448:17 January 7427:0521272246 7334:0583122914 7188:JDF Jones, 7178:0582491762 6622:052144067X 6563:0949968625 6285:0333570103 6205:0869770365 6172:0715390511 5850:085045901X 5793:1935487507 5607:F Wallis, 5597:062034153X 5484:085045901X 5297:22 January 5235:Karim Sadr 5220:13 January 4943:18 October 4917:18 October 4895:18 October 4873:18 October 4851:18 October 4806:References 4742:Cape Town 4735:Rinderpest 4590:(resigned) 4575:Jacob Zuma 4504:(resigned) 4403:President 4340:Jacob Zuma 4274:See also: 4270:Xenophobia 4213:Jacob Zuma 4201:Corruption 4153:Church on 4097:Emigration 4082:wealth tax 4055:Parliament 4026:parliament 3992:referendum 3868:legitimacy 3699:See also: 3641:UN embargo 3603:Bantustans 3499:Boerenasie 3377:Royal Navy 3298:Black and 3237:Royal Navy 3064:Basutoland 2842:/Transvaal 2664:kimberlite 2576:Basutoland 2474:(ca. 1875) 2443:Xhosa Wars 2313:indentured 2159:April 2015 1943:Great Trek 1921:Umhlangana 1892:) and the 1877:Shaka Zulu 1838:Shaka Zulu 1770:, and the 1752:Soshangane 1718:Lake Ngami 1659:. British 1502:urban area 1350:Cape Dutch 1334:Swellendam 1324:See also: 1290:See also: 1186:See also: 1147:Dutch role 1141:Cape Route 1119:, meaning 1081:See also: 1046:linguistic 1015:Mapungubwe 796:Professor 746:Prehistory 725:corruption 694:non-racial 592:Great Trek 367:Bantustans 15042:Mauritius 14188:–present) 13262:Volkstaat 13253:Uitlander 13184:Boerehaat 13160:Anarchism 12967:Arms Deal 12930:apartheid 12590:Pass laws 12567:Apartheid 12512:1910–1948 12431:1815–1910 12369:1652–1815 11983:Coloureds 11729:Languages 11694:Education 11643:Transport 11575:Companies 11527:President 11482:Elections 11431:Provinces 11391:Estuaries 11381:Districts 11352:Geography 11307:Apartheid 11142:5 October 11114:LibGuides 11039:from the 11010:147980814 10938:161070564 10894:145747452 10858:ignored ( 10848:cite book 9998:30 August 9993:TimesLIVE 9537:0099-9660 9477:0261-3077 9425:219697148 9417:0253-3952 9292:26 August 8410:, p. 316. 8356:M Evans, 7592:ignored ( 7582:cite book 6850:Mzilikazi 6658:0959-8138 6386:143867244 6135:24129017M 5931:162838180 5923:0021-8537 4792:Pretoria 4429:Duration 4417:Portrait 3816:Swaziland 3731:civil war 3595:apartheid 3553:Apartheid 3365:Cape Town 3241:white men 3202:Jan Smuts 3164:Jan Smuts 3110:Jan Smuts 3080:Swaziland 2957:franchise 2905:uitlander 2901:Randlords 2668:Kimberley 2636:Swaziland 2472:Cetshwayo 2416:Transvaal 2358:coloureds 2246:Transvaal 2242:Kimberley 2104:Dick King 1983:Vierkleur 1954:trekboers 1843:In 1818, 1616:William V 1549:Afrikaans 1522:Huguenots 1518:Lutherans 1478:Cape Town 1392:Table Bay 1064:from the 1052:(notably 986:peoples ( 832:. At the 822:Kromdraai 671:apartheid 572:Cape Town 560:Silk Road 345:Apartheid 290:Boer Wars 57:June 2019 15233: / 15229: / 15222:(France) 15216: / 15194: / 15190: / 15142:Zimbabwe 15117:Tanzania 14967:Ethiopia 14962:Eswatini 14942:Djibouti 14907:Cameroon 14892:Botswana 14130:Category 14032:Boeremag 13530:Jeugkrag 13481:Het Volk 13175:Baasskap 13117:incident 12720:Olympics 12299:Transkei 12102:polities 12100:Defunct 12045:Category 11954:Khoekhoe 11832:HIV/AIDS 11754:Religion 11719:Intersex 11699:Feminism 11679:Cannabis 11628:Taxation 11532:timeline 11512:Military 11455:Politics 11441:Wildlife 11338:Military 11326:By topic 11262:Ndwandwe 11220:Timeline 11200:articles 11102:from US 11096:Archived 11044:Archived 11033:Archived 10806:(2007). 10750:(1985). 10271:, 2008. 10174:(1981). 10050:2 August 10024:2 August 9941:Archived 9910:Archived 9880:Archived 9765:Archived 9344:Archived 9261:Archived 9043:Archived 9022:Archived 8957:Archived 8831:Archived 8798:Archived 8749:Archived 8711:Archived 8649:Archived 8362:Zambezia 8008:Archived 7988:Archived 7879:. p. 382 7785:War dead 7713:in JSTOR 7480:Archived 7153:Archived 7131:Archived 7107:Archived 7100:P Holz, 7085:Archived 6853:Archived 6459:14 March 6449:"Baster" 6303:Archived 6223:Archived 5810:Archived 5731:16 April 5437:29902271 5397:PLOS ONE 5349:18 April 5323:13 March 5244:Archived 5155:19515426 5147:19810027 5105:17656633 5061:10739760 4997:BBC News 4798:timeline 4788:timeline 4778:timeline 4768:timeline 4758:timeline 4748:timeline 4649:See also 4634:Present 4599:264 days 4552:226 days 4513:100 days 4303:Ethiopia 4283:Zimbabwe 4012:and the 3872:just war 3820:Botswana 3684:Boeremag 3613:'s 1947 3395:Marshal 3289:disaster 3281:SS Mendi 3104:General 3084:Eswatini 3076:Botswana 3052:Dominion 2970:Pretoria 2854:British 2808:May 2015 2643:Sekukuni 2454:states. 2418:and the 2388:banditti 1910:Makololo 1908:and the 1902:Matebele 1898:Eswatini 1834:difaqane 1814:difaqane 1734:Difaqane 1692:Colonel 1543:and the 1498:Kaapstad 1390:View of 1273:May 2017 1175:May 2017 1023:Botswana 1019:Zimbabwe 1000:Highveld 884:Khoikhoi 712:and the 652:republic 476:Timeline 87:a series 85:Part of 33:require 15218:Réunion 15214:Mayotte 15205:Madeira 15200:(Spain) 15196:Melilla 15127:Tunisia 15097:Somalia 15082:Senegal 15067:Nigeria 15057:Namibia 15047:Morocco 15012:Liberia 15007:Lesotho 14957:Eritrea 14927:Comoros 14902:Burundi 14877:Algeria 13935:SAAPAWU 13273:Defunct 13236:Slavery 12440:Mfecane 12029:Outline 12010:Chinese 12005:Indians 11998:Griquas 11976:British 11949:Khoisan 11902:Ndebele 11822:Cuisine 11799:Culture 11769:Smoking 11744:Poverty 11667:Society 11633:Tourism 11570:Banking 11553:Economy 11401:Islands 11396:Forests 11369:Climate 11333:Economy 11208:History 10330:excerpt 10328:(2011) 10159:excerpt 10157:(2009) 10084:. 2001. 10067:General 9973:22 July 9947:15 July 9916:12 July 9886:13 July 9855:30 July 9823:16 July 9797:15 July 9771:12 July 8782:Insight 8697:(1997). 7503:(2001). 7290:12 July 6691:12 July 6667:2303193 6413:12 July 6345:12 July 5631:12 July 5428:6002040 5405:Bibcode 5052:1288201 4794:history 4784:history 4774:history 4764:history 4754:history 4752:Durban 4744:history 4627:(1952–) 4595:8 years 4580:(1942–) 4541:(1949–) 4509:9 years 4494:(1942–) 4466:37 days 4462:5 years 4336:Gauteng 4307:Somalia 4299:Eritrea 4287:Burundi 4182:Poverty 3812:Lesotho 3804:FRELIMO 3760:Namibia 3599:Namibia 3359:During 3335:Germany 3325:in the 3273:25,000 3078:), and 3068:Lesotho 2580:Lesotho 2365:Basters 2071:Natalia 2053:Basotho 1917:Dingaan 1890:Lesotho 1827:mfecane 1760:Ndebele 1696:of the 1430:VOC era 1224:of the 1042:Khoisan 980:Ndebele 889:Khoisan 775:Khoisan 545:Khoisan 465:Slavery 35:cleanup 15237: 15220: 15207: 15137:Zambia 15132:Uganda 15072:Rwanda 15027:Malawi 14987:Guinea 14882:Angola 13886:FOSATU 13740:SAYRCO 13712:SADECO 13628:Occupy 13167:Azania 13115:Lady R 13044:Racism 12873:CODESA 12334:Events 12323:Ciskei 12235:Goshen 12165:–1819) 12150:–1817) 12050:Portal 11966:Whites 11927:Tswana 11922:Tsonga 11867:Sports 11817:Cinema 11749:Racism 11704:Health 11590:Energy 11472:Courts 11436:Rivers 11198: 11008: 10972:Kronos 10956: 10936: 10892: 10836: 10814: 10780: 10758: 10670: 10550: 10466: 10451:, ed. 10390: 10375: 10357: 10342: 10317: 10299: 10285: 10258: 10236: 10222: 10194: 10188:UNESCO 10146: 10131: 10116: 9967:SAnews 9535: 9475: 9423: 9415: 9187:News24 9099: 8980: 8672: 8620: 8575: 8528: 8504: 8500:–124. 8474: 8381: 8221: 8192: 8134: 8086: 8065: 8044: 7914: 7875: 7842: 7821: 7767: 7620: 7543: 7520: 7425: 7387: 7332: 7312: 7267: 7216: 7196: 7176: 7020: 7000: 6921: 6833: 6791: 6726: 6664: 6656: 6620: 6561: 6515: 6494: 6384: 6325:, 1950 6282: 6246: 6203: 6170: 6133: 6108: 6062: 6011: 5975: 5929: 5921: 5871: 5847: 5791: 5754: 5701: 5668: 5595: 5518: 5481: 5435: 5425: 5192: 5153: 5145: 5103: 5059: 5049: 4979: 4295:Rwanda 4239:. The 4237:Bosasa 4174:, and 4172:Lonmin 4016:. The 3982:, the 3800:RENAMO 3401:Tobruk 3397:Rommel 3371:, and 3369:Durban 2860: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2693:Canada 2673:Griqua 2624:Bapedi 2369:baster 1906:Mfengu 1904:, the 1861:armies 1790: 1783: 1772:Mfengu 1768:Ngwane 1748: 1744: 1470:statue 1424:. The 1380:, and 1318:, and 1210:, and 1097:, and 1027:Arabia 994:, and 988:Tswana 978:, and 690:CODESA 638:, and 566:. The 547:, the 541:UNESCO 89:on the 15192:Ceuta 15112:Sudan 15062:Niger 15017:Libya 15002:Kenya 14982:Ghana 14972:Gabon 14947:Egypt 14887:Benin 14178:Years 14067:PAGAD 13963:SATUC 13956:SARHU 13942:SACTU 13921:NURHS 13879:FNETU 13865:CTSWU 13858:CNETU 13851:BLATU 13733:SAYCO 13621:NUSAS 13502:IDASA 13313:AITUP 12928:Post- 12315:Venda 12036:Index 11937:Xhosa 11932:Venda 11917:Swazi 11912:Sotho 11852:Music 11847:Media 11784:Women 11684:Crime 11610:Rand 11406:Lakes 11225:Years 11006:S2CID 10934:S2CID 10890:S2CID 9563:Fin24 9443:(PDF) 9421:S2CID 9378:(PDF) 9282:(PDF) 8871:1 May 8865:(PDF) 8858:(PDF) 8837:, in 8289:(PDF) 8282:(PDF) 8263:2 May 8257:(PDF) 8250:(PDF) 7566:(PDF) 6382:S2CID 5927:S2CID 5151:S2CID 5112:(PDF) 5079:(PDF) 4829:3 May 4420:Name 4264:Eskom 4225:Eskom 3735:UNITA 3287:Mendi 3255:Mendi 3182:India 3082:(now 3074:(now 3066:(now 2594:Boer 2571:Sotho 2470:King 2447:Kafir 2306:Truro 2299:India 2293:(now 2291:Natal 2260:Natal 1939:Dutch 1896:(now 1894:Swazi 1866:impis 1857:Shaka 1845:Nguni 1809:Sotho 1787:Xhosa 1764:Hlubi 1137:India 1133:Natal 1054:Xhosa 1035:China 1031:India 1004:Venda 996:Sotho 976:Swazi 972:Xhosa 966:(the 721:crime 429:Topic 15122:Togo 15032:Mali 14922:Chad 14821:2024 14816:2023 14811:2022 14806:2021 14801:2020 14796:2019 14791:2018 14786:2017 14781:2016 14776:2015 14771:2014 14766:2013 14761:2012 14756:2011 14751:2010 14746:2009 14741:2008 14736:2007 14731:2006 14726:2005 14721:2004 14716:2003 14711:2002 14706:2001 14693:2000 14688:1999 14683:1998 14678:1997 14673:1996 14668:1995 14663:1994 14658:1993 14653:1992 14648:1991 14643:1990 14638:1989 14633:1988 14628:1987 14623:1986 14618:1985 14613:1984 14608:1983 14603:1982 14598:1981 14593:1980 14588:1979 14583:1978 14578:1977 14573:1976 14568:1975 14563:1974 14558:1973 14553:1972 14548:1971 14543:1970 14538:1969 14533:1968 14528:1967 14523:1966 14518:1965 14513:1964 14508:1963 14503:1962 14498:1961 14493:1960 14488:1959 14483:1958 14478:1957 14473:1956 14468:1955 14463:1954 14458:1953 14453:1952 14448:1951 14443:1950 14438:1949 14433:1948 14428:1947 14423:1946 14418:1945 14413:1944 14408:1943 14403:1942 14398:1941 14393:1940 14388:1939 14383:1938 14378:1937 14373:1936 14368:1935 14363:1934 14358:1933 14353:1932 14348:1931 14343:1930 14338:1929 14333:1928 14328:1927 14323:1926 14318:1925 14313:1924 14308:1923 14303:1922 14298:1921 14293:1920 14288:1919 14283:1918 14278:1917 14273:1916 14268:1915 14263:1914 14258:1913 14253:1912 14248:1911 14243:1910 14238:1909 14233:1908 14228:1907 14223:1906 14218:1905 14213:1904 14208:1903 14203:1902 14198:1901 14186:1901 14074:SANF 14004:APLA 13949:SAIF 13928:PAWE 13914:NEUM 13907:MUSA 13872:FCWU 13817:WOSA 13768:TNIP 13726:SASO 13719:SAIC 13705:SABP 13656:PAVN 13390:COSG 13369:CTEG 13362:CNIP 11942:Zulu 11907:Pedi 11826:wine 11734:LGBT 11144:2017 10954:ISBN 10860:help 10834:ISBN 10812:ISBN 10778:ISBN 10756:ISBN 10668:ISBN 10548:ISBN 10464:ISBN 10422:The 10388:ISBN 10373:ISBN 10355:ISBN 10340:ISBN 10315:ISBN 10297:ISBN 10283:ISBN 10256:ISBN 10234:ISBN 10220:ISBN 10192:ISBN 10144:ISBN 10129:ISBN 10114:ISBN 10052:2021 10026:2021 10000:2021 9975:2021 9949:2021 9918:2021 9888:2021 9857:2021 9825:2021 9799:2021 9791:CNBC 9773:2021 9708:2022 9682:2022 9656:2022 9630:2022 9604:2022 9575:2018 9544:2020 9533:ISSN 9510:2016 9484:2020 9473:ISSN 9413:ISSN 9294:2012 9216:2022 9194:2022 9168:2021 9097:ISBN 8978:ISBN 8911:2023 8873:2015 8670:ISBN 8618:ISBN 8573:ISBN 8526:ISBN 8502:ISBN 8472:ISBN 8379:ISBN 8297:2010 8265:2014 8219:ISBN 8190:ISBN 8132:ISBN 8084:ISBN 8063:ISBN 8042:ISBN 7912:ISBN 7873:ISBN 7840:ISBN 7819:ISBN 7765:ISBN 7618:ISBN 7594:help 7574:2014 7541:ISBN 7518:ISBN 7450:2024 7423:ISBN 7385:ISBN 7330:ISBN 7310:ISBN 7292:2022 7265:ISBN 7214:ISBN 7194:ISBN 7174:ISBN 7018:ISBN 6998:ISBN 6919:ISBN 6831:ISBN 6789:ISBN 6724:ISBN 6693:2022 6654:ISSN 6618:ISBN 6559:ISBN 6513:ISBN 6492:ISBN 6461:2021 6415:2022 6347:2022 6280:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6201:ISBN 6168:ISBN 6106:ISBN 6060:ISBN 6009:ISBN 5973:ISBN 5919:ISSN 5869:ISBN 5845:ISBN 5843:–6. 5789:ISBN 5752:ISBN 5733:2024 5699:ISBN 5666:ISBN 5633:2022 5593:ISBN 5543:2009 5516:ISBN 5479:ISBN 5477:–4. 5433:PMID 5351:2015 5325:2024 5299:2017 5222:2014 5190:ISBN 5143:PMID 5101:PMID 5057:PMID 4977:ISBN 4945:2020 4919:2020 4897:2020 4875:2020 4853:2020 4831:2019 4796:and 4786:and 4776:and 4766:and 4756:and 4746:and 4373:and 4342:for 4334:and 4305:and 4235:and 4227:and 4162:the 4061:and 3946:and 3896:Poqo 3818:and 3788:Cuba 3752:PLAN 3739:MPLA 3737:and 3703:and 3666:The 3570:The 3176:The 3166:and 3019:and 2185:and 1919:and 1881:Zulu 1851:and 1823:Zulu 1821:"); 1778:and 1732:and 1676:and 1650:The 1576:and 1488:The 1468:The 1440:The 1058:Zulu 1056:and 1033:and 1021:and 1006:and 992:Pedi 968:Zulu 954:The 882:and 862:Homo 789:who 781:and 779:Khoi 601:Boer 549:Khwe 14180:in 14025:BBB 14018:AWB 14011:ARM 13977:UDF 13900:IWW 13893:ICU 13844:BCM 13837:APF 13782:UFP 13684:PRP 13663:PFP 13614:NRP 13607:NPP 13593:NNP 13586:NLP 13572:NCP 13523:ISL 13474:GNP 13446:ECC 13439:DSM 13432:DPP 13404:DLF 13376:COD 13355:CDA 13334:BPC 13327:AVF 13320:APO 11812:Art 11502:Law 10998:doi 10924:hdl 10916:doi 10882:doi 9937:iol 9502:BBC 9405:doi 9326:, 9231:, 8498:120 7486:", 7350:BBC 6662:PMC 6646:doi 6638:BMJ 6374:doi 5969:708 5911:doi 5591:), 5423:PMC 5413:doi 5135:doi 5091:doi 5047:PMC 5039:doi 4330:'s 3754:'s 3253:SS 3070:), 3062:of 2798:by 2149:by 1472:of 1268:. 1170:. 880:San 828:at 820:at 783:San 15268:: 14046:MK 13600:NP 13565:NA 13516:IP 13509:ID 13460:FD 13453:FA 13397:CP 12160:c. 12145:c. 12122:c. 12115:c. 11128:. 11116:. 11112:. 11004:. 10994:42 10992:. 10976:40 10974:. 10932:. 10922:. 10912:62 10910:. 10888:. 10878:59 10876:. 10852:: 10850:}} 10846:{{ 10711:: 10687:: 10630:: 10367:. 10309:. 10200:. 10182:. 10080:. 10076:. 10042:. 10016:. 9991:. 9965:. 9939:. 9935:. 9908:. 9904:. 9878:. 9874:. 9841:. 9816:. 9789:. 9763:. 9759:. 9698:. 9673:. 9647:. 9621:. 9595:. 9583:^ 9561:. 9531:. 9527:. 9500:. 9471:. 9467:. 9455:^ 9445:. 9419:. 9411:. 9401:45 9399:. 9380:. 9284:. 9185:. 9159:. 9141:, 9124:. 9107:, 9078:, 9061:, 8926:, 8902:. 8743:4 8466:, 8360:, 8330:, 8313:, 7953:, 7749:^ 7727:, 7602:^ 7586:: 7584:}} 7580:{{ 7441:. 7404:, 7366:, 7348:. 7283:. 6885:, 6848:, 6742:, 6684:. 6660:. 6652:. 6640:. 6636:. 6451:. 6433:, 6406:. 6380:. 6370:27 6368:. 6364:. 6338:. 6218:, 6131:OL 6104:. 5971:. 5925:. 5917:. 5907:45 5905:. 5901:. 5821:^ 5724:. 5713:^ 5693:. 5624:. 5569:. 5445:^ 5431:. 5421:. 5411:. 5401:13 5399:. 5395:. 5315:. 5287:20 5285:. 5281:. 5237:, 5149:. 5141:. 5131:30 5129:. 5099:. 5087:24 5085:. 5081:. 5055:. 5045:. 5035:66 5033:. 5029:. 4995:. 4610:5 4597:, 4563:4 4524:3 4511:, 4477:2 4464:, 4434:1 4414:# 4358:. 4309:. 4301:, 4297:, 4293:, 4289:, 4285:, 4170:, 4028:. 3814:, 3586:. 3505:. 3367:, 3154:. 3034:c. 2884:(" 2695:, 2582:. 2522:. 2494:. 2303:SS 2256:. 2218:. 2067:. 1912:. 1817:(" 1800:. 1766:, 1762:, 1758:, 1754:, 1680:. 1638:, 1528:. 1376:, 1372:, 1368:, 1364:, 1360:, 1356:, 1352:, 1348:, 1344:, 1340:, 1336:, 1332:, 1328:, 1314:, 1310:, 1306:, 1302:, 1298:, 1294:, 1206:, 1202:, 1198:, 1194:, 1190:, 1093:, 1089:, 1085:, 1029:, 990:, 974:, 970:, 843:. 723:, 700:. 662:. 634:, 630:, 555:. 14855:e 14848:t 14841:v 14184:( 14163:e 14156:t 14149:v 12502:) 12498:( 12158:( 12143:( 12127:) 12120:– 12113:( 12084:e 12077:t 12070:v 11828:) 11824:( 11188:e 11181:t 11174:v 11146:. 11012:. 11000:: 10962:. 10940:. 10926:: 10918:: 10896:. 10884:: 10862:) 10842:. 10820:. 10786:. 10764:. 10674:) 10554:) 10470:) 10394:. 10379:. 10361:. 10346:. 10321:. 10240:. 10150:. 10135:. 10120:. 10054:. 10028:. 10002:. 9977:. 9951:. 9920:. 9890:. 9859:. 9827:. 9801:. 9775:. 9710:. 9684:. 9658:. 9632:. 9606:. 9577:. 9546:. 9512:. 9486:. 9449:. 9427:. 9407:: 9384:. 9309:, 9296:. 9218:. 9196:. 9170:. 9128:. 8913:. 8510:. 8478:. 8299:. 8267:. 8069:. 7825:. 7804:. 7773:. 7626:. 7596:) 7576:. 7549:. 7475:" 7452:. 7391:. 7352:. 7294:. 6695:. 6670:. 6648:: 6642:2 6498:. 6463:. 6417:. 6376:: 6349:. 6288:. 6137:. 6114:. 6102:3 6068:. 6017:. 5981:. 5933:. 5913:: 5853:. 5841:4 5760:. 5735:. 5707:. 5674:. 5649:. 5635:. 5573:. 5545:. 5487:. 5475:3 5439:. 5415:: 5407:: 5353:. 5327:. 5301:. 5224:. 5198:. 5157:. 5137:: 5093:: 5063:. 5041:: 4961:. 4947:. 4921:. 4899:. 4877:. 4855:. 4833:. 4131:R 3798:( 3725:. 2821:) 2815:( 2810:) 2806:( 2792:. 2172:) 2166:( 2161:) 2157:( 2143:. 1792:. 1591:— 1492:( 1275:) 1271:( 1228:/ 1177:) 1173:( 777:( 524:e 517:t 510:v 70:) 64:( 59:) 55:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.