999:. Sudanese army troops also burned churches and huts, closed schools, destroyed crops and looted cattle. To achieve his second objective, Mahjub succeeded in having parliament approve a decree that abolished the SCP and deprived the eleven communists of their seats. By October 1965, the Umma-NUP coalition had collapsed owing to a disagreement over whether Mahjub, as prime minister, or Azhari, as president, should conduct Sudan's foreign relations. Mahjub continued in office for another eight months but resigned in July 1966 after a parliamentary vote of censure, which split Umma. A traditional wing led by Mahjub, under the Imam Al Hadi, al Mahjub's spiritual leadership, opposed the party's majority. The latter group professed loyalty to the Imam's nephew, the younger Sadiq al Mahdi, who was the Umma's official leader and who rejected religious sectarianism. Sadiq became prime minister with backing from his own Umma wing and from NUP allies.
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prices. This policy resulted in low sales of cotton, the commodity from which Sudan derived most of its income. Restrictions on imports imposed to take the pressure off depleted foreign exchange reserves caused consternation among town dwellers who had become accustomed to buying foreign goods. Moreover, rural northerners also suffered from an embargo that Egypt placed on imports of cattle, camels, and dates from Sudan. Growing popular discontent caused many anti-government demonstrations in
Khartoum. Egypt also criticized Khalil and suggested that it might support a coup against his government. Meanwhile, reports circulated in Khartoum that the Umma and the NUP were near agreement on a new coalition that would exclude the PDP and Khalil.
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replace the
Supreme Commission with a president and a southern vice president calling for approval of autonomy for the southern provinces. The educated elite and segments of the army opposed Sadiq al Mahdi because of his gradualist approach to Sudan's political, economic, and social problems. Leftist student organizations and the trade unions demanded the creation of a socialist state. Their resentment of Sadiq increased when he refused to honour a Supreme Court ruling that overturned legislation banning the SCP and ousting communists elected to parliamentary seats. In December 1966, a coup attempt by communists and a small army unit against the government failed. Many communists and army personnel were subsequently arrested.
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840:(SCP) gained a reputation as an effective anti-government organization. To compound its problems, the Abboud regime lacked dynamism and the ability to stabilize the country. Its failure to place capable civilian advisers in positions of authority, or to launch a credible economic and social development program, and gain the army's support, created an atmosphere that encouraged political turbulence.
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1028:, also won a seat. In a major setback, Sadiq lost his own seat to a traditionalist rival. Because it lacked a majority, the DUP created an alliance with the Umma traditionalists, who received the prime ministership for their leader, Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub, and four other cabinet posts. The coalition's program included plans for government reorganization, closer ties with the
975:, both fearful of losing votes, wanted to postpone the elections, as did southern elements loyal to Khartoum. Their opposition forced the government to resign. The new president of the reinstated Supreme Commission, who had replaced Abbud as chief of state, directed that the elections be held wherever possible; the PDP rejected this decision and boycotted the elections.
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concessions he had promised to the south in order to bring an end to the civil war were not agreed. The Umma traditionalist wing opposed Sadiq al Mahdi: they argued strongly against constitutional guarantees for religious freedom and his refusal to declare Sudan an
Islamic state. When the traditionalists and the NUP withdrew their support, the government fell.
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government. Although the new government allowed all parties, including the SCP, to operate, only five of fifteen posts in Khatim's cabinet went to party politicians. The prime minister gave two positions to nonparty southerners and the remaining eight to members of the
National Front for Professionals, which included several communists.
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parliament building and the other on its lawn — both of them claimed to represent the legislature's will. The army commander requested clarification from the
Supreme Court regarding which of them had authority to issue orders. The court backed Mahjub's dissolution; and the government scheduled new elections for April.
1036:. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing of the Umma formed the small parliamentary opposition. When it refused to participate in efforts to complete the draft constitution, already ten years overdue, the government retaliated by closing the opposition's newspaper and clamping down on pro-Sadiq demonstrations in Khartoum.
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the
Khatmiyyah lessened. The strongest religious leader, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, died in early 1959. His son and successor, the elder Sadiq al Mahdi, failed to enjoy the respect accorded his father. When Sadiq died two years later, Ansar religious and political leadership divided between his brother, Imam
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with dissident army officers. After several days of protests that resulted in many deaths, Abboud dissolved the government and the
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. UNF leaders and army commanders who planned the transition from military to civilian rule selected a nonpolitical senior civil servant,
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government-imposed economic restrictions. To overcome these problems and finance future development projects, the Umma called for greater reliance on foreign aid. The PDP, however, objected to this strategy because it promoted unacceptable foreign influence in Sudan. The PDP's philosophy reflected the
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Major issues confronting Khalil's coalition government included winning agreement on a permanent constitution, stabilizing the south, encouraging economic development, and improving relations with Egypt. Strains within the Umma-PDP coalition hampered the government's ability to make progress on these
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for March 1965, they announced that the new parliament's task would be to prepare a new constitution. The deteriorating southern security situation prevented elections from being conducted in that region, however, and the political parties split on the question of whether elections should be held in
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Recognizing its inability to quell growing southern discontent, the Abboud government asked the civilian sector to submit proposals for a solution to the southern problem. However, criticism of government policy quickly went beyond the southern issue and included Abboud's handling of other problems,
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and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, who became leaders of the military regime. Abboud immediately pledged to resolve all disputes with Egypt, including the long-standing problem of the status of the Nile River. Abboud abandoned the previous government's unrealistic policies regarding the sale of cotton. He also
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movement triggered by the 20 October seminar raid included a general strike that spread rapidly throughout Sudan. Strike leaders identified themselves as the
National Front for Professionals. Along with some former politicians, they formed the leftist United National Front (UNF), which made contact
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The regime benefited during its first year in office from the successful marketing of the cotton crop. Abboud also profited from the settlement of the Nile waters dispute with Egypt and the improvement of relations between the two countries. Under the military regime, the influence of the Ansar and
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The coup removed political decision making from civilian control. Abboud created the
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to rule Sudan. This body contained officers affiliated with the Ansar and the Khatmiyyah. Abboud belonged to the Khatmiyyah, whereas Abd al Wahab was a member of the Ansar. Until
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Factionalism and bribery in parliament, coupled with the government's inability to resolve Sudan's many social, political, and economic problems, increased popular disillusion with a democratic government. Specific complaints included
Khartoum's decision to sell cotton at a price above world market
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government. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing held a majority in parliament and could thwart any government action. When Mahjub dissolved parliament Sadiq refused to recognize the legitimacy of the prime minister's action. An uneasy crisis developed: two governments functioned in Khartoum — one meeting in the
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The 1965 election results were inconclusive. Apart from a low voter turnout, there was a confusing overabundance of candidates on the ballots. As a consequence few of those elected won a majority of the votes cast. The non-Marxist Umma Party captured 75 out of 158 parliamentary seats while its NUP
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The new civilian government, which operated under the 1956 Transitional Constitution, tried to end political factionalism by establishing a coalition government. There was continued popular hostility to the reappearance of political parties, however, because of their divisiveness during the Abbud
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In March 1967, the government held elections in thirty-six constituencies in pacified areas of the south. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing of the Umma won fifteen seats, the federalist SANU ten, and the NUP five. Despite this apparent boost in his support, Sadiq's position in parliament had become tenuous:
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The Sadiq al Mahdi government, supported by a sizeable parliamentary majority, sought to reduce regional disparities by organizing economic development. Sadiq al Mahdi also planned to use his personal rapport with southern leaders to engineer a peace agreement with the insurgents. He proposed to
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agricultural workers. In the south, the vote represented a rejection of the men who had cooperated with the government—voters defeated all three southerners in the preelection cabinet—and a victory for advocates of autonomy within a federal system. Resentment against the government's taking over
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would be elected the first president. The consensus was lacking about the country's economic future. A poor cotton harvest followed the 1957 bumper cotton crop, which Sudan had been unable to sell at a good price in a glutted market. This downturn depleted Sudan's reserves and caused unrest over
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that was elected by a parliament composed of an indirectly elected Senate and a popularly elected House of Representatives. The Transitional Constitution also allocated executive power to the prime minister, who was nominated by the House of Representatives and confirmed in office by the Supreme
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Sudan achieved independence without the rival political parties' having agreed on the form and content of a permanent constitution. Instead, the Constituent Assembly adopted a document known as the Transitional Constitution, which replaced the governor-general as head of state with a five-member
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Despite the Abboud regime's early successes, opposition elements remained powerful. In 1959, dissident military officers made three attempts to displace Abboud with a "popular government." Although the courts sentenced the leaders of these attempted coups to life imprisonment, discontent in the
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Another issue that divided the parliament concerned Sudanese-United States relations. In March 1958, Khalil signed a technical assistance agreement with the United States. When he presented the pact to parliament for ratification, he discovered that the NUP wanted to use the issue to defeat the
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After the new parliament convened, Khalil again formed an Umma-PDP coalition government. Unfortunately, factionalism, corruption, and vote fraud dominated parliamentary deliberations at a time when the country needed decisive action with regard to the proposed constitution and the future of the
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The Mahjub government had two goals: progress toward solving the southern problem and the removal of communists from positions of power. The army launched a major offensive to crush the rebellion and in the process augmented its reputation for brutality among the southerners. Many southerners
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achieved this transformation quickly and with a minimum of turbulence, although southerners resented the replacement of British administrators in the south with northern Sudanese. To advance their interests, many southern leaders concentrated their efforts in Khartoum, where they hoped to win
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that had worked underground during the Abbud government, functioned openly within the southern provinces. After the collapse of government-sponsored peace conferences in 1965, Deng's wing of SANU—known locally as SANU-William—and the Southern Front coalesced to take part in the parliamentary
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society. In February 1964, for example, Abboud ordered the mass expulsion of foreign missionaries from the south. He then closed parliament to cut off outlets for southern complaints. In 1963, southern leaders had renewed the armed struggle against the Sudanese government that had continued
133:
955:. Anyanya leaders tended to remain aloof from political movements. The guerrillas were fragmented by ethnic and religious differences. Additionally, conflicts resurfaced within Anyanya between older leaders who had been in the bush since 1955, and younger, better educated men like
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appointed a constitutional commission, headed by the chief justice, to draft a permanent constitution. Abboud maintained, however, that political parties only served as vehicles for personal ambitions and that they would not be reestablished when civilian rule was restored.
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Although it achieved independence without conflict, Sudan inherited many problems from the condominium. Chief among these was the status of the civil service. The government placed Sudanese in the administration and provided compensation and pensions for British officers of
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Although the DUP won 101 of 218 seats, no single party controlled a parliamentary majority. Thirty-six seats went to the Umma traditionalists, thirty to the Sadiq wing, and twenty-five to the two southern parties—SANU and the Southern Front. The SCP secretary general,
775:, who had replaced Egyptian leader Naguib in 1954. Despite these policy differences, the Umma-PDP coalition lasted for the remaining year of the parliament's tenure. Moreover, after the parliament adjourned, the two parties promised to maintain a common front for the
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was the storming of a seminar at the University of Khartoum on "the Problem of the Southern Sudan" by riot police on the evening of 20 October 1964. The police killed three people in their attack; two students, Ahmed al-Gurashi Taha from Garrasa in the
612:'s leadership, unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1, 1956. During the early years of the Republic, despite political divisions, a parliamentary system was established with a five member
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in the 1969 presidential election. At the same time, the DUP announced that Azhari also would seek the presidency. The communists and other leftists aligned themselves behind the presidential candidacy of former Chief Justice
132:
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elections. The grouping remained active in parliament for the next four years as a voice for southern regional autonomy within a unified state. Exiled SANU leaders baulked at Deng's moderate approach to form the
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The parliamentary regime introduced plans to expand the country's education, economic, and transportation sectors. To achieve these goals, Khartoum needed foreign economic and technical assistance, to which the
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In May 1967, Mahjub became prime minister and head of a coalition government whose cabinet included members of his wing of the Umma, of the NUP, and of the PDP. In December 1967, the PDP and the NUP formed the
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The electorate gave a plurality in both houses to the Umma and an overall majority to the Umma-PDP coalition. The NUP, however, won nearly one-quarter of the seats, largely from urban centers and from
660:", therefore reversed the NUP's stand and supported Sudanese independence. Azhari called for the withdrawal of foreign troops and requested the governments of Egypt and the United Kingdom to sponsor a
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Umma-PDP coalition and that many PDP delegates opposed the agreement. Nevertheless, the Umma, with the support of some PDP and southern delegates, managed to obtain approval of the agreement.
1032:, and renewed economic development efforts, particularly in the southern provinces. The Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub government also accepted military, technical, and economic aid from the
886:, and a University of Khartoum manual labourer, Mabior, from the southern part of Sudan. Protests started the following day, 21 October, spreading across Sudan. Artists including
711:, they were opposed to violence. Most southern representatives supported provincial autonomy and warned that failure to win legal concessions would drive the south to rebellion.
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mission schools and against the measures used in suppressing the 1955 mutiny contributed to the election of several candidates who had been implicated in the rebellion.
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made an early commitment. Conversations between the two governments had begun in mid-1957, and the parliament ratified a United States aid agreement in July 1958.
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occurred. Khalil, himself a retired army general, planned the preemptive coup in conjunction with leading Umma members and the army's two senior generals,
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Abboud's Southern Policy proved to be his undoing. The government suppressed expressions of religious and cultural differences that bolstered attempts to
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elections, Azhari realized that popular opinion had shifted against such a union. Azhari, who had been the major spokesman for the "unity of the
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Before 1955, however, whilst still subject to the condominium, the autonomous Sudanese government under Ismail al-Azhari had temporarily halted
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in 2012, "the main reason for the October Revolution was the Sudanese people's dislike of being ruled by military totalitarian regimes."
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matters. The Umma, for example, wanted the proposed constitution to institute a presidential form of government on the assumption that
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by supporting increasingly secular government policies. In June, some Khatmiyyah members who had defected from the NUP established the
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and the PDP combined in parliament to bring down the Azhari government. With support from the two parties and backing from the
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727:) economy and would facilitate the development of the country's transportation and communications infrastructure.
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the north as scheduled or postponed until the whole country could vote. The People's Democratic Party and the
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such as the economy and education. Government attempts to silence these protests – which were centered in the
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priest – operated among refugee groups and guerrilla forces. The Southern Front, a mass organization led by
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under Azhari's leadership. By early 1968, widening divisions in the Umma threatened the survival of the
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ally took 52 of the remainder. The two parties formed a coalition cabinet in June headed by Umma leader
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Abd al Wahab's removal in March 1959, the Ansar were the stronger of the two groups in the government.
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who left the country; it retained those who could not be replaced, mostly technicians and teachers.
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sporadically since 1955. The rebellion was spearheaded from 1963 by guerrilla forces known as the
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The prime minister formed a coalition government in February 1956, but he alienated the
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was installed as president. The Republic was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel
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encouraged the protestors. According to Mahmoud A. Suleiman, deputy chairman of the
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south. As a result, the Umma-PDP coalition failed to exercise effective leadership.
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constitutional concessions. Although determined to resist what they perceived to be
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leader, became the Supreme Commission's permanent president and chief of state.
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military continued to hamper the government's performance. In particular, the
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was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the
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1084:"Celebrate the 48th anniversary of Sudan's glorious October 1964 revolution"
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hoped this agreement would reduce Sudan's excessive reliance on a one-crop (
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Eventually two political parties emerged to represent the south. The
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The specific incident that triggered what later became known as the
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By late 1968, the two Umma wings agreed to support the Ansar chief
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Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony by the Prime Minister
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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reported government atrocities against civilians, especially at
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On November 17, 1958, the day parliament was to convene, a
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125:"We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Nation"
910:, as prime minister to head a transitional government.
608:. On December 19, 1955, the Sudanese parliament, under
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600:, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in
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616:as head of state. In 1958, after a military coup,
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466:2,530,397 km (976,992 sq mi) (
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852:(the name of a poisonous concoction).
815:Abboud military government (1958–1964)
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758:put together a coalition government.
1761:Second Transitional Military Council
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1716:First Transitional Military Council
1160:, iUniverse, Inc. (July 21, 2005),
1082:Suleiman, Mahmoud A. (2012-10-20).
856:Return to civilian rule (1964–1969)
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2502:Contemporary history by country
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119:Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waṭan
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926:, founded in 1963 and led by
896:Justice and Equality Movement
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2517:1956 establishments in Sudan
1145:, iUniverse, 30 April 2004,
626:Democratic Republic of Sudan
552:Democratic Republic of Sudan
18:History of Sudan (1956–1969)
7:
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650:National Unionist Party
393:• 1967–1969
381:• 1966–1967
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105:نحن جند الله، جند الوطن
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1741:United Nations Mission
1158:The Problem of Dar Fur
1143:Short History of Sudan
983:, whereas Azhari, the
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764:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
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682:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
680:and opposition leader
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399:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
374:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
223:(1956–1958; 1964–1969)
220:Parliamentary republic
2115:Native administration
1721:Coalitions/Bashir Era
1634:Pre and early history
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981:Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub
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227:Military dictatorship
165:Common languages
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525:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
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640:'s progress toward
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280:Sovereignty Council
256:Sovereignty Council
49:Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān
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1649:Turkish occupation
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903:civil disobedience
875:October Revolution
773:Gamal Abdel Nasser
691:Supreme Commission
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1781:October 2021 coup
1746:Nomadic conflicts
1671:Independent Sudan
1569:
1568:
1166:978-0-595-36502-9
1046:Babiker Awadallah
914:Post-October 1964
684:on 1 January 1956
586:
585:
568:
567:
564:
563:
544:
543:
539:Republic of Egypt
138:
16:(Redirected from
2534:
2484:
2483:
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2479:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2437:
2238:
2237:
2204:
2191:
2159:
2158:
2048:
2047:
1914:
1913:
1887:
1886:
1807:
1806:
1706:Second Civil War
1617:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1079:
1058:History of Sudan
892:Mohammed al-Amin
826:Al-Hadi al-Mahdi
769:Arab nationalism
742:leadership. The
709:Arab imperialism
678:Isma'il Alazhari
610:Ismail al-Azhari
560:
559:
548:
547:
535:
534:
521:
520:
514:
513:
498:
497:
401:
326:Ismail al-Azhari
292:Ismail al-Azhari
231:
224:
150:
140:
139:
126:
115:
107:
106:
84:
68:
41:
30:
29:
21:
2542:
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2531:
2487:
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2453:
2448:
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2420:
2335:
2223:
2202:
2189:
2144:
2140:State Governors
2033:
2015:
1908:
1885:
1792:
1676:First Civil War
1606:
1600:
1570:
1565:
1207:
1200:
1130:Country Studies
1127:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1054:
932:Saturnino Ohure
916:
863:
858:
817:
756:Abdallah Khalil
670:
634:
579:
557:
532:
518:
463:
442:
429:
397:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
338:Abdallah Khalil
334:
322:
288:
276:
264:
252:
229:
225:
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197:
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189:
175:
171:
141:
131:
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116:
109:
94:
93:
92:
90:
85:
77:
76:
74:
69:
51:
47:
40:
39:جمهورية السودان
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2478:15.633; 32.533
2450:
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2439:
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2324:Public toilets
2316:
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2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:Child marriage
2252:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2198:
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2179:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:Vice President
2132:
2127:
2125:Prime Minister
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:September Laws
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:South Kordofan
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:North Kordofan
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Central Darfur
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:Climate change
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:2023 Civil war
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Communist coup
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
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1253:
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1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:(1956–present)
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1139:
1113:
1110:
1107:
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1073:
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1070:
1067:
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1065:
1060:
1053:
1050:
936:Roman Catholic
915:
912:
888:Mohammed Wardi
862:
859:
857:
854:
830:Sadiq al-Mahdi
816:
813:
808:Ibrahim Abboud
777:1958 elections
669:
666:
633:
630:
622:Gaafar Nimeiry
606:United Kingdom
584:
583:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
554:
545:
542:
541:
536:
528:
527:
522:
510:
509:
504:
494:
493:
488:
482:
481:
479:Sudanese pound
476:
472:
471:
464:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:Disestablished
437:
434:
433:
432:1 January 1956
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
410:Historical era
407:
406:
403:
402:
395:
392:
389:
388:
386:Sadiq al-Mahdi
383:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
356:
353:
352:
350:Ibrahim Abboud
347:
344:
341:
340:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
307:Prime minister
303:
302:
299:
298:
289:
286:
283:
282:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:Ibrahim Abboud
265:
262:
259:
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253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
217:
211:
210:
205:
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198:
184:
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166:
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161:
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143:
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129:
96:
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86:
79:
78:
70:
63:
62:
61:
58:
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52:
38:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2539:
2528:
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2500:
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2325:
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2320:
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2315:
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2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Ethnic groups
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:West Kordofan
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1847:
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1825:
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1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Peace process
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:War in Darfur
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
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1499:
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1479:
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1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
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1259:
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1254:
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1244:
1242:
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1234:
1232:
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1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:0-595-31425-2
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:public domain
1116:
1115:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:Sudan Tribune
1085:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
976:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
911:
909:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
869:
853:
851:
846:
841:
839:
833:
831:
827:
821:
812:
809:
805:
804:military coup
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
784:Gezira Scheme
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:United States
712:
710:
705:
701:
695:
692:
683:
679:
674:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
578:
575:
573:Today part of
571:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
540:
537:
530:
529:
526:
523:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
487:
486:ISO 3166 code
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
435:
431:
428:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
387:
384:
378:
375:
372:
366:
363:
360:
354:
351:
348:
342:
339:
336:
330:
327:
324:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
284:
281:
278:
272:
269:
266:
260:
257:
254:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
228:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
144:
121:
120:
113:
101:
97:
89:
83:
73:
67:
59:
54:
50:
45:
31:
19:
2454:
2354:Architecture
2262:Demographics
2176:Central Bank
2090:Human rights
2065:Constitution
1991:South Darfur
1961:North Darfur
1670:
1644:Islamization
1157:
1142:
1129:
1098:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1038:
1034:Soviet Union
1022:
1009:
1005:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
928:William Deng
921:
917:
900:
874:
872:
864:
842:
834:
822:
818:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
771:espoused by
760:
738:(PDP) under
729:
713:
696:
694:Commission.
687:
664:in advance.
635:
624:founded the
589:
587:
507:Succeeded by
506:
501:
462:• Total
427:Independence
321:• 1956
191:Christianity
117:
99:
48:
2476: /
2411:Photography
2406:Decorations
2166:Agriculture
2094:LGBT rights
2055:Ambassadors
2001:West Darfur
1946:East Darfur
1864:Butterflies
1691:Nimeiry Era
957:Joseph Lagu
658:Nile Valley
594:condominium
581:South Sudan
502:Preceded by
445:25 May 1969
230:(1958–1964)
187:Sunni Islam
91:(1956–1970)
75:(1956–1970)
2491:Categories
2391:Literature
2277:minorities
2203:(currency)
2120:Parliament
2075:Corruption
2011:White Nile
1981:River Nile
1931:Al Qadarif
1100:2019-10-16
1069:References
1030:Arab world
880:White Nile
752:Khatmiyyah
732:Khatmiyyah
721:Washington
662:plebiscite
632:Background
628:in 1969.
215:Government
203:Demonym(s)
123:(English:
2314:Squatting
2289:Languages
2267:Education
2219:Transport
2183:Companies
2130:President
2080:Elections
2024:Districts
1936:Blue Nile
1834:Volcanoes
1824:Mountains
1802:Geography
1756:2019 coup
1726:1989 coup
1711:1985 coup
1686:1969 coup
1681:1958 coup
1202:Years in
947:based in
237:President
183:Religion
56:1956–1969
2464:032°32′E
2444:Category
2369:Clothing
2304:Religion
2299:Refugees
2250:Polygamy
2245:Marriage
2209:Taxation
2110:Military
2100:Islamism
2043:Politics
1971:Northern
1956:Khartoum
1879:Reptiles
1839:Wildlife
1654:Mahdiyya
1639:Medieval
1624:Timeline
1216:Pre-1956
1094:Archived
1052:See also
884:Omdurman
750:and the
704:Khartoum
604:and the
475:Currency
414:Cold War
208:Sudanese
159:Khartoum
2461:15°38′N
2435:Outline
2384:History
2341:Culture
2319:Toilets
2309:Slavery
2233:Society
2171:Banking
2154:Economy
2060:Cabinet
1976:Red Sea
1951:Kassala
1849:Mammals
1814:Geology
1664:History
1612:History
1112:Sources
949:Kampala
850:Anyanya
845:Arabize
438:•
425:•
195:Animism
173:English
155:Capital
100:Anthem:
2374:Emblem
2364:Cinema
2349:Anthem
2284:Health
2201:Pound
2196:Energy
2188:Dinar
2029:Cities
1986:Sennar
1926:Gezira
1918:States
1904:Floods
1859:Horses
1829:Rivers
1164:
1149:
1126:.
1017:Mahjub
961:Israel
953:Uganda
725:cotton
311:
241:
169:Arabic
112:Arabic
108:
102:
88:Emblem
44:Arabic
2416:Sport
2401:Music
2396:Media
2331:Women
2070:Coups
1869:Moths
1854:Birds
1844:Fauna
1819:Lakes
1731:RCCNS
1603:Sudan
1204:Sudan
748:Ansar
646:Egypt
638:Sudan
602:Egypt
577:Sudan
455:Area
294:with
2379:Flag
2294:LGBT
1561:2024
1556:2023
1551:2022
1546:2021
1541:2020
1536:2019
1531:2018
1526:2017
1521:2016
1516:2015
1511:2014
1506:2013
1501:2012
1496:2011
1491:2010
1486:2009
1481:2008
1476:2007
1471:2006
1466:2005
1461:2004
1456:2003
1451:2002
1446:2001
1441:2000
1436:1999
1431:1998
1426:1997
1421:1996
1416:1995
1411:1994
1406:1993
1401:1992
1396:1991
1391:1990
1386:1989
1381:1988
1376:1987
1371:1986
1366:1985
1361:1984
1356:1983
1351:1982
1346:1981
1341:1980
1336:1979
1331:1978
1326:1977
1321:1976
1316:1975
1311:1974
1306:1973
1301:1972
1296:1971
1291:1970
1286:1969
1281:1968
1276:1967
1271:1966
1266:1965
1261:1964
1256:1963
1251:1962
1246:1961
1241:1960
1236:1959
1231:1958
1226:1957
1221:1956
1162:ISBN
1147:ISBN
995:and
993:Juba
934:– a
930:and
924:SANU
901:The
890:and
744:Umma
588:The
72:Flag
2359:Art
1013:DUP
997:Wau
985:NUP
596:of
468:9th
2493::
1133:.
1092:.
1086:.
963:.
951:,
832:.
779:.
754:,
491:SD
2106:)
2102:(
2096:)
2092:(
1595:e
1588:t
1581:v
1195:e
1188:t
1181:v
1168:.
1153:.
1137:.
1103:.
470:)
127:)
114:)
110:(
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42:(
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