History of Tanzania

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several hundred written petitions, and a handful of oral presentations made it to the debating chambers in New York City between 1948 and 1960. The UN and the Africans who used the UN to achieve their purposes were very influential in driving Tanganyika towards independence. The Africans attended public gatherings in Tanganyika with UN representatives. There were peasants, urban workers, government employees, and local chiefs and nobles who personally approached the UN about local matters needing immediate action. And finally, there were Africans at the core of the political process who had the power to mould the future. Their goal was political advancement for Africans, with many supporting the nationalist movement, which had its roots in the African Association (AA). It was formed in 1929 as a social organization for African government servants in Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. The AA was renamed the

857:"A History of Tanzania" references that the Germans established a direct rule where German administrators controlled all aspects of the colony’s government. At the top of the administration was a governor who enforced laws, created local decrees, and controlled the military. The governor appointed district officers who were in charge of everything in their districts. Their responsibilities included collecting taxes, awarding punishment, and commanding the local police force. Lands with high populations often had economic potential. In these areas, the Germans forced out the occupants so they could develop these fertile lands for themselves. All resistance to the 1109:

curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa." In 1924, ten years after the beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American Phelps-Stokes Commission reported: In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans. But by 1920, the Education Department consisted of 1 officer and 2 clerks with a budget equal to 1% of the country's revenue—less than the amount appropriated for the maintenance of Government House.

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and 19,100 Arabs), 3,114 Somalis, and 3,782 "coloured" and "other" individuals. The white population, which included the Europeans (British, Italians, Greeks, and Germans) and white South Africans, totalled 20,598 individuals. Tanganyika's ethnic and economic make-up posed problems for the British. Their policy was geared to ensuring the continuance of the European presence as necessary to support the country's economy. But the British also had to remain responsive to the political demands of the Africans.

1404: 396: 3910: 1030:. The white adult male population in 1913 numbered over 3,500 (exclusive of the German garrison). In addition, the indigenous population of over 7,000,000 formed a reservoir of manpower from which a force might be drawn, limited only by the supply of German officers and equipment. "There is no reason to doubt that the Germans made the best of this material during the ... nearly eighteen months which separated the outbreak of war from the invasion in force of their territory." 44: 274: 4392: 1698:, literal meaning 'family-hood'. Nyerere's government had made Ujamaa the philosophy that would guide Tanzania's national development; 'the government deliberately de-emphasized urban areas to deconcentrate and ruralize industrial growth (Darkoh, 1994). the main urban area of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, was for several long decades the main victim of this de-emphasis, largely because it 'remained for Nyerere a reminder of a colonial legacy. 1004: 1702:

Cumbersome bureaucratic procedures multiplied and excessive tax rates set by officials further damaged the economy. Enormous amounts of public funds were misappropriated and put to unproductive use. Purchasing power declined at an unprecedented rate and even essential commodities became unavailable. A system of permits (vibali) allowed officials to collect huge bribes in exchange for the vibali. A foundation for

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European battlefields and elsewhere. But in July, 1915, the last German troops in S.W. Africa capitulated ... and the nucleus of the requisite force ... became available." British forces from the northeast and southwest and Belgian forces from the northwest steadily attacked and defeated German forces beginning in January 1916. In October 1916, General Smuts wrote, "With the exception of the

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poor." The Asians and Arabs were the middle class and tended to be wholesale and retail traders. The white population were missionaries, professional and government servants, and owners and managers of farms, plantations, mines, and other businesses. "White farms were of primary importance as producers of exportable agricultural crops."

623:. Archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of Rhapta, although many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the Rufiji River. A long documentary silence follows these ancient texts, and it is not until Arab geographical treatises were written about the coast that our information resumes. 819:, to Belgium's advantage. At the table in Berlin, contrary to widespread perception, Africa was not partitioned; rather, rules were established among the colonial powers and prospective colonial powers as how to proceed in the establishment of colonies and protectorates. While the Belgian interest soon concentrated on the 678:. Due to the Arab and Persian domination at this later time, many Europeans misconstrued the nature of Swahili civilization as a product of Arab colonization. However, this misunderstanding has begun to dissipate over the past 40 years as Swahili civilization is becoming recognized as principally African in origin. 1440:, encouraged the development of farming co-operatives to help convert subsistence farmers to cash husbandry. The subsistence farmers sold their produce to Indian traders at poor prices. By the early 1950s, there were over 400 co-operatives nationally. Co-operatives formed "unions" for their areas and developed 1637:

to send in troops. Royal Marines Commandos were sent by air from England via Nairobi and 40 Commando came ashore from the aircraft carrier HMS Bulwark. Several months were spent with Commandos touring the country disarming military outposts. When the successful operation ended, the Royal Marines left

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In 1926, the Legislative Council was established with seven unofficial (including two Indians) and thirteen official members, whose function was to advise and consent to ordinances issued by the governor. In 1945, the first Africans were appointed to the council. The council was reconstituted in 1948

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In 1926, the colonial administration provided subsidies to schools run by missionaries, and at the same time established its authority to exercise supervision and to establish guidelines. Yet in 1935, the education budget for the entire country of Tanganyika amounted to only US$ 290,000, although it

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was subsequently sworn in as the new president of Tanzania in the country's ever multi-party election on 23 November 1995. Contested elections in late 2000 led to a massacre in Zanzibar in January 2001, with the government shooting into crowds of protesters, killing 35 and injuring 600. In December

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In 1990, a coalition of ethnic and cultural groups of Zanzibar demanded a referendum on independence. They declared that the merger with the mainland Tanzania, based on the now dead ideology of socialism, had transformed Zanzibar from a bustling economic power to a poor, neglected appendage. Their

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today refers to the island of that name, also known as Unguja, and the neighboring island of Pemba. Both islands fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but were retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan

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Many Africans were government servants, business employees, labourers, and producers of important cash crops during this period. But the vast majority were subsistence farmers who produced barely enough to survive. The standards of housing, clothing, and other social conditions were "equally quite

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having the country's highest population of 128,742. Tanganyika was a multi-racial territory, which made it unique in the trusteeship world. Its total non-African population in 1957 was 123,310 divided as follows: 95,636 Asians and Arabs (subdivided as 65,461 Indians, 6,299 Pakistanis, 4,776 Goans,

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Before the outbreak of the war, German East Africa had been prepared to resist any attack that could be made without extensive preparation. For the first year of hostilities, the Germans were strong enough to conduct offensive operations in their neighbours' territories by, for example, repeatedly

768:, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper, greeted him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" In 1877, the first of a series of Belgian expeditions arrived on Zanzibar. In the course of these expeditions, in 1879 a station was founded in 1399:

under British control. "Its geography, topography, climate, geopolitics, patterns of settlement and history made Tanganyika the most significant of all UN Trust Territories." But two-thirds of the population lived in one-tenth of the territory because of water shortages, soil erosion, unreliable

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became the governor of Tanganyika in 1925. "His work ... was of great significance in the development of colonial administrative policy, being associated especially with the vigorous attempt to establish a system of 'Indirect Rule' through the traditional indigenous authorities." He was a major

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Remains of those towns' material culture demonstrate that they arose from indigenous roots, not from foreign settlement. And the language that was spoken in them, Swahili (now Tanzania's national language), is a member of the Bantu language family that spread from the northern Kenya coast well

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After Tanganyika became a UN trust territory, the British felt extra pressure for political progress. The British principle of "gradualism" was increasingly threatened and was abandoned entirely during the last few years before independence. Five UN missions visited Tanganyika, the UN received

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in January 1915. However, the "attack on Tanga and the numerous smaller engagements that followed the strength ... of and made it evident that a powerful force must be organized before the conquest of could be ... undertaken. Such an enterprise had ... to await more favourable conditions on

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Scope of the state expanded rapidly into virtually every sector. In 1967, nationalizations transformed the government into the largest employer in the country. It was involved in everything from retailing to import-export trade and even baking. This created an environment ripe for corruption.

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in the interior ceased and they could now set out to organize German East Africa. They continued brutally to exercise their authority with disregard and contempt for existing local structures and traditions. While the German colonial administration brought cash crops, railroads, and roads to

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schools managed to retain a semblance of instruction. Unlike the Belgian, British, French and Portuguese colonial masters in central Africa, Germany had developed an educational program for her Africans that involved elementary, secondary and vocational schools. "Instructor qualifications,

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to Germany from his 1913 Olduvai expedition as stone tools. The same year, Louis Leakey found older, more primitive stone tools in Olduvai Gorge. These were the first examples of the oldest human technology ever discovered in Africa, and were subsequently known throughout the world as

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The geography of German East Africa also was a severe impediment to British and allied forces. The coastline offered few suitable points for landing and was backed by unhealthy swamps. The line of lakes and mountains to the west proved to be impenetrable. Belgian forces from the

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in January 1920. In September 1920 by the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, the initial boundaries of the territory, the Executive Council, and the offices of governor and commander-in-chief were established. The governor legislated by proclamation or ordinance until 1926.

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before significant Arab presence was felt in the region. By the beginning of the second millennium CE the Swahili towns conducted a thriving trade that linked Africans in the interior with trade partners throughout the Indian Ocean. From c. 1200 to 1500 CE, the town of

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in that year as the successor to the TAA. The TANU won the Legislative Council elections in 1958, 1959, and 1960, with Nyerere becoming chief minister after the 1960 election. Internal self-government started on 1 May 1961 followed by independence on 9 December 1961.

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of 1905–1907. The resistance, which temporarily united a number of southern tribes ended only after an estimated 300,000 Africans had died from fighting or starvation. Research has shown that traditional hostilities played a large part in the resistance.

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were made with a reddish dye and included buffalo heads, a giraffe head and neck, and domesticated cattle. They have been dated back to approximately several hundred years ago. Archaeologists estimated that these paintings may describe a ritual of the

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full of fraud and irregularities according to the opposition. Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) has held power since independence in 1961. It is the longest-serving ruling party in Africa. Every president of Tanzania has represented the party. According to

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Cut-off from Germany, General Von Lettow by necessity conducted a guerilla campaign throughout 1917, living off the land and dispersing over a wide area. In December, the remaining German forces evacuated the colony by crossing the Ruvuma River into

1097:, Germany relinquished all her overseas possessions, including German East Africa. Britain lost 3,443 men in battle plus 6,558 men to disease. The equivalent numbers for Belgium were 683 and 1,300. Germany lost 734 Europeans and 1,798 Africans. 2814:"Protocol respecting the Boundary between Tanganyika Territory and the Belgian Mandated Territory of Ruanda–Urundi, Kigoma, 5 August 1924, "Burundi-Tanzania Border", International Boundary Study, United States Department of State, 16 May 1966" 1159:

Governor Byatt took measures to revive African institutions by encouraging limited local rule. He authorized the formation in 1922 of political clubs such as the Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service Association, which in 1929 became the

3661: 1531:; in the early 20th century, they produced approximately 90% of the world's supply of cloves. Zanzibar was also a major transit point in the African Great Lakes and Indian Ocean slave trade. Zanzibar attracted ships from as far away as the 1269:

The British Government decided to develop wheat growing to help feed a war-ravaged and severely rationed Britain and eventually Europe at the hoped-for Allied victory at the end of the Second World War. An American farmer in Tanganyika,

968:, notably by razing the 'mahoka' huts where the local population worshiped their ancestors' spirits and by ridiculing their rites, dances and other ceremonies. This would not be forgotten or forgiven; the first battle which broke out at 1150:

The administration of the Territory continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946.

1086:. Those forces were estimated at 320 German troops and 2,500 Askaris. 1,618 Germans and 5,482 Askaris were killed or captured during the last six months of 1917. In November 1918, his remaining force surrendered near present-day 1164:

and later constituted the core of the nationalist movement. Under the Native Authority Ordinances of 1923, limited powers were granted to certain recognized chiefs who could also exercise powers granted by local customary law.

1681:. In a post-colonial and unstable social environment, Nyerere 'well aware of the divisiveness of ethnic chauvinism moved to excise tribalism from national politics'. To further his aim for national unity Nyerere established 1641:

On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The name Tanzania is a blend of

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Governor Cameron in 1929 enacted the Native Courts Ordinance No. 5, which removed those courts from the jurisdiction of the colonial courts and provided for a system of appeals with final resort to the governor himself.

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became one of the unofficial members in 1954. The council was again reconstituted in 1955 with 44 unofficial members (10 Europeans, 10 Africans, 10 Indians, and 14 government representatives) and 17 official members.

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under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961. The island of Zanzibar thrived as a trading hub, successively controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and then as a British

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turned instantly into an all-out war with indiscriminate murders and massacres perpetrated by all sides against farmers, settlers, missionaries, planters, villages, indigenous people and peasants. Known as the

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Flammen über Deutschost: der Maji-Maji-Aufstand in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905-1906 : die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weisse Kolonialherrschaft : ein Beitrag zur deutschen

631:, on Tanzania's southern coast, was perhaps the wealthiest and most powerful of these towns, presiding over what some scholars consider the "golden age" of Swahili civilization. In the early 14th century, 2556:

Flames over German East: the Maji Maji uprising in German East Africa 1905-1906: the first common uprising of black African peoples against white colonial rule: a contribution to German colonial history.

1674:(Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), on February 5, 1977. The merger was reinforced by principles enunciated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1984. 1559:

became a German protectorate. British rule through a Sultan remained largely unchanged from the late 19th century until 1957, when elections were held for a largely advisory Legislative Council.

635:, a Berber traveller from North Africa, visited Kilwa and proclaimed it one of the best cities in the world. Islam was practised on the Swahili coast as early as the eighth or ninth century CE. 2824: 1294:

to the west. All the machinery was lend/lease from the US, including 30 tractors, 30 ploughs, and 30 harrows. There were western agricultural and engineering managers. Most of the workers were

3636: 615:'s Geography list a string of market places (emporia) along the coast. Finds of Roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of trade, and Ptolomey's Geography refers to a town of 1298:

from Somalia and Ethiopia: excellent, skilled engineers and mechanics. The Ardai plains were too arid to be successful, but there were good crops in the Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro areas.

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and in 1886 partitioned continental East Africa between themselves; the Sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent, for the moment. The

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was forced to leave the capital, Kampala, ending the Uganda-Tanzania War. The Tanzanian army took the city with the help of the Ugandan and Rwandan guerrillas. Amin fled into exile.

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had found what he thought was a baboon tooth at Laetoli in 1935 (which was not identified as afarensis until 1979), a fragment of hominid jaw with three teeth was found there by

1729:. Tanzania not only expelled Ugandan forces, but, enlisting the country's population of Ugandan exiles, also invaded Uganda itself. On April 11, 1979, the Ugandan president 1343:. and were part of the 375,000 British colonial troops who fought against the Axis forces. Tanganyikans fought in units of the King's African Rifles and fought in the 1295: 650:

coast; he stayed for 32 days. In 1505 the Portuguese captured the island of Zanzibar. Portuguese control lasted until the early eighteenth century, when Arabs from

1271: 546:, pastoralists who relied on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys came into Tanzania from the north. Two archaeological cultures are known from this time period, the 1834:

since the election of President John Magufuli in December 2015, Tanzania has witnessed a marked decline in respect for free expression, association and assembly.

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Nyerere believed multiple political parties, in a country with hundreds of ethnic groups, were a threat to national unity and therefore sought ways to ensure a

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established a foothold in the region. Assisted by Omani Arabs, the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in driving the Portuguese from the area north of the

3000: 3348: 1535:, which established a consulate in 1833. The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the 3375: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 2193: 892:

Widespread discontent re-emerged, and in 1902 a movement against forced labour for a cotton scheme rejected by the local population started along the

4244: 574:. These groups brought and developed ironworking skills, agriculture, and new ideas of social and political organization. They absorbed many of the 2036: 1858: 5055: 4825: 3909: 1168: 403: 4409: 2813: 3532: 2106:

McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Alison S. (2000-11-01). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".

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on the opposite western bank. Both stations were founded in the name of the Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, a predecessor organization of the

302: 3189: 760:, who crusaded against the slave trade, went to Zanzibar, from where he sought the source of the Nile, and established his last mission at 3598: 2158: 4747: 4380: 4358: 601:

Travellers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and Western India have visited the East African coast since early in the first millennium

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on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. After having lost contact with the outside world for years, he was "found" there on 10 November 1871.

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Bryceson, Deborah Fahy (20 May 2009). "The urban melting pot in east Africa: Ethnicity and urban growth in Kampala and dar es Salaam".

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carried out thousands of rapes and destroyed homes and other property. Within a few weeks, a fifth of the population had died or fled.

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plantations, using the island's slave labor. Zanzibar and Pemba were world-famous for their trade in spices and became known as the

481:. The oldest hominid fossils ever discovered in Tanzania also come from Laetoli and are the 3.6 to 3.8 million year old remains of 4970: 1595:, and Nyerere became Prime Minister, under a new constitution. On 9 December 1962, a republican constitution was implemented with 4810: 4269: 1945: 1279: 1650:

and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy.

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the German males living in Tanganyika. The British government feared that these Axis country citizens would attempt to help the

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Germans had occupied the area since 1897 and totally altered many aspects of everyday life. They were actively supported by the

518:(LSA) archaeological sequence. The MSA represents the time period in Africa during which many archaeologists see the origins of 378:. Following Nyerere's retirement in 1985, various political and economic reforms began. He was succeeded in office by President 1543:

of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. The

1379:. Tanganyika became an important source of food and Tanganyika's export income greatly increased from the pre-war years of the 4050: 3716: 3307: 3261: 3230: 2891: 2734: 2445: 2418: 2365: 2284: 1935: 4830: 1905: 1579:, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated to university level, organized a political party—the 1344: 2777: 4249: 4077: 3952: 3849: 1940: 998: 252: 201: 3004: 4060: 4040: 2970: 2942: 1328:

and some of the Germans living in Dar es Salaam did attempt to flee the country but were stopped and later interned by

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was fordable only its upper reaches. In the north, only one practicable pass about five miles wide existed between the

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became the new president after the sudden death of President Magufuli. She is the first female president of Tanzania.

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in 1920. What is referred to here, therefore, is the history of the region that was to become Tanzania. A part of the

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policy and the requisition of buildings meant a complete collapse of the Government's education system, though some

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Voices from Tanganyika: Great Britain, The United Nations and the Decolonization of a Trust Territory, 1946-1961

4138: 3507: 1930: 1925: 1626:, between 5,000 and 15,000 Arabs and Indians were murdered. During a series of riots, followers of the radical 1469: 1161: 1026:, the commander of British forces in east Africa beginning in 1916, estimated them at 2,000 Germans and 16,000 607: 191: 5081: 4115: 4025: 3967: 3899: 3834: 3798: 3637:"Mysterious and bizarre: scientists discovered ancient rock art that dates back to several hundred years ago" 1965: 262: 51: 5159: 4845: 4162: 4128: 4045: 1807: 1780: 965: 288: 23: 4388: 5128: 5124: 4254: 3942: 1950: 1751:

However, the ruling party comfortably won the elections amid widespread irregularities and its candidate

1607: 1456: 3733:(Historical Association of Tanzania Paper no. 10. (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971), 47 pp. 4733: 4366: 4072: 4067: 3962: 3932: 3862: 2596: 2337: 1960: 1764: 1584: 1544: 1376: 793: 547: 483: 477: 367: 324: 323:

dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of

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peoples who had preceded them, as well as most of the remaining Khoisan-speaking inhabitants. Later,

340: 43: 3612: 542:-speaking people. Between approximately 4,000 to 3,000 years ago, during a time period known as the 4885: 4189: 4030: 4003: 3791: 2276: 1862: 1333: 675: 206: 166: 2883: 1881:, although their present religion does not contain elements of anthropomorphization of buffaloes. 1278:

was the accountant responsible for the finances. The scheme had 50,000 acres (202 km) on the

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European exploration of the interior began in the mid-19th century. In 1848 the German missionary

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pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the eighteenth century.

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Native Administration Memorandum No. 1, Principles of Native Administration and their Application

1058: 247: 3484:"Magufuli is Transforming Tanzania's Ruling Party From a "Benign Hegemon" Into a Malevolent One" 5000: 4890: 4820: 4209: 4014: 4008: 3857: 1752: 1400:

rainfall, tsetse fly infestations, and poor communications and transportation infrastructures.

1340: 1226: 1184:, with 15 unofficial members (7 Europeans, 4 Africans, and 4 Indians) and 14 official members. 1090:

consisting of 155 Europeans, 1,165 Askaris, 2,294 African porters etc., and 819 African women.

788:, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs ceded territory to the society. Prince 745: 686: 257: 211: 3293: 3247: 2435: 2168: 570:

began to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations collectively referred to as the

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after the Soviet-backed Uganda invaded and tried to annex the northern Tanzanian province of

1083: 1022:. The strength of German forces at the beginning of the war is uncertain. Lieutenant-General 171: 5111: 2863:

XVIIth International Geographical Congress (Report). International Geographical Union. 1952.

1567: 4935: 4306: 4259: 4229: 4214: 4133: 3986: 3972: 3872: 3385: 3115: 2782:, authored by James S. Read, Microform Academic Publishers, 2006, accessed 1 November 2014" 2726: 2691:"Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 118-158, German Rights and Interests Outside Germany" 1955: 1900: 1536: 1528: 1364: 1132: 1094: 765: 706: 519: 176: 1622:

of the Revolutionary Council. In the first few days of what would come to be known as the

1503: 8: 5035: 4860: 4855: 4835: 4800: 4785: 4333: 4326: 4291: 4184: 4143: 4093: 3998: 3957: 3879: 3844: 3818: 3003:. Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. September 2005. Archived from 2559: 2056: 1895: 1838: 1741: 1722: 1703: 1671: 1623: 1592: 1498: 1125: 1105: 1019: 953: 887: 647: 453: 316: 232: 196: 181: 110: 3406: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5020: 4990: 4975: 4960: 4950: 4940: 4905: 4900: 4850: 4795: 4770: 4224: 4120: 3884: 3839: 3686: 3579: 3411: 3380: 3353: 3130: 2624: 2616: 2264: 2216: 2139: 1831: 1714:"). By mid-1979, corruption had reached epidemic proportions as the economy collapsed. 1667: 1452:

coffee auctions that attracted international buyers after the annual Nairobi auctions.

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Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884–1914

3165: 3135:. Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 252. 666:

in 1840. He focused on the island and developed trade routes that stretched as far as

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in 1978, and estimated to be approximately 3.6 million years old and probably made by

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The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: Life Beneath the Level of the Marketplace

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Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom on 10 December 1963, as a

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The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500

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THE HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF TANZANIA (From Colonialism to Political independence)

2600: 2208: 2164: 2115: 1682: 1380: 1352: 1057:. The British then attacked the town in November 1914 but were thwarted by General 1053:

Germany commenced hostilities in 1914 by unsuccessfully attacking from the town of

828: 777: 737: 511: 2212: 374:, governed Zanzibar as its president and Vice President of the United Republic of 347:, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a 5015: 4925: 4815: 4347: 3458: 3433: 3299: 3220: 2548: 2525: 2477: 1678: 1588: 1516: 1372: 1210: 1062: 1054: 1007: 925: 836: 753: 690: 667: 659: 571: 567: 535: 531: 515: 278: 135: 130: 100: 95: 1523:

to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of

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Chaga Childhood: A Description of Indigenous Education in an East African Tribe

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It was at this time that the Tanganyika army revolted and Britain was asked by

1576: 1540: 1485: 1317: 1185: 1181: 1101: 1043: 1027: 897: 824: 698: 689:

as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of

671: 628: 395: 359: 237: 3662:"Amak'hee 4: a newly documented rock art site in the Swaga Swaga Game Reserve" 3558:"Amak'hee 4: a newly documented rock art site in the Swaga Swaga Game Reserve" 2665: 772:

on the eastern bank of Lake Tanganyika, soon to be followed by the station of

457:, and is thought to be more than 1.8 million years old. Other finds including 5153: 2612: 2127: 1822: 1796: 1768: 1744:(CCM), as Chairman until 1990, when he handed that responsibility to Mwinyi. 1726: 1711: 1552: 1532: 1420: 1172:

critic of Governor Byatt's policies about indirect rule, as evidenced by his

1144: 1087: 1035: 909: 710: 663: 643: 420: 156: 70: 3599:"Eerie Figures With Giant Heads Found Painted in a Rock Shelter in Tanzania" 874:—resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated. After a period of 423:

in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind".

4296: 3745:

People and Production in Late Pre-colonial Tanzania: History and Structures

2269: 2135: 2119: 1873: 1800: 1784: 1615: 1548: 1520: 1408: 1360: 1307: 1250: 1131:, appointed by Royal Commission on 31 January 1919. The colony was renamed 1070: 1039: 982: 961: 917: 893: 871: 835:(its oldest station in Central Africa) and on any territory to the east of 655: 558:

is the largest and southernmost-known Pastoral Neolithic site in Tanzania.

488: 459: 428: 371: 353: 344: 161: 3681: 3574: 3557: 658:

by the early eighteenth century. Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan

1627: 1419:

In 1957, only 15 towns had more than 5,000 inhabitants, with the capital

1325: 1121: 1011: 867: 820: 781: 632: 551: 496: 492: 472: 444: 416: 1445: 1229:

at 5,022,640 natives, in addition to 32,398 Asians and 8,228 Europeans.

866:, European rule provoked African resistance. Between 1891 and 1894, the 3724:

Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry

2620: 2584: 2011: 1792: 1571:

Julius Nyerere demanding political independence for Tanganyika in 1961.

1441: 1356: 1329: 1321: 1291: 1238: 1066: 949: 749: 602: 507: 115: 80: 2526:"Why is a Tanzanian chief's skull mentioned in the Versailles Treaty?" 2242: 2081: 1050:, and here the German forces had been digging in for eighteen months. 3613:"Tanzanian Rock Art Depicts Trios of Bizarre Anthropomorphic Figures" 1384: 1023: 978: 904:

led by Kinjikitile Ngwale revolted against the local administrators (

803:

of 1885, the fact that Kigoma had been established and supplied from

550:(whose peoples may have spoken a Southern Cushitic language) and the 432: 424: 4725: 3783: 2847: 1562: 756:

in June 1857. In January 1866, the Scottish explorer and missionary

419:. Prehistoric stone tools and fossils have been found in and around 4397: 4283: 3814: 1866: 1854: 1806:

In 2008, a power surge cut off power to Zanzibar, resulting in the

1730: 1619: 1511: 808: 804: 639: 586: 575: 555: 375: 328: 140: 90: 3249:

Curbing corruption: toward a model for building national integrity

2986: 2157:

Lane, Paul J. (2013-07-04). Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul J (eds.).

1472:(TAA) in 1948 and ceased being concerned with events in Zanzibar. 1320:

declared war and the British forces in Tanganyika were ordered to

1003: 2666:"South and East African Year Book and Guide for 1920, 26th issue" 1788: 1772: 1757: 1707: 1556: 1348: 1246: 1140: 1075: 913: 858: 840: 730: 726: 714: 612: 585:

One of Tanzania's most important Iron Age archeological sites is

579: 464: 437: 412: 65: 3738:

Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History

3222:

African Cities: Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice

2010:

Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of.

1610:. On 12 January 1964, the African majority revolted against the 1143:

signed an agreement regarding the border between Tanganyika and

4301: 3889: 3459:"Tanzania elections: Main opposition parties demand fresh vote" 2907:

Ogilvie, W.D. (1999). "Interview with David Hines" (Interview).

2160:

The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa

1694: 1611: 1339:

During the war about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the

1313: 1283: 1214: 1206: 1202: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 832: 769: 722: 620: 616: 242: 120: 2878:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107. 1791:

along Tanzania's coastline in which 11 people were killed. An

1154: 431:, after he had correctly identified the rocks brought back by 2642:

Iliffe, John. "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion".

2585:"The Baumwollfrage: Cotton Colonialism in German East Africa" 1776: 1718: 1524: 1368: 1257:

is unclear how much this represented at the time in terms of

985:, this was a merciless rebellion and by far the bloodiest in 905: 896:. The tension reached a breaking point in July 1905 when the 773: 761: 554:(whose peoples may have spoken a Southern Nilotic language). 125: 3747:. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of International Studies. 3533:"Samia Hassan sworn in as Tanzania's first female president" 3434:"Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa" 1825:. In October 2020, president Magufoli was re-elected in the 1721:, the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1979 Tanzania declared 3709:

The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor

3116:"Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Father of Tanzania" 1663: 1112: 1078:

have lost every healthy or valuable part of their Colony".

651: 448: 443:

The first hominid skull in Olduvai Gorge was discovered by

3759:

Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa

2192:

Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018).

1599:

Julius Kambarage Nyerere as Tanganyika's first president.

1120:

The first British civilian administrator after the end of

2780:

Government Publications Relating to Tanganyika, 1919-1961

2302:

The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society

2052:"Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli tracks" 1383:. However, despite the additional income, the war caused 1237:

Under British rule, efforts were undertaken to fight the

792:'s government in 1885 granted imperial protection to the 780:. German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884. 525: 2723:

Battle for the Bundu: the First World War in East Africa

1857:

with anthropomorphic figures in a good condition at the

1658:

To form a sole ruling party in both parts of the union,

721:, which were dominated by their more powerful neighbors 399:

Olduvai Gorge site also known as "The Cradle of Mankind"

3058:(3 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 497. 2965:. Vol. 16. Tanzania: Cavendish Square Publishing. 2514:. Historical Association of Tanzania East African Pub. 1760:

was elected the fourth president for a five-year term.

1480:

Beginning in 1954, African nationalism centered on the

674:. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the 593:, which includes an irrigation and cultivation system. 499:

recovered 42 teeth and several jawbones from the site.

3001:"Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916-1945)" 2194:"Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania" 1717:

Nyerere's Tanzania had a close relationship with the

1614:

and a new government was formed with the ASP leader,

1484:(TANU), which was a political organization formed by 878:, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898. 2663: 1844: 1117:

In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000.

796:

established by Peters with Bismark's encouragement.

3081:

Revolution In Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale

2382:"History and Origin of Swahili - Jifunze Kiswahili" 1232: 3407:"Tanzania: Zanzibar Election Massacres Documented" 3324:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Obituary: The buffoon tyrant" 3245: 2874:Coulson, Andrew (2013) . "Non-Industrialization". 2413:. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. xvi. 2268: 1209:railway line was opened to traffic. The line from 1038:had to be moved through Uganda. On the south, the 972:in September 1905 under the Governorship of Count 3129:Locatelli, Francesca; Nugent, Paul, eds. (2009). 2956: 2954: 2262: 2191: 1563:Independence and Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar 1332:and a small group of Tanganyikan soldiers of the 534:, Tanzania is believed to have been populated by 343:. It served as a British military outpost during 5151: 3132:African Cities: Competing Claims on Urban Spaces 2407:Raum, Otto Friedrich; Moore, Sally Falk (1996). 1706:had been laid. Officials became widely known as 1010:, fought between the British and Germans during 530:Reaching back approximately 10,000 years in the 3128: 2299: 2105: 1431: 1225:In 1931 a census established the population of 713:consisted of many small kingdoms, most notably 3246:Stapenhurst, Rick; Kpundeh, Sahr John (1999). 3053: 2987:"African participants in the Second World War" 2951: 2163:. The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. 1813:In 2015, after the ten-year term of president 1736:In October 1985, Nyerere handed over power to 1407:Stamp of British East Africa with portrait of 4741: 4374: 3799: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2509: 1849:In February 2021, Polish archaeologists from 1390: 646:became the first known European to reach the 619:as "metropolis" of a political entity called 427:stone tools were discovered there in 1931 by 296: 3726:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3512:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Tanzania 2852:(Thesis). University of Campinas. p. 9. 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2035:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1740:, but retained control of the ruling party, 3349:"Polling Problems Mar Election in Tanzania" 3291: 3239: 3113: 2664:Samler Brown, A.; Gordon Brown, G. (eds.). 2357:Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict 2333:The Cambridge History of the British Empire 1155:British rule through indigenous authorities 362:, independence leader and "baba wa taifa" ( 4748: 4734: 4381: 4367: 3806: 3792: 3101:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 3094: 3092: 3090: 3034: 2576: 2349: 2347: 2314: 2256: 1547:of 1890 made Zanzibar and Pemba a British 1414: 1264: 908:) and suddenly the revolt grew wider from 463:fossils were subsequently made. At nearby 303: 289: 3680: 3659: 3573: 3555: 3083:. New York, USA: Basic Books. p. 65. 3078: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2960: 2884:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679966.003.0010 2743: 2713: 2711: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2406: 1587:became independent, though retaining the 1459:began in 1946 and was abandoned in 1951. 1290:; and 25,000 acres (101 km) towards 681: 467:the oldest known hominid footprints, the 3731:Agricultural Change in Modern Tanganyika 3675:(379). Cambridge University Press: 1–9. 3155: 3038: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2009: 1566: 1502: 1402: 1113:British administration after World War I 1002: 596: 402: 394: 3568:(379). Cambridge University Press: E1. 3376:"Tanzania swears in Mkapa as president" 3087: 2961:Heale, Jay; Wong, Winnie (2009-03-01). 2906: 2900: 2873: 2845: 2582: 2540: 2440:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 116–122. 2353: 2344: 2227: 2169:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001 1946:List of heads of government of Zanzibar 1911:List of governors-general of Tanganyika 1448:. A major success for Tanzania was the 881: 831:was eventually to give up its claim on 411:Tanzania is home to some of the oldest 370:, ruled the country for decades, while 335:from the 1880s to 1919 when, under the 5152: 3276: 3054:Crowther, Geoff; Finlay, Hugh (1994). 3011: 2717: 2708: 2475: 2454: 2433: 2360:. Troubador Publishing. p. 2.52. 2329: 2300:Horton, Mark; Middleton, John (2001). 1475: 1436:Britain, through its colonial officer 1196: 526:Later Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic 356:by the end of the nineteenth century. 331:. The former was a colony and part of 157:Vasco da Gama and Portuguese expansion 4755: 4729: 4362: 4245:Natural resource and waste management 3813: 3787: 3596: 3218: 2650: 1936:List of prime ministers of Tanganyika 1462: 981:war with the main brunt borne by the 846: 823:, the British and Germans focused on 3295:Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria 3114:Boddy-Evans, Alistair (2019-05-23). 2932: 2546: 2315:Nurse, Derek; Spear, Thomas (1985). 2156: 2049: 1906:List of colonial heads of Tanganyika 1795:also temporarily ran aground in the 1666:with the Zanzibar ruling party, the 1507:Location of Zanzibar within Tanzania 932:in the southernmost part and Kilwa, 709:region, namely the western shore of 693:; its name only came into use after 3098: 2319:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1941:List of prime ministers of Tanzania 1853:announced the discovery of ancient 1638:to be replaced by Canadian troops. 999:East African Campaign (World War I) 952:. The resistance culminated in the 502: 253:1998 United States embassy bombings 13: 3908: 3701: 2641: 964:who tried to destroy all signs of 390: 14: 5176: 5165:History of East Africa by country 3772: 3190:"Who Was the Father of Tanzania?" 3166:10.1163/ej.9789004162648.i-308.67 1845:Recent archaeological discoveries 1837:On 19 March 2021, Vice President 1653: 1581:Tanganyika African National Union 1482:Tanganyika African National Union 740:became the first European to see 5056:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4826:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4390: 3556:Grzelczyk, Maciej (2021-01-14). 3514:. Human Rights Watch. 2019-01-17 1921:List of presidents of Tanganyika 1286:; 25,000 acres (101 km) on 1233:Health and education initiatives 510:in northern Tanzania includes a 272: 42: 3653: 3629: 3605: 3590: 3549: 3525: 3500: 3476: 3451: 3426: 3399: 3368: 3341: 3316: 3285: 3270: 3212: 3182: 3149: 3122: 3107: 3072: 3047: 2993: 2979: 2926: 2911: 2867: 2856: 2846:Mashaka, Riziki (August 2018). 2839: 2806: 2683: 2635: 2518: 2503: 2427: 2400: 2374: 2323: 2308: 1970:History of cities in Tanzania: 1916:List of human evolution fossils 1618:, as President of Zanzibar and 1301: 817:Conventional Basin of the Congo 786:Society for German Colonization 327:and the coastal archipelago of 3597:Starr, Michelle (2022-06-29). 3043:. Berlin, Germany: Lit Verlag. 2644:The Journal of African History 2482:. Cambridge University Press. 2479:A Modern History of Tanganyika 2437:The Life of Sir Richard Burton 2293: 2185: 2150: 2099: 2074: 2043: 2012:"Olduvai - eFossils Resources" 2003: 1931:List of presidents of Zanzibar 1926:List of presidents of Tanzania 1670:(ASP) of Zanzibar to form the 1539:. In 1822, the British signed 1470:Tanganyika African Association 1397:United Nations trust territory 1220: 1162:Tanganyika African Association 992: 948:down to the eastern shores of 608:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 566:Approximately 2000 years ago, 349:United Nations Trust Territory 1: 3388:, p. 2, 24 November 1995 3357:, p. A4, 30 October 1995 3292:Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). 2963:Cultures of the World, Second 2876:Tanzania: A Political Economy 2213:10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476 1996: 1966:Timeline of Tanzanian history 1519:, who moved his capital from 1395:In 1947, Tanganyika became a 1253:; more hospitals were built. 385: 263:COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania 3488:Council on Foreign Relations 2558:] (in German). Germany: 2476:Iliffe, John (10 May 1979). 2201:Journal of Field Archaeology 2050:Wong, Kate (1 August 2005), 1808:2008 Zanzibar Power blackout 1583:(TANU). On 9 December 1961, 1432:Co-operative farming started 7: 4270:Water supply and sanitation 3768:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 3761:. London: Orion Publishing. 2918:"Obituary of David Hines". 1951:List of sultans of Zanzibar 1884: 1872:The paintings found at the 1492: 1457:Tanganyika groundnut scheme 605:. Greek texts such as the 561: 495:in 1938–39, and in 1974–75 81:Mumba Cave hunter-gatherers 10: 5181: 3660:Grzelczyk, Maciej (2021). 3508:"Tanzania: Events of 2018" 3056:Lonely Planet: East Africa 3039:Lohrmann, Ullrich (2007). 2933:Dahl, Roald (2008-09-04). 2605:10.1163/156916101750149121 2597:Cambridge University Press 2583:Sunseri, Thaddeus (2001). 2108:Journal of Human Evolution 1765:1998 U.S. embassy bombings 1719:People's Republic of China 1685:as the national language. 1545:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty 1496: 1391:Transition to independence 996: 885: 850: 815:into the territory of the 794:German East Africa Company 548:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic 484:Australopithecus afarensis 478:Australopithecus afarensis 192:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 66:Oldowan stone tool culture 5069: 5044: 4763: 4405: 4320: 4282: 4170: 4161: 4101: 4092: 3994: 3985: 3928: 3919: 3906: 3825: 3779:Background Note: Tanzania 3750:Koponen, Juhani (1994). 3736:Kjekshus, Helge (1996). 2499:– via Google Books. 1783:on the other side of the 1355:against the Italians, in 415:settlements unearthed by 4811:Central African Republic 4312:House of Representatives 3743:Koponen, Juhani (1988). 3740:. London: James Currey. 3279:Maoism: A Global History 3219:Myers, Garth A. (2011). 2589:Central European History 2354:Notholt, Stuart (2008). 2277:Indiana University Press 1863:Swaga Swaga Game Reserve 1748:demands were neglected. 1444:, coffee factories, and 1296:Italian prisoners of war 811:led to the inclusion of 752:crossed the interior to 676:Indian Ocean slave trade 167:East African slave trade 3254:World Bank Publications 3079:Petterson, Don (2002). 2989:. Memorial Gates Trust. 2510:Kimambo; Isaria; Temu. 2434:Wright, Thomas (2008). 2062:Nature Publishing Group 1851:Jagiellonian University 1604:constitutional monarchy 1415:Multi-ethnic population 1265:Tanganyika wheat scheme 1259:purchasing power parity 1126:Sir Horace Archer Byatt 1059:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 974:Gustav Adolf von Götzen 697:was transferred to the 451:, the first example of 4250:Persecution of Albinos 3913: 3850:East African Campaign 3764:Waters, Tony (2007). 3757:Paice, Edward (2007). 3722:Hyden, Goran (1980). 3707:Gibbons, Ann (2007). 3277:Lovell, Julia (2019). 2120:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 1753:Benjamin William Mkapa 1572: 1508: 1411: 1018:attacking railways in 1014: 682:Tanganyika (1850–1890) 538:communities, probably 449:Zinj or Nutcracker Man 408: 400: 339:, it became a British 258:East African Community 4971:São Tomé and Príncipe 4831:Republic of the Congo 3912: 3868:Sultanate of Zanzibar 3729:Iliffe, John (1971). 3682:10.15184/aqy.2020.246 3617:Breaking Science News 3575:10.15184/aqy.2020.246 3103:. pp. 2088–2089. 2922:. London. 2000-04-08. 2547:Nuhn, Walter (1998). 2512:A History of Tanzania 2330:Walker, Eric (1940). 1799:harbour, damaging an 1570: 1506: 1406: 1345:East African Campaign 1334:King's African Rifles 1274:, was in charge, and 1084:Portuguese Mozambique 1006: 662:moved his capital to 597:Early coastal history 568:Bantu-speaking people 520:modern human behavior 471:, were discovered by 440:after Olduvai Gorge. 407:Louis and Mary Leakey 406: 398: 202:East African Campaign 172:Sultanate of Zanzibar 3873:Zanzibar slave trade 3386:Block Communications 3256:. pp. 153–156. 3160:. pp. 241–260. 2727:Macmillan Publishers 2560:Bernard & Graefe 1956:Politics of Tanzania 1901:HIV/AIDS in Tanzania 1861:rockshelter site in 1756:2005, Jakaya Mrisho 1537:Zanzibar slave trade 1387:within the country. 1282:plains just outside 1133:Tanganyika Territory 1095:Treaty of Versailles 954:Maji Maji Resistance 882:Maji Maji resistance 766:Henry Morton Stanley 744:. British explorers 701:as a mandate by the 364:father of the nation 212:Tanganyika Territory 177:Zanzibar slave trade 5160:History of Tanzania 5046:States with limited 3895:Uganda–Tanzania War 3880:Zanzibar Revolution 3845:Maji Maji Rebellion 3281:. pp. 192–216. 2245:on 28 December 2009 2057:Scientific American 1896:History of Zanzibar 1839:Samia Suluhu Hassan 1817:, the presidential 1781:undersea earthquake 1771:; the other was in 1742:Chama cha Mapinduzi 1704:systemic corruption 1688:Nyerere introduced 1624:Zanzibar Revolution 1593:Queen of Tanganyika 1499:History of Zanzibar 1476:African nationalism 1365:Madagascar Campaign 1197:Railway development 1020:British East Africa 888:Maji Maji Rebellion 648:African Great Lakes 454:Paranthropus boisei 447:in 1959, and named 317:African Great Lakes 279:Tanzania portal 248:Uganda–Tanzania War 233:Zanzibar Revolution 207:British East Africa 197:Maji Maji Rebellion 182:Scramble for Africa 111:History of Zanzibar 58:Pre-colonial period 4225:List of Tanzanians 4139:Telecommunications 3914: 3885:Arusha Declaration 3840:German East Africa 3412:Human Rights Watch 3354:The New York Times 3200:on 17 October 2011 2631:– via JSTOR. 2551:Kolonialgeschichte 1832:Human Rights Watch 1763:One of the deadly 1668:Afro-Shirazi Party 1573: 1509: 1463:UN trust territory 1438:David Gordon Hines 1412: 1409:Queen Elizabeth II 1276:David Gordon Hines 1169:Sir Donald Cameron 1015: 966:indigenous beliefs 853:German East Africa 847:German East Africa 813:German East Africa 695:German East Africa 544:Pastoral Neolithic 469:Laetoli footprints 409: 401: 372:Abeid Amaan Karume 333:German East Africa 187:German East Africa 106:Indian Ocean trade 86:Cushitic expansion 76:Laetoli footprints 5147: 5146: 5073:other territories 4846:Equatorial Guinea 4757:History of Africa 4723: 4722: 4356: 4355: 4278: 4277: 4157: 4156: 4088: 4087: 4051:Political parties 4026:Foreign relations 3981: 3980: 3900:COVID-19 pandemic 3717:978-1-4000-7696-3 3537:www.aljazeera.com 3309:978-1-56072-967-9 3263:978-0-8213-4257-2 3232:978-1-84813-508-6 2893:978-0-199-67996-6 2778:""Introduction", 2736:978-0-02-584930-3 2447:978-0-554-22005-5 2420:978-3-89473-874-7 2367:978-1-906510-47-3 2286:978-0-253-20984-9 2263:Martin, Phyllis; 2239:Absolute Tanzania 1891:History of Africa 1738:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 1690:African socialism 1288:Mount Kilimanjaro 1243:sleeping sickness 1061:'s forces at the 1048:Mount Kilimanjaro 876:guerrilla warfare 801:Berlin Conference 790:Otto von Bismarck 784:, who formed the 758:David Livingstone 742:Mount Kilimanjaro 703:League of Nations 591:Great Rift Valley 380:Ali Hassan Mwinyi 337:League of Nations 313: 312: 101:Nilotic expansion 5172: 5134: 5133:(United Kingdom) 5129:Tristan da Cunha 5125:Ascension Island 5117: 5104: 5095: 5071:Dependencies and 4764:Sovereign states 4750: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4336: 4329: 4168: 4167: 4124: 4099: 4098: 3992: 3991: 3926: 3925: 3853: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3711:. Anchor Books. 3695: 3694: 3684: 3666: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3601:. Science Alert. 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3196:. Archived from 3186: 3180: 3179: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3099:Minahan, James. 3096: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3009: 3008: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2937:. Puffin Books. 2930: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2827:on 26 April 2012 2823:. Archived from 2818: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2787:. Archived from 2786: 2774: 2741: 2740: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2473: 2452: 2451: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2384:. Archived from 2378: 2372: 2371: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2274: 2265:O'Meara, Patrick 2260: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2241:, archived from 2231: 2225: 2224: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2016:www.efossils.org 2007: 1710:("people of the 1679:one party system 1442:cotton ginneries 1381:Great Depression 1245:), and to fight 1217:opened in 1930. 918:Kilombero Valley 829:Congo Free State 778:Congo Free State 738:Johannes Rebmann 691:High Imperialism 512:Middle Stone Age 503:Middle Stone Age 305: 298: 291: 277: 276: 275: 46: 36: 18: 17: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5115: 5102: 5093: 5074: 5072: 5065: 5049: 5047: 5040: 4759: 4754: 4724: 4719: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4357: 4352: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4316: 4274: 4255:Public holidays 4153: 4122: 4084: 3977: 3915: 3904: 3851: 3821: 3812: 3775: 3704: 3702:Further reading 3699: 3698: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3595: 3591: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302:. p. 221. 3300:Nova Publishers 3290: 3286: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3097: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2931: 2927: 2920:Daily Telegraph 2917: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2794:on 4 March 2016 2791: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2744: 2737: 2719:Miller, Charles 2716: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2695:net.lib.byu.edu 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2662: 2651: 2640: 2636: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2474: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2388:on 21 June 2016 2380: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2352: 2345: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2155: 2151: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1887: 1847: 1779:. In 2004, the 1656: 1589:British monarch 1565: 1501: 1495: 1478: 1465: 1455:The disastrous 1434: 1417: 1393: 1306:Two days after 1304: 1267: 1235: 1223: 1199: 1180:under Governor 1157: 1115: 1076:Mahenge Plateau 1063:Battle of Tanga 1008:Battle of Tanga 1001: 995: 916:Mountains, the 890: 884: 855: 849: 837:Lake Tanganyika 754:Lake Tanganyika 684: 668:Lake Tanganyika 599: 572:Bantu expansion 564: 536:hunter-gatherer 532:Later Stone Age 528: 516:Later Stone Age 505: 393: 391:Early Stone Age 388: 315:The modern-day 309: 273: 271: 149:Colonial period 136:Kilwa Sultanate 131:Swahili culture 96:Bantu expansion 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5178: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138:Western Sahara 5135: 5118: 5105: 5096: 5082:Canary Islands 5078: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400:(1964–present) 4386: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4129:Stock Exchange 4126: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4073:Prime Minister 4070: 4068:Vice President 4065: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953:National Parks 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3773:External links 3771: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3652: 3628: 3604: 3589: 3548: 3524: 3499: 3475: 3450: 3425: 3415:, 9 April 2002 3398: 3367: 3340: 3328:news.bbc.co.uk 3315: 3308: 3284: 3269: 3262: 3238: 3231: 3211: 3181: 3174: 3158:African Cities 3148: 3141: 3121: 3106: 3086: 3071: 3064: 3046: 3010: 3007:on 2014-11-10. 2992: 2978: 2972:978-0761434177 2971: 2950: 2944:978-0141322742 2943: 2925: 2910: 2899: 2892: 2866: 2855: 2838: 2805: 2742: 2735: 2729:. p. 21. 2707: 2682: 2649: 2634: 2575: 2568: 2539: 2517: 2502: 2488: 2453: 2446: 2426: 2419: 2399: 2373: 2366: 2343: 2322: 2307: 2292: 2285: 2255: 2226: 2207:(2): 102–120. 2184: 2177: 2149: 2114:(5): 453–563. 2098: 2073: 2042: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1983:Zanzibar City 1981: 1973:Dar es Salaam 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1879:Sandawe people 1846: 1843: 1815:Jakaya Kikwete 1660:Julius Nyerere 1655: 1654:Recent history 1652: 1635:Julius Nyerere 1577:Julius Nyerere 1564: 1561: 1497:Main article: 1494: 1491: 1486:Julius Nyerere 1477: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1446:tobacco dryers 1433: 1430: 1416: 1413: 1392: 1389: 1377:Burma Campaign 1318:United Kingdom 1303: 1300: 1266: 1263: 1241:(a carrier of 1234: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1198: 1195: 1186:Julius Nyerere 1182:Edward Twining 1156: 1153: 1114: 1111: 1102:scorched earth 1065:. The British 1044:Pare Mountains 997:Main article: 994: 991: 928:plateaux, the 886:Main article: 883: 880: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 825:Eastern Africa 746:Richard Burton 699:United Kingdom 683: 680: 672:Central Africa 598: 595: 563: 560: 527: 524: 504: 501: 417:archaeologists 392: 389: 387: 384: 360:Julius Nyerere 311: 310: 308: 307: 300: 293: 285: 282: 281: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 238:Julius Nyerere 235: 230: 222: 221: 220:Modern history 217: 216: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 151: 150: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 60: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5177: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Guinea-Bissau 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200:Ethnic groups 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3852:(World War I) 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3225:. Zed Books. 3224: 3223: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3175:9789004162648 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3142:9789047442486 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3065:0-86442-209-1 3061: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2569:9783763759699 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2491: 2489:9780521296113 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2340:. p. 85. 2339: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2178:9780199569885 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1823:John Magufuli 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797:Dar Es Salaam 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:Dar Es Salaam 1766: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:war on Uganda 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1553:Caprivi Strip 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:United States 1530: 1529:Spice Islands 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421:Dar es Salaam 1410: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:Allied forces 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:Freddie Smith 1262: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201:In 1928, the 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1145:Ruanda-Urundi 1142: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1100:Von Lettow's 1098: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1088:Mbala, Zambia 1085: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Belgian Congo 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 980: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:Dar Es Salaam 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Lake Victoria 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Zanzibar City 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Vasco da Gama 641: 636: 634: 630: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609: 604: 594: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 479: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 455: 450: 446: 441: 439: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:Olduvai Gorge 418: 414: 405: 397: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 306: 301: 299: 294: 292: 287: 286: 284: 283: 280: 270: 269: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 219: 218: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 148: 147: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 126:Urewe culture 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 71:Olduvai Gorge 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 5121:Saint Helena 5092: 5010: 4996:South Africa 4986:Sierra Leone 4791:Burkina Faso 4190:Demographics 4111:Central bank 4031:Human rights 4004:Constitution 3858:British rule 3826: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3708: 3672: 3668: 3655: 3644:. 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