1043:
1649:
1417:
747:
1143:
1262:
1399:, in conflict with the Byzantines, crossed from Macedonia into Thessaly. The arrival of the marauding Company, some 8,000 strong, alarmed John II Doukas. Defeated by the Greeks, the Catalans agreed to pass peacefully through Thessaly to the south, towards the Frankish principalities of southern Greece. After seizing the Spercheios Valley and capturing Salona, the new Duke of Athens,
272:
1258:-led Byzantine Empire and its imperial pretensions, both established close ties with the Latin states of southern Greece in an attempt to maintain their independence, while at the same time being threatened by them and forced to cede territory to them. Both were eventually reunified under the Byzantines in the 1330s and the Serbians shortly after.
1403:, hired the Company for service against Thessaly. Turning back, the Catalans captured Zetounion, Halmyros, Domokos and some thirty other fortresses, and plundered the rich plain of Thessaly, forcing the John Doukas to come to terms with Walter. Walter however tried to backtrack on his deal with the Catalans, leading to open conflict. In the
1564:, which was defended by Preljub himself. Kantakouzenos withdrew, and Lykostomion and Kastrion were recovered by the Serbs soon after. Preljub's rule is otherwise obscure, except for his reaching an agreement with the local Albanian tribes; an agreement that probably did not last long, for he was killed in a clash with them.
1702:) to repopulate the sparsely inhabited area, and soon, Muslim settlers or converts dominated the lowlands, while the Christians held the mountains around the Thessalian plain. The area was generally peaceful, but banditry was endemic, and led to the creation of the first state-sanctioned Christian autonomies known as
527:, but they were stopped at the Thermopylae. Despite the devastation caused by these raids, in Thessaly, and southern Greece in general, the imperial administration seems to have continued to function, and traditional public life to have continued, for much of the century, possibly up to the end of the reign of
1870:
This state is frequently, but inaccurately, called "Great
Wallachia" or "Duchy of Neopatras" in older scholarly literature. Both titles arise from contemporary usage by Western authors, who extended the use of the term " Vlachia" to the entirety of the realm governed by John Doukas and his heirs, and
723:
in 902 and
Thessaly and much of Central Greece devastated by Bulgarian raids in 918 and 923–926—Thessaly, and Greece in general, recovered gradually after Byzantine control was firmly re-established, and there are signs of renewed prosperity and economic activity. Especially in Thessaly, this process
592:
in the south and
Macedonia in the north far more than Thessaly or Central Greece, with the fortified towns largely remaining in the hands of the native Greek population. Nevertheless, in the first decades of the 7th century the Slavs were free to raid Thessaly and further south relatively unhindered;
1660:
captured
Larissa for a time, confining the Angeloi Philanthropenoi to their holdings in western Thessaly, around Trikala. In ca. 1393, the second phase of the invasion began, again under Evrenos. The Ottomans defeated Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos, and reconquered Larissa. The conquest of Thessaly
1082:
into southern Greece. Unable to challenge the
Crusaders in open battle, Sgouros gave up Thessaly without a fight, and withdrew to his bases in the Peloponnese. Boniface divided the captured lands among his followers: Platamon went to Rolando Piscia, Larissa and Halmyros to the Lombard Guglielmo, and
1428:
The
Catalans continued for a while to hold the parts of southern Thessaly they had occupied and raided the region in the following years, while John Doukas' authority was increasingly enfeebled in Thessaly itself at the expense of the large landholders, who became virtually autonomous, maintaining
1173:, led his troops into Thessaly, overrunning the resistance of the local Lombard nobles. Larissa and much of central Thessaly came under Epirote rule, thereby separating Thessalonica from the Crusader principalities in southern Greece. Michael's work was completed by his half-brother and successor,
379:
Being far from the Empire's frontiers, and of little strategic importance, Greece lacked any serious fortifications or permanently stationed garrisons, a situation that lasted until the 6th century and led to much devastation by barbarian raids. Thus in 395–397, as most of Greece, Thessaly was
622:) undertook in 658 the first attempt to restore imperial rule, and although his campaign was mostly carried out in the northern Aegean coast, it seems to have led to a relative pacification of the Slavic tribes in southern Greece as well, at least for a few years. Thus during the great Slavic
1800:. The Ottoman army withdrew after the war's end, but minor territorial adjustments were made to the frontier in the Ottomans' favour. The early decades of Greek rule in Thessaly were dominated by the agricultural issue, as the area retained its Ottoman-era large landholdings (
1731:
took over control of
Thessaly, and consolidated his rule after 1808, when he suppressed a local uprising. His heavy taxation, however, ruined the province's commerce, and coupled with the outbreak of the plague in 1813, reduced the population to some 200,000 by 1820. When the
1460:
of
Trikala, a certain Signorinos, and the Melissenos, or rather Maliasenos, family in the east around Volos, emerged. Gabrielopoulos was the most successful of the three, and soon managed to gain recognition of his rule by the Byzantine court, which granted him the title of
1467:. The Maliasenoi on the other hand seem to have turned to the Catalans for support. With the loss of Neopatras and the rise of Gabrielopoulos, Trikala became the new political centre of Thessaly. At about the same time, larger groups of Albanians, such as the tribes of the
1559:
as governor of
Thessaly, which he ruled, probably from Trikala, until his death in late 1355 or early 1356. In 1350, Kantakouzenos, now emperor, launched an attempt to reconquer Thessaly, but after capturing the towns of Lykostomion and Kastrion, he faltered before
1456:. The central and northern part of Thessaly remained in Greek hands. Lacking a central authority, however, the area fractured among competing rulers. The north came under control of the Byzantines from Thessalonica, while in the centre three rival magnates,
1312:. The Byzantine army advanced rapidly through Thessaly and blockaded John with a few of his men at Neopatras, which was placed under siege. John managed to evade the Byzantines and secure aid from Athens, with which he routed the Byzantine army at the
610:
and raided the coasts of
Thessaly and many Aegean islands, depopulating many of them. Five of Thessaly's cities disappear from the sources during the 7th century, and Slavs settled in the northern and northeastern parts of the country. Emperor
1191:
completed the recovery of the entire region except for Halmyros, which remained in Latin hands until 1246. Eventually, in December 1224, Theodore conquered Thessalonica as well. Soon thereafter he declared himself emperor, founding the
929:), whose costly military ventures led to a hike in taxation. Coupled with the corruption and autocratic behaviour of officials, this led to a decline in industry and the impoverishment of the peasantry, eloquently lamented by the
587:
frontier, somewhat stabilized under Maurice, collapsed entirely, leaving the Balkans defenceless for the Slavs to raid and settle. The Slavic settlement that followed the raids in the late 6th and early 7th centuries affected the
1254:), who was married to a Thessalian Vlach princess, received Thessaly. Although separated politically, Thessaly continued to share many similarities with the parent state of Epirus: both were reluctant to acknowledge the revived
773:
sacked the city of Larissa and occupied Thessaly. The Bulgarian ruler undertook another large-scale expedition through the province and into the Peloponnese in 997, but on his return he suffered a devastating defeat at the
239:("kings"). It was Aleuas Pyrrhos ("the Red") who cemented the aristocracy's predominance by reforming the Thessalian League on the basis of the "tetrads" (quadripartite division), linking it with the noble-controlled
1531:
suggests that the Byzantines recovered eastern and central Thessaly, but that the western part remained under Epirote rule until Orsini's death three years later, when this area too came under Byzantine control.
700:, beginning in 773. At the same time, due to conflict between the Bulgarian ruling class and the Slavic population which led to an exodus from the latter, a second wave of Slavic settlement engulfed Greece from
1633:
had managed to take over the Duchy of Athens from the Catalans, and in 1390 captured Neopatras as well. These territories were soon lost to the Ottoman Turks, at about the same time as the fall of Thessaly.
1407:
on 15 March 1311, the Catalans crushed the Athenian army, killing Walter and most of the leading nobles of Frankish Greece. After the battle, the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the defenceless duchy.
1131:. The boundaries of the actual Kingdom of Thessalonica seem to have extended only up to Domokos, Pharsalus, and Velestino: the Spercheios valley in southern Thessaly, with the towns of Zetounion and
1595:. Enjoying the support of the local Greek and Serbian nobility, Simeon Uroš reigned as self-proclaimed emperor from Trikala until his death in 1370. He was particularly noted as a patron of the
876:, including immunity from taxation and the right to establish trade colonies in certain towns; in Thessaly, this was Demetrias. These concessions signalled the beginning of the ascendancy of the
1204:
and secured its status as a separate section of the family holdings. Upon his death in 1241, the area quickly, and apparently without resistance, came under the control of the ruler of Epirus,
136:
A distinct Thessalian tribal identity and culture first began to form from the 9th century BC on as a mixture of the local population and immigrants from Epirus, first in the region of the
1698:(died 1484) rather than a regular province. Turahan and his heirs brought in settlers from Anatolia (the so-called "Konyalis" or "Koniarides" since most were from the region around
707:
on. Unlike the first wave of settlement, this does not seem to have disrupted imperial control in the areas where it had been (re-)established. In 783, however, the eunuch minister
1436:, John too was forced to formalize his relations with the Byzantines, recognizing the Empire's suzerainty and marrying Irene Palaiologina, the illegitimate daughter of Emperor
1676:
the eastern coasts of Thessaly and the region of Zetounion to Byzantine rule. In 1423, renewed Ottoman pressure forced the local Byzantine commander to surrender the forts of
1440:. When John Doukas died in 1318, the southern part of Thessaly was quickly captured by the Catalans of Athens. Between 1318 and 1325, the Catalans took Neopatras, Zetounion,
906:
Sometime in the 12th century, Thessaly reverted to Hellas, with the exception of the northwestern portion around Stagoi and Trikala, which was included in the new theme of
891:) was forced to concede even more extensive ones, allowing the Venetians to create trade stations at Vlachia, the "two Halmyroi", Grebenikon, Pharsalus, Domokos, Vesaina,
1074:, marched into central Greece. At Larissa he met the deposed Alexios III, and concluded a marriage alliance with him. Both were soon confronted by the Crusaders under
3311:
1395:
In 1308, Guy II de la Roche died. John II Doukas seized the opportunity to sever his dependency on Athens, and turned to Byzantium for support. In early 1309, the
1365:. Thus the Byzantines were allowed passage through Thessaly to invade Epirus in 1290, but soon after the two princes started conspiring with the Serbians of King
1304:
in 1274, were another point of friction. John portrayed himself as a champion of Orthodoxy, offering refuge to pro-Unionists and convoking a synod at his capital
1104:
1567:
The death of Preljub was preceded by that of Dushan himself, leaving a power vacuum in the wider Serbian Empire and in Thessaly in particular. In this context,
1308:
in 1276/7 to condemn the Union. Sometime in 1273–75 (the date is disputed by scholars) Michael VIII dispatched a large army against John under his own brother,
1275:
From his capital at Neopatras, John I Doukas governed Thessaly as a virtually independent state. Although he recognized the suzerainty of the Byzantine emperor
3452:
Savvides, Alexis G. C. (1998). "Splintered Medieval Hellenism: The Semi-Autonomous State of Thessaly (A.D. 1213/1222 to 1454/1470) and its Place in History".
949:
880:
in maritime commerce and their gradual takeover of the Byzantine economy. Alexios' successors tried to curb these privileges with mixed success, but in 1198
563:
incursions that began after 578. The first large-scale raid was in 581, and the Slavs appear to have remained in Greece until 584. Byzantium, confronted by
463:
918:
describe Greece during the middle of the 12th century as densely populated and prosperous. The situation began to change towards the end of the reign of
199:
In the second half of the 7th century, Thessaly became the home of large aristocratic families, controlling huge tracts of land and working them with
1479:, began to raid and settle in Thessaly, although smaller groups of Albanians may have been present in the region already from the late 12th century.
1587:. Catalan control over southern Thessaly had ceased by this time. Nikephoros came into conflict with the Albanians, however, and was killed in the
896:
715:
to the Peloponnese, subduing the local Slavs and forcing them to acknowledge imperial overlordship. Despite continued raids by the Bulgarians and
467:
1243:
On the death of Michael II in 1267/8, his dominions were divided between Nikephoros, who received Epirus proper, and Michael's illegitimate son
1373:, but no further gains appear to have been made. Both Constantine and Theodore died in 1303, leaving Thessaly to the young son of Constantine,
218:
102:
this expanded rapidly. Over 400 archaeological sites dating to the period are known, including fortified ones. The most notable of these is at
681:. Some time between 730 and 751, the Church in Thessaly, along with the rest of the Illyricum, were transferred from the jurisdiction of the
3377:
1684:
to the Venetians. By 1444, the entire region had been finally conquered by the Turks. Pteleos alone remained in Venetian hands until 1470.
910:. Benjamin of Tudela, who visited the area in 1165, also recorded the presence of Jewish communities at Halmyros, Zetounion, Vesaina, and
656:. This was established between 687 and 695, and comprised the eastern coasts of mainland Greece, and possibly the Peloponnese, as well as
1476:
1292:
in exchange, John I Doukas maintained a consistent anti-Palaiologan stance. In this conflict he allied himself with Latin powers, namely
500:
became more and more frequent, and the Balkan provinces were heavily raided, although Greece was less affected. In 539, however, a large
1511:) moved in and established direct control over the northern and western part of the region. Andronikos himself made agreements with the
1831:
1388:), as his regent and guardian. John II continued his grandfather's pro-Latin policy, maintaining particularly close relations with the
1309:
226:
193:
644:
The parts of Thessaly that remained in imperial hands after the Slavic invasions—apparently the Aegean coast and the area around the
580:
674:, the theme was originally probably oriented mostly towards the sea and was of a mostly maritime character, as seen during the anti-
1804:), and the landlords enjoyed great influence, essentially reducing their tenant farmers to serfdom. The tensions culminated in the
1571:, the exiled son of John II Orsini, who had entered Byzantine service, tried to realize his ancestral claims over the region. From
1042:
1472:
1018:(domains of the imperial family) of Platamon, Demetrias, the "two Halmyroi", Krevennika and Pharsalus, Domokos and Vesaina, the
690:
3134:
978:
By the end of the 12th century, the theme of Hellas had been superseded by a collection of smaller districts variously termed
3648:
3596:
3507:
3431:
3407:
3319:
1527:
claims that the campaign restored the old Epirote–Thessalian border (i.e. the Pindus mountains), while the modern researcher
1088:
3608:
3467:
1765:
1535:
The successful Byzantine reconquest was led by Andronikos III's friend and chief aide, John Kantakouzenos. Thus when the
623:
3634:
3493:
3155:
1761:
1744:
mountains as well as the western mountains around Fanari, but they were swiftly suppressed by the Ottoman armies under
1536:
509:
369:
3571:
3543:
3296:
3272:
3210:
3186:
1842:
the area was occupied by the Italian army in 1941–43, and by the Germans in 1943–44. It became a major centre of the
283:
3345:
1346:
Nevertheless, after John's death, his widow was compelled to recognize the suzerainty of Michael VIII's successor,
1448:, as well as—apparently briefly—Domokos, Gardiki, and Pharsalus. This territory formed the new, Catalan-dominated
1604:
1335:
as a dowry. In addition, the fleeing Byzantine troops were able to reach Demetrias and help their fleet secure a
975:, established a short-lived principality in northern Thessaly, before he was overcome by an imperial expedition.
754:
During the course of the 10th century, the Saracen threat receded and was practically ended as the result of the
3287:
1615:
1358:
1059:
523:), and the establishment of a permanent garrison at Thermopylae. The area was once more invaded in 558 by the
755:
290:
evacuated the road before the enemy arrived. Not much later, Thessaly surrendered. The Thessalian family of
249:
has been regarded as the senior magistrate of the Thessalian League; more recent studies however regard the
3667:
1648:
1544:
1224:
405:
1764:. Thessaly remained in Ottoman hands until 1881, when it was handed over to Greece under the terms of the
1591:
in 1359. Following Nikephoros' death, Thessaly was taken over without resistance by Dushan's half-brother
1665:. The fortresses of Volos, Pharsalus, Domokos and Neopatras were taken, and in 1395/6, Trikala too fell.
1112:
595:
564:
455:
1575:, he sailed to Thessaly, which he captured quickly, expelling Preljub's wife and son. He then conquered
144:
as its main centre. From there they quickly expanded inland to the plain of the Pineios and towards the
3355:
1501:
1400:
1340:
1205:
877:
865:
649:
538:). Nevertheless, the barbarian raids, the two great earthquakes of 522 and 552, and the arrival of the
416:, the Ostrogoths once more invaded Thessaly in 482, until they left for Italy in 488. According to the
350:
1523:
as governor of the region. It is unclear over which parts of Thessaly Byzantine control was restored:
872:
In the aftermath of the failed Norman invasion, Alexios I granted the first trading privileges to the
3625:
3563:
3484:
3196:
3172:
1797:
1733:
1713:
1695:
1588:
1437:
1347:
1343:. Finally, in 1282 Michael VIII in person campaigned against John, but fell ill and died on the way.
1244:
1159:
823:
3220:
1528:
1300:. Michael VIII's attempts to form a union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, culminating in the
1276:
1174:
795:
794:
line. The region enjoyed a long period of peace at this time, interrupted only by raids during the
3202:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
1196:. The region remained attached to Thessalonica until 1239, when the deposed ruler of Thessalonica
243:("land lots") obliged to supply 40 horsemen and 80 infantrymen each. Traditionally, the office of
1317:
1092:
1079:
972:
841:
recorded the existence of the district of "Vlachia" near Halmyros, while the Byzantine historian
353:; eventually it became a separate province. In the new administrative system as it evolved under
331:
3532:
The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Emperor Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1661:
was completed during the next few years, from 1394 on under the personal supervision of Sultan
1457:
1301:
1228:
1197:
1193:
1124:
1075:
930:
697:
678:
3423:
The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages
3333:
1894:
1828:
1813:
1777:
1728:
1339:
against the Lombard lords of Euboea. A further Byzantine expedition in 1277 against John was
938:
779:
1745:
314:. In the 2nd century BC, as with the rest of Greece, Thessaly came under the control of the
3258:
1749:
1568:
1201:
1128:
775:
675:
641:
were settled around Demetrias and Phthiotic Thebes, provided the besieged city with grain.
365:
1756:, Greek nationalist agitation continued, with further revolts in 1841, in 1854 during the
8:
3242:
Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
2292:
1809:
1789:
1785:
1673:
1500:) tried to take advantage of the situation and seize his lands, but the Byzantines under
1416:
1336:
1321:
1313:
1216:
1170:
957:
881:
758:
in 960–961. The threat from Bulgaria remained, however, and in 986, during his wars with
708:
539:
413:
172:, the Thessalians also came to play a leading role in the latter, providing 14 of the 24
169:
3178:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
2226:
3629:
3488:
1793:
1781:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1449:
1421:
1404:
1389:
1378:
1231:
and recovered most of the province, except perhaps for part of the Aegean coast around
1108:
873:
838:
807:
770:
157:
65:
41:
3359:
1547:, ruled the two regions until his death in 1348, whereupon they fell to the expanding
412:
gave in and allowed him and his people to settle in Macedonia. Under Theodemir's son,
3644:
3592:
3567:
3539:
3503:
3427:
3403:
3365:
3341:
3315:
3292:
3282:
3268:
3246:
3206:
3182:
3151:
1847:
1753:
1643:
1630:
1603:
succeeded him until 1373, when he retired to a monastery; Thessaly was then ruled by
1150:
1142:
1120:
1096:
1010:
934:
919:
892:
854:
842:
803:
576:
451:
295:
280:
2304:
3617:
3553:
3476:
3236:
3147:
3143:
1843:
1805:
1669:
1362:
1293:
1220:
968:
911:
720:
427:
373:
372:. With the division of the Roman Empire in 395, Thessaly remained as a part of the
266:
181:
107:
85:
37:
778:. In the early 11th century, Thessaly was separated from Hellas and joined to the
575:
in the north, was largely unable to stop these raids. After the murder of Emperor
3613:
3582:
3557:
3472:
3442:
3421:
3397:
3262:
3240:
3200:
3176:
1824:
1556:
1396:
1297:
1116:
953:
572:
568:
422:, in the 6th century the province included 16 cities along the capital, Larissa:
409:
335:
53:
1687:
The newly conquered region was initially the patrimonial domain of the powerful
1429:
their own, independent contacts with the Byzantine court. As a result, probably
3621:
3535:
3480:
3329:
1835:
1626:
1572:
1561:
1548:
1490:
1452:. Venice also took advantage of the anarchy in Thessaly to acquire the port of
1374:
1146:
1063:
907:
667:
653:
645:
339:
327:
315:
306:
troops from crossing through their territory with the exception of the army of
185:
131:
69:
3250:
2600:
1592:
786:
valley however remained part of Hellas, with the new border running along the
3661:
3382:
3369:
1741:
1552:
1463:
1369:
against Byzantium. In 1295 the brothers invaded Epirus themselves and seized
1332:
1288:
1136:
846:
746:
741:
287:
245:
177:
3417:
3393:
3388:. Geographical handbook Series BR 516. London: Naval Intelligence Division.
1839:
1721:
1657:
828:
724:
manifested itself in the appearance of at least nine new cities, including
712:
556:
435:
303:
149:
73:
1600:
1543:, Thessaly and Epirus quickly rallied to his side. Kantakouzenos' cousin,
209:), which became a characteristic of Thessaly. The most important were the
1820:
1757:
1691:
1512:
1255:
1235:, which possibly remained in Nicaean hands for several years thereafter.
1067:
1023:
732:, and the resettlement of older ones, such as Zetounion (ancient Lamia).
634:
612:
589:
513:
505:
479:
161:
145:
137:
95:
64:
connects Thessaly with southern Greece. In the north Thessaly borders on
61:
1808:
of March 1910. The problem was finally settled through the wide-ranging
952:
as governor to Greece, but resumed after Andronikos' fall. In 1199–1201
869:). Thessalian Vlachia was apparently also known as "Vlachia in Hellas".
550:
1717:
1468:
1445:
1005:
996:
783:
671:
418:
401:
354:
152:. In the late 7th century BC, the Thessalians conquered the so-called
60:, connect the two regions. From the south, the narrow coastal pass of
1704:
1662:
1580:
1441:
1370:
1305:
1132:
1084:
1062:
of Constantinople and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the
1051:
915:
859:
857:, and it appears as a distinct administrative unit in 1276, when the
662:
528:
524:
423:
381:
189:
119:
99:
1377:. As he too was underage, Constantine had named the Duke of Athens,
1851:
1796:. In 1897, the region was overrun by the Ottomans during the brief
1047:
900:
759:
725:
607:
486:
475:
471:
397:
389:
385:
349:), Thessaly was separated from Achaea and given to the province of
307:
291:
235:
210:
205:
91:
21:
3361:
The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)
2624:
696:
Like much of northern Greece, Thessaly suffered from raids by the
400:
raided the coasts of Greece in the period 466–475, and in 473 the
364:) and his successors, Thessaly was a separate province within the
2564:
1801:
1688:
1677:
1599:
monasteries, who regarded him as their "second founder". His son
1596:
1576:
1539:
broke out between Kantakouzenos and the regency for the underage
1453:
1366:
1261:
1071:
850:
833:
716:
459:
447:
431:
393:
311:
230:
222:
214:
57:
3336:. In Arbel, Benjamin; Hamilton, Bernhard; Jacoby, David (eds.).
3334:"Between Romaniae: Thessaly and Epirus in the Later Middle Ages"
821:
are first mentioned in Thessaly during the 11th century, in the
799:
188:
as well, but the Boeotians drove them back after the battles of
3384:
Greece: Physical Geography, History, Administration and Peoples
2672:
1872:
1737:
1709:
1681:
1584:
1516:
1100:
818:
791:
787:
729:
657:
584:
497:
443:
299:
184:(595–585 BC), the Thessalians briefly extended their sway over
141:
111:
103:
49:
45:
25:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
2723:
2684:
1875:
with the title of "duke" (both ultimately deriving from Latin
3257:
3089:
2606:
2432:
2265:
1827:
in 1916–17, Thessaly served as a buffer zone between the pro-
1699:
1232:
806:
into Thessaly in 1082–1083, which was beaten back by Emperor
560:
439:
200:
115:
1316:. In exchange for this aid, however, John gave his daughter
735:
3101:
3062:
2890:
2888:
2576:
1776:
After union with Greece, Thessaly became divided into four
1154:
coin of Theodore Komnenos Doukas as Emperor of Thessalonica
686:
682:
501:
408:
advanced into Thessaly and captured Larissa before Emperor
271:
3402:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3261:; Darby, H. C.; Crawley, C. W.; Woodhouse, C. M. (1967) .
3231:] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Византолошког институт САНУ.
3079:
3077:
3038:
2905:
2903:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2735:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2386:
2384:
2357:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2282:
2280:
2255:
2253:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2163:
2127:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2064:
2040:
1411:
48:
mountain range to the west, which separates Thessaly from
3338:
Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204
3026:
3002:
2975:
2846:
2822:
2798:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1877:
1238:
2992:
2990:
2885:
2552:
2238:
1223:, but an Epirote counter-offensive in spring 1260 under
1115:, Thebes to the brothers Albertino and Rolando Canossa,
3312:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
3074:
3050:
3014:
2963:
2951:
2927:
2900:
2834:
2810:
2759:
2747:
2636:
2528:
2504:
2480:
2468:
2420:
2396:
2381:
2328:
2316:
2277:
2250:
2211:
2187:
2139:
2115:
2088:
1834:, led by Venizelos in Thessaloniki, and the royal, pro-
1022:
of Larissa and the "provinces" of Vlachia, Servia, and
3588:
of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)
3308:
Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 1: Hellas und Thessalia
3245:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2875:
2873:
2701:
2699:
2662:
2660:
2013:
1996:
1963:
1951:
3444:
The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography
3205:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
2987:
2612:
2540:
2408:
2052:
1708:, the earliest and most notable of which was that of
1331:), with the towns of Zetounion, Gardiki, Gravia, and
1265:
Map of the Greek and Latin states in southern Greece
551:
Slavic invasions and restoration of Byzantine control
504:
raid plundered Thessaly and, bypassing the fortified
310:. In the 4th century BC Thessaly became dependent on
44:, which is surrounded by mountains, most notably the
2939:
1846:, most famously seeing the desertion of the Italian
853:. The term is also used by the 13th-century scholar
3264:
A Short History of Greece: From Early Times to 1964
2915:
2870:
2858:
2786:
2711:
2696:
2657:
2588:
2516:
2492:
2456:
1392:, who imported agricultural produce from Thessaly.
559:order on Greece was irrevocably shattered with the
512:. This led to a serious fortification effort under
3607:
3466:
3381:
3133:
2444:
2369:
2175:
2151:
2103:
1656:The Ottomans first invaded Thessaly in 1386, when
1736:broke out in 1821, Greek risings occurred in the
1357:) to safeguard the position of her underage sons
956:, the rebellious son-in-law of Byzantine emperor
750:Map of Byzantine Greece in the early 10th century
76:, or in the northwest towards western Macedonia.
3659:
3517:Soulis, George C. (1963). "Thessalian Vlachia".
3291:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1030:of Dobrochouvista and Ezeros (Sthlanitsa in the
711:led a large-scale campaign across Greece from
496:) on, attacks on the imperial frontier on the
1752:. After the establishment of the independent
1078:, who sought to expand his newly established
3559:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1918:, "Thessaly" (T. E. Gregory), pp. 2073–2074.
1618:, who recognized Byzantine suzerainty until
1034:), the latter evidently Slavic settlements.
1008:of Alexios III to the Venetians, and in the
937:. This decline was temporarily halted under
253:as a purely local official, and suggest the
3235:
3181:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2741:
2729:
2690:
2678:
1169:), ruler of the independent Greek state of
837:. In the 12th century, the Jewish traveler
156:. In this process the Thessalians captured
148:. The Thessalians spoke a distinct form of
3635:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3605:
3580:
3494:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3399:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
3095:
2438:
1832:Provisional Government of National Defence
1812:campaign undertaken by the governments of
1629:. In the south, the Florentine adventurer
1004:). This division is reflected in the 1198
90:The first evidence of human habitation in
68:, either through the coast or the pass of
3643:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 539–540.
3552:
3502:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 420–422.
3328:
3306:Koder, Johannes; Hild, Friedrich (1976).
3305:
3267:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3219:
3083:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3020:
2969:
2933:
2909:
2816:
2780:
2651:
2570:
2426:
2402:
2390:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2322:
2286:
2271:
2259:
2244:
2220:
2205:
2193:
2169:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2097:
2082:
2070:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2007:
1990:
1978:
1957:
1037:
736:Byzantine rule in the 10th–12th centuries
542:in 541–544, led to a drop in population.
3464:
3451:
3340:. Frank Cass & Co. pp. 87–110.
3116:
2768:
2753:
2582:
2534:
2474:
1652:Ottoman Greece in the early 19th century
1647:
1415:
1260:
1141:
1091:, while further south in Central Greece
1041:
914:. Both Benjamin and the Arab geographer
745:
270:
3440:
3229:Thessaly in the 13th and 14th Centuries
2630:
2301:, "Vlachs" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 2183–2184.
1625:, when the region was conquered by the
1412:Thessaly in the 14th and 15th centuries
1135:, was under governors appointed by the
36:Thessaly is characterized by the large
3660:
3529:
3519:Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta
3516:
3354:
3032:
3008:
2996:
2981:
2852:
2828:
2804:
2618:
2235:, "Thessaly" (T. E. Gregory), p. 2073.
1239:Thessaly as an autonomous principality
1219:in 1259, Thessaly was occupied by the
233:. Their clan chiefs were often called
164:. By assuming the former share of the
114:, as attested in the later legends of
3416:
3392:
2945:
2894:
2666:
2546:
1712:. Failed Greek uprisings occurred in
1046:Seal of Bartholomew, Latin Bishop of
1014:of 1204. These documents mention the
579:in 602 and the outbreak of the great
56:pass and, in the summer, the pass of
3376:
3195:
3171:
3131:
2957:
2921:
2879:
2864:
2840:
2792:
2717:
2705:
2594:
2558:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2462:
2450:
2414:
2375:
2181:
2157:
2109:
2058:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1672:in 1402, the weakened Ottomans were
298:the Thessalians tended to side with
20:covers the history of the region of
670:. Given its lack of depth into the
260:
28:from antiquity to the present day.
13:
3288:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2313:, "Vlachia" (A. Kazhdan), p. 2183.
370:praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
286:. The Greek army that guarded the
14:
3679:
1921:
1637:
863:Raoul Komnenos was its governor (
666:was probably based in (Boeotian)
581:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
326:From 27 BC it formed part of the
125:
719:pirates—Demetrias was sacked by
388:, until they were driven out by
3465:Savvides, Alexis G. C. (2000).
3281:
2310:
2298:
2232:
1915:
1871:confused John's family name of
1864:
1605:Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
1555:. Dushan appointed his general
1506:
1495:
1383:
1352:
1326:
1281:
1249:
1210:
1179:
1164:
962:
943:
924:
886:
812:
798:(1040–1041), plundering by the
764:
617:
533:
518:
491:
359:
344:
321:
3606:Yerolimpos, Alexandra (2000).
3441:Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968).
3426:. Cambridge University Press.
3148:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1210930
1762:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
1616:Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos
1537:Byzantine civil war of 1341–47
545:
160:and came to control the local
1:
1888:
1838:government in Athens. During
1771:
1619:
1608:
1483:
1430:
1320:to the future Duke of Athens
1266:
1227:defeated the Nicaean general
1185:
756:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
701:
660:and a few other islands. Its
627:
606:the Slavic tribes even built
600:
374:East Roman (Byzantine) Empire
279:In the summer of 480 BC, the
110:, the main settlement was at
31:
3447:. London: The Athlone Press.
1766:Convention of Constantinople
1482:When Gabrielopoulos died in
1225:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
1200:captured it from his nephew
1089:Berthold of Katzenellenbogen
294:joined the Persians. In the
79:
7:
3378:Naval Intelligence Division
1694:(died 1456) and of his son
691:Patriarch of Constantinople
639:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
596:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
257:as the head of the League.
10:
3684:
3581:Van Tricht, Filip (2011).
3530:Soulis, George C. (1984).
3418:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray
3225:Тесалија у XIII и XIV веку
3125:
2633:, p. 97, esp. note 2.
1727:After 1780, the ambitious
1641:
1515:Albanian tribesmen of the
1502:Andronikos III Palaiologos
1286:), receiving the title of
1206:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
971:, the autonomous ruler of
878:Italian maritime republics
739:
571:in the east, and with the
338:. In the reign of Emperor
264:
129:
83:
3564:Stanford University Press
3167:– via Brill Online.
1798:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1734:Greek War of Independence
1716:and 1612, and during the
1438:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1348:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1160:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
824:Strategikon of Kekaumenos
3562:. Stanford, California:
2573:, pp. 87–88, 92–94.
1857:
1519:mountains and appointed
1277:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1175:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
948:), who sent the capable
899:, Trikala, Larissa, and
796:uprising of Petar Delyan
196:in the mid-6th century.
3364:. London: John Murray.
1760:, and again during the
1080:Kingdom of Thessalonica
967:), with the support of
802:in 1064, and the brief
637:, who according to the
176:and presiding over the
52:. Only two passes, the
3237:Geanakoplos, Deno John
1653:
1458:Stephen Gabrielopoulos
1425:
1302:Second Council of Lyon
1272:
1229:Alexios Strategopoulos
1198:Manuel Komnenos Doukas
1194:Empire of Thessalonica
1155:
1113:Thomas d'Autremencourt
1076:Boniface of Montferrat
1055:
1038:Latin and Epirote rule
931:Metropolitan of Athens
769:), the Bulgarian tsar
751:
302:and usually prevented
276:
3310:(in German). Vienna:
3135:"Thessali, Thessalia"
3084:Koder & Hild 1976
3069:Koder & Hild 1976
3057:Koder & Hild 1976
3045:Koder & Hild 1976
3021:Koder & Hild 1976
2910:Koder & Hild 1976
2817:Koder & Hild 1976
2781:Koder & Hild 1976
2652:Koder & Hild 1976
2427:Koder & Hild 1976
2403:Koder & Hild 1976
2391:Koder & Hild 1976
2364:Koder & Hild 1976
2352:Koder & Hild 1976
2340:Koder & Hild 1976
2323:Koder & Hild 1976
2287:Koder & Hild 1976
2260:Koder & Hild 1976
2221:Koder & Hild 1976
2206:Koder & Hild 1976
2194:Koder & Hild 1976
2170:Koder & Hild 1976
2146:Koder & Hild 1976
2134:Koder & Hild 1976
2122:Koder & Hild 1976
2098:Koder & Hild 1976
2083:Koder & Hild 1976
2071:Koder & Hild 1976
2047:Koder & Hild 1976
2035:Koder & Hild 1976
2023:Koder & Hild 1976
2008:Koder & Hild 1976
1979:Koder & Hild 1976
1958:Koder & Hild 1976
1850:to the guerrillas of
1814:Eleftherios Venizelos
1729:Ali Pasha of Ioannina
1668:After the disastrous
1651:
1642:Further information:
1444:, Siderokastron, and
1419:
1264:
1145:
1105:Jacques de Saint Omer
1070:, the Greek ruler of
1045:
939:Andronikos I Komnenos
780:theme of Thessalonica
749:
740:Further information:
624:siege of Thessalonica
470:, and the islands of
275:Thessaly in Antiquity
274:
265:Further information:
180:. As a result of the
130:Further information:
3197:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
3173:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
2681:, pp. 275, 309.
2607:Heurtley et al. 1967
2561:, pp. 162, 169.
2274:, pp. 516, 522.
1750:Mahmud Dramali Pasha
1720:(1684–1699) and the
1489:, the Epirote ruler
1420:Coat of arms of the
1341:equally unsuccessful
1202:John Komnenos Doukas
776:Battle of Spercheios
565:long and bloody wars
366:Diocese of Macedonia
3668:History of Thessaly
3132:Beck, Hans (2006).
3119:, pp. 420–422.
3098:, pp. 539–540.
3035:, pp. 112–115.
3011:, pp. 111–112.
2984:, pp. 108–110.
2960:, pp. 252–253.
2897:, pp. 80, 101.
2855:, pp. 223–228.
2843:, pp. 241–242.
2831:, pp. 223–224.
2807:, pp. 221–223.
2732:, pp. 283–284.
2693:, pp. 282–283.
2585:, pp. 410–411.
2513:, pp. 133–134.
2489:, pp. 119–120.
2441:, pp. 161–162.
1810:land redistribution
1790:Karditsa Prefecture
1786:Magnesia Prefecture
1746:Mehmed Reshid Pasha
1337:devastating victory
1322:William de la Roche
1314:Battle of Neopatras
1217:Battle of Pelagonia
958:Alexios III Angelos
950:Nikephoros Prosouch
882:Alexios III Angelos
540:Plague of Justinian
414:Theodoric the Great
170:Delphic Amphictyony
98:, but in the early
18:history of Thessaly
3283:Kazhdan, Alexander
3221:Ferjančić, Božidar
3071:, pp. 76, 77.
2049:, pp. 53, 55.
1794:Trikala Prefecture
1782:Larissa Prefecture
1654:
1589:Battle of Achelous
1541:John V Palaiologos
1525:John Kantakouzenos
1521:Michael Monomachos
1450:Duchy of Neopatras
1426:
1422:Duchy of Neopatras
1405:Battle of Halmyros
1379:Guy II de la Roche
1273:
1252: 1267/8–1289
1167: 1205–1214/5
1158:In 1212, however,
1156:
1056:
874:Republic of Venice
839:Benjamin of Tudela
808:Alexios I Komnenos
752:
485:From the reign of
464:Saltos Bouramesios
334:, with capital at
277:
94:dates to the late
3650:978-90-04-11211-7
3598:978-90-04-20323-5
3591:. Leiden: Brill.
3554:Treadgold, Warren
3509:978-90-04-11211-7
3433:978-0-521-13089-9
3409:978-0-521-43991-6
3321:978-3-7001-0182-6
3140:Brill's New Pauly
3047:, pp. 75–76.
2783:, pp. 72–73.
2609:, pp. 59–60.
2417:, pp. 63–64.
2366:, pp. 65–66.
2354:, pp. 66–67.
2208:, pp. 60–61.
2172:, pp. 58–59.
2136:, pp. 57–58.
2085:, pp. 55–56.
2073:, pp. 54–55.
2061:, pp. 31–35.
2037:, pp. 53–54.
1993:, pp. 79–82.
1848:Pinerolo Division
1754:Kingdom of Greece
1644:Sanjak of Tirhala
1569:Nikephoros Orsini
1529:Božidar Ferjančić
1401:Walter of Brienne
1215:). Following the
1129:Jacques d'Avesnes
1121:Othon de la Roche
1097:Guido Pallavicini
1011:Partitio Romaniae
935:Michael Choniates
920:Manuel I Komnenos
855:George Pachymeres
843:Niketas Choniates
633:the tribe of the
593:according to the
508:pass, devastated
296:Peloponnesian War
24:in north-central
3675:
3654:
3630:Heinrichs, W. P.
3611:
3602:
3577:
3549:
3526:
3513:
3489:Heinrichs, W. P.
3470:
3461:
3448:
3437:
3413:
3394:Nicol, Donald M.
3389:
3387:
3373:
3351:
3325:
3302:
3278:
3254:
3232:
3216:
3192:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2742:Geanakoplos 1959
2739:
2733:
2730:Geanakoplos 1959
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2694:
2691:Geanakoplos 1959
2688:
2682:
2679:Geanakoplos 1959
2676:
2670:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2549:, pp. 9–10.
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1919:
1913:
1882:
1868:
1844:Greek Resistance
1806:Kileler uprising
1674:forced to return
1670:Battle of Ankara
1624:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1510:
1509: 1328–1341
1508:
1499:
1498: 1323–1335
1497:
1488:
1485:
1435:
1432:
1387:
1386: 1287–1308
1385:
1356:
1355: 1282–1328
1354:
1330:
1329: 1280–1287
1328:
1310:John Palaiologos
1294:Charles of Anjou
1285:
1284: 1259–1282
1283:
1271:
1268:
1253:
1251:
1221:Empire of Nicaea
1214:
1213: 1230–1268
1212:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182: 1215–1230
1181:
1168:
1166:
969:Dobromir Chrysos
966:
965: 1195–1203
964:
947:
946: 1182–1185
945:
928:
927: 1143–1180
926:
890:
889: 1195–1203
888:
816:
815: 1081–1118
814:
768:
766:
721:Damian of Tarsus
706:
703:
648:—came under the
632:
629:
621:
619:
605:
602:
537:
535:
522:
520:
495:
493:
456:Diocletianopolis
428:Phthiotic Thebes
380:occupied by the
363:
361:
348:
346:
284:invaded Thessaly
267:Classical Greece
261:Classical period
182:First Sacred War
108:Mycenaean period
86:Ancient Thessaly
40:, formed by the
38:Thessalian plain
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3622:Bosworth, C. E.
3599:
3574:
3546:
3510:
3481:Bosworth, C. E.
3434:
3410:
3356:Miller, William
3348:
3330:Magdalino, Paul
3322:
3299:
3275:
3259:Heurtley, W. A.
3213:
3189:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3102:
3096:Yerolimpos 2000
3094:
3090:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2439:Van Tricht 2011
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1922:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1825:National Schism
1774:
1646:
1640:
1631:Nerio Acciaioli
1622:
1611:
1557:Gregory Preljub
1505:
1494:
1486:
1433:
1414:
1397:Catalan Company
1382:
1351:
1325:
1298:Duchy of Athens
1280:
1269:
1248:
1241:
1209:
1188:
1178:
1163:
1066:in April 1204,
1040:
961:
954:Manuel Kamytzes
942:
923:
885:
811:
767: 976–1025
763:
744:
738:
704:
689:to that of the
679:revolt of 726/7
630:
616:
603:
569:Sassanid Persia
553:
548:
532:
517:
490:
358:
343:
324:
269:
263:
134:
128:
88:
82:
34:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3626:van Donzel, E.
3614:Bearman, P. J.
3603:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3550:
3544:
3536:Dumbarton Oaks
3527:
3514:
3508:
3485:van Donzel, E.
3473:Bearman, P. J.
3462:
3449:
3438:
3432:
3414:
3408:
3390:
3374:
3352:
3346:
3326:
3320:
3303:
3297:
3285:, ed. (1991).
3279:
3273:
3255:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3193:
3187:
3169:
3157:978-9004122598
3156:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3100:
3088:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2999:, p. 111.
2986:
2974:
2970:Magdalino 1989
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 102.
2938:
2934:Magdalino 1989
2926:
2924:, p. 246.
2914:
2899:
2884:
2882:, p. 243.
2869:
2867:, p. 242.
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2795:, p. 241.
2785:
2773:
2771:, p. 412.
2758:
2756:, p. 411.
2746:
2744:, p. 297.
2734:
2722:
2720:, p. 190.
2710:
2708:, p. 188.
2695:
2683:
2671:
2656:
2635:
2623:
2621:, p. 272.
2611:
2599:
2597:, p. 173.
2587:
2575:
2571:Magdalino 1989
2563:
2551:
2539:
2537:, p. 410.
2527:
2525:, p. 164.
2515:
2503:
2501:, p. 133.
2491:
2479:
2477:, p. 409.
2467:
2465:, p. 114.
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2276:
2272:Treadgold 1997
2264:
2249:
2247:, p. 539.
2245:Treadgold 1997
2237:
2225:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2012:
1995:
1991:Treadgold 1997
1983:
1962:
1950:
1920:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1836:Central Powers
1773:
1770:
1639:
1638:Ottoman period
1636:
1627:Ottoman Empire
1549:Serbian Empire
1491:John II Orsini
1413:
1410:
1375:John II Doukas
1240:
1237:
1123:, and Euboea (
1064:Fourth Crusade
1058:Following the
1039:
1036:
992:chartoularaton
897:Dobrochouvista
737:
734:
646:Pagasetic Gulf
631: 676–678
620: 641–668
573:Avar Khaganate
552:
549:
547:
544:
536: 565–578
521: 527–565
510:Central Greece
494: 518–527
442:, Metropolis,
362: 284–305
347: 138–161
340:Antoninus Pius
328:Roman province
323:
320:
316:Roman Republic
262:
259:
132:Archaic Greece
127:
126:Archaic period
124:
84:Main article:
81:
78:
33:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:Bianquis, Th.
3615:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3573:0-8047-2630-2
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3545:0-88402-137-8
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:(1): 271–273.
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:Bianquis, Th.
3474:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3298:0-19-504652-8
3294:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:9780521094542
3270:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3212:0-472-08260-4
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3188:0-472-08149-7
3184:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3117:Savvides 2000
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3086:, p. 77.
3085:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3059:, p. 76.
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3023:, p. 75.
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2972:, p. 93.
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2936:, p. 94.
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2912:, p. 74.
2911:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2819:, p. 73.
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2769:Savvides 1998
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:Savvides 1998
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2669:, p. 59.
2668:
2663:
2661:
2654:, p. 72.
2653:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2583:Savvides 1998
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2535:Savvides 1998
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2475:Savvides 1998
2471:
2464:
2459:
2453:, p. 68.
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2429:, p. 69.
2428:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2405:, p. 67.
2404:
2399:
2393:, p. 68.
2392:
2387:
2385:
2378:, p. 32.
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2342:, p. 65.
2341:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2325:, p. 64.
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2289:, p. 63.
2288:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2262:, p. 62.
2261:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2223:, p. 61.
2222:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2196:, p. 59.
2195:
2190:
2184:, p. 79.
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2160:, p. 77.
2159:
2154:
2148:, p. 58.
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2124:, p. 57.
2123:
2118:
2112:, p. 71.
2111:
2106:
2100:, p. 56.
2099:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2025:, p. 53.
2024:
2019:
2017:
2010:, p. 52.
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1981:, p. 51.
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1960:, p. 50.
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:, during the
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1553:Stefan Dushan
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1492:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:sebastokrator
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Siderokastron
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:sebastokrator
1278:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189: 1222/3
1176:
1172:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:Latin Emperor
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:chartoularata
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
989:
988:chartoularata
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
959:
955:
951:
940:
936:
932:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
852:
848:
847:Great Vlachia
844:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
809:
805:
804:Norman attack
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
761:
757:
748:
743:
742:Great Vlachia
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
625:
614:
609:
598:
597:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
543:
541:
530:
526:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Saltos Iovios
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
356:
352:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Vale of Tempe
285:
282:
273:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Pythian Games
175:
174:hieromnemones
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:. During the
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:Pineios River
39:
29:
27:
23:
19:
3640:
3633:
3587:
3583:
3558:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3499:
3492:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3422:
3398:
3383:
3360:
3347:0-71463372-0
3337:
3307:
3286:
3263:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3201:
3177:
3161:. Retrieved
3139:
3091:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2686:
2674:
2631:Polemis 1968
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2267:
2240:
2228:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
1986:
1953:
1876:
1866:
1840:World War II
1818:
1775:
1726:
1722:Orlov Revolt
1703:
1689:marcher-lord
1686:
1667:
1658:Gazi Evrenos
1655:
1566:
1545:John Angelos
1534:
1481:
1462:
1427:
1394:
1345:
1287:
1274:
1242:
1157:
1149:
1057:
1054:in 1208–1214
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
977:
905:
871:
864:
858:
832:
829:Anna Komnene
822:
753:
713:Thessalonica
705: 746/7
695:
661:
643:
638:
594:
557:late antique
554:
484:
417:
378:
325:
322:Roman period
278:
254:
250:
244:
240:
234:
219:Echecratidae
204:
198:
173:
165:
153:
150:Aeolic Greek
135:
89:
74:Thessalonica
35:
17:
15:
3163:9 September
3033:Soulis 1984
3009:Soulis 1984
2997:Soulis 1984
2982:Soulis 1984
2853:Miller 1908
2829:Miller 1908
2805:Miller 1908
2619:Soulis 1963
1821:World War I
1778:prefectures
1758:Crimean War
1692:Turahan Bey
1623: 1393
1612: 1388
1593:Simeon Uroš
1513:transhumant
1487: 1333
1434: 1315
1359:Constantine
1270: 1278
1256:Palaiologos
1245:John Doukas
1068:Leo Sgouros
1024:Velechativa
1016:episkepseis
997:episkepseis
635:Belegezitai
613:Constans II
590:Peloponnese
546:Middle Ages
514:Justinian I
506:Thermopylae
480:Peparisthos
162:amphictyony
146:Malian Gulf
138:Pelasgiotis
96:Paleolithic
62:Thermopylae
3584:The Latin
3460:: 406–418.
3251:1011763434
2946:Nicol 2010
2895:Nicol 2010
2667:Nicol 1993
2547:Nicol 2010
1889:References
1772:Modern era
1718:Morean War
1705:armatoliks
1607:and (from
1469:Malakasioi
1446:Vitrinitsa
1184:), who by
1125:Negroponte
1026:, and the
1006:chrysobull
1002:episkepsis
845:placed a "
784:Spercheios
709:Staurakios
698:Bulgarians
676:iconoclast
672:hinterland
604: 615
419:Synecdemus
402:Ostrogoths
355:Diocletian
255:tetrarches
225:, and the
32:Topography
3639:Volume X:
3609:"Tirḥāla"
3586:Renovatio
3498:Volume X:
3468:"Tesalya"
3454:Byzantion
3370:563022439
3199:(1994) .
3175:(1991) .
2958:Fine 1994
2922:Fine 1994
2880:Fine 1994
2865:Fine 1994
2841:Fine 1994
2793:Fine 1994
2718:Fine 1994
2706:Fine 1994
2559:Fine 1994
2523:Fine 1994
2511:Fine 1994
2499:Fine 1994
2487:Fine 1994
2463:Fine 1994
2451:Fine 1994
2415:Fine 1994
2376:Fine 1994
2182:Fine 1991
2158:Fine 1991
2110:Fine 1991
2059:Fine 1991
1947:Beck 2006
1854:in 1943.
1663:Bayezid I
1601:John Uroš
1581:Acarnania
1477:Mesaritai
1442:Loidoriki
1390:Venetians
1371:Naupaktos
1306:Neopatras
1133:Ravennika
1093:Bodonitza
1085:Velestino
1052:Velestino
916:al-Idrisi
860:pinkernes
663:strategos
529:Justin II
525:Kotrigurs
460:Pharsalus
424:Demetrias
406:Theodemir
382:Visigoths
368:, in the
351:Macedonia
223:Pharsalus
190:Hyampolis
166:perioikoi
154:perioikoi
120:Argonauts
100:Neolithic
80:Antiquity
66:Macedonia
3662:Category
3632:(eds.).
3556:(1997).
3491:(eds.).
3420:(2010).
3396:(1993).
3380:(1944).
3358:(1908).
3332:(1989).
3239:(1959).
3223:(1974).
2595:NID 1944
1852:EAM-ELAS
1802:chifliks
1724:(1770).
1696:Ömer Bey
1363:Theodore
1296:and the
1095:went to
1048:Karditsa
1032:Partitio
901:Platamon
760:Basil II
726:Halmyros
608:monoxyla
487:Justin I
476:Skopelos
472:Skiathos
452:Caesarea
398:Geiseric
390:Stilicho
308:Brasidas
292:Aleuadae
281:Persians
236:basileis
227:Scopadae
211:Aleuadae
206:penestae
194:Ceressus
118:and the
92:Thessaly
72:towards
22:Thessaly
3126:Sources
1829:Entente
1819:During
1742:Olympus
1678:Stylida
1597:Meteora
1577:Aetolia
1454:Pteleos
1367:Milutin
1072:Nauplia
1000:(sing.
994:), and
990:(sing.
982:(sing.
912:Gardiki
866:kephale
851:Meteora
849:" near
834:Alexiad
817:). The
717:Saracen
577:Maurice
448:Gomphoi
432:Echinos
394:Vandals
336:Corinth
312:Macedon
304:Spartan
231:Crannon
215:Larissa
168:in the
158:Anthela
140:, with
58:Metsovo
3647:
3628:&
3595:
3570:
3542:
3506:
3487:&
3430:
3406:
3368:
3344:
3318:
3295:
3271:
3249:
3209:
3185:
3154:
1873:Doukas
1792:, and
1738:Pelion
1714:1600/1
1710:Agrafa
1682:Avlaki
1585:Leukas
1583:, and
1562:Servia
1517:Pindus
1475:, and
1318:Helena
1171:Epirus
1151:trachy
1147:Billon
1117:Athens
1109:Salona
1101:Gravia
1020:horion
984:horion
973:Prosek
908:Servia
893:Ezeros
819:Vlachs
792:Agrafa
788:Othrys
782:. The
771:Samuel
730:Stagoi
668:Thebes
658:Euboea
654:Hellas
585:Danube
583:, the
561:Slavic
502:Hunnic
498:Danube
444:Trikke
440:Hypata
404:under
396:under
392:. The
386:Alaric
384:under
332:Achaea
300:Athens
241:kleroi
217:, the
186:Phocis
142:Pherae
112:Iolcos
104:Sesklo
70:Servia
50:Epirus
46:Pindus
26:Greece
3612:. In
3471:. In
3227:[
1858:Notes
1700:Konya
1573:Ainos
1473:Bouoi
1233:Volos
1127:) to
980:horia
650:theme
599:, in
567:with
436:Lamia
410:Leo I
251:tagus
246:tagus
201:serfs
116:Jason
54:Porta
3645:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3540:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3366:OCLC
3342:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3247:OCLC
3207:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3165:2015
3152:ISBN
1748:and
1740:and
1680:and
1361:and
1060:sack
1050:and
827:and
800:Uzès
728:and
687:Rome
683:Pope
555:The
478:and
192:and
16:The
3641:T–U
3500:T–U
3144:doi
2311:ODB
2299:ODB
2233:ODB
1916:ODB
1878:dux
1551:of
1119:to
1111:to
1103:to
1087:to
986:),
831:'s
685:in
652:of
626:in
330:of
229:of
221:of
213:of
3664::
3637:.
3624:;
3620:;
3616:;
3566:.
3538:.
3534:.
3521:.
3496:.
3483:;
3479:;
3475:;
3458:68
3456:.
3314:.
3150:.
3142:.
3138:.
3103:^
3076:^
2989:^
2902:^
2887:^
2872:^
2761:^
2698:^
2659:^
2638:^
2383:^
2330:^
2279:^
2252:^
2213:^
2090:^
2015:^
1998:^
1965:^
1923:^
1896:^
1881:).
1816:.
1788:,
1784:,
1780::
1768:.
1620:c.
1614:)
1609:c.
1579:,
1507:r.
1496:r.
1484:c.
1471:,
1431:c.
1384:r.
1353:r.
1327:r.
1282:r.
1267:c.
1250:r.
1211:r.
1186:c.
1180:r.
1165:r.
1139:.
1107:,
1099:,
963:r.
944:r.
933:,
925:r.
903:.
895:,
887:r.
813:r.
765:r.
702:c.
693:.
628:c.
618:r.
601:c.
534:r.
519:r.
492:r.
482:.
474:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
376:.
360:r.
345:r.
318:.
122:.
3653:.
3601:.
3576:.
3548:.
3523:8
3512:.
3436:.
3412:.
3372:.
3350:.
3324:.
3301:.
3277:.
3253:.
3215:.
3191:.
3146::
1504:(
1493:(
1424:.
1381:(
1350:(
1324:(
1279:(
1247:(
1208:(
1177:(
1162:(
960:(
941:(
922:(
884:(
810:(
790:–
762:(
615:(
531:(
516:(
489:(
357:(
342:(
203:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.